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Comparison of Word-formation in modern English and Karakalpak

Language, mainly by means of Adjectivation method of word formation

INTRODUCTION
The investigation considers some widely-spread transition of Word-
formation in modern English by means of conversional patterns. The ways of their
secondary nomination are also being discussed, as well as acquiring additional
meanings while functioning in speech. It is well known that the phenomenon of
conversion is so active in modern English that nearly all parts of speech somehow
are involved into this process, however in different extent – most oftener they are
nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Moreover, conversion is typical for English
due to its analytical structure and nearly complete absence of morphological
identifiers of parts of speech.
The major aim of this research work is to specify the Semantics of the
converted words; mainly by means of Adjectivation method of word formation.
The present work also attempts to spell out the typical ways of transition from one
part of speech into another by keeping or losing the general meaning of the word.
The investigation is about analyses of semantic connections between the meanings
of words formed by means of conversion as well as their prototypes.
The object Adjectives; their ways of transition into Nouns, Verbs, and
Adverbs in English which are connected by derivational ties of conversion.
The subject of the investigation is the ties of the word meanings formed by
means of Instrumental Semantics as well as by their Semantic models in
production of Adjectives and their derivations.
The novelty of this research work is to determine Adjectivation from the
new point of view – as the source of semantic and morphology background of the
language, that was never done before; the problem of conversion doubly realized
as a most productive recourse of modern language vocabulary data, so we try and
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prove that conversion and its semantic models are the most productive recourse of
modern language vocabulary first of all.
Taking into account the main aim of the work, we can state the following
tasks of the research:
1) to define Adjectivation as a way of formation of new words in modern English;
2) to reveal the types of word formation by means of Adjectivation;
3) to examine productive semantic models of Adjectivation in English.
Method of investigation: We mostly use in the research such methods as
 cognitive generalizing,
 comparative-contrasting;
 inductive-deductive;
 as well as the descriptive method,
which help understand together how new words appear in English.
The material for analyses is words created by means of conversion taken
from different dictionaries of the English language.
The theoretical value of this investigation is in its importance that it
presents ideas of Adjectivation from the new point of view, that was never done
before, i.e. first of all, the problem of Adjectivation never realized as a most
productive recourse of modern language vocabulary data; it was never investigate
as a source of contrastive and typology background of different languages system.
The materials of the work may be used as one of the main point in Foreign
Languages Teaching in secondary schools, as well as in academic lyceums,
professional colleges and in higher educational institutions. I believe this research
could successfully put into practice in almost all Educational Institutions.
The practical value of the work is the fact that the results of the research
work materials can be successfully used during the Speaking skills classes; in the
practical seminar classes and during lecturing on the Theoretical courses of
Lexicology, Lexicography, Semantics and Grammar. Philologists and
lexicographers can use the examples of our research work as theoretical
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background and when they study and make vocabularies of modern English
language.
The first chapter of the work is dedicated to such vital problems as: The
Theoretical characteristics of conversion, displayed concepts and detailed
consideration of the problem at present days and etc.
The second chapter looks at the Practical Characteristics of conversion and
how all the theoretical part of chapter one could be put into practice from the
semantic, syntactic and morphological point of view and what results it may give.
Finally in the conclusion part there has been pointed out the main results of
the qualification work and analysis regarding to the main idea of the investigation.

Possible content of the work

Сontent
1.1. Major types of word formation in English………………………………….
1.2. Conversion……………………………………………………………………..
1.3. Criteria of semantic…………………………………………………………..
1.4. Criteria for establishing the directionality of conversion in the process of
adjectivation………………………………………………………………………
1.5. Semantic relations in conversion………………………………………...
1.6. Adjectivation.................................................................................................
1.7. Substantivized adjectives………………………………………………
1.8. Participle I and participle II in the functions of adjectives.The functions of
adjectives………………………………………………………………………..
1.9 Phrase conversion………………………………………………………...
1.10 Modern view point on the link-verb status……………………………...
CH2
2.1. Specifically English types of word-formation ……………………………...
2.2. Conversion from adjective to verb…………………………………………..
2.3. Conversion from noun to adjective……………………………………….....
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2.4. Conversion from adjective to noun……………………………………….....

2.5. Partial conversion………………………………………………………….....
2.6Conversion within adjective categories………………………………………
2.7Adverbialization in English by means of substantivized adjectives………

CHAPTER I
1.1. Major types of word formation in english
The enrichment of vocabulary at the expense of Morphological changes is a
historically inevitable process necessary for the language at every stage of its
development to meet the needs of society both in communication and in
consolidating the results of the knowledge of reality, in the development and
enrichment of the people’s culture.
The cross-linguistic query provides us with cases of semantically
corresponding Word formations of different morphological classes that serve to
convey the sense of the homonyms. The data of most modern English dictionaries
confirm this point of view: they all present converted pairs as Homonyms, i. e. as
two words, thus supporting the thesis that Conversion is a full-scale Word-building
process.
The word is flexible enough in the functional aspect, that is, it is able to
change the functional characteristics with the shape immutable. The Syntactic use
of the English word, its Syntagmatic potential is closely related to its Semantic
peculiarities and determines its lexical-grammatical characteristics.
Conversion occurs depending on the Morphological characteristics of the
original and derivative words. When the word is converted, it is formed a
Homonym, semantically associated with the original word. In order to understand
the meaning of a new word we should take into account the meaning of the original
word.
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Word-building or Word formation is one of the main ways of enriching

vocabulary. There are four main ways of word-building in modern English:
 affixation
 composition
 conversion
 abbreviation
There are also secondary ways of word-building:
 sound interchange
 stress interchange
 sound imitation
 blends and
 back formation
Word formation is a branch of science of the language, which studies the
patterns on which a language forms new lexical items, new unities, and new words.
It’s a process of forming words by combining root and affixal morphemes
according to certain patterns specific for the language or without any outward
means. As we know word-formation is the process of forming words by
combining root and affixal morphemes according to certain patterns specific
for the language – affixation and composition.
Conversion or semantic derivation is a process of forming words without
any outward means of word formation. There are two major groups of word
formation:
1) Words formed as grammatical syntagmas, combinations of full linguistic
signs or types: compounding, prefixation, suffixation, conversion, and back
derivation.
2) Words, which are not grammatical syntagmas, which are not made up of full
linguistic signs, for example, expressive symbolism, blending, clipping, rhyme
and some others.
Common for both groups is that a new word is based on synchronic relationship
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between morphemes.
Conversion or zero derivation is a certain stem which is used for the
formation of a categorically different word without a derivative element being
added, for example,
[Noun→ Verb] English and Karakalpak Language
Noun  Verb
a bag qalta  to bag qaltag’a saliw
a back arqa  to back arqalaw
a bottle shiyshe  to bottle Shiyshe ididts
idis saqlaw
This specific pattern is very productive in English and is its most popular types are
Noun → Verb or Verb → Noun, for example,
[Verb → Noun]
Verb  Noun
to take off jerden ushiw  a takeoff jerden ushiw
a back Arqa  to back arqalaw
a box Quti  to box qutida saqlaw
Conversion can be total or partial, for example,
Total
[Noun→ Verb]
Noun  Verb
a work jumis, is  to work jumis islew
Partial
[Adverb → Noun]
Noun  Verb
Then sol waqitta  the then sol waqittag’i
for example,
The then president – sol waqittag’i prezident
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An adverb is used as an adjective, only in this particular context.

1.2. Conversion
Conversion is a characteristic feature of the English word-building system. It
is also called ‘affixless derivation’ or ‘zero-suffixation’. The term ‘conversion’
first appeared in the book by Henry Sweet ‘New English Grammar’ in 1891.
Conversion is treated differently by different scientists, for example, Professor A.I.
Smirntitsky treats conversion as a morphological way of forming words when one
part of speech is formed from another part of speech by changing its paradigm, for
example, to form the verb ‘to dial’ – ‘Nomerdi teriw’ from the noun ‘dial’
–‘Nomerdi teriw’ we change the paradigm of the noun – a dial, dials, for the
paradigm of a regular verb –
‘I dial’, – ‘Men telefon nomerin terip atirman’
he dials, dialed, dialing. [19: 1998: 12-24]
 H. Marchand in his book ‘The Categories and Types of Present-day English’
treats conversion as a morphological-syntactical word-building because we have
not only the change of the paradigm, but also the change of the syntactic
function, for example,
‘I need some good paper for my room.’ –‘Menin’ jayima jaqsi gu'lqag'az kerek’–
The noun ‘paper’ is an object in the sentence.
‘I paper my room every year.’ – ‘Men ha’r jili o’zimnin’ jayimdi gu’lqag’az benen
japistirip shig’aman
’ – The verb ‘paper’ is the predicate in the sentence. [20:2000:188]
Conversion is the main way of forming verbs in Modern English. Verbs can
be formed from nouns of different semantic groups and have different meanings
because of that, for example,
a) verbs have instrumental meaning if they are formed from nouns denoting parts
of a human body, for example,
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[Noun→ Verb]
Noun  Verb
an eye ko’z  to eye qaraw
a finger barmaq  to finger barmaqlar menen ko’rip
shig’iw
an elbow shig’anaq  to elbow shig’anaqlar menen iyteriw
a shoulder iyin  to shoulder iynine aliw
b) verbs have instrumental meaning if they are formed from nouns denoting tools,
machines, instruments, weapons, for example,

[Noun→ Verb]
Noun  Verb
a hammer sho’kkish  to hammer sho’kkish penen
qag’iw
a machine-gun pulemyot  to machine- gun pulemyot penen atip
shig’iw
a rifle Miltiq  to rifle miltiqtan atiw
a nail Shege,miyiq  to nail Shege qag’iw
c) verbs can denote an action characteristic of the living being denoted by the
noun from which they have been converted, for example,
[Noun→ Verb]
Noun  Verb
a crowd topar  to crowd toparlasiw
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a wolf qasqir  to wolf Ash ko’z siyaqli jew

an ape maymil  to ape mazaqlaw
d) verbs can denote acquisition, addition or deprivation if they are formed from
nouns denoting an object, for example,
[Noun→ Verb]
Noun  verb
a fish Baliq  to fish baliq awlaw
dust shan’  to dust shan’di sipiriw
a peel qabirshaq qirindi  to peel qirshiw qiriw
paper qag’az  to paper gu’lqag’az japistiriw

e) verbs can denote an action performed at the place denoted by the noun from
which they have been converted, for example:

[Noun→ Verb]
Noun  verb
а park Park  to park ko’p waqitqa
saqlaniwg’a qoyiw
a garage Garaj  to garage garajg’a qoyiw
a bottle shiyshe idis  to bottle shiyshe idista saqlaw
a corner mu’yesh  to corner mu’yeshlew
a pocket qalta, kisse  to pocket kissege,qaltag’a saliw
kiyimnin’ qaltasi

f) verbs can denote an action performed at the time denoted by the noun from
which they have been converted, for example,
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[Noun→ Verb]
Noun  verb
a winter Qis  to winter qislaw
a week-end juma ku’ninen  to week-end juma ku’ninen
du’yshembi du’yshembi ku’nine
ku’nine deyin deyin dem aliw
dem alis
g) verbs can be also converted from adjectives, in such cases they denote the
change of the state, for example,
[Adjective → Verb]
Adjective  verb
tame qolg’a u’yretilgen  to tame qolg’a u’yretiw
tame qiziq emes  to become qizig’in joytiw
tame
tame sha’rayatqa  to make sha’rayatqa beyimlesiw
beyimlesken tame
clean Tazalaw  to clean tazalaw
slim simbatli kelbetli  to slim kelbeti kelisiw
Nouns can also be formed by means of conversion from verbs. Converted
nouns can denote:
a) instant of an action for example,
[Verb → Noun]
Verb  noun
to jump Sekiriw  a jump sekiriw
to move ha’reket etiw  a move ha’reket
b) process or state, for example,
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[Verb → Noun]
Verb  noun
to sleep Uyqlaw  sleep uyqi
to walk aylanip ju’riw  walk aylaniw
c) agent of the action expressed by the verb from which the noun has been
converted, for example,
[Verb → Noun]
Verb  noun
to help ja’rdemlesiw’ko’mek  a help ja’rdem, ko’mek
beriw
to flirt sermew, qanat qag’iw  a flirt qanat qag’is
to scold ton’qildaw  a scold ton’qildi, uris

d) object or result of the action expressed by the verb from which the noun has
been converted, for example,
[Verb → Noun]
Verb  noun
to burn janiw, ku’yiw  a burn ku’yik
to find tawip aliw  a find olja
to purchase satip aliw  a purchase satip aliw

e) place of the action expressed by the verb from which the noun has been
converted, for example,

[Verb → Noun]
Verb  noun
to drive Aydaw  a drive jol
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to stop Toqtaw  a stop beket

to walk aylanip ju’riw  a walk shaqirim

Many nouns converted from verbs can be used only in the Singular form and
denote momentaneous actions. In such cases we have partial conversion. Such
deverbal nouns are often used with such verbs as: to have, to get, to take etc., for
example,
[Verb → Noun]
Verb  noun
to have a try ha’reket etip  a try ha’reket
ko’riw
to give a push tu’rtki beriw  a push iyterme, tu’rtki
to take a swim ju’zip ju’riw  a swim ju’ziw
to try ha’reket etiw  a try ha’reket
to push Iyteriw  a push tu’rtki
to swim ju’zip ju’riw  a swim ju’zziw

1.3. Criteria of semantic derivation

In cases of conversion the problem of criteria of semantic derivation arises:
this of the converted pair is primary and which is converted from it. The problem
was first analyzed by Professor A.I. Smirnitsky. Later on P.A. Soboleva developed
her idea and worked out the following criteria:
1. If the lexical meaning of the root morpheme and the lexico-grammatical
meaning of the stem coincide the word is primary, for example, in cases
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[Noun→ Verb]

noun  verb
a pen jaziw  to pen jaziw, do’retiw
qurali
a father a’ke  to father do’retiwshi boliw

the nouns are names of an object and a living being. Therefore in the nouns
‘pen’ and ‘father’ the lexical meaning of the root and the lexico-grammatical
meaning of the stem coincide. The verbs ‘to pen’ and ‘to father’ denote an
action, a process therefore the lexico-grammatical meanings of the stems do not
coincide with the lexical meanings of the roots. The verbs have a complex
semantic structure and they were converted from nouns.
2. If we compare a converted pair with a synonymic word pair which was formed
by means of suffixation we can find out which of the pair is primary. This
criterion can be applied only to nouns converted from verbs, for example,
[Noun→ Verb]
noun  Verb
a chat miljin’ ga’p  to chat so’ylesiw, miljin’law

can be compared with ‘conversation’ – ‘converse’.

3. The criterion based on derivational relations is of more universal character. In
this case we must take a word-cluster of relative words to which the converted
pair belongs. If the root stem of the word-cluster has suffixes added to a noun
stem the noun is primary in the converted pair and vice versa, for example, in
the word-cluster:
[Noun→ Verb]
Noun  Verb
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a hand qol  to hand ko’meklesiw

[Noun→ Adverb]
Noun  Adverb
a hand jaziw  handy Qolayli
qurali

[Noun→ Noun]
Noun  Noun
a hand qol  handful Qosiwis

the derived words have suffixes added to a noun stem, that is why the noun is
primary and the verb is converted from it. In the word-cluster:
[Verb → Noun]
verb  Noun
to dance ayaq oyin  a ayaq oyin
oynaw dance

[Verb → Noun]
verb  Noun
to dance ayaq oyin  a ayaq oyinshi
oynaw dancer

[Verb → Participle I]
Verb  Participle I
to dance ayaq oyin oynaw  dancing ayaq oyin
oynapatirg’an
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We see that the primary word is a verb and the noun is converted from it.

1.4. Criteria for establishing the directionality of conversion in the

process of adjectivation
Adjectives are obviously not formed from Nouns by means of conversion,
because Nouns can perform the syntactic function of an Attribute, for example,
stone (n)  a stone (adj) wall – tas diywal,
tastan islengen diywal
gold (n)  a gold (adj) ring – altin ju’zik,
altinnan islengen ju’zik
Stone and gold are Nouns in the function of an Attribute, but not Adjectives
for several reasons:
 they can’t be used Predicatively, and
 they can be modified by other Adjectives but not by Adverbs, for example,
gold (n)  a solid gold (adj) ring
stone (n)  a natural stone (adj) wall
Semantic relations between original and converted words are heterogeneous.
Semantic Criteria: i.e. the converted word should be semantically more complex
than the base word from which it is derived or is semantically dependent on the latter, e.g.
Adjective  Verb
Better  to better
Jaqsi  Jaqsilaw(feyil)

Morphological Criteria: i.e. in a homonymous models pair, the regularly inflected form is
derived from the irregularly inflected one, e.g.

Verb  Adjective
to sleep  Slipped
Uyqlaw  Uyqlap qalg’an
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Phonetic criteria: i.e. in a homonymous Verb-Adjective pair a stress-shift indicates a

derived word, e.g.

Verb  Adjective
to pÙsh Úp  pÚsh-uped

Frequency of occurrence criteria: i.e. being semantically more complex, derived

words have a narrower range of meaning to the effect that they cannot be used in
as many contexts as their base words, e.g.

noun  verb  adjective

water  to water  watered

suw  suwg’ariw  suwg’arilg’an

1.5. Semantic relations in conversion

Adjective  Noun
1. Nouns converted from Adjectives – deadjectival Nouns, denote:
adjective noun
bitter  a bitter
o’tkir da’mli o’tkir da’m
a wet  a wet
izg’ar izg’ar
a regular  a regular
a’dette a’dettegidey
Adjective  Verb
2. Verbs converted from Adjectives – deadjectival Verbs, denote:
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adjective verb
Dirty  to dirty
patas pataslaw
calm  to calm
awir basiq tinishlaniw
empty  to empty
bos bosatiw
unlike  to unlike
uqsamaytug’in uqsatpaw

Noun  Adjective
3. Adjectives converted from Nouns – denominal Adjectives denote:
phrase noun adjective
a stone wall = a stone  stone
tas diywal tas tastan islengen
a cotton cloth = a cotton  cotton
paxtadan islengen paxta paxtadan islengen
kiyim

1.6. Adjectivization
In the category of Adjectives a lot of words can pass from other parts of the
language. This transition process is called Adjectivation (from the Latin
adjectivum – Adjective), in which one or another part of the language acquires
signs of Adjectives. Often, Adjectives begin to express static and dynamic features
of objects.
In the combination Noun+Noun the first Noun has the function of Adjective.
So the Nouns on the left perform the definition function and answer the questions
what / what kind / whose / who? For example, in the word combination ‘garden
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vegetables’, the first word ‘garden’ is Adjectival; in the word combination ‘a

vegetable garden’ the word ‘vegetable’ is Adjectivized.

Adjectivation
Noun  Adjective meaning
garden  garden garden vegetables
Vegetable  vegetable a vegetable garden
space space space tourism
kosmosliq turizm
pixie pixie pixie cut
pixi shash tu’rmegi
food food food baby
«hanging down
stomach» Ko’p
awqat jewdi jaqsi
ko’retug’inlardin’
asqazani.
street street street food
Ko’she awqati
(qisqa waqit
ishinde awqatlanip
ketiw mu’mkin
bolg’an jerler)