Power system

Mr.Murtadha muhammed
Ms.Noor karim
Fdhelullah abdulkarim abdulmuhsin
Third stage (A)
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1-Number of EXP:- 12

2-Name of EXP:- Cables earh fault (under

ground)

3-Date of EXP:- 15 - 3 – 2023

4-Circuit diagram:-
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5-The purpose of EXP:-

1. To identify the cause of the fault: Understanding
the root cause of the fault can help prevent
similar faults from occurring in the future. For
example, if the fault was caused by physical
damage during excavation, measures can be
taken to improve excavation practices and
prevent damage to the cables in the future.
2. To locate the fault: Locating the fault is
essential for efficient repairs. By identifying the
exact location of the fault, technicians can
focus their efforts on the affected section of the
cable, reducing downtime and minimizing
disruption to service.
3. To determine the extent of the damage: Knowing
the extent of the damage caused by the fault
can help technicians determine the best course
of action for repairs. For example, if the
insulation is severely damaged, it may be
necessary to replace the affected section of
cable, while minor damage may be repaired using
simpler techniques.
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6-Theoritical:- An earth fault in underground cables

occurs when a cable's insulation is damaged, allowing
electricity to flow from the conductor to the ground.
This can cause a variety of problems, including
electrical shorts, power outages, and even fires.
There are several reasons why underground cables
may experience earth faults, including:
1. Physical damage: The cables may be damaged
by excavation, construction, or other activities
that can break the insulation.
2. Age: Over time, underground cables may
deteriorate and their insulation may weaken,
making them more susceptible to earth faults.
3. Environmental factors: Exposure to moisture,
chemicals, and other environmental factors can
also cause the insulation to degrade, increasing
the risk of earth faults.
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7-Discussion:-

*what are the type of cables fault under

ground?
1. Short Circuit Faults: These faults occur when a low-
resistance path is created between two conductors or
between a conductor and the earth. Short circuits can
be caused by insulation breakdown, physical damage,
or equipment failure.
2. Open Circuit Faults: These faults occur when there is
a break in the continuity of a conductor or a cable.
Open circuit faults can be caused by cable breakage,
insulation failure, or damage to the cable.
3. Earth Faults: These faults occur when a conductor
comes into contact with the earth due to insulation
failure or physical damage. Earth faults can result in
high currents flowing through the ground, which can
cause electric shocks, fires, and damage to
equipment.
4. Partial Discharge Faults: These faults occur when
there is a breakdown in the insulation of the cable,
resulting in small discharges of electricity. Partial
discharge faults can cause insulation degradation and
eventual failure of the cable.
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5. Water Treeing Faults: These faults occur when water

enters the insulation of the cable and creates
microscopic channels, known as water trees. Over
time, these water trees can cause insulation
breakdown and eventual failure of the cable.
6. Overheating Faults: These faults occur when the cable
overheats due to excessive current flow or poor
connections. Overheating can cause insulation failure
and damage to the cable and equipment.
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*What are the type of power cables ?

There are several types of power cables, each designed for
different applications and environments. Here are some of
the most common types:
1. Low Voltage Power Cables: These are cables designed
to transmit power at voltages up to 1 kV. They are
commonly used in residential and commercial
buildings, as well as for outdoor lighting and other low
voltage applications.
2. Medium Voltage Power Cables: These are cables
designed to transmit power at voltages between 1 kV
and 35 kV. They are used for power distribution in
urban and rural areas, as well as for underground and
overhead power transmission.
3. High Voltage Power Cables: These are cables designed
to transmit power at voltages above 35 kV. They are
used for long-distance power transmission, as well as
for subsea and underground power transmission.
4. Armored Cables: These are cables that have an
additional layer of protection in the form of steel wire
or tape armor. They are used in harsh environments
where the cable may be exposed to mechanical
damage or corrosion.
5. Fire Resistant Cables: These are cables designed to
maintain their integrity and continue to transmit
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power even in the event of a fire. They are commonly

used in buildings, tunnels, and other areas where fire
safety is a concern.
6. Instrumentation Cables: These are cables designed for
low voltage signal transmission, such as in
measurement and control systems. They are
commonly used in industrial and process control
applications.
These are just a few examples of the different types of
power cables available. The specific type of cable used
depends on factors such as the voltage required, the
environment in which it will be used, and the application for
which it is intended.