Photosynthesis Workbook

Name Class Date
Photosynthesis
Cellular Basis of Life

Q: How do plants and other organisms capture energy from the sun?
Chapter Summary
The diagram below shows what you will read about in this chapter and how the chapter is
organized. Study the diagram. Then answer the questions that follow.
8.1 Energy and Life Chemical energy and ATP
Heterotrophs and autotrophs
Chlorophyll and chloroplasts

8.2 Photosynthesis:
High-energy electrons
An Overview
An overview of photosynthesis
Light-dependent reactions: making ATP

and NADPH
8.3 The Process of
Photosynthesis Light-independent reactions: making sugars
What affects photosynthesis
1. What is this chapter about? photosynthesis
2. What are the three major ideas? energy and life, an overview of photosynthesis, and the
process of photosynthesis
3. In which lesson would you learn about the roles of chlorophyll and chloroplasts?
Lesson 2
4. What stage of photosynthesis produces sugars? light-independent reactions
Chapter 8 • Workbook B • Copyright © by Savvas Learning Company LLC. All Rights Reserved.
109
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8.1 Energy and Life

Lesson Objectives
Describe the role of ATP in cellular activities.
Explain where plants get the energy they need to produce food.
BUILD Vocabulary
A. The chart below shows key terms from the lesson with their definitions. Complete the chart
by writing a strategy to help you remember the meaning of each term. One has been done
for you.
Term Definition How I’m Going to Remember

the Meaning
Adenosine Compound that cells use to store ATP makes a cell able to do work.
triphosphate and release energy
(ATP)
Autotroph A living thing that makes its own Auto- means “self-,” so an autotroph
food is an organism that feeds itself.
Heterotroph A living thing that gets its food Hetero- means “other.” A heterotroph
by consuming other living things relies on other organisms for food.
Photosynthesis Process by which autotrophs

use sunlight, water, and carbon Photo- means “light.”
dioxide to produce carbohydrates Photosynthesis uses light to make
and oxygen its products.
Note: Students should highlight terms and definitions used throughout the chapter.
B. As you work through this lesson, you may find these terms in the activities. When you
need to write a key term or a definition, highlight the term or the definition.
BUILD Connections
ATP as a Charged Battery An analogy takes two things that seem to be different and
shows how they can be similar.
1. How is a partially charged battery like ADP? ADP can be

recharged and so can a weak battery.
2. Why do cells contain only a small amount of ATP?

A. ATP cannot store large amounts of energy for a long time.
B. ATP releases energy too quickly.
C. ATP cannot carry out active transport.
D. ATP has only two phosphate groups.
Lesson 8.1 • Workbook B • Copyright © by Savvas Learning Company LLC. All Rights Reserved.
110
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BUILD Understanding
Compare/Contrast Table Use a compare/contrast table when you want to see the
similarities and differences between two or more objects or processes. As you read, place an
“X” in the box next to characteristics that are true of an autotroph or a heterotroph. One has
been done for you.
Autotroph Heterotroph
Directly uses sunlight for energy X
An oak tree is an example. X
A mushroom is an example. X
Makes its own food X
Consumes other living things to X

get energy
Is capable of photosynthesis X
Chemical Energy and ATP

Chemical Energy Living things use chemical fuels. One of the most important compounds
that cells use to store and release energy is ATP.
Follow the directions. Then answer the questions.

1. Trace the outlines of the adenosine molecule and the three phosphate groups.
2. Cut out each phosphate group.
3. Arrange the phosphate groups on the adenosine molecule to form a molecule of ATP.
P P P
4. When ATP is changed to ADP, it releases energy. Change your ATP molecule so that it
forms ADP. What change did you make? removed one phosphate group
5. ADP can be converted into ATP. Change your ADP molecule into ATP. What change did
you make? added one phosphate group
6. Fill in the blanks with two or three. The primary difference in the structures of
ATP and ADP is that ATP has three phosphate groups and ADP has
two phosphate groups.
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Heterotrophs and Autotrophs

Look at the feeding relationships in each food chain. Each food chain contains an autotroph
and one or more heterotrophs.
Follow the directions.

1. Color the autotrophs green.
2. Color the heterotrophs blue.
grass worm robin coyote
grass mouse hawk Grass, tree/shrub should be

colored green.
grass rabbit cougar Worm, robin, coyote, mouse,
hawk, rabbit, cougar, deer,
tree/shrub deer cougar should be colored blue.
Answer the questions.

3. Which animal would be most affected if many trees died from disease?
A. deer
B. mouse
C. worm
D. None would be affected.
4. The organisms listed in the box belong to a food chain. Use the words in the box to fill in
the food chain in the correct order.
bear insect salmon grass
grass insect salmon bear
5. Explain how top-level consumers such as hawks depend on sunlight for their food.
Sample answer: Without sunlight, and the photosynthesis it allows, there would be no
plants. Without plants, there would be no food for first-level consumers. Without first-
level consumers, there would be no food for top-level consumers such as hawks.
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8.2 Photosynthesis: An Overview

Lesson Objectives
Describe the role of light and pigments in photosynthesis.
Explain the role of electron carrier molecules in photosynthesis.
State the overall equation for photosynthesis.
BUILD Vocabulary
A. The chart below shows key terms from the lesson with their definitions. Complete the chart
by writing a strategy to help you remember the meaning of each term. One has been done
for you.

the Meaning
Chlorophyll Primary pigment in plants Chlorophyll gives plants their green color.
Light- Reactions in photosynthesis

Dependent means “needing.” Light-
dependent that require light and light-
reactions absorbing pigments dependent reactions need light.
Light- Reactions in photosynthesis

independent in which carbon dioxide and Independent starts with in- and sounds
reactions energy-carrying molecules are like “end.” The light-independent reac-
used to produce high-energy tion is the ending reaction.
sugars
NADP+ Carrier molecule that transports

high-energy electrons A + (plus sign) reminds me of high energy.
Pigment Light-absorbing molecule Pigs take in a lot of food, just as pig-

ments take in light.
Stroma Fluid portion of the chloroplast

that surrounds the thylakoid Stroma is a fluid like soup.
membrane
Thylakoid Photosynthetic membrane sac Thylakoid and take-out food require

found inside chloroplasts sac(k)s.
need to write a key term or a definition, highlight the term or the definition.
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BUILD Understanding
KWL Chart A KWL chart will help you to get the most out of your reading. In the first
column, write what you already Know about photosynthesis and the needs of plants. One fact
has been added to the chart for you. In the second column, write what you Want to find out.
In the last column, write what you’ve Learned after reading the lesson. Fill in the chart as you
read Lesson 2.
K W L
(What I know) (What I want to know) (What I learned)
Plants make food by using Accept all reasonable Accept all reasonable
water, carbon dioxide, and answers related to lesson answers related to lesson
energy from the sun. content. content.
Accept all reasonable
answers related to lesson
content.
CHAPTER
Out of Thin Air? In concluding that the extra mass of his tree came from water, van
Helmont had only half the answer.
In the space below, draw yourself using the photosynthesis equation to explain to van
Helmont why he needs to consider carbon dioxide.
Accept all well-reasoned explanations.
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Chlorophyll and Chloroplasts

In addition to water and carbon dioxide, photosynthesis requires light and chlorophyll. Inside
chloroplasts are thylakoids. The region outside the thylakoid is the stroma. A model of a
chloroplast is shown below.

1. Color the stroma blue. Label it.
2. Color each thylakoid green. Label one.
3. Circle the granum in red. Label it.
stroma (blue)
thylakoid (green)
granum (circled in red)
Chloroplast

4. Where do the light-dependent reactions occur? Circle the correct answer.
thylakoids stroma
5. Where do the light-independent reactions occur? Circle the correct answer.
thylakoids stroma
6. Is the following statement true or false? In plants, photosynthesis takes place in the
chloroplasts. true
7. The function of chlorophyll is

A. to protect a plant from losing water.
B. to help plants absorb oxygen.
C. to protect the plant cell.
D. to capture energy from the sun.
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Chlorophyll and Chloroplasts

Photosynthesis in plants takes place in organelles called chloroplasts. Within each chloroplast
is a fluid-filled area called the stroma. Also inside each chloroplast are many saclike
membranes called thylakoids. Thylakoids are connected to each other in stacks. Each stack is
a granum.
Complete the Venn diagram to compare the stroma and a granum in a chloroplast. Use the
phrases below. One has been done for you.
• contains pigments • light-dependent reactions

• fluid portion of chloroplast • located within a chloroplast
• are a part of photosynthesis • stacks of thylakoids
Stroma Granum
• light-independent • stacks of thylakoids

reactions • contains pigments
• fluid portion • light-dependent reactions
Both
of chloroplast • located
within a
chloroplast
• are a part
of photosyn-
thesis
Answer the questions. Circle the correct answer(s).

1. Which reactions change the energy of sunlight to energy-rich carriers?
light-dependent reactions light-independent reactions
2. Which two reactants are needed for light-dependent reactions?
carbon dioxide light oxygen water
3. Which two reactants are needed for light-independent reactions?
carbon dioxide energy-rich compounds oxygen stroma
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Inquiry Into Scientiﬁc Thinking

What Waste Material Is Produced During Photosynthesis? What would happen
if you performed this investigation but changed the amount of light? You can use what you
know about photosynthesis to make predictions about the outcome of that experiment.
Perform the investigation again. This time, use two cups and two test tubes. Place each cup in
a different amount of light.
1. Label one cup A and one cup B.
2. Fill each cup halfway with sodium bicarbonate solution.
3. Place one Elodea plant in each test tube.
4. Place one test tube in each cup. CAUTION: Handle breakable materials such as test tubes
with care.
5. Set cup A in bright light.
6. Set cup B in a place where there is no light.
7. Predict what will happen in each cup. Write your predictions in the chart.
8. Wait 20 minutes or longer.
9. Observe your cups. Write what happened in each cup in the chart.
Cup Light My Prediction What Happened?
A bright light
Accept all reasonable a lot of oxygen accumulated
predictions. on the leaves
B no light
Accept all reasonable no oxygen accumulated on
predictions. the leaves
Analyze and Conclude

1. What do you think would happen if a third cup were in dim light?
The plant would produce less oxygen than the one in bright light, but more than the
one in no light.
2. What can you conclude about the relationship between light and photosynthesis?
Light is needed for photosynthesis. With no light, photosynthesis can’t occur.
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8.3 The Process of Photosynthesis

Lesson Objectives
Describe what happens during the light-dependent reactions.
Explain what happens during the light-independent reactions.
Identify factors that affect the rate at which photosynthesis occurs.
BUILD Vocabulary
A. The chart below shows key terms from the lesson with their definitions. Complete the
chart by writing a strategy to help you remember the meaning of each term. One has been
done for you.

the Meaning
ATP synthase Enzyme that converts ADP and Many enzymes end in the suffix –ase, and ATP
a phosphate group to ATP synthase is an enzyme that produces ATP.
Calvin cycle Another name for the light-

independent reactions in which The Calvin cycle produces carbohydrates.
carbohydrates are produced
Electron Series of electron-carrier

transport proteins that transport high- The electron transport chain moves
chain energy electrons during the energy.
process of making ATP
Photosystem Cluster of chlorophyll and

proteins in the thylakoids Photo- means “light.” Photosystems are
essential to the light-dependent essential to light-dependent reactions.
reactions
write a key term or a definition, highlight the term or the definition.
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BUILD Understanding
Flowchart A flowchart is a way to show the steps in a process. As you read, complete the
flowchart to show the steps involved in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
sunlight water
light-dependent
oxygen
reactions
ATP NADPH
Light-Dependent and Light-Independent

Reactions
Photosynthesis involves two sets of reactions. The light-dependent reactions need sunlight.
They use energy from this sunlight to produce energy-rich compounds, like ATP. The
light-independent reactions use these energy-rich compounds to produce sugars from
carbon dioxide.
Complete the T-chart. Write the phrases in the box that belong in each side of the chart.
Use energy from the sun Take place in the stroma

Use carbon dioxide Take place in thylakoids
Produce oxygen Require water
Produce sugars Also called Calvin cycle
Convert ADP into ATP
Light-dependent Reactions Light-independent Reactions

Take place in the thylakoids Use carbon dioxide
Produce oxygen Take place in the stroma
Require water Produce sugars
Convert ADP into ATP Also called Calvin cycle
Use energy from the sum
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The Light-Independent Reactions: Producing

Sugars
Both ATP and NADPH are produced by the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. The
Calvin cycle uses the energy in ATP and NADPH to produce high-energy sugars. A model of
the Calvin cycle is shown below.

1. Circle the places where ATP and NADPH are used.
2. Draw an X over the two 3-carbon molecules that are removed from the cycle to produce
sugars, lipids, and other compounds.
Calvin Cycle
6 C
CO2
12 C C C
12 ATP
6 C C C C C
12 ADP
12 NADPH
6 ADP
12 NADP+
ATP 12 C C C
6
10 C C C
2 C C C
Sugars and other compounds

3. Circle the letter of each statement that is true about the Calvin cycle.
A. The main products of the Calvin cycle are six carbon dioxide molecules.
B. Carbon dioxide molecules enter the Calvin cycle from the atmosphere.
C. Energy from ATP and high-energy electrons from NADPH are used to convert
3-carbon molecules into higher-energy forms.
D. The Calvin cycle uses 6 molecules of carbon dioxide to produce a single 6-carbon
sugar molecule.
4. Why are the reactions of the Calvin cycle also called the light-independent reactions?
They don't require sunlight. They can occur during the day or night
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Chapter Review
Use the clues and words to help you write the vocabulary terms from the chapter in the
blanks. You may use a word once or not at all.
ATP synthase NADP+ photosynthesis pigment
1. molecule that carries high-energy electrons NADP+
2. light-absorbing molecule pigment
3. enzyme that converts ADP into ATP ATP synthase
Answer the following questions.

4. What is the source of energy for plants? light energy from the sun
5. What compound is broken down during photosynthesis to produce oxygen?

A. ATP
B. carbon dioxide
C. glucose
D. water
6. Which term is used for the series of electron carrier proteins that move high-energy
electrons during ATP-generating reactions? Circle the correct answer.
electron transport chain food chain hydrogen ion movement
7. What causes the gradient across the thylakoid membrane?
A. charge
B. H+ ion concentration
C. charge and H+ ion concentration
D. None of the above.
Use the diagrams of the ADP and ATP molecules to answer question 8.
8. Circle the compound that shows a cell’s stored energy.
P P P P P
9. The chart below compares ADP and ATP to a battery. Place check marks under the
category that best describes each molecule.
Partially Charged Battery Fully Charged Battery
ADP ✔
ATP ✔
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Taking a Standardized Test
Test-Taking Tip: Pace Yourself

Figure out how much time you have to spend on each question before you start a test. Use
this information to pace yourself. Try to keep up that pace as you work so you can finish the
test in the time allowed.
Read the following steps.

Step 1 Find out how much time you have to complete the test. Your teacher will tell you
the total amount of time you have for completing the test.
Step 2 How many questions are on the test? Look through the test to find the number and
types of questions.
Step 3 Decide how much time you are going to spend on each question. Divide the
number of minutes for the whole test by the number of items. For example, if you have 60
minutes to answer 30 questions, 60 ÷ 30 = 2. This means you have about 2 minutes for each
question. Don’t forget that questions that ask you to write one or two sentences will take
more time than multiple-choice questions.
Self-Test
Practice what you have learned by answering the following questions. Remember to pace
yourself. You have 15 minutes to complete this practice test. There are seven multiple-choice
questions and one short-answer question.
How much time will you spend on each question?

15 ÷ 8 = approximately 2 minutes for
each question
1. Cells store small amounts of energy in the form of
A. DNA.
B. NADP+.
C. ATP.
D. ADP.
2. Deer and cows eat plants. These animals are classified as
A. autotrophs.
B. heterotrophs.
C. photosynthesizers.
D. decomposers.
3. What is the primary light-absorbing pigment in plants?
A. chlorophyll
B. carotene
C. thylakoid
D. ATP synthase
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4. The reactants of photosynthesis are

A. sugars and oxygen.
B. ATP and NADP.
C. oxygen and carbon dioxide.
D. carbon dioxide and water.
5. During the light-dependent reactions, photosystem II captures light energy and uses it to
A. remove carbon from carbon dioxide.
B. produce high-energy electrons.
C. produce water from hydrogen and oxygen.
D. make sugar using carbon from carbon dioxide.
6. An electron transport chain is a series of
A. pigments found in chloroplasts.
B. carbon molecules that form sugars.
C. molecules that move high-energy electrons.
D. enzymes that make ATP synthase.
7. The waste product of photosynthesis is
A. oxygen.
B. water.
C. carbon dioxide.
D. sugar.
Short-Response Question
Answer the following questions in two or three sentences.
8. Suppose a volcanic eruption created a huge cloud of ash. The ash blocked sunlight from
reaching parts of Earth for weeks. How would plants in those areas be affected? How
would animals and people be affected?
Sample answer: Plants would no longer have sunlight needed for photosynthesis. They
would not grow and would probably die. This would reduce food sources for both
animals and people. Food supplies would be reduced further by animals dying from
lack of food.
123

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Name Class Date

Cellular Basis of Life

8.1 Energy and Life Chemical energy and ATP

Heterotrophs and autotrophs

Chlorophyll and chloroplasts

Light-dependent reactions: making ATP

What affects photosynthesis

1. What is this chapter about? photosynthesis

4. What stage of photosynthesis produces sugars? light-independent reactions

8.1 Energy and Life

Term Definition How I’m Going to Remember

Photosynthesis Process by which autotrophs

1. How is a partially charged battery like ADP? ADP can be

2. Why do cells contain only a small amount of ATP?

Directly uses sunlight for energy X

An oak tree is an example. X

Makes its own food X

Consumes other living things to X

Chemical Energy and ATP

Follow the directions. Then answer the questions.

Heterotrophs and Autotrophs

Follow the directions.

grass worm robin coyote

grass mouse hawk Grass, tree/shrub should be

Answer the questions.

bear insect salmon grass

grass insect salmon bear

8.2 Photosynthesis: An Overview

Term Definition How I’m Going to Remember

Light- Reactions in photosynthesis

Light- Reactions in photosynthesis

NADP+ Carrier molecule that transports

Pigment Light-absorbing molecule Pigs take in a lot of food, just as pig-

Stroma Fluid portion of the chloroplast

Thylakoid Photosynthetic membrane sac Thylakoid and take-out food require

Accept all well-reasoned explanations.

Chlorophyll and Chloroplasts

Follow the directions.

Answer the questions.

7. The function of chlorophyll is

Chlorophyll and Chloroplasts

• contains pigments • light-dependent reactions

• light-independent • stacks of thylakoids

Answer the questions. Circle the correct answer(s).

Inquiry Into Scientiﬁc Thinking

Cup Light My Prediction What Happened?

Analyze and Conclude

8.3 The Process of Photosynthesis

Term Definition How I’m Going to Remember

Calvin cycle Another name for the light-

Electron Series of electron-carrier

Photosystem Cluster of chlorophyll and

Light-Dependent and Light-Independent

Use energy from the sun Take place in the stroma

Light-dependent Reactions Light-independent Reactions

The Light-Independent Reactions: Producing

Follow the directions.

Sugars and other compounds

Answer the questions.

ATP synthase NADP+ photosynthesis pigment

1. molecule that carries high-energy electrons NADP+

2. light-absorbing molecule pigment

3. enzyme that converts ADP into ATP ATP synthase

Answer the following questions.