Grammar, Prep 1 Star Educational Society

D
e
Two

Grammar M
a
r
Pronoun: (‫)ضمیر‬

P
o
ronoun is a word which is used instead
of noun and prevent from its
m
repetition of the noun in the sentences.
Ex: Ahmad is a student, he studies his lesson.
a
n
Subject Pronouns: (‫)ضمایر فاعلی‬ d
D
Subject Pronouns are those which are used instead of subject in the
a
sentence.
d
Subject pronouns consist in (I, we, you, ,they, he, she & it)
Ex: We study English.
Subject: (‫)فاعل‬
Subject is the doer of an action. Or (Subject is a person or thing that we talk
about).
Ex: Ali washes the carpet.
Subject: subject is a word which begins a sentence.
Ex: I play volleyball every morning.
It: (‫)این‬
It's used in the following ways.
1) For things; ex: it's a chair.
2) For animal; ex: it's a tiger.
3) For the people in the photo; ex: it's Ahmad in the photo.
4) For the weather; ex: how is the weather? It is sunny today.
5) For time; ex: what time is it? Is two o'clock.
Verb: (‫)فعل‬
Verb is a word which is used to show state or action in the sentences.
Ex: She goes to school everyday.
To be verbs: (‫)افعال بودن‬
To be verbs are those which are used to show state in the sentences.
‫افعال بودن آنهایی اند که حالت را در جمالت بیان میکنند‬.
Ex: I am speaking English now.
To be verbs are consist as following :{ is, am, are, was, were}
Ex: I'm a student. She is a nurse. We are in the class.
Note: to be verbs are usually formed their question simply by
inversion and their negative by taking (not) after themselves.
to b verbe ‫ بعد از افعال‬not ‫ افعال فوق شکل سوالیه را زمانی بخود میگیرند که فعل قبل از فاعل بیاید و با گرفتن‬:‫نوت‬
.‫شکل منفی را به خودمیگیرند‬

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 Grammar, Prep 1 Star Educational Society
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a
r
M
Ex: She is a teacher. Is she a teacher? She is not a
o
.teacher
m
Parts of speech (‫)اجزای کالم‬
P arts of speech: words are the unit ofa language they are put together to
make sense in the sentence.
Parts of speech are following: D
n
d

7) Conjunction 4) Verb a 1) Pronoun

8) Interjection 5) Adverb d 2) Noun
,
9) Article 6) Preposition 3) Adjective
‫ عبارت از کلماتی اساسی یک لسان بوده و هر گاه پهلوی همدیگر قرار بگیرد معنی رادر جمله افاده میکند‬:‫اجزای کالم‬.

Pronoun:

P ronouns are those words which are used instead of noun and prevent
from its repetition.
Ex: Ahmad is a student, he is a clever boy.
Kinds of pronouns:
1) Personal Pronouns: ‫ضمایر شخصی‬
2) Relative Pronouns:‫ضمایر مؤصلی‬
3) Interrogative Pronouns: ‫ضمایر پرسشی‬
4) Demonstrative Pronouns: ‫ضمایر اشاری‬
5) Distributive Pronouns: ‫ضمایر توزیعی‬
6) Reflexive Pronouns: ‫ضمایر انعکاسی‬
7) Indefinite Pronouns: ‫ضمایر مجهولی‬

Personal Pronouns:
Personal pronouns are used instead of people, things, and place in the
sentence.
‫ضمایر شخصی آنهای اندکه در جمله به جای اشیأ واشخاص استفاده میشود‬.
Personal Pronouns

Subject Pronouns
I, we, you, they, she, Object Pronouns
he& it Me, you, us, them,
her/him& it

Subject pronoun: are used instead of subject in the sentence.

‫ ضمایری اند که در جمله به جای فاعل استفاده میشود‬:‫ضمایر فاعلی‬.
Subject pronoun consist in :{ I, we, you, they, he, she and it}
Object pronoun: object pronoun is used instead of object in the sentence.
‫ ضمایری اند که درجمالت به جای مفعول استفاده میشود‬:‫ضمایر مفعولی‬.

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 Grammar, Prep 1 Star Educational Society
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Ex: please give me the book. a
Object pronoun consist in :{ my, you, as,r
them, her, his and it}
[ M
o
Subject:
m
 Subject is the doer of an action.
 Subject is a person or thing that weatake about.
n
 Subject is a person or thing that is used at the beginning of the
d
sentences.
D
‫ها استفاده میگردد‬a ‫فاعل عبارت از شخص ویا شی میباشد که در آغاز جمله‬.
Object: d
 Object is the receiver of an action. ,
‫ عبارت از گیرنده یک کار یا عمل است که کار باالیش اجرامیگردد‬:‫مفعول‬.

Subject pronoun Object pronoun

I ‫من‬
My‫ازمن‬ We ‫ما‬
As ‫از ما‬ You‫شما‬
You ‫ازشما‬ They ‫آنه ا‬
Them‫از آنها‬ He ‫اومذکر‬
His ‫از او مذکر‬ She ‫او مؤنث‬
Her ‫از او مؤنث‬ It ‫این‬
It ‫از این‬
I first person singular ‫شخص اول مفرد‬
We first person plural‫شخص اول جمع‬

You second person singular and plural‫شخص دوم مفرد و جمع‬

They third person plural ‫شخص سوم جمع‬

He
She third person singular ‫شخص سوم مفرد‬
It
D emonstrative Pronouns:
Demonstrative pronouns are used instead of noun to point out persons or
things.
This, that ‫ برای مفرد‬these, those ‫برای جمع‬
‫ ضمایری اند که به جای اسم قرار گرفته و برای اشاره کردن به اشخاص واشیأ استفاده میشود‬:‫ضمایر اشاری‬.
Ex: This is a book.  That is a book.
These are books.  Those are books.
.‫ برای اشاره دور استفاده میشود‬that, those ‫ برای اشاره نزدیک و‬This, these
Prepositions:
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 Grammar, Prep 1 Star Educational Society
D
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P
e
reposition is a word which is used to a show relationship between two
persons, things and words. r
.‫ اشیا و کلمات میباشد‬،‫رابطه بین اشخاص‬
M ‫حروف اضافه عبارت از کلماتی اند که نشان دهنده یک‬
}In, on, at, in front of, beside, under ando etc{
m
:Possessive Pronouns
a
Possessive is used instead of noun and show
n
possessive or ownership.
{Mine, yours, ours, theirs, his, hers and dit's}
.Ex: this is a pen, its mine D
a ‫ آنهایی اند که به جای اسم قرار گرفته و‬:‫ضمایرملکی‬
.‫ملکیت را نشان میدهد‬
d
:Interrogative Pronouns ,
Interrogative pronouns are used instead of noun and it's used for asking
question. {What, which, who and whose}
?Ex: What is your name? Which one is yours
?Who is your teacher? Whose pen is this
.‫ عبارت از ضمایری اند که به جای اسم قرار گرفته و برای سوال کرن استفاده میشود‬:‫ضمایر پرسشی‬
Conjunction:
.Conjunction is a word that joins two words or two sentences
Ex: Ahmad is a student who works hard. This is a pen and that is too. Boy
.or girl
Conjunction (and, or, who, that, but…)
.‫ حرف ربط کلمه ای است که دو جمله ویا دو کلمه را باهم ربط میدهد‬:‫حرف ربط‬
Sentence:
Sentence is a group of words which make complete meaning, is called
.sentence
.Ex: Ahmad went to school yesterday
1) Affirmative: He is a student.
2) Negative: He is not a student.
3) Interrogative: Is he a student.
4) Negative interrogative: Is he not student?
‫ جمله نامیده میشوند‬،‫ عبارت از گروپ کلماتی اند که دارای معنی ومفهوم باشند‬:‫جمله‬.
To be verbs:
To be verbs are those which are used to show state in the sentences. (Is, am,
are, was, were)
‫ افعال بودن آنهائی اندکه حالت را در جمله بیان میکنند‬:‫افعال بودن‬.
Is
Am Simple present tense. Was Simple past tense.
Are Were
Was: singular= I, he, she and it.
Were: plural= we, you and they.
To do verbs:

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To do verbs are those which are used to ashow performance an action.
‫ در جمله استفاده میشود‬r‫ آنهائی اند که برای انجام دادن یک عمل‬:‫افعال انجام دادن‬.
To do verbs: does, do and did. M
Did in simple past tense (plural and singular).o Does in simple present tense
m
(singular) He, She, It. Do in simple present tense (plural) I, We, You, They.
To have verbs: a
n
To have verbs are those which are used dto show ownership or possession.
‫مالکیت استفاده میشود‬
D ‫ آنهائی اند که برای نشان داندن ملکیت ویا‬:‫افعال داشتن‬.
To have verbs: a
d
Have has had ,
Had I, we, you, Has He, she, it. Have I, we you,
they, he, she, it. they.

Helping verbs: can‫ توانستن‬could ‫شکل گذشته آن‬

Can is helping verb that show ability in the sentences.
Noun: noun is a word which is used as the name of persons, things and
places.
Kinds of nouns:
3) Abstract Nouns:‫اسم ذات‬ 1) Proper Nouns:‫اسم خاص‬
4) Collective Nouns:‫اسم جمع‬ 2) Common Nouns:‫اسم عام‬
Proper Nouns: proper nouns are used for the name of particular, persons,
things and places.
‫ جای و اشیا استفاده میشود‬،‫ شخص‬:‫ اسم خاص برای نام بردن اسم های خاص مانند‬:‫ اسم خاص‬.
Ex: Kabul, Parwen, Salem… / Kabul is the capital of Afghanistan.

Verb: verb is a word which shows state or action.

‫ فعل کمله ای است که حالت و عمل را نشان میدهد‬:‫فعل‬.
Complement: complement is a word or group of words which complete the
meaning of sentence.
‫ تکمیل کننده کلمه ایست ویاجمع از کلمات است که جمله راتکمیل مینماید‬:‫تکمیل کننده‬.

Simple present tense:

General fact: ‫حقیقت کلی‬
Habitual action: ‫عمل عادتی‬
Daily activities: ‫فعالتیت های روزمره‬
Simple present tense shows or expresses general fact, habitual actions
and daily activities.
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‫ عمل عادتی و فعالتیت های روز مره‬،‫ زمان حال ساده نشان و یا شرح میدهد هر حقیقت کلی‬:‫زمان حال ساده‬.
a
Ex: He plays football every day. / rI go to school every day.
Structure: M
Subject+ verb+ complement. Ex: Io go to school every day.
m
Do/does+ sub+ verb+ complement. Ex: Do I go to school every day?
Subject+ do/does+ not+ verb+ complement.
a Ex: I do not go to school.
Do/does+ not+ subjective +verb+ ncomplement. Ex: Do not I go to
school? d
D
Adjective: a
Adjective is a word that shows d
goodness and badness of noun or
,
pronoun.
Ex: Ali is a good boy. He is tall.
‫ صفت کلمه ای است چگونگی اسم و ضمیر را نشان میدهد‬:‫صفت‬.
Kinds of Adjectives:
1) Adjective of Quality: ‫صفات حالت و چگونگی‬
2) Adjective of Quantity: ‫صفات مقداری‬
3) Demonstrative Adjective: ‫صفات اشاری‬
4) Distributive Adjective: ‫صفات توزیعی‬
5) Interrogative Adjective: ‫صفات پرسشی‬
6) Possessive Adjective:‫صفات ملکی‬

Possessive Adjective: Possessive adjectives are used before noun and

shows possession and ownership.
They are: My, our, your, their, his, her, and its.
Ex: My book. Your car, their boys, our class…

Simple past tense

S imple past tense show an action which started in past and finished in
the past.
‫ زمان گذشته نشان میدهد که عمل در گذشته شروع شده و در گذشته ختم شده است‬:‫زمان گذشته‬.
Ex: I went out yesterday. He was busy last night.
Structure:
Aff: Sub+2nd .v+ complement. Ex: I wrote my homework.
Neg: sub+did not+1st .v+ complement. Ex: I didn’t write my homework.
Inte: did+sub+1st.v+complement+? Ex: Did I write my homework?
Neg/int: did not+ sub+1st .v+complement+? Ex: Didn’t I write my
homework?

Simple future tense

S imple future tense shows an action that well happen in the future.

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 ‫‪Grammar, Prep‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪Star Educational Society‬‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫‪e‬‬
‫‪Two‬‬
‫‪Ex: Ahmad will come to‬‬ ‫‪class next week.‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫‪.‬زمان آینده‪ :‬زمان آینده نشان میدهد که یک عمل در آینده ‪r‬اتفاق خواهد افتاد‬
‫‪Past‬‬ ‫‪now‬‬ ‫‪future‬‬ ‫خواهد‪Mshall‬خواهد ‪/will‬‬
‫‪Structure:‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪Subject+will/shall+verb+ complement. Ex: they will clean the room next‬‬
‫‪week.‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪Demonstrative Adjectives:‬‬

‫‪D‬‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫‪emonstrative adjectives used before‬‬
‫‪D noun and point out persons,‬‬
‫‪things and places.‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫‪They: this, that, these and those.‬‬ ‫‪d‬‬
‫صفات اشاری‪ :‬صفات اشاری صفاتهای اند که پیش از ‪,‬‬
‫اسم قرار گرفته و برای اشاره کردن اشیا‪ ،‬اشخاص و جای استفاده‬
‫‪.‬میشود‬
‫‪Ex: this class is ours.‬‬

‫‪Parts of watch:‬‬
‫نصف ‪Half:‬‬
‫پانزده دقیقه ‪Quarter:‬‬
‫ثانیه ‪Second:‬‬
‫دقیقه ‪Minute:‬‬
‫مانده ‪To:‬‬
‫گذشته ‪Past:‬‬
‫‪Regular verbs:‬‬
‫افعال با قاعده‪ :‬اگر در اخر کلمه‪ e‬باشد در تغیر شکل تنها ‪d‬میگیرد و اگر در آخر کلمه‪ ee‬باشد در تغیر شکل تنها‪d‬‬
‫میگیرد‪.‬‬

‫‪Ex: e, ee. Agree agreed. Persuade persuaded.‬‬

‫هر گاه یک فعل به حرف بی صدا ختم شود و پیش از آن حرف صدادار باشد حر ف بی صدا را دوچند میسازیم و ‪))ed‬‬
‫را اضافه میکنیم‪.‬‬
‫‪,Ex: stopstopped‬‬
‫‪ )1‬اگر کلمه ای به حرف ‪ y‬ختم شود و پیش از آن حر ف بی صدا باشد حرف‪ y‬را به( (‪ I‬تبدیل نموده و ‪ ed‬اضافه می کنیم‪.‬‬
‫‪.Ex: studystudied, trytried‬‬
‫اگر کلمه ای با حرف ‪ Y‬ختم شود و حرف ما قبل آن صدا دار باشد برای تغیر شکل آن ‪ ed‬اضافه مینمائیم‪.‬‬ ‫‪)2‬‬
‫‪.Ex: prayprayed, playplayed‬‬
‫‪:Irregular verbs‬‬
‫افعال بی قاعده‪ :‬افعال بی قاعده آن است که برای تغیر آن یا که به شکل خود می ماند یاکه شکل آن به کلی تغیر مکند و‬
‫‪.‬قانون مشخص ندارد‬
‫‪…Ex: cut cut cut, read read read, writewrote written‬‬

‫‪:Countable nouns‬‬
‫‪.Countable nouns are those nouns that can be count‬‬

‫‪.‬اسم های قابل شمارش‪ :‬آنهائی اند که قابلیت شمارش را داشته باشند‬

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…Ex: chair- boy- girl- school- class a
r
:Non countable nouns M
.Non countable nouns are those that canonot be count
m
‫ آنهائی اند که قابلیت شمارش را ندارند‬:‫اسم های غیر قابل شمارش‬.
…Ex: rice- milk- hair- money- wheat a
n
Countable nouns: how many. A dlittle: ‫یک مقدار‬
Non- countable nouns: how much. DLittle: ‫مقدار کم‬
a
.A little is used with positive and little isd used with negative
.Both a little and little are used with non-, countable nouns
.Ex: a little money, little water
A few: ‫ بعضی‬+ positive
Few: ‫ بسیار کم‬+ negative
Both used with countable nouns.
Ex: a few books, a few people, few pens.
Some: ‫ بعضی‬+ positive.
Any: ‫ هیچ‬+ negative.
Ex: I have some books in my bag. / She doesn’t have any money.
Some one: ‫یک شخص‬
Some body: ‫یک شخص‬
Some thing: ‫چیز‬
Ex: she said some thing. / I see some body.
Andy one: ‫هیچ کس‬
Any bode: ‫هیچ کس‬
Any thing: ‫هیچ چیز‬
Ex: I didn’t see any one. / She doesn’t say any thing.
Simple present continues tense
S imple present continues tense shows the duration of an action
which is progressive at the moment of speaking.
‫ عبارت از زمانی است که عملی را نشان میدهد که در لحظه صحبت کردن در جریان باشد یا در حال‬:‫زمان حال جاری‬
.‫انجام دادن باشد‬
:Structure
.Subject+ tobe verb+ v.ing+complement. Ex: I am writing right now
.Subject +to be verb+ not+ v. ing+ complement. Ex: I not writing right now
?To be verb+ subject+ v. ing+ complement. Ex: Am I writing right now
To be verb+ not+ subject+ v. ing+ complement. Ex: Am I not writing right
?now

W.H or information question

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D
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W
e
.H question or information a question are used for getting
information about something's,
r some body or some
places. M
o ‫ سواالتی هستند که برای معلومات گرفتن درمورد‬W.H
.‫ اشخاص و جای استفاده میشود‬،‫اشیا‬
m
:YES/NO question
.Yes/no questions are those questions
a that answered with yes or no
‫و نه خیر استفاده میشود‬n‫ آنهایی اند که برای جواب دادن بلی‬:‫سواالت بلی ونه خیر‬.
.Ex: Does she work every day? Yes sheddoes/ no, she doesn’t
D
a
d
What: (‫)چی‬ ,
This is WH question or information question? Used when we ask about
thing.

How: (‫)حالت چطور‬

This is WH or information question, when we ask about manner?

Who: (‫)کی‬
This is a WH question or information question, used when ask about person.

Where :( ‫)کجا‬
This is a WH question or information question used when ask about
location.

When: (‫)چه وقت‬

This is a WH question or information question used when we ask bout time.

Whose: (‫)از کی‬

This is a WH question or information question used when we ask about
possession.
Which: (‫)کدام‬
This is a WH question or information question used when we ask choice.

Adjective of quantity
Adjective of quality shows how much of a thing is meat.
They are: some, any, little, a little, much, enough, no, few, a few,
both, a couple, many, several, not, a lot of, lots of, plenty, all ,most…
Ex: we have no drinking water at home.
A little – a few: - A little – a few give positive idea and talk about some
things which exist in present.

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Little – few: - little – few give negative aidea and indicates that some thing is
not present is absent. r
M
Ex: I feel sorry that you have few friends. / I have little money.
o
m
Adverbs of frequency
It shows that how many times some thing
a happens. Or it shows that how
many times an action happens. n
d
D
They are: always‫همیشه‬, usually ‫معموأل‬, sometimes‫ گاهی اوقات‬never‫هیچ گاه‬, ever ‫هیچ گاه‬
Structure: subject+advebs of frequency+da verb+ complement.
Ex: I never go to library. / She always goes , to school.
We sometimes play volleyball. /he usually studies story books.

Simple future tense

S imple future tense is used to show an action which will happen in
the future.
Structure: shall/will/to be going to +future plan. Shall= I, we.
Ex: I will buy a new car next week. / She is going to buy car.

Structure: subject+ to be+going to+verb+complement. /

Ex: She is going to play football. They will talk to their teacher. /I shall
invite my friends.

Structure: wh+Aux+sub+verb+complement+?
Ex: What is your plan in the future? / Will you come to my party? Yes, I will.

us tense

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Grammar, Prep 1 Star Educational Society
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a
r
M
o
m

a
n
d
D
a
d
,

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