UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – Midterm Reviewer

Physical Self

- The physical self refers to the tangible aspects of an individual's body and appearance. It includes
characteristics such as height, weight, hair color, body shape, and any visible physical features
- The Physical Self is the concrete dimension, the tangible aspect of the person that can be directly
observed and examined.

The Components of the Physical Self

Self-Esteem -In psychology, the term self-esteem is used to describe a person's overall subjective sense
and personal worth or value. In other words, how much you appreciate and like yourself

Self-image -The mental picture, generally of a kind that is quite resistant to change, that depicts not only
details that are potentially available to objective investigation by others( height, weight, hair color, etc.),
but also items that have been learned by people about themselves, either for personal experience or by
internalizing the judgement of others.

Body image relates to how individuals perceive their own bodies. It encompasses thoughts, feelings, and
evaluations about one's physical appearance, including body size, shape, and features. Body image can be
positive, negative, or somewhere in between, and it plays a significant role in shaping self-esteem.

Body image is both internal (personal) and external (society)

Factors that influence a person's physical self-concept:

• Genetics
It play a role in determining an individual's physical attributes, such as height, body shape, and facial
features. These inherited traits can influence how a person perceives their physical self.

• Social and Cultural Factors

Societal standards of beauty, body ideals, and cultural norms heavily impact the physical self. Media, peer
pressure, and cultural expectations can lead to unrealistic standards and comparisons that affect one's self-
esteem.

• Personal Experiences
Past experiences, especially those related to body shaming, bullying, or physical fitness, can significantly
shape one's physical self-concept. Positive or negative experiences can contribute to a more positive or
negative self-image.

• Mental Health and Well-being

Mental health and well-being are closely tied to the physical self. Conditions like body dysmorphia and
eating disorders can distort self-perception, making it essential to consider mental health when discussing
the physical self.

TODAY’S EMBEDDED IDEALS – THE PHYSICAL BODY

Life today sees image upon image of a fashionably clad women, perfect skin, tiny waists, ample
breasts, fashionably protruding behinds all with weight of no greater than 59kg. Same thing applies to the
6-pack or ripped abs for men.

The Media’s Portrayal of Women

Media is the most widespread form of mass communication. It has become a conveyor of socio- cultural
values regarding ideal body shape and size, which creates an understanding of the ideal man and woman.
Some of these types include newspapers, books and magazines, movies, radio, television and the internet.

Females

The concept that the mass media can affect the body image and self esteem of girls and women is not a
new phenomenon and has been circling ever since celebrities, such a pop stars, have become famous, not
for their talents, but for their looks.
These ideals are unrealistic, and surveys show that more than half of women are dieting in order to attain
a perfect body image.

Objectification Theory - females are prone to internalize an observer’s perspective as a primary view of
their own physical bodies. This theory argues that girls and women subject their body to constant
monitoring, which in turn leads to body dissatisfaction and sometimes, even eating disorders such as
bulimia and anorexia.

Bulimia Nervosa - a psychological and severe life-threatening eating disorder described by the ingestion
of an abnormally large amount of food in short time period, followed by an attempt to avoid gaining
weight by purging what was consumed.

Anorexia Nervosa
- an eating disorder and psychological condition marked by extreme self-starvation due to a
distorted body image.
- people with anorexia think they are fat, regardless of how much they weigh, and are obsessive
about monitoring their weight and the food they consume.

Males

The predominant focus of the research between negative self-images and media has been on women but
men can have just as low body image as women.

Metrosexual - a young, urban, heterosexual male with liberal political views, an interest in fashion, and a
refined sense of taste

Metrosexual is a combination of metropolitan and sexual, coined in 1994 describing a man who is
especially meticulous about his grooming and appearance, typically spending a significant amount of time
and money on shopping as part of this.

The Importance of Beauty

Physical beauty is extremely important and all studies have shown that people judge each other based on
their physical looks at least until they start to know each other well.

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Sexual Self
- refers to the individual’s feelings, actions, and behavior concerning various aspects as
development of secondary characteristics, human reproductive system, the erogenous zones of the
body, the biology of sexual behavior, chemistry of lust, love and attachment, among many others.

Puberty - is the period of life, generally between the ages of 10 and 15 years. It is when the reproductive
organs grow to their adult size and become functional under the influence of rising levels of gonadal
hormones (testosterone in males and estrogen in females). After this time, reproductive capability
continues until old age in males and menopause in females. Puberty represents the earliest period of
reproductive system activity.

In males, the event that signals puberty’s onset is the enlargement of the testes and scrotum, around the
age of 13 years, followed by the appearance of pubic, axillary, and facial hair. Sexual maturation is
indicated by the presence of mature sperm in the semen. In the meantime, the young man has unexpected,
and often embarrassing, erections and frequent nocturnal emissions (“wet dreams”) as his hormones surge
and hormonal controls struggle to achieve a normal balance.
The first sign of puberty in females is budding breasts, often apparent by the age of 11 years. The first
menstrual period, called menarche usually occurs about 2 years later.

Human Sexual Behavior

Human sexual behavior is defined as any activity – solitary, between two persons, or in a group – that
induces sexual arousal

The Sexual Response Cycle

The sexual response cycle has four phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. Both men and
women experience these phases, although the timing usually is different. For example, it is unlikely that
both partners will reach orgasm at the same time.

Phase 1 Excitement: Heart rate quickens and breathing is accelerated

Phase 2 Plateau: is the onset of orgasm to near in reaching the peak/climax of intercourse
Phase 3 Orgasm: it is the climax of sexual response; Blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing are at their
highest rates, with a rapid intake of oxygen.
Phase 4 Resolution: During resolution, the body slowly returns to its normal level of functioning… for
male goes to refractory phase this is the recovery phase after orgasm in which it is
physiologically impossible for a man to have additional orgasm

• Gender/Sex Role - behavior learned by individuals as appropriate to their gender, determined by the
prevailing cultural norms

• Sexual Identity - refers to how one thinks of oneself in terms of whom one is sexually and
romantically attracted to as defined by his or her biological sex and gender.
• Sex – it is determined by your hormonal characteristics, chromosomes –xy-xx, and sexual organs -
ovaries/testes.
• Gender - sexual orientation with respect to people’s preferences

• Sexual Orientation - describes an enduring pattern of attraction to persons of the opposite sex, the
same sex, or to both sexes

• Heterosexuals - are individuals who are considered by the society as “straight.” Thus, a
 heterosexual is known to be attracted to the opposite sex.

• Homosexuals - are those who are attracted to individuals of the same sex or gender. Transexual
and Transgender - people are people who have a gender identity or gender expression that
differs from their assigned sex. Transgender people are sometimes called transsexual if they
desire medical assistance to transition from one sex to another.
• Bisexuals - are those whose romantic or sexual attraction or behavior is directed toward both
males and females.
• Asexual (solitary) - not sexually attracted to anyone and/or no desire to act on attraction to
anyone.

TRIANGULAR THEORY OF LOVE by Robert Sternberg

Intimacy
Which encompasses feelings of attachment, closeness, connectedness.
Being intimate with another person is about being open and vulnerable to that person whom we:
deeply trust, who we feel connected with, and who values us with unconditional positive regard.

Passion
encompasses drives connected to both limerence and sexual attraction.
is the intense state of being that drives and consumes a person to pursue an interest, a vision, or a person.
In terms of romantic love, passion connotes sexual attraction, as well as intimacy.

Commitment
The decision to remain with another, and in the long term, plans made with that person
Commitment in love relationship is expressed continuously in caring and loving actions for the beloved.
COMMITMENT is saying YES.

Teenagers are biologically immature to deal with relationships. Teenagers are more driven by the push
of hormones rather than logic and feelings. As a CONSEQUENCE, they often end up taking the
wrong decisions and dating just for the sake of it or dating people who they are crushing upon, rather than
those with whom they are compatible and comfortable.

As a result of their immature emotions, they are unable to deal with the many problems associated
with a relationship.

• They feel possessive, they get hurt easily, they are prone to fall into depression post break-ups.
• They become completely dependent on their partners for their happiness and well being
• Ignoring other healthy parts of life like family, studies, and quite often, even friends

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) - are infections transmitted from an infected person to an
uninfected person through sexual contact. STD’s can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites.
STDs are an important global health priority because of their devastating impact on women and infants
and their inter-relationships with HIV/AIDS. STDs and HIV are linked by biological interactions and
because both infections occur in the same populations. Infection with certain STDs can increase the risk
of getting and transmitting HIV as well as alter the way the disease progresses. In addition, STDs can
cause long-term health problems, particularly in women and infants. Some of the health complications
that arise from STDs include pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, tubal or ectopic pregnancy, cervical
cancer, and perinatal or congenital infections in infants born to infected mothers.

Examples of Sexually Transmitted Diseases:

• Chlamydia
• Gonorrhea
• Syphilis
• Chancroid
• Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
• Herpes Simplex Virus
• Trichomonas Vaginalis

Natural and Artificial Methods of Contraception

Family Planning:
• Responsible Parenthood
• Proper Spacing Of Children
• Birth Control

Family Planning is not only for the purpose of preventing unwanted pregnancies, but also to plan the
timing of conception for wanted pregnancies. In this way, every baby can be wanted and planned for.
The spacing between siblings is also important and can be regulated through appropriate planning. T
It gives the mother’s body time to recover before going through another pregnancy, and she is better
able to care for each individual child in their early months.

Methods of Contraception

CHEMICAL/ARTIFICIAL METHOD

1. Oral Contraceptive
• Also known as the pill, Oral contraceptives contain synthetic estrogen and progesterone.
• These pills suppresses the Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone to
prevent ovulation
• Moreover, it decreases the permeability of the cervical mucus to limit the sperm’s access to the
egg cell.

2. Implants
• Rod-like implants inserted under the skin of the female arm.
• It releases the hormone progestogen into the bloodstream to prevent pregnancy and lasts for 3
years
• They slowly release a hormone called progestogen.
• A woman can have them taken out whenever she wants.
• Implants can stop your body from releasing an egg each month. They also thicken the mucus in
your cervix so sperm cannot get to an egg.
STERILIZATION OR SURGICAL METHOD

1. Tubal Ligation - The procedure is done through a small incision under the woman’s umbilicus that
targets the fallopian tube for cutting, cauterizing or blocking to inhibit the passage of both the sperm and
egg cell

2. Intrauterine Device (IUD)

• IUD is a small, T-shaped object that is inserted into the uterus.
• It prevents fertilization by creating a local sterile inflammatory condition to prevent implantation
of the zygote

3. Vasectomy
• During vasectomy, a small incision is made on each side of the scrotum.
• The vas deferens is then tied, cauterized, cut or plugged to block the passage of the sperm.

MECHANICAL OR BARRIER METHODS

1. Male condom
The male condom is a latex or synthetic rubber sheath that is placed on the erect male reproductive organ
before penetration into the female reproductive organ to trap the sperm during ejaculation

2. Female condom
• The female condoms are made up of latex rubber sheaths. They are usually bound by two rings.
• The outer ring is first inserted against the opening of the female reproductive organ & the inner
ring covers the cervix
• It is used to prevent fertilization of the egg by the sperm cell.

3. Cervical cap
Made of soft rubber and fitted in the rim of the cervix. It is shaped like a thimble with a thin rim and
could stay in place for not more than 48 hours

NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING METHODS

1. Calendar Method
• This method is also called as the rhythm. It entails withholding from coitus during the days that
the woman is fertile.
• According to the menstrual cycle, the woman is likely to conceive 3-4 days before and 3-4 days
after ovulation.

2. Cervical Mucus Method

• During ovulation, the cervical mucus is thin and watery. It also exhibits the property of
spinnbarkeit (stretchy), wherein it can be stretched and is slippery
• The woman is said to be fertile as long as the cervical mucus is watery and stretchy. Therefore,
she must avoid coitus (sexual intercourse during those days to prevent conception

3. Withdrawal
Oldest methods that prevents conception. A couple still goes on with coitus, but the man withdraws the
moment he ejaculates to emit the spermatozoa outside of the female reproductive organ.

4. Abstinence
 • This natural method involves refraining from sexual intercourse and is the most effective natural
birth control method with ideally 0% fail rate.
• It is considered to be the most effective way to avoid STIs.
• However, most people find it difficult to comply with abstinence, so only few use this method

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Material Self

Refers to our body as well as the tangible objects, places things that we describe "MY" or "Mine"
According to William James, it pertains to the object or even people which have the label “mine”, Such
possessions are viewed extensions of individual identities.

Two subclasses of the Material Self:

1. The Bodily Self - the components of this is composed of the intimate parts of the person, it includes
our body's aspects such as physical, emotional, and moral.

2. The Extracorporeal Self - also known as extended self. It includes the people of great significance to
us like our family, possession (house, car, clothes) and places that matter to us.

Components of Material Self

1. BODY - the basic component of the Material Self includes the body. This is the innermost part of our
material self.

• Perceptions about what makes a body beautiful are usually influenced by media as shown in television
and internet.
• Willam James identified the body as the innermost aspect of the Material Self.

2. CLOTHING
• Clothes represent the self.
• for instance, your clothes reflect certain aspects of your personality and designated them as "My
wardrobe".
• If your peers tell you that your shirt is ugly,you may actually believe them and stop wearing that shirt.
However if you try to tell your friends, family that it look very stylish. This will give you confidence .

3. FAMILY – these people are likely to shape and influence the development of self-identity. When a
family member dies, a part of ourself also dies. And when they have achieved success, we feel their
victories.
• It includes people such us immediate and extended family members as well as close friends that the
person feels psychologically connected.

4. PLACES
• the material component of the self also includes the places such us HOME and WORKPLACE.
• It is where many aspects of your life have been developed, it is where you feel most comfortable and it
is greatly linked to your identity.

MATERIAL POSSESION
• Possessions can be used as status symbol.
• The more expensive, the more other other impressed.
• Things such as clothes, dress, caps and shades does not on protect us from extreme external temperature.
However also help us in improving our self-esteem and our self-image.

MATERIALISM – the importance people give on material possession

MATERIALISTIC – someone with a high level of materialism.

WANTS – are synonymous to luxuries. People buy them for reason that do not warrant necessity
NEEDS – are important for survival
TWO THINGS TO CONSIDER IN ACQUIRING GOOD MATERIAL:
1. Utility – is concerned with how things serve a practical purpose
2. Significance – is concerned with the meaning assigned to the object in ways they are used.

We Are What We Have

The possessions that we dearly have tell something about who we are, our self-concept, our past, and even
our future.

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SPIRITUAL SELF

The spiritual self is the most intimate, inner subjective part of the self. It is the ability to use moral
sensibility and conscience may be seen through the expressions of religion, its beliefs, and practices. In
the same manner, cultural rituals and ceremonies are some manifestations of what people believe in.
Moreover, seeking the meaning of life is a journey that the spiritual self is on.

Spirituality comes from the Latin word spiritus which means breath or life force.
Spirituality can be understood as a search for the sacred, a process through which people seek to discover,
hold on to, and when necessary, transform whatever they hold sacred in their lives. It refers to finding
meaning and purpose in one’s life, a search for wholeness, and a relationship with a transcendent being
(higher being).

RELIGION
Rebecca Stein (Stein 2011) defined religion “as a set of cultural beliefs and practices that usually includes
some or all of basic characteristics.”
These characteristics are:

1. A belief in anthropomorphic supernatural being, such as spirit and gods;

2. A focus the sacred supernatural, where sacred refers to a feeling or reverence and awe;

3. The presence of supernatural power or energy that is found on the supernatural beings as well as
physical beings and objects;

4. The performance of ritual activities that involves the manipulation of sacred object to
communicate to supernatural beings and/or to influence or control events;

5. The articulation of worldview and moral codes through narratives and other means; and

6. Provide the creation and maintenance of social bonds and mechanism of social control within a
community; provides explanation for unknown and a sense of control for individuals.
Etymological meaning:
Religion came from the Latin word “religare” which means “the bond between man and
God”

FUNCTIONS OF RELIGION

• It satisfies the emotional and spiritual needs of the individual.

• It legitimizes the foundation of the society’s culture and integrates the value system of the
society
• It reinforces moral norms by adding sanctions to the secular means of social control.
• It provides one with an explanation for his strivings and helps him to rationalize his
frustrations and sufferings.
• It provides guidance and becomes a means of social control
• It performs welfare and recreation functions.

RITUAL
Ritual is the performance of ceremonial acts prescribed by a tradition or sacred law.
It is a specific, observable mode of behavior exhibited by all know societies.

The self as a spirit

▪ The person that you are and the person that you will become, when you are no longer physical is
your spirit.
▪ The spirit is the non physical essence of the you know of as yourself. It is you without a physical
body and free from time and space.

Some World Religious Beliefs

Some of the major world religions are: Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism.

BUDDHISM
Buddhism teaches that life is unsatisfactory. Life can be experienced as painful and frustrating,
impermanent and fleeting, or insubstantial. Buddhists believe that nothing is fixed or permanent and that
change is always possible. The path to Enlightenment is through the practice and development of
morality, meditation and wisdom.

CHRISTIANITY
Christians believe that God became fully present in the world in the person of Jesus Christ of Nazareth. A
Jew himself, he summarized the law as loving God and neighbor. But he extended the message of God’s
redemption to all people. Christians believe that Jesus Christ’s dying on the cross, made Him a sacrifice
to reconcile all humanity with their Creator. They believe He rose from the dead and has sent the Spirit of
God to renew and inspire people in the world today. Consequently, Christians have a distinctive
understanding of God as a trinity: Father (Creator), Son (Redeemer), and Holy Spirit (Sustainer), while
still emphasizing the unity of God. The Holy Bible, contains the scriptures of the Old Testament and the
New Testament, consists of the life of Jesus, the life of the earliest disciples, the prophecy about the
future, and a number of letters to early Christian communities.

HINDUISM
“Hinduism” was coined as recently as the 19th century to cover a wide range of ancient creeds, textual
traditions, and religious groups. It has no single founder, doctrine, or religious authority. It is best
understood as a complete way of life, a path of sanctification, and discipline that leads to a higher level of
consciousness. This path is known as Dharma, the ancient law.
Vedas, the sacred scriptures which the Hindus revered Veda is a Sanskrit word which means knowledge.
Hindus believe that existence is a cycle of birth, death, and rebirth, governed by Karma, a concept
whereby beneficial effects are derived from past beneficial actions.

ISLAM
Islam is an Arabic word which means “willing submission to God.” The root of the word Islam comes
from a word meaning peace and Muslims believe it is the way of peace as laid down in the Quran. The
Arabic word Allah means One God, and at the heart of the Muslim faith is belief in the unity and
university of God.
Quran, Islam’s Holy Book and is regarded as the literal Word of God.

JUDAISM
The Jewish people believe themselves to be descended from a Semantic tribe that originated in the land of
Canaan in the Middle East. Their early history is told in the Hebrew Scriptures which recount how God
promised to Abraham, a trader and leader of a nomadic tribe, that his descendants would be the father of a
great nation. Jews believes of the coming of the Messiah, the Savior.
Torah, or Law, constitutes the way of life. The study and interpretation of the Torah is an integral part of
Jewish life. It covers family relationships, social interaction and good commercial practice, as well as
setting out the religious rituals that are still celebrated today.

Religious beliefs, rituals, practices, and customs are all part of the expression of the Spiritual Self.
What to believe and how to manifest the belief is entirely dependent to the individual, to the Self.

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POLITICAL SELF
- one’s political self is his/her identity of being a member of the community or country where he
belongs.
- It is the side of a person concerned with laws and other political features.

POLITICS
- From the Greek word “Politika” which means affairs of the city
- Set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups or other forms of power
relations between individuals such as the districution of resources or status.

It can be inferred that a person’s ability to influence others by making a decision for them is one of the
essential qualities of one’s political self.

LEADERSHIP – the process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group.

Theories of Leadership (David McClelland’s Motivational Theory)

1. Need for power – desire to hold control and authority over another person and influence their decision
in accordance with his own desires or needs
2. Need for Affiliation – urge to have interpersonal and social relationships with others
3. Need for Achievement – urge to achieve something in what you do.

According to the 1987 Philippine Constitution:

Filipino citizens are “those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines, those born before
January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of
majority, and those who are naturalized in accordance with law.”

However, citizenship is not the only marker of being a Filipino. Culture and history have greatly
influenced the manner Filipinos learn, live, and behave. People who were born and grew up in the same
culture develop and share common personality traits and values.

RETHINKING FILIPINO VALUES (Filipino Psychology)

Kapwa, meaning 'togetherness', is the core construct of Filipino Psychology. Kapwa refers to community;
not doing things alone. Kapwa has two categories, Ibang Tao (other people) and Hindi Ibang Tao (not
other people).

Ibang Tao ("outsider") There are five domains in this construct:

• Pakikitungo: civility - In Confucian ethics, right behavior meant right demeanor towards
authorities (Parents, Elders, etc.).
• Pakikisalamuha: act of mixing - This is a social value that is primarily communitarian and
Confucian. It espouses the ability to adapt.
• Pakikilahok: act of joining - This translates to participation of the entire community to help a
person.
• Pakikibagay: conformity - This runs into conflict with individuality which many Filipinos in fact
willingly throw away in favor of conformity with demands of those who are in charge.
• Pakikisama: being united with the group.

Hindi Ibang Tao ("one-of-us") There are three domains in this construct:
• Pakikipagpalagayang-loob: act of mutual trust
• Pakikisangkot: act of joining others
• Pakikipagkaisa: being one with others

Pivotal interpersonal value

• Pakiramdam: Shared inner perceptions. Filipinos use damdam, or the inner perception of others'
emotions, as a basic tool to guide his dealings with other people.

Linking socio-personal value

• Kagandahang-Loob: Shared humanity. This refers to being able to help other people in dire need
due to a perception of being together as a part of one Filipino humanity.

Accommodative surface values

• Hiya: Loosely translated as 'shyness'
• Utang na loob: Norm of reciprocity. Filipinos are expected by their neighbors to return favors—
whether these were asked for or not—when it is needed or wanted.
• Pakikisama and Pakikipagkapwa: Smooth Interpersonal Relationship, or SIR, as coined by Lynch
(1961 and 1973). This attitude is primarily guided by conformity with the majority.

Confrontative surface values

• Bahala Na: Bahala Na translates literally as "leave it up to God (Bathala)" and it is used as an
expression, almost universally, in Filipino culture. Filipinos engage in the bahala na attitude as a
culture-influenced adaptive coping strategy when faced with challenging situations.
 • Lakas ng Loob: This attitude is characterized by being courageous in the midst of problems and
uncertainties.
• Pakikibaka: Literally in English, it means concurrent clashes. It refers to the ability of the Filipino
to undertake revolutions and uprisings against a common enemy.

Societal values
• Karangalan: Loosely translated to dignity, this actually refers to what other people see in a person
and how they use that information to make a stand or judge about his/her worth.
• Puri: the external aspect of dignity. May refer to how other people judge a person of his/her
worth. This compels a common Filipino to conform to social norms, regardless how obsolete they
are.
• Dangal: the internal aspect of dignity. May refer to how a person judges his own worth.
• Katarungan: Loosely translated to justice, this actually refers to equity in giving rewards to a
person.
• Kalayaan: Freedom and mobility. Ironically, this may clash with the less important value
of pakikisama or pakikibagay (conformity).

FILIPINO VALUES and TRAITS

Philippines is a well-known country for its awe-inspiring beauty. But, Filipinos’ unique traits, reputable
values, and laudable talents make the Philippines a place to be.

1. The Filipino Hospitality

It is a well-known trait of a Filipino. Filipinos welcome their guests feel at home, offering them
something to eat or even a place to stay. They will bring out their best sets of plates. During festivals or
fiestas, Filipinos serve festive foods and invite the whole barangay over. They are also fond of giving
pasalubong or tokens from their travels and pabaon or farewell gifts to their visitors.

2. Respect for Elders

Filipinos greet their elders by kissing their hand while saying “Mano po!” and constantly using “po” and
“opo” in conversations. Forgetting to address older people properly will regard them as rude and impolite.

3. Close Family Ties

Filipinos maintain a tight relationship with their families regardless if the children are old enough and
already have their families of their own. They are fond of family reunions during birthdays, holidays or
fiestas year-round. Nursing homes are usually not an option for family members.

4. Cheerful Personality
Filipinos have a habit of smiling and laughing a lot. Smiling has been coping strategy for many Filipinos
especially during calamities. They always try to maintain a positive outlook in like which makes them
resilient and able to manage almost everything with simple smile

5. Self-Sacrifice
The self-sacrificing attitude of Filipinos can be seen as an extension of the Filipino hospitality. Filipino go
out of their way to extend help to friends, families, and loved ones. They even go to the extent of working
abroad hundreds of miles away from their families to earn more money and save up for them. One
example is the Overseas Filipino Workers who sacrifice a lot and were regarded as modern day Filipino
heroes.

6. Bayanihan
The bayanihan spirit is giving without expecting something in return. Filipinos are always ready to share
and help others who are in need. It may not always be in monetary form, but the time and effort they give
are counted as a form of help even in calamities.

7. “Bahala Na” Attitude

Bahala na is the Filipino version of the famous Hakuna Matata meaning “no worries”. The phrase is said
to have originated from “Bathala na” where Bathala means GOD, and the phrase meaning leaving
everything to God’s hands. It can also be viewed as something similar to the cheerful and positive attitude
of Filipinos and allowing situations to take care of themselves instead of worrying about them.

8. Colonial Mentality
It is regarded as the lack of patriotism and the attitude where Filipinos favor foreign products more than
their own. It does not only concern goods, but the desire to look more foreign than local and keep up with
foreign beauty trends is included.

9. Mañana Habit
This is the Filipino term for procrastination. It was derived from a longer Filipino phrase called “mamaya
na”, which means doing things that could have been done at the present at a later time. It is a poor habit of
laziness that results in heavier loads.

10. Ningas Kugon

Ningas is a Filipino term for flame and kugon refers to Cogon grass that easily burns out after it is put into
flames. Ningas Kugon refers to the attitude of eagerly starting things but quickly losing eagerness soon
after experiencing difficulty, just like how fast the fire of a Cogon grass burns out moments after being
ignited. Laziness is a common problem among Filipinos that’s why Filipinos are regarded as “Juan
Tamad” or “Lazy Juan.”

11. Pride
Most Filipinos hold on to their pride as if this is more precious than keeping a good relationship with
family and loved ones. When two parties are not in good terms, they find it hard to apologize and wait
until the other party asks for an apology first.

12. Crab Mentality

This is a toxic trait among Filipinos where one resents the achievement of another, instead of feeling
happy for that person. Just like crabs in a container, they pull each other down and ruin each other’s
reputation rather than bringing them up.

13. Filipino Time

Filipinos have this common attitude of arriving late at commitments, dinner or parties especially if they
are meeting someone close to them. Filipinos tend not to observe punctuality altogether.
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DIGITAL SELF

The digital self is the persona you use when you’re online. Some people maintain one or more online
identifies that are distinct from their “real world” selves.

I, me, myself, and my user id online identity

▪ Digital identity or Online identity is a social identity that an internet user establishes in online
communities and websites. It can also be considered as an actively constructed presentation of
oneself.
▪ A User ID is a unique identifier, commonly used to log on a website, app, or online service. It may
be username, account number, or email address.
Online Identity – the sum of all our characteristics and our interactions
Partial Identity – a subset of characteristics that make up our identity

Meanwhile PERSONA is the PARTIAL identity we create that represents one’s self in a specific
situation.

Self and other cyberspace

1. Cyberspace –refers to the virtual computer world, and more specifically, an electronic medium
that used to facilitate online communication.
2. Digital Literacy- means having the skills you need to live, learn, and work in a society where
communication and access to information.
3. Online Disinhibition- is the lack of restraint one feels when communicating online in
comparison to communicating in person.

TWO CATEGORIES OF ONLINE DISINHIBITION

1. Benign Disinhibition - We’re more likely to open up, show vulnerability, and share our deepest
fears. We help others, and we give willingly to donate on sites like Red Cross.
2. Toxic Disinhibition - We’re more likely to harass, abuse, and threaten others when we can’t see
their face. We indulge our darkest desires. We hurt people because it’s easy.

Self-presentation is the “process of controlling how one is perceived by other people” and is the key to
relationship inception and development.

Self presentation strategies and impression management

1. Self-promotion- refers to the practice of purposefully trying to present oneself as highly
component to other people.
2. Ingratiation- refers to behaviors that a person illicitly enacts to make others like him/her or
think well of his qualities as a person.
3. Exemplification- is defined as a strategic self presentational strategy whereby an individual
attempts to project an image of integrity and moral worthless.
4. Intimidation- is international behavior that would cause a person of ordinary sensibilities to fear
injury or harm.
5. Supplication- strategy for self – presentation that involves depicting oneself as weak, needy, or
dependent so as to motivate others to provide assistance or care.

Setting boundaries to online self

• Stick to safer sites.
• Guard your passwords.
• Be choosy about online friends.
• Remember that anything you put online or post on a sites is there forever, even if you try to
delete it
• Don’t be mean or embarrass other online.
• Limit what you share.

Anything we posted online, we should consider “public” no matter what our “privacy” settings are.
▪ Personal Identity – is the interpersonal level of the self that differentiates the individual as unique
from others.
▪ Social Identity – is the level whereby the individual is identified by his or her group of
memberships.