F U N D A M E N TA L S O F L I F E : P R E S E N TAT I O N 4

CELL ORGANELLES

Fundamentals of Life Science:

CELL AND ITS PROCESSES
ORGANELLES
OBJECTIVES

• KNOW THE BASIC STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION of the cellular organelles.

 PLASMA MEMBRANE
THE CELL’S FRONTIER
All cells are surrounded by a plasma
membrane.

The material inside of a cell is the

CYTOPLASM.
Structure of the cell membrane
➢PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER with
PROTEINS ATTACHED

Function
➢REGULATES THE ENTRANCE AND
EXIT OF MOLECULES into and out of
the cell (TRANSPORT across the cell
membrane).

➢Regulation is due the MEMBRANE

being SEMIPERMEABLE
 NUCLEUS
THE BRAIN OF THE CELL
Structure:
➢DNA and Proteins
➢NUCLEOLUS
➢Nuclear ENVELOPE: Double membrane with
pores

Function:
➢STORES GENETIC MATERIAL DNA

➢Activated DNA SPECIFIES the sequence of

amino acids during PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.

➢Every cell in an individual contains the

same DNA.
 RIBOSOMES
THE WORKING GUYS

Structure:

TWO SUBUNITS:
(Large + Small)
• Both are made of
• RNA
• PROTEIN

Function:
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
 RIBOSOMES
THE WORKING GUYS
 ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
INSIDE NETWORK

Structure and Function

➢A system of FLATTENED vesicles
that is CONTINUOUS with the
outer MEMBRANE of the nuclear
envelope.

➢ ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (RER) - HAS RIBOSOMES attached and creates

PROTEINS.

➢ SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (SER) - NO RIBOSOMES attached and makes

PHOSPHOLIPIDS.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
INSIDE NETWORK
GOLGI APPARATUS
THE CELL’S UPS SYSTEM

Structure
➢ CONSISTS OF a stack of 3 – 20
SLIGHTLY CURVED SACS (looks like a
stack of pancakes)

Function
➢ COLLECTS, SORTS, PACKAGES, AND
DISTRIBUTES MATERIALS such as
proteins and lipids
GOLGI APPARATUS
THE CELL’S UPS SYSTEM
 VESICLES
THE CELLS MESSENGERS
Structure: MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES
THAT CARRY SOMETHING IN THE INSIDE.

Function: RANSPORT MATERIAL THROUGHOUT

T

THE CELL, INSIDE OR TOWARDS THE OUTSIDE

OF THE CELL.
 LYSOSOMES
THE CELL’S JANITORS
Structure: MEMBRANE BOUND VESICLES
THAT CONTAIN DIGESTIVE ENZYMES.

Function: Lysosomes contain digestive

enzymes that BREAK DOWN
UNWANTED, FOREIGN SUBSTANCES OR
WORN- OUT PARTS OF CELLS
 VACUOLES
THE CELL’S STORAGE

Structure: Vacuoles are

MEMBRANOUS SACS.

Function: They STORE SUBSTANCES

SUCH AS WATER, PIGMENTS, AND
TOXINS.
 VACUOLES
THE CELL’S STORAGE
 CHLOROPLASTS
FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Function
➢Site of
PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
➢PROVIDE
CARBOHYDRATES TO
MITOCHONDRIAS
 CHLOROPLASTS
FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Structure
➢DOUBLE-
MEMBRANE
➢OWN DNA.
➢Stroma
➢Thylakoid
MITOCHONDRIA
CELL’S BATTERY
Structure:
• DOUBLE-MEMBRANE.
• OWN DNA.
• Matrix
• Cristae

Function:

• Site or CELLULAR RESPIRATION.

• Found in all EUKARYOTIC Cells
MITOCHONDRIA
CELL’S BATTERY
 CYTOSKELETON
CELL’S STRUCTURE
Function:
➢KEEPS CELL SHAPE.
➢ASSISTS IN MOVEMENT of cell and
organelles
➢ASSEMBLES AND DISASSEMBLES
as needed
Structure
➢Three types of protein components:
• ACTIN FILAMENTS
• INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
• MICROTUBULES
CYTOSKELETON
CELL’S STRUCTURE
 CENTRIOLES
CELL’S CYTOSKELETON CENTER

Structure
➢ Short cylinders with pattern of
microtubule triplets

Function
➢ HELP ORGANIZE MICROTUBULES during animal
cell division
➢ May be INVOLVED WITH microtubule formation
and in the organization of CILIA AND FLAGELLA
 CILIA & FLAGELLA
CELL’S MOVEMENT
Function
➢CILIA - Hair like projections that aid in
cell movement
➢FLAGELLA - Elongated projection that
propels the cell.

Structure
➢CILIA ARE MUCH SHORTER THAN
FLAGELLA. MADE UP FROM
MICROTUBULES.
The Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden
https://youtu.be/Ww-x-VIFh-Q
 Golgi

Golgi
 ANIMAL CELL Have Centrioles for Cell Division.
Have small and many Vacuoles.
Lysosomes for digesting cellular waste.

BOTH
The Rest of Organelles are shared.

Have Chloroplasts with Chlorophyll.

Have one large Vacuole for water.
Have Cell Wall and Rectangle Shape PLANT CELL
END OF PRESENTATION