CELL: PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

CELL STRUCTURES

• Cell
membrane • microvilli
• Specialized fingerlike folds, useful
for absorption and secretion
• Site of ATP functions.
synthesis
• Semi –
permeable to
certain
• hydrophilic
molecules and
fluids
• Phospholipid bilayer
• hydrophobic or hydrocarbon
chain
 CELL STRUCTURES
• Electrolytes
•Produce electrically conducting solutions
• Metabolites
• cytoplasm •Produce during metabolism
• contains viscous fluids called cytosol • Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

• Site of many physiological processes

such as glycolysis, protein and fat • Synthesized proteins
synthesis

• Appears to have no form, however, it

does have a structure due to presence
of the cytoskeleton (microfilament,
microtubule and intermediate
filament.
 • Nucleus
• ER
• Endomembrane or • Golgi apparatus
membrane – bound • Vacuoles and vesicles
• Mitochondria
organelles • Chloroplasts
• Lysosomes
• Organelle
“little organs”

• Nonmembrane –
• Ribosomes
• Centrioles
bound organelles. • Cytoskeleton
 ENDOMEMBRANE STRUCTURES
• rough appearance due to the presence of
• Endoplasmic ribosomes which are the sites of protein
Reticulum (ER) • Rough ER synthesis.
• a network of • Structurally, granular and less tabular
interconnected • Responsible for some covalent modifications:
sacs called a. Glycosylation (addition of sugar)
cisterna.
b. Phosphorylation (addition of phosphate
• In between its group)
membranes is the
lumen or the
cisternal space
• Smooth appearance.
• the site for some • Structurally, non - granular and tabular
molecular • Produces lipids that produce phospholipids
biosynthesis • Smooth ER (for bilipid layer of the cell membrane) and
including steroidal
hormones of the cholesterol (regulates the cell membrane’s
endocrine cells. fluidity)
• Detoxifies the cell of a certain substances
 ENDOMEMBRANE STRUCTURES

• Cis face
• near the ER, receives material by fusing with vesicles
• Golgi Apparatus • “receiving”
• Appears as a flat, stacked
membranous structure or
sacs called cisternae. • medial face
• functions as a factory in • middle part
which proteins received
from the ER are further
processed and sorted for
transport to their eventual
destinations: lysosomes,
• Trans face
plasma membrane, or
• near the plasma membrane, buds off vesicles that
travel to other sites
secretion.
• “shipping” (transport)
 ENDOMEMBRANE STRUCTURES

• A little “stomach” for the cell, lyso– = breaking

• Lysosomes things apart, some = body. It is also called the “clean
• membrane-bounded up crew” of the cell.
sac of hydrolytic • Contains special carbohydrate covering its inner
enzymes that digests surface.
macromolecules • The “suicide bag” of the cell
• synthesized by
rough ER &
transferred to the
• In addition to degrading molecules taken up by
endocytosis, lysosomes digest material derived from
Golgi two other routes:
a. Phagocytosis
b. autophagy
 ENDOMEMBRANE STRUCTURES
• Vacuoles or vesicles • Phagocytosis, fuse with lysosomes.
• A membrane-enclosed
• Food vacuoles
fluid filled sac found in
the cells of plants
including fungi.
Vacuoles can be large
organelles occupying
between 30% and 90% • Contractile vacuoles • In fresh water protists, pump excess
of a cell by volume.. H2O out of cell
• contribute to the rigidity
of the plant using water
to develop hydrostatic
pressure
• store nutrient and non-
nutrient chemicals • Central vacuoles • The largest space in mature plant
• break down complex cells surrounded by a membrane
molecules called tonoplast.
• To maintain turgor pressure
 ENDOMEMBRANE STRUCTURES

• Mitochondria
• A double – membrane organelle.
• outer membrane serves as its
covering
• inner membrane is folded many
times to create the cristae
• cristae contains the matrix that
contains different enzymes.
• In humans, only inherited through the mother
• Responsible for producing adenosine
triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of the
cell
• Circular molecules of DNA and ribosomes
 ENDOMEMBRANE STRUCTURES

• Inner membrane
• Stroma
•a alkaline, aqueous fluid which is
protein rich
• Stroma lamellae or stroma thylakoids or
• chloroplast intergrana thylakoids
• Double – membrane • act like skeleton of the chloroplast
organelle found only in • Grana
plants and •A colorless fluid that contains several
photosynthetic algae. stacks of thylakoids that contains
• Site for photosynthesis chlorophyll (green pigment).
•Lumen is the space inside the
thylakoids
• Outer membrane • a semi-porous membrane and is
permeable to small molecules and
ions, which diffuses easily.
• not permeable to larger proteins.
 CELL STRUCTURES
• nucleus
• The control center of the cell, it
contains hereditary materials, which
are instructions or sequences of
DNA.
• Commands the cell by synthesizing a
message in the form of RNA,
eventually translated into protein.
• Nuclear envelope
• boundary of the nucleus, that separates nuclear
content from the cytoplasm
• Nuclear pores
• selective channels which facilitate the inward
and outward movement of molecules.
• Nucleoplasm
• fluid portion of the nucleus where the genetic
material is suspended
• contain chromatin strands, a combination of
DNA and proteins, that forms the chromosomes
during cell division.
• Nucleolus
• the site of protein synthesis, a membrane – less
structure suspended in the nucleoplasm