$

DESIGN CRITERIA

GUIDE TO USING THE METRIC SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT (SI)

PRG.GG.NRM.0001

Rev. 01

May 1994

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. GENERAL 3
1.1 Scope and field of application 3
1.2 Reference documents 3

2. MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS 4
2.1 International System (SI) 4
2.2 Definition of the base units of the SI measurement
system 17

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1. GENERAL

1.1 Scope and field of application

The purpose of the present document is to:

a) Define the units of measurement that must be used within the company for
representing the numerical value of the described physical quantity, prefixes for
identifying multiples and submultiples, and the conversion factors for converting the
most common units of measurement of the Anglo-Saxon and technical systems into
those of the International System of Units (SI) to make utilization uniform within the
company.

b) Implement the general regulations of Presidential Decree No. 802 of 12 August 1982,
"Implementation of EEC Directive N°80/181 concerning units of measurement".
The implementation of this law obliges the company to use the International System
of Units (SI) for the drawing up of all documents relating to items used in Italy.
It is considered that the same system should also be utilized for the drawing up of all
company documents.
The selection of other systems of units of measurement for project documents, if
allowable, should be made during the BEDD (Basic Engineering Design Data)
definition phase of the project.

1.2 References

International Standard ISO 1000-81

International System of Units (SI), CNR-UNI 10003, February 1984
API Publ. 2564, Second Edition, December 1980, Reconfirmed October 1992.
ASTM Designation: E 380-93

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2. MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS

The internationally recognized measurement system, now imposed by law in

industrialized countries, is the International System (SI).
The International System is a coherent system in which there is a one-to-one
correspondence between the basic units.
A one newton force accelerates a mass of one kilogram at one metre per second per
second. A one pascal pressure is produced by a one newton force acting on a square
metre. A one watt power is produced by one joule of energy in one second.
All forms of energy, whether electrical, chemical or mechanical are expressed in joules.
Any confusion between force and mass is avoided by the use of separate and different
units for force (N, newton) and mass (kg, kilogram).
The number of significant digits retained should be such that accuracy is neither
exaggerated nor sacrificed.

2.1 International System (SI)

The International System consists of base units, derived units and supplementary units.

2.1.1 Base units

There are seven base units in the SI system (Table 2.1.1.a.), from which the majority of
the other units are derived.

Table 2.1.1.a – SI base units

Quantity Unit of measurement Symbol

Length metre m
Time second s
Mass kilogram kg
Quantity of matter mole mol
Temperature kelvin K
Electrical current ampere A
Luminous intensity candela cd

2.1.2 Supplementary units

The SI system includes two additional, purely geometric units, which are called
supplementary units (Table 2.1.2.a.).
They are the units of measurement for the plane angle, the radian (rad), and the unit of
measurement for the solid angle, the steradian (sr). These supplementary units can be
used in combination with the base or derived units of measurement to give other derived
units, for example angular speed in radians per second (rad/s) and angular acceleration
in radians per second squared (rad/s2).

Table 2.1.2.a – Supplementary units of measurement (SI)

Quantity Unit of measurement Symbol

Plane angle radian rad
Solid angle steradian sr

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2.1.3 Derived units

Derived units are expressed algebraically in terms of base units by means of the
mathematical symbols for multiplication and division.
Many derived units have been given their own names and symbols, which can be used
to express other derived units in a simpler manner than with the base units (Table
2.1.3.a. and Table 2.1.3.b.).

Table 2.1.3.a. – Examples of derived SI units of measurement

Quantity Unit of measurement Symbol

Area and/or surface square metre m2
Volume and/or volumetric capacity cubic metre m3
Linear speed metres per second m/s
Density kilograms per cubic metre kg/m3

Table 2.1.3.b – Examples of derived SI units of measurement with their own name

Quantity Unit of Symbol Expression in terms

measurement of SI base units
Frequency hertz Hz 1/s
Force newton N kgm/s2
Pressure (tension)(1) pascal Pa (N/m2) kg/(ms2)
Energy, work and heat joule(2) J kgm2/s2
Power watt W kgm2/s3
Electric potential volt V kgm2/(s3A)
Electric resistance ohm  kgm2/(s3A2)
Quantity of electricity coulomb C As
Electric conductance siemens S As3/(kgm2)
Electric capacitance farad F A2s4/(kgm2)
Magnetic flux density (magnetic weber Wb kgm2/(As2)
induction)
Magnetic bias tesla T kg/(As2)
(magnetic induction)
Inductance henry H kgm2/(A2s2)
Luminous flux lumen lm cdsr
Illumination lux lx cdsr/m2

Notes:
(1) The electric potential is defined in the appendix (explanations and notes) of the
document “International System of Units (SI), CNR-UNI 10003", February 1984.

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(2) The unit of measurement for energy (joule) should be understood as referring to
“joule (absolute)", which should not be confused with the "joule (international)” unit
of measurement.

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2.1.4 Other allowable units

There are units of measurement that are not strictly part of the SI measurement system,
but which are adopted because they are widely used together with SI units of
measurement. The units of measurement that can be used within the SI context are
listed in reference document CNR-UNI 10003 of February 1984.
Some examples are provided in Table 2.1.4.a.

Table 2.1.4.a – Examples of units of measurement allowed by SI

Quantity Unit of Symbol Expression in terms

measurement of SI base units
Time year(1) a
day d
hour h
minute min
Pressure bar bar 1 E+05 Pa
Temperature degree Celsius °C K – 273.15
Mass tonne t 1 E+03 kg
Volume litre dm3 1 E-03 m3

Notes:
(1) The year is not permitted by the SI system, whereas it is recognized by the
American Petroleum Institute and is equivalent to 365 solar days.

2.1.5 Units of measurement to be utilized

To avoid discrepancies, when more than one unit of measurement can be used for the
most common quantities, those to be utilized in company documents, except for special
project requirements, are indicated in Table 2.1.5.a.

Table 2.1.5.a.
Units of measurement to be utilized in-house for commonly used quantities

QUANTITY UNIT OF MEASUREMENT

· Temperature °C
· Pressure Pa, kPa, MPa (1)
· Pressure drop Pa, kPa, MPa (1)
· Tension N/m2, N/mm2 (1)
· Mass kg, t (1)

· Length m, mm (1)

· Relative density dimensionless, for gases and vapours

relative to air at 0°C and 101.325 kPa,
for liquids relative to water at 4°C

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Table 2.1.5.a. (continuation)

QUANTITY UNIT OF MEASUREMENT

· Density flowing at T and P (2) kg/m3
· Linear mass kg/m
· Mass flow rate kg/s
· Volumetric flow rate (2) (3) m3/s (see conditions)
· Standard conditions 15.0°C, 101.325 kPa
· Normal conditions 0°C, 101.325 kPa
· Enthalpy per mass unit J/kg, kJ/kg (1)
· Heat exchanged per unit time W, kW, MW (1)

· Power W, kW, MW (1)

· Fouling factor m2K/W

· Heat Transfer coefficient W/(m2K)
· Thermal conductivity W/(mK)
· Electrical resistivity m
· Specific volume m3/kg
· Dynamic volume Pas, mPas (1)
· Kinematic viscosity m2/s, mm2/s (1)
· Surface tension N/m, mN/m (1)

· Specific heat, latent heat J/(kgK), kJ/(kgK), J/kg, kJ/kg (1)

· Speed m/s
· Force N, kN, MN, mN (1)
· Torque Nm

Notes:
(1) The choice of units depends upon the field of application.
(2) The temperature and pressure conditions at which the flow is calculated must
always be specified (at t = ... °C and p = ... kPa).
(3) For low flow rates (less than 0.5 m3/s), dm3/s or cm3/s are used.
(4) It is incorrect to add letters to the symbol of a unit of measurement to clarify the
nature of the measured quantity. Thus, writing kJt to indicate thermal energy is not
acceptable. For the same reason, kPag cannot be written to indicate a gage
pressure. Where necessary, the working pressure should be qualified in a suitable
manner. For example: "....... at a gage pressure of 10 kPa" or "......at an absolute
pressure of 125 kPa". If the pressure is not specified as above, it should be
understood as absolute. Where space for writing is limited, e.g. on pressure

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gages, data tags, etc., it is permitted to use the symbol followed by the terms "rel"
or "a" enclosed in round parentheses for documents written in Italian, or "ga" or
"abs", always enclosed in round parentheses, for documents written in English.
Example: kPa (ga).

2.1.6 Multiples and submultiples of units of measurement

The prefixes used by the SI units for multiples and submultiples are indicated in Table
2.1.6.a.. The use of prefixes that are appropriate for the quantity to be measured (those
that represent factors divisible by the power of three are preferable) makes it possible to
keep numeric values within a convenient range, (0.1÷1 000).

Table 2.1.6.a – Prefixes for SI units of measurement

Symbol Prefix Factor

E Exa 1 E+18
P peta 1 E+15
T tera 1 E+12
G giga 1 E+09
M mega 1 E+06
k kilo 1 E+03
h etto 1 E+02
da deca 1 E+01
d deci 1 E-01
c centi 1 E-02
m milli 1 E-03
 micro 1 E-06
n nano 1 E-09
p pico 1 E-12
f femto 1 E-15
a atto 1 E-18

2.1.7 Use of literal symbols

Special care must be taken regarding upper and lower-case letters when using symbols.

K = Kelvin stands for: temperature

k = kilo stands for: 103
M = mega stands for: 106
m = milli stands for: 10-3 (when used as a prefix)
m = metre (when used on its own)
N = newton stands for: force
n = nano stands for: 10-9

With compound units of measurement that include a symbol that is also a prefix symbol,
care must be taken to avoid confusion.
For example, the newton metre used to measure bending moments must be written as
Nm to avoid confusion with mN, the millinewton.

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2.1.8 Writing rules

The names of all SI units, their multiples and submultiples are common nouns and the
first letter must be lower-case.
The names of all SI units remain unchanged in the plural, with the exception of the
metre, kilogram, second, candela, mole, radian, steradian and all the derived units in
which they appear.
The same applies to the multiples and submultiples of SI units.

In texts, especially printed ones, the following general rules must be followed:

· if accompanying a measurement, the unit is normally expressed by its symbol,

written:
- in Roman (upright) type
- not followed by a dot
- after the numeric value representing the measurement and in line with it

· if not accompanying a measurement, the unit must be expressed with its name and
not with its symbol, with the possibility, however, of exceptions in the case of
formulas and symbol lists.

· in drawings, diagrams and numeric tables, a unit common to a number of numeric

values can be indicated with just the symbol.

The symbol for a multiple or submultiple of a unit is written by placing the prefix symbol
before the unit symbol, without a space in between.

The symbol for a derived unit that is the product of two or more units is written by
inserting a centred multiplication dot between the symbols of the component units.
The symbol for a derived unit that is the quotient of other units is written by inserting the
slash division sign between the symbol of the numerator and that of the denominator.
For derived units that are both the product and quotient of other units, the preceding
rules are applied, in all cases avoiding forms of writing that can give rise to uncertainty.
The separation between the decimal and integer parts of a number must be indicated
using a comma for documents written in Italian and a decimal point for documents
written in English.
Digits indicating a numeric value must be separated by spaces into groups of three.
To indicate the power of a numeric value, the E term followed by a "+" or "-" sign and two
digits is used. The rule derives from the use of calculators that cannot handle powers.

2.1.9 Conversion factors

The conversion factors or formulas for the more frequently used units of measurement
are specified in Table 2.1.9.a.
In order to obtain the expression of the numeric value of a physical quantity in
terms of unit B, it is necessary to multiply the numeric value expressing the
quantity in terms of unit A by the conversion factor.
The complete list of conversion factors is specified in the SIT company program. For this
reason, the person in charge of updating the content of the present document shall also
be responsible for managing the equivalent table within SIT.

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Table 2.1.9.a – Conversion factors

Unit A Unit B Conversion factor

Length and distance
in M 2.54 E-02
ft M 3.048 E-01
nautical mile M 1.852 E+03
mile (intern.) M 1.609 344 E+03
angstrom M 1.0 E-10
yard (yd) m 9.144 E-01
chain m 2.011 684 E+01
rod m 5.029 210 E 00
fathom m 1.828 804 E 00
mil m 2.54 E-05
Area
In2 m2 6.451 6 E-04
ft2 m2 9.290 304 E-02
mile2 (intern.) m2 2.589 988 E-06
acre m2 4.046 873 E+03
hectare m2 1.0 E+04
yd2 m2 8.361 274 E-01
chain2 m2 4.046 873 E+02
rod2 m2 2.529 295 E+01
Volume
in3 m3 1.638 706 E-05
ft3 m3 2.831 685 E-02
SCF (US) (gas) m3 (standard) 2.826 236 E-02
SCF (US) (gas) m3 (normal) 2.679 112 E-02
gallon (US) (liquid) m3 3.785 412 E-03
gallon (UK) (liquid) m3 4.546 092 E-03
gallon (Can.) (liquid) m3 4.546 090 E-03
pint (US) (liquid) m3 4.731 765 E-04
pint (UK) (liquid) m3 5.682 615 E-04
barrel (US 42 gal.) m3 1.589 873 E-01
m3 (standard) m3 (normal) 9.479 437 E-01

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Table 2.1.9.a – Conversion factors (continued)

Unit A Unit B Conversion factor

Plane angle
sexagesimal degree rad 1.745 329 E-02
minute rad 2.908 882 E-04
second rad 4.848 137 E-06
Time
minute (average solar) s 6.0 E+01
hour (average solar) s 3.6 E+03
day (average solar) s 8.64 E+04
year (365 solar days) s 3.153 6 E+07
Speed
In/sec m/s 2.54 E-02
Ft/sec m/s 3.048 E-01
mile/h km/h 1.609 344 E 00
rev/min (rpm) rad/s 1.047 198 E-01
knot km/h 1.852 E 00
Acceleration
ft/s2 m/s2 3.048 E-01
g (acceleration of gravity) m/s2 9.806 650 E 00
In/s2 m/s2 2.54 E-02
Force
kg force N 9.806 650 E 00
pound N 4.448 222 E 00
dina N 1.0 E-05
US tonf (2000 lbf) N 8.896 443 E+03
UK tonf (2240 lbf) N 9.964 016 E+03
Frequency
cycle/sec Hz 1.0 E 00
rpm Hz 1.666 667 E-02
rpm rad/s 1.047 198 E-01

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Table 2.1.9.a – Conversion factors (continued)

Unit A Unit B Conversion factor

Pressure
bar Pa 1.0 E+05
Atm Pa 1.013 250 E+05
kgf/cm2 Pa 9.806 650 E+04
Torr = mm Hg (0°C) Pa 1.333 220 E+02
inch Hg (60°F) Pa 3.376 85 E+03
mm H20 (4°C) Pa 9.806 38 E 00
inch H20 (4°C) Pa 2.490 82 E+02
Ft H20 (4°C) Pa 2.988 984 E+03

psi Pa 6.894 757 E+03

psi/100 ft (pressure drop) Pa/m 2.262 059 E+02
Temperature
°F °C 5/9·(°F-32)
°F K 5/9·(°F+459.67)
°R (Rankine) °C 5/9°·R -273.15
°R K 5/9°·R
K °C K - 273.15
Mass
pound kg 4.535 924 E-01
USton (Short ton) (2 000 lbs) kg 9.071 847 E+02
UKton (Long ton) (2 240 lbs) kg 1.016 047 E+03
Tonne (metric) kg 1.0 E+03
grain (1/7 000 lb) kg 6.479 891 E-05

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Table 2.1.9.a – Conversion factors (continued)

Unit A Unit B Conversion factor

Density - Volumetric Concentration
lb/ft3 kg/m3 (g/l) 1.601 846 E+01
lb/gal (US) (liq.) kg/m3 (g/l) 1.198 264 E+02
lb/gal (UK) (liq.) kg/m3 (g/l) 9.977 633 E+01
grain/gal (US) (liq.) kg/m3 (g/l) 1.711 806 E-02
grain/100 SCF (US) (gas) kg/m3 (norm.) 2.418 671 E-05
grain/ft3 (liq.) kg/m3 2.288 352 E-03
lb/mol kg/kmol 4.535 924 E-01
ppm (wt) kg/kg 1.0 E-06
grain/lb kg/kg 1.428 571 E-04
Flow
ft3/min m3/s 4.719 474 E-04
lb/h kg/s 1.259 979 E-04
gpm (US) (gall/min.) m3/s 6.309 020 E-05
MMSCF/d (US) (gas) m3 (normal)/s 3.100 824 E-01
MMbarrels/d m3/s 1.840 131 E 00
Specific volume
ft3/lb m3/kg 6.242 796 E-02
Stdft3/lb mol (gas) (US) m3(std.)/kmol 6.230 783 E-02
ft3/lb mol (liq.) m3/kmol 6.242 797 E-02
Relative density
°API kg/m3 999.0·141.5/(131.5+°API)

°Baumé (liquids lighter than water) kg/m3 999.0·140/(130+°Bé)

°Baumé (liquids heavier than water) kg/m3 999.0·145/(145-°Bé)

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Table 2.1.9.a – Conversion factors (continued)

Unit A Unit B Conversion factor

Energy and heat
kWh J 3.6 E+06
hph J 2.684 520 E+06
CVh J 2.647 796 E+06
Btu(1) J 1.055 056 E+03
lbfft J 1.355 818 E 00
kgfm J 9.806 650 E 00
kcal(2) J 4.184 E+03
kcal (international) J 4.186 8 E+03
Btu (thermochemistry) J 1.054 35 E+03
Calorific value
Btu/lb J/kg 2.326 E+03
kcal/kg J/kg 4.184 E+03
Btu/lb mol J/kmol 2.326 E+03
Btu/gal J/m3 2.787 163 E+05
Btu/ft3 J/m3 3.725 895 E+04
Btu/SCF (US) (gas) J/m3 (standard) 3.733 078 E+04
Specific heat
Btu/(lb°F) J/(kg°C) 4.186 8 E+03
kcal/(kg°C) J/(kg°C) 4.184 E+03
Btu/(lb mol°F) J/(kmol°C) 4.186 8 E+03
kcal/(kmol°C) J/(kmol°C) 4.184 E+03
Resilience
kgfm J 9.806 650 E 00
lbfft J 1.355 818 E 00
Notes:
(1) This unit should be understood as referring to "Btu (international)"
(2) This unit should be understood as referring to "kcal (thermochemistry)"

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Table 2.1.9.a – Conversion factors (continued)

Unit A Unit B Conversion factor

Power
kcal/h W 1.162 222 E 00
Btu/h W 2.930 711 E-01
hp (electr.) W 7.46 E+02
erg/s W 1.0 E-07
tons refrig. W 3.516 853 E+03
hp (550 ftlbf/s) W 7.456 999 E+02
CV W 7.354 990 E+02
lbfft/s W 1.355 818 E 00
Heat exchange coefficient
Btu/(hft2°F) W/(m2K) 5.678 263 E 00
kcal/(hm2°C) W/(m2K) 1.162 222 E 00
Thermal resistance
ft2h°F/Btu m2K/W 1.761 102 E-01
m2h°C/kcal m2K/W 8.604 208 E-01
Thermal conductivity
Btu/(hft°F) W/(mK) 1.730 735 E 00
kcal/(hm°C) W/(mK) 1.162 222 E 00
Heat flow
Btu/(hft2) W/m2 3.154 591 E 00
kcal/(hm2) W/m2 1.162 222 E 00
Surface tension
lbf/ft N/m 1.459 390 E+01
dyn/cm N/m 1.0 E-03
Illumination
footcandle lx 1.076 391 E+01
footcandlesecond lxs 1.076 391 E+01
footLambert cd/m2 3.426 259 E 00
Lambert cd/m2 3.180 399 E+03

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Table 2.1.9.a – Conversion factors (continued)

Unit A Unit B Conversion factor

Dynamic viscosity
lbfs/ft2 Pas 4.788 026 E+01
kgfs/m2 Pas 9.806 650 E 00
centipoise Pas 1.0 E-03
Kinematic viscosity
ft2/s m2/s 9.290 304 E-02
centistoke m2/s 1.0 E-06
Torque
lbfin Nm 1.129 848 E-01
lbfft Nm 1.355 818 E 00
kgfm Nm 9.806 650 E 00
Corrosion rate
mils/yr mm/a 2.54 E-02
in/yr mm/a 2.54 E+01
Momentum
lbft/s kgm/s 1.382 550 E-01
Moment of inertia
in4 mm4 4.162 314 E-07
lbft2 kgm2 4.214 011 E-02

2.2 Definition of the fundamental quantities of the SI measurement system

2.2.1 Metre

The length equal to 1 650 763.73 wavelengths in vacuum of the radiation corresponding
to the transition between levels 2p10 and 5d5 of the krypton 86 atom.

2.2.2 Kilogram

This is the mass unit; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram
kept at the Pavillon de Breteuil (Sevres).

2.2.3 Second

This is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the
transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of caesium 133 atom.

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2.2.4 Ampere

That constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite
length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 m apart in vacuum, would
produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 E-7 N per metre of length.

2.2.5 Kelvin

Equal to 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water.

In addition to the thermodynamic temperature unit, the Celsius temperature unit (°C) is
frequently used. The Celsius temperature (t) is connected to the thermodynamic
temperature (T) by the following relation: t = T-273.15 K.

2.2.6 Mole

This is the amount of substance of a system that contains as many elementary entities
as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon 12.
The elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons,
etc., or specified group of such particles.

2.2.7 Candela

The luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits a monochromatic

radiation of frequency 540 E+12 Hz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of
1/683 W/sr.

2.2.8 Radian

The plane angle between two radii of a circle which cut off on the circumference an arc
equal in length to the radius.

2.2.9 Steradian

The solid angle that, having its vertex in the centre of a sphere, cuts off an area of the
surface of the sphere equal to that of a square with sides of equal length to the radius of
the sphere.

Revision Memorandum

October 1989 First issue

May 1994 Revision 1
Sections 1.1, 1.2, 2.1 and 2.2 modified

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