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GEC 004 – MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

FIBONACCI SEQUENCE:
- Series of nos. in which each number is the sum of the two preceding numbers
GOLDEN RATIO:
- First known as Divine Proportion
- If their ratio is the same of their sum to the larger of two quantities
- Greek character phi (φ)
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎
𝑎
= 𝑏= 1.618034…=𝜑
- Golden Triangle = Golden Rectangle = Whirling Triangle
objects that
belong to A or A = {3,9,14},
symmetric
A⊖B B but not to B = {1,2,3},
difference
their A ⊖ B = {1,2,9,14}
intersection

element of, set

a∈A A={3,9,14}, 3 ∈ A
belongs to membership

not element no set

x∉A A={3,9,14}, 1 ∉ A
of membership

collection of 2
(a,b) ordered pair
elements

set of all
cartesian
A×B ordered pairs
product
from A and B

the number of
|A| cardinality elements of A={3,9,14}, |A|=3
set A

the number of
#A cardinality elements of A={3,9,14}, #A=3
set A

infinite
cardinality of
aleph-null
natural
numbers set

aleph-one cardinality of
countable
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GEC 004 – MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

ordinal
numbers set

Ø empty set Ø = {} A=Ø

set of all
universal set possible
values

natural
numbers /
0=
0 whole 0∈ 0
numbers set {0,1,2,3,4,...}
(with zero)

natural
numbers /
whole 1=
1
numbers set {1,2,3,4,5,...} 6∈ 1

(without
zero)

integer = {...-3,-2,-
-6 ∈
numbers set 1,0,1,2,3,...}

rational =
numbers set {x | x=a/b, a,b∈ 2/6 ∈
and b≠0}

real = {x | -∞
6.343434 ∈
numbers set < x <∞}

=
complex {z | z=a+bi, -
numbers set 6+2i ∈
∞<a<∞, -
∞<b<∞}
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GEC 004 – MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

VENN DIAGRAMS
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GEC 004 – MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

STATISTICS
- RANGE = HV - LV
- NUMBER OF CLASSES, n.
- 2𝑘 rule: 2𝑘 > N
- n= 1 + 3.322 log N
where, N = total number of data, N=𝛴

- CLASS WIDTH/SIZE INTERVALS, i.

𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
- i= 𝑁

- RELATIVES FREQUENCIES (in decimal form)

- PERCENTAGE (in %)
- CUMULATIVE FREQUENCIES (cf) = 0 + F1= , F1+F2= , F2+F3=
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
Ungrouped Data Grouped Data Population
MEAN ∑𝑥 ∑ 𝑓(𝑥) ∑ 𝑓(𝑥)
x̄ = x̄ = µ=
𝑛 𝑛 𝑁
𝑛
MEDIAN Middle value in un −𝑓𝑐𝑓𝑏
x̃ = 𝐿𝐶𝐵 + [2 𝑓𝑚 ]i
grouped data
fm = f median group
LCB = lower boundary
n = Sum of value
fcfb = cumulative f before median group
MODE Most number of times the
value appear in a data set x̂ = 𝐿𝐶𝐵 + [𝐷1+𝐷2]i
𝐷1

WEIGTHED AVERAGE:
𝑊1𝑋1 + 𝑊2𝑋2+ . . . +𝑊𝑛𝑋𝑛
x̄ =
𝑊𝑇

MEASURES OF DISPERION
A. Range = HV – LV
B. Variance :
(∑ 𝑥)2
∑(𝑥 − x̄ )2 ∑ 𝑥2 −
𝑠2 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑠2 = 𝑛
𝑛−1 𝑛−1
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GEC 004 – MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

C. Standard Deviation
∑(𝑥 − x̄ )2
s= √
𝑛−1

MEASURES OF RELATIVE POSITION

𝑘(𝑁+1)
𝑄𝑘 = , where k= location
4

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
1. It is bell shaped
2. The mean, median, and mode are found at the center of the curve
3. It is symmetrical about the mean
4. It is continuous
5. It is asymptotic with respect to the horizontal axis
The area under the curve is equal to 1.00

Sample Data Population Data

Z Score = 𝑥 − x̄ 𝑥−µ
𝑠 σ

GRAPHING DATA
1. HISTOGRAM is a graphical display of data using bars of different heights. In a
histogram, each bar groups numbers into ranges. Taller bars show that more data falls
in that range. A histogram displays the shape and spread of continuous sample data.

2. FREQUENCY POLYGON is another type of frequency distribution graph. In a

frequency polygon, the number of observations is marked with a single point at
the midpoint of an interval. A straight line then connects each set of points.
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GEC 004 – MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

3. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY POLYGON (OGIVE). A plot of the cumulative

frequency against the upper class boundary with the points joined by line
segments. Any continuous cumulative frequency curve, including a
cumulative frequency polygon, is called an ogive.

4. PARETO CHART. The purpose of the Pareto chart is to highlight the most important
among a (typically large) set of factors. In quality control, it often represents the most
common sources of defects, the highest occurring type of defect, or the most
frequent reasons for customer complaints, and so on.

5. PIE CHART s a special chart that uses "pie slices" to show relative sizes of data.
The chart is divided into sectors, where each sector shows the relative size of
each value

6. BAR CHART are a type of graph that are used to display and compare the
number, frequency or other measure (e.g. mean) for different discrete categories
of data.

7. PICTOGRAPH uses picture symbols to convey the meaning of statistical

information.

CORRELATION AND LINEAR REGRESSION

Pearson Product – Moment Correlation
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𝑛 ∑ 𝑥𝑦 − ∑ 𝑥 ∑ 𝑦
r=
√[𝑛 ∑ 𝑥2 − (∑ 𝑥)2 ][𝑛 ∑ 𝑦2 − (∑ 𝑦)2 ]
STEPS:
1. Ho or Ha
2. Level of Significance, a=0.01 (10%)
3. Degree of Freedom, df=n-2 to determine the critical value of t
4. T computed = value of Pearson’s r
5. Reject or Accept Ho?
6. Conclusion

LINEAR PROGRAMMING
1. By Graphing
2. By Elimination
3. By Substitution

Linear inequalities - statement that contains symbols >, <, ≥ or ≤

Properties of Inequalities
1. Trichotomy : a>b, a=b, a<b
2. Addition Property: a>b : c € R : a + c > b + c
3. Multiplication/Division: a>b : c € R : a ∙ c > b ∙ c , a ∙ c < b ∙ c ,

BUSINESS MATH
Concept of Time:
a. Actual Time : 365 days
b. Approximate Time: 30 days per month, 360 days per year
Methods:
A. Ordinary Interest (Actual) 𝑃𝑟𝑑
I=
𝑃𝑟𝑑 365
I=
360
B. Ordinary Interest (Approximate)
𝑃𝑟𝑑
I=
360

C. Exact Interest (Actual)

𝑃𝑟𝑑
I=
365
D. Exact Interest (Approximate)
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GEC 004 – MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

Simple Interest
I = 𝑃𝑟𝑡 , F = 𝑃(1 + 𝑟𝑡) , 𝐼 =𝐹−𝑃

Disclaimer:
*The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors.
*This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details
were written as much as possible.
*The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or
completeness of the material or reliability of any information written.