16 BASIC NDT METHODS

Sr. N NDT TESTING PRINCIPLE/THEORY CLASSIFICATION TECHNIQUE EQUIPMENT/MATERIAL APPLICATION ADVANTAGE LIMITATIONS
1 Ultrasonic Testing High Frequency sound(Sonic) Wave. Types Of Transducer Pulse-echo and Through Transmission
Contact and Immersion Technique Technique may be divided by
On the Basis of Coupling Normal Beam & Angle Beam application Thickness Gauging or
Rate Of divergence Ⴛ Acoustic Impedence Z=ρv & Thickness Volumetric
Mechanism(Contact,Immersion & discontinuity Detection
Acoustic V of Medium Piezoelecricity system gauging,locate Interrogation
Air coupled
discontinuities
On the Basis of Transducer : Single ,Dual & Delay Line
V Ⴛ Elasticity & V Ⴛ 1/Density
Rate Of divergence Ⴛ Orientation(Normal,Angle) Probes
1/Crystal Dia & Test Wave Type: Compression(Longi.),Shear
frequency ʎ Ⴛ Acoustit Velocity & On the Basis of No. Of (Transverse),Rayliegh(Surface) &
ʎ Ⴛ 1/Frequency element(Dual ,Single) Lamb(plate). UT Waves frequency 20kHz
to 50000kHz

Phased PA Probes Advantage Over Convention UT 1-

The Piezocomposite array Configration and Beam steering 35 to 70 Degree(Array have flat and Curved Surface) 1D,1.5D,2Directional ,annular Operate Electronically Steered 2-Electronically swept
Array(PAUT) 2-10MHz & Contains 16 to 128 3- electronically scanned 4-electronically
Elements Focused
Time of flight Tandem probe arrangement. Tofd probe emits wide angle compression wave Through wall extent TOFD is most accurate UT discontinuity sizing
diffraction(TOFD) technique available
Coating and sharp
Long Range UT(Own The technique uses guided wave that can propagate for long distance and insonify a large volume of a test object Petrochemical ,test to hidden changes in the form of
right SNT-TC-1A from a single position ,eliminating the need of scaning . Guided wave is a generic term that may refer to rayliegh,lamb Guided wave Propagation Transducer frequency 20kHz t0 structure(insulated,U 45 or 90 Degree Bends
2011) or other wave modes that propagate b/w two well defined boundreis. 800kHz nder water etc.) can be challenge to
LRUT

Wide range of kHz to

Phased laser arrays have been All four common wave modes may be During rapid heating of GHz & effectively in
Laser Ultrasound Expirementaly Developed generated the surface spite of curved High relative cost and
Laser Ultrasound is another non contact technique surfaces low signal amplitude
Electromagnetic acoustic transducer is non contact or couplant free, EMAT differ from piezoelectric transducers in that sound is generated within the sample itself ,as opposedto within the probe
Ionizing radiation passes through
Radiation source,Radiation powerful for
RADIOGRAPHY object & detector store radiation in Gamma ray , x-ray & Digital Safety
detector(Film,Photostimulable volumetric
2 form image which depends absorption Radiography(Radioscopy,tomograph Panormic,DWSI,DWDI & SWSI hazards,lamination not
TESTING transmission & Scattering,density of y)
phosphors,digital examination,perman
detectable
detector,flourescence screen etc) ent record
object

Nuetron Collimated beam of nuetron Nuetron Photographic film Or newer Technique

3 Radiography

Only surface
DYE PENETRANT High Sensitivity,Many Materials,Rapid
Defects,Only Non-
4 CAPILARY ACTION , RED DYE ,FLOURESCENT DYE Water washable,Post Emulsifier Developer ,Penetrant & Cleaner inspection,Complex shapes,Portable & Low
TESTING Cost
porous materials,post
cleaning

5
Magnetic Particle Magnetic Flux Leakage Dry ,Wet(Sun Light ,Flourescent) Coil,Yoke & Prod
Powder(dry,wet) ,Field Indicator & Easily Covres Irregular Shaped parts,can be Only Ferromagnetic
Testing Magnetic Equipment used on painted objects Materials,