Microscope Focusing Competition PACIFICO 10 EINSTEIN

Parts Of Compound Microscope

The parts of the compound microscope can be categorized into:

• Mechanical parts
• Optical parts

(A) Mechanical Parts of a Compound Microscope

1. Foot or base
U-shaped structure and supports the entire weight of the compound microscope.
2. Pillar
Vertical projection. This stands by resting on the base and supports the stage.
3. Arm
The entire microscope is handled by a strong and curved structure known as the arm.
4. Stage
The flat and rectangular plate that is connected to the arm’s lower end is called the stage. The specimen is
placed on the stage for studying and examining the various features. The centre of the stage has a hole
through which light can pass.
5. Inclination joint
It is a joint, wherein the arm is fastened to the compound microscope’s pillar. The microscope can be tilted
using the inclination joint.
6. Clips
The upper part of the stage is connected to two clips. The slide can be held in its position with the help of the
clips.
7. Diaphragm
The diaphragm is fastened below the stage. It controls and adjusts the intensity of light that passes into the
microscope. The diaphragm can be of two types:

• Disc diaphragm
• Iris diaphragm
8. Nose piece
The nose piece is circular and a rotating metal part that is connected to the body tube’s lower end. The nose
piece has three holes wherein the objective lenses are embedded.
Microscope Focusing Competition PACIFICO 10 EINSTEIN

9. Body tube
The upper part of the arm of the microscope comprises a hollow and tubular structure known as the body tube.
The body tube can be shifted down and up using the adjustment knobs.
10. Fine adjustment knob
It is the smaller knob, which is used for sharp and fine focusing of the object. For accurate and sharp focusing,
this knob can be used.
11. Coarse adjustment knob
It is a large knob that is used for moving the body tube down and up for bringing the object to be examined
under exact focus.

(B) Optical Parts of Compound Microscope

1. Eyepiece lens or Ocular
At the top of the body tube, a lens is planted which is known as the eyepiece. On the rim of the eyepiece, there
are certain markings such as 5X, 10X, 15X, etc. Which indicates the magnification power. The object’s
magnified image can be observed with the help of an eyepiece.
2. Mirror
A mirror is found attached wither to the pillar or the lower end of the arm. It consists of a concave mirror on one
side and a plain mirror on the other side. It can be used for reflection of light rays into the microscope.
3. Objective lenses
At the bottom of the body tube, there are two objective lenses, which are connected to the revolving nose
piece. The three objective lenses are as follows:

• Oil immersion objective – 100X

• High power objective – 45X
• Low power objective – 10X

Parts of the Cell

• Cell wall
• Outer boundary of plant cell, non-living structure, secreted by the living part of the cell. It is strong,
porous, rigid but somewhat elastic wall
• Cell Shape depends mainly on its functional adaptation and secondarily upon surface tension,
tonicity of the medium and mechanical influence of adjacent cells
• Cutin
• A fatty material is found as a layer (cuticle) as the outer wall of the cells, rendering the
plant impermeable to water and protect leaves and stems against water loss
• Primary wall
• The protoplast secretes an additional layer against the middle lamellae and is mainly of
bundles of intertwined molecules of celluloses
• This wall becomes more rigid as additional molecules are added after the cell has attained
its maturity
• It also contains hemicelluloses like pectin and small amount of protein as an amorphous
matrix in which the cellulose is embedded with microfibrils for the considerable strength of
this primary wall
• Secondary wall
• Many mature plant cells, especially woody plants, produce a thicker secondary wall
• This is found between the primary wall and the plasma membrane
• Middle lamellae
• Found between primary cell walls of adjacent cells
• During cell division the cell develop from granules that increases in size and number and
form the cell plate and become the middle lamellae or intercellular layer
• This is mainly made up of pectic substances (calcium pectate) serve as a cementing
material that holds the cells together
• Pectin
• Prepared from fruits and is added to jellies to ensure the “jelling” of these materials
• Middle lamellae of the new cells come in contact with the original primary cell wall layer
• A small cavity arises at this point and the original wall dissolves
Microscope Focusing Competition PACIFICO 10 EINSTEIN

• The middle lamellae become continues, and the cavity develops as an intercellular space

• Cytoplasm
• It is the substance which surrounds the nucleus.
• Ectoplasm
• The outer cytoplasm which is homogeneous, rigid, and non-granular
• Endoplasm
• The inner cytoplasm which is granular and which contains the cytoplasmic organelles
• Cytosol
• The fluid portion of the cell’s cytoplasm.
• Protoplasm
• General term of the cytoplasm.
• The living contents of a cell that is surrounded by a plasma membrane
• It is a colloidal system which can undergo reversible sol-gel states depending upon pH
and temperature. It can undergo irreversible gelation if placed in extreme temperature
• Chemical Composition
• It is composed of about 96% C, H, O, N. Other elements present are Ca, P, K, S, I, Na,
Cl, Mg, Cu, Co, Mn, Zn, etc.
• Inorganic compounds (does not contain the element carbon other than carbonates)
• Water
• The most abundant at about 85% of the weight of protoplasm
• Serves as natural solvent for mineral ions
• As a dispersion medium of the colloidal system of protoplasm
• It is very essential for metabolic activities since physiological process occur
in liquid medium
• It furnishes H ions in photosynthesis
+

• Eliminates waste substances from the cell

• Absorbs heat
• Salts and minerals
• Cations
• Potassium and sodium for conduction of nerve impulses
• Magnesium and calcium for muscular contraction
• Iron important in red blood cell formation
• Anions
• Phosphate participate in formation of nucleic acids
• Bicarbonate control of pH in the blood
• Gases
• Oxygen
• Carbon dioxide
• Organic compounds (contain the element carbon)
• Carbohydrates
• Important source of readily available fuel to supply energy for metabolic
processes:
• Monosaccharides
• Simple sugars like hexoses (fructoses, glucose, levulose)
and pentoses (deoxyribose , ribose)
• Disaccharides
• Those with two molecules of simple sugars like sucrose,
lactose and maltose
• Polysaccharides
• Complex sugars like starch, glycogen, cellulose, pectin,
lignin
• Lipids
• Also composed of C, H, O like carbohydrates; made up of one molecules
of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids
• Important source of energy
• Constituent of the cell membrane
• Proteins
• Contain C, H, O and usually sulfur & phosphorus
• Examples: hemoglobin enzymes, collages, hormones
• Nucleic acids
• Complex molecules larger than proteins and are composed of units called
nucleotides
• DNA
• RNA
Microscope Focusing Competition PACIFICO 10 EINSTEIN

• Cytoplasmic organelles
• The living and indispensable parts of the cell
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• An intracellular membrane system of branching, intercommunicating
tubules which extend from the outer nuclear membrane to the plasma
membrane
• Function
• Serves as transport system of material synthesized by the cell
• Rough ER
• Where ribosomes are attached
• Smooth ER
• Concerned with fatty acid synthesis, glycogenesis and
glycogenelysis
• Ribosomes
• The protein builders or protein synthesizers of the cell
• Golgi apparatus
• Also called dictyosomes
• Stacks of flattened cisternae associated with small vesicles and large clear
vacuoles
• It puts proteins into packages, called vesicles
• Functions
• Involved in the accumulation, concentration, and packaging of
products or secretions of ribosomes and release them to the
cytoplasm as secretions
• Stores, packages, and distributes the lipids and proteins made in
the endoplasmic reticulum.
• Lysosomes
• Appear as small droplets within the cell which contains hydrolytic enzymes
• Rupturing of lysosomal membrane may cause autolysis or self-destruction
of the cell
• Function
• Play important role in digestion of foreign bodies ingested by
phagocytic cells
• Mitochondria
• Ovoid, granular, filamentous or sausage-shaped bodies; surrounded by
double membrane, an outer smooth membrane and an inner irregular
membrane thrown into folds called cristae
• Two organelles that produce most of the ATP needed for cellular
metabolism
• Chloroplast
• Mitochondria
• Function
• Chief center of cellular respiration
• Microbodies
• Small spherical organelles about 1 µm in diameter that contain
enzymes
• Peroxisomes
• Generate and then breakdown hydrogen peroxide, formed
by adding hydrogen to water
• Confines the hydrogen peroxide because it is potentially
toxic to cells
• Glyoxysome
• Contains enzymes that assist in converting stored fats into
sugar
• Microtubules
• Similar to the tubular components of the centriole and cilia, randomly
scattered, in dividing cells they make up the spindle fibers and attach
themselves to chromosomes
• Functions
• Maintenance of cell shape
• Plays a role in movement of cilia
• Movement of chromosmes during the anaphase stage
• Movements of the components of the cell
• Microfilaments
• Organelles present in all cells but more highly developed in some cells
• Functions
Microscope Focusing Competition PACIFICO 10 EINSTEIN

• Involved in cytoplasmic constriction during cell division

• Cytoplasmic streaming
• Movement of secretory materials within the cell
• Responsible for elasticity and viscosity of protoplasmic gel
• Plastids
• Organelles which are intimately related to metabolic processes of plant
cells
• Leucoplasts
• Colorless plastids which are for storage of starch (amyloplast), oil
(eleioplast) and protein (aleurome-plast) within the cell
• Chromoplasts
• Contains pigments as carotenoids (yellow), phycoeryhrin,
phycocyanin (of algae), lycopene (responsible for red color of
tomatoes)
• Chloroplast
• Membrane-bound, with a complex of sub-microscopic inclusions,
qaua, which are piled up like short stacks of coins
• Stroma
• Fluid inside chloroplasts
• Thylakoids
• Membranes occurring throughout the stroma
• Grana
• Thylakoids aggregated into stacks
• Photosynthetic bacteria and blue-green algae lack chloroplast, but
chlorophyll is located in the chromophores
• In vascular plants, photosynthesis goes on inside the chloroplast
• Cytoplasmic inclusions
• Also called orgastic substances
• Lifeless accumulation of metabolites
• Dispensable parts of cell
• Vacuoles
• Minute cavities having more fluid content than the rest of the
cytoplasm, surrounded by a membrane called tonoplast
• More common and bigger in plant cells, present in protozoans, very
rare in higher animals
• Tonoplast
• Membrane of the central vacuole
• Functions
• Play important role in maintaining cell turgidity
• In some cells like protozoans they are for digestion
• Granules
• Zymogen, fat, glycogen, protein granules
• Pigments
• Carotenoids, hemoglobin, melanin
• Crystals
• Solid inclusions which are rare in animal cells but more common in
plant cells, ex. calcium oxalate

• Nucleus
• The control center of the cell, regulates growth and reproduction of the cell
• Nuclear membrane
• Similar to the plasma membrane which regulates entrance and exit of substances into and
out of the nucleus
• Nucleoplasm
• Substance within the nuclear membrane which contains materials for building DNA
• Nucleolus
• Dark staining bodies involved in control of protein synthesis and synthesis of nucleic acids;
major component is RNA
• Chromatin
• Threadlike structures which condense and become chromosomes during cell division;
composed of:
• Proteins
• Histones and non-histones
• Nucleic acids
• DNA & RNA
Microscope Focusing Competition PACIFICO 10 EINSTEIN

• Difference between plant and animal cell:

Plant cell Animal cell
Ribosomes Present Present
Lysosomes Lysomes usually not evident Lysosomes occur in cytoplasm
Mitochondria Present Present
Vacuole One, large central vacuole taking up 90% of cell One or more vacuoles (much smaller
volume than plant cells)
Centrioles Only present in lower plant forms Present in all animal forms
Plastids Present Absent
Golgi apparatus Present Present
Cell wall Present Absent
Plasma membrane Cell wall and cell membrane Only cell membrane
Microtubules / Microfilaments Present Present
Flagella May be found in some cells May be found in some cells
Nucleus Present Present
Shape Rectangular (fixed shape) Round (irregular shaped)
Cilia It is very rare Present
Chloroplast Present. Plants cells have chloroplast because they Absent
make their own food
Cytoplasm Present Present
Endoplasmic reticulum (rough Present Present
and smooth)

CHARACTERISTIC ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL

Animal cells are moreover the considered vital
unit of life for creatures constituting all cell
DEFINITION organelles that perform an assortment of
capacities to bolster the animals’ digestion
systems.
Plant cells are essential, useful units of
plants constituting all cell organelles
performing an assortment of
capacities that back the plants’
digestion systems.

Animal cells are by and large littler than plant
cells with their cells extending from 10-30um in
length. Creature cells shape and sizes change
SIZE AND SHAPE
radically from irregular shapes to circular
shapes, most characterized by the work they
perform.
Plant cells are more prominent than
animal cells, with the cell estimate
extending from 10um-100um in
length. Plant cells comparative in
shape, with most cells being
rectangular or cube-shaped.

They don’t have the cell divider but have a

They both have a cell divider that's
plasma (cell) layer, which performs the work of
made up of cell film and cellulose.
bolster and security of the cell from outside
The cell wall could be an inflexible
CELL WALL harm. It moreover plays a noteworthy part in
film network found on the surface of
specific penetrability permitting in and surge
all plant cells whose essential part is
of supplement particles, water, and other cell
to secure the cell and its substance.
components.

The presence of the plasma film is

They have a plasma film that's a lean,
adaptable film, which acts as a defensive
PLASMA MEMBRANE
covering for the creature cell. It moreover has
particular permeability.
made up of cellulose, fair underneath
the cell divider, which permits
specific penetrability of cell
substance into and out of the cell
cytoplasm.

It houses most of the cell organelles,

CYTOPLASM It serves as the house of all the cell organelles.
but not all organelles.

They are shown, and they are utilized for They are displayed, and they are
RIBOSOMES protein synthesizing and genetic coding of the utilized for protein synthesizing and
protein, amino acid arrangements. cellular repair components.
Microscope Focusing Competition
They are displayed in two sorts: rough
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM endoplasmic and smooth endoplasmic
reticulum.
Animal cells have lysosomes that contain
LYSOSOMES stomach related chemicals to break down
cellular macromolecules.
Animal cells may have numerous little
VACUOLES
vacuoles, a part littler than the plant cell.
NUCLEUS It is present and it lies at the center of the cell.
NUCLEOLUS It is present in the nucleus.
They are present with their primary work,
CENTRIOLES
including the help of the cell division prepare.
They are displayed within the cytoplasm. They
perform the oxidation instruments for particular
PEROXISOMES
biomolecules, and they help within the blend
of plasmalogen lipids.
They are shown and working to allow bolster to
the cell cytoskeleton, transport materials over
MICROFILAMENTS AND MICROTUBULES
the cytoplasm into and out of the nucleus.
They are moreover included in cytokinesis.
Present and its significant capacities
incorporate making the process that organizes
CYTOSKELETONS
the cell components and keeps up the cell
shape.
It is present and it is the place where all of the
CYTOSOL
cell organelles are suspended.
They are present within the intestinal lining to
MICROVILLI extend the surface zone for the retention of
nourishment.
GRANULES Granules are present.
They are present since they are the ones who
permit the development of cells or portion of
CILIA AND FILAMENTS
the cell, for illustration, swimming of the sperm
to the ova.
PLASTIDS The plastids are not present in the animal cells.
PLASMODESMATA The plasmodesmata is absent in animal cells.
They have bigger and lesser Golgi bodies, with
their primary work being to prepare and
GOLGI BODIES
bundle protein and lipid macromolecules as
they are being synthesized.
They are not able to synthesize amino acids,
SYNTHESIS OF CELLULAR NUTRIENTS
vitamins, and coenzymes.
CYTOKINESIS It occurs during constriction.
PACIFICO 10 EINSTEIN
They are displayed in two sorts: rough
endoplasmic and smooth
endoplasmic reticulum.
Plant cells seldom contain lysosomes
as the plant vacuole, and the Golgi
bodies handle molecule
debasement of squander cellular
products.
Plant cells have a expansive central
vacuole that can involve up to 90%
of the cell’s volume.
It is present and it lies at the side of
the cell.
It is also present in the nucleus.
They are absent in the plant cells.
They are displayed within the cell
cytoplasm working as cell oxidizers for
cellular atoms, the amalgamation of
lipids, and reusing carbon from
phosphoglycolate amid
photorespiration.
They are shown to allow cytoskeletal
back, transportation of atoms over
the cytoplasm, and the nucleus, and
they play a major part in cytokinesis.
They have a cytoskeleton that keeps
up the plant cell shape, bolsters the
cell cytoplasm, and keeps up the
cell’s auxiliary organization.
It is also present, its where most, just
most of the cell organelles are
suspended.
It isn’t present in plant cells.
Granules are also present.
Cilia and filaments are not seen in the
plants.
They are present, and they provide
pigmentation color to the plants
conjointly encourage catching of
light vitality utilized for photosynthesis.
Present; they encourage the
communication and transport of
materials over plant cells.
They have little but more Golgi
bodies, with their major part being
alteration, handling, sorting, and
bundling proteins for cellular
discharge.
They are the ones who are assigned
in synthesizing amino acids, vitamins,
and vitamins.
Cytokinesis on their cell plates.