TECHNICAL REPORT

ON

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES) TRAINING

PROGRAMME

AT

UNIVERSITY OF CALABAR TEACHING HOSPITAL CALABAR

CALABAR

UNDER

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

WRITTEN BY

NAME ADUNG ENDURANCE ITE

MATRIC NO 19/PHY/92

DURATION JULY, 2023 TO OCTOBER, 2023

SUBMITTED TO

THE SIWES COORDINATOR

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

FACULTY OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE

UNIVERSITY OF CROSS RIVER,

CALABAR, NIGERIA.
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE COURSE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD
OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PHYSIC

OCTOBER, 2023.
 TABLE OF CONTENT

TITTLE PAGE…………………………………………………………………...I

CERTIFICATION………………………………………………………………..II

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………….III

TABLE of CONTENT…………………………………………………………...IV

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Historical Background of SIWES

1.2 Aims and Objectives of SIWES

1.3 Brief Description of Asi-Ukp Memorial Hospital

CHAPTER TWO: WORK DONE A

 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that ADUNG ENDURANCE ITE with Reg Number 19/PHY/092 in the
Department of Physics, Faculty of Physical Science, University of Cross River State, wrote this
SIWES report on completion of this Industrial Training at UNICAL TEACHING HOSPITAL

______________
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is an appreciable skill program,
which forms part of the approved minimum academic standard in the various degree programs
for all the universities. The scheme bridges the gap existing between the theory and practice of
Engineering and Technology, Sciences Agriculture, Medical, and other professional Education
Programs in the Nigeria Tertiary Institutions.

It is aimed at exposing and equipping students to real-life working experiences. The training
lasted for three (3) to six (6) months, which involved the students, universities, and industries.

SIWES was established by the Federal Government of Nigeria and is jointly coordinated by the
Industrial Training Fund (ITF) and the National University Commission (NUC).

1.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SIWES

SIWES was founded in 1973 by ITF (Industrial Training Funds) to address the problem of
tertiary institution graduates' lack of appropriate skills for employment in Nigerian industries.
The Students' Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) was founded to be a skill training
programme to help expose and prepare students of universities, Polytechnics and colleges of
education for the industrial work situation to be met after graduation.

Prior to the establishment of this scheme, there was a rising concern and trend among
industrialists that graduates from higher education institutions lacked appropriate practical
experience for employment. Students who entered Nigerian universities to study science and
technology were not previously trained in the practical aspects of their chosen fields. As a result
of their lack of work experience, they had difficulty finding work.

As a result, employers believed that theoretical education in higher education was unresponsive
to the needs of labor employers. Thousands of Nigerians faced this difficulty till 1973. The
fund's main motivation for establishing and designing the scheme in 1973/74 was launched
against this context.

The ITF (Industrial Training Fund) organization decided to aid all interested Nigerian students
and created the SIWES program. The federal government officially approved and presented it in
1974. During its early years, the scheme was entirely supported by the ITF, but as the financial
commitment became too much for the fund, it withdrew in 1978. The National Universities
Commission (NUC) and the National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) were given
control of the scheme by the federal government in 1979. The federal government handed over
supervision and implementation of the scheme to ITF in November 1984. It was taken over by
the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) in July 1985, with the federal government bearing entire
responsibility for funding.

1.2 Aims and Objectives of SIWES

The Industrial Training Fund’s Policy Document No. 1 of 1973 which established SIWES
outlined the objectives of the scheme as:

1. Provide an avenue for students in Institutions of higher learning to acquire industrial

skills and experience in their respective courses of study.

2. Prepare students for the Industrial Work situation they are likely to experience after
graduation.

3. Expose students to work methods and techniques of handling equipment and machinery
that may not be available in their Institutions.

4. Make the transition from school to the world of work easier; and enhance students’
networks for later job placements.

5. Provide students with an opportunity to apply their knowledge to real work situations,
thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice; and

6. Enlist and strengthen Employers’ involvement in the entire educational process; thereby
preparing the students for employment in Industry and Commerce.
 CHAPTER TWO

HISTORY AND ORGANOGRAM/ STRUCTURE OF ESTABLISHMENT

2.0 HISTORY of UNICAL TEACHING HOSPITAL

The University of Calabar Teaching Hospital came into existence in 1979 following the need for
a Tertiary Health Institution that will render Clinical Services at a level that meets the
requirements for the training of medical students of the College of Medical Sciences of the
University of Calabar, resident Doctors for the different Post Graduates as well as other
healthcare providers in different specialties of Medicine and it's Allied Professions.

The Hospital took over the facilities of the then St. Margaret's Hospital, Calabar, which was the
first Public Hospital in Nigeria, established in 1897. The facilities of the Maternity Annex of St.
Margaret's Hospital were also taken over by the Hospital.

The University of Calabar Teaching Hospital is built on the outstanding reputation of the
founding fathers of St. Margaret's Hospital, who came in from the London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine. It is worthy of note that the filarial infection (Loa-loa) was first
described as "Calabar Swelling" in the then St. Margaret's Hospital.

With the rising incidence and resurgence of emerging and re-emerging infections such as
HIV/Aids, Tuberculosis, Malaria, Filariasis, viral Hemorrhagic fevers, etc, the Hospital
established the Institute of Tropical Disease Research, Prevention and Control. The focus of the
Institute is research and evidence - based medicine, in collaboration with The Houston School of
Public Health Texas USA, the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Cochrane Nigeria. The hospital also houses
the Cochrane Nigeria, a part of the Cochrane Collaboration.

In 2001, the Hospital commenced its first movement to the permanent site situated at Unical
Hotel Road off IBB Way, Calabar. That movement was completed in 2012.

The Hospital also operates a Comprehensive Health Centre at Okoyong located at Ikot Effiong
Otop, Odukpani Local Government area, about 45 Kilometers from Calabar. This Health Centre
provides Primary and Secondary Health Care services to the people of Odukpani Local
Government Area and neighboring States.
CLINICAL SERVICE DELIVERY: Clinical services are available in all specialized Medical
areas such as Surgery, Internal Medicine, Paediatrics, Otorhinolaryngology, Anaesthesiology,
Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Chemical Pathology, Family Medicine,
Orthopaedics/Traumatology, Dental and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ophthalmology, Haematology,
Accident and Emergency, Psychiatry, Medical Social Works and Medical Health Records etc.
Over the years, the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital has been in the vanguard of training
and providing the much-needed clinical, health, and human resources to our community and
nation. Several factors have worked together to create and sustain the present atmosphere of
contentment, dedication to duty, and grim determination on the part of the staff to carry out their
services to humanity in the spirit of the founding fathers

The hospital operates 24-hour service and runs outpatient clinics five (5) times a week
(Mondays - Fridays). Emergency services are available round the clock 24 hours a day, seven
days a week. Ward rounds are conducted by different Consultants and their various teams.
Twenty-four hours of pharmacy services, twenty-four hours of laboratory services, specialized
investigations, Counselling and Testing for HIV/AIDS and emerging diseases, and other clinical
services are available in the hospital.

TRAINING &TEACHING: The hospital offers training programs such as training of Nurses,
Postgraduate Residency Training of Medical Doctors, Medical Laboratory Scientists, Training
of Medical students, Training of Health Information Management Personnel, Post basic ORL
Nursing, and training in other areas of Medicine and the Allied Sciences.

RESEARCH The hospital over the years has been involved in various research endeavors with
collaboration/partnership with the College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, other in-
country health research institutions, and international organizations. We remain committed to
furthering the Frontiers of Innovative Research and linkages, especially in Tropical diseases and
Infections.

2.1 Organogram Of UNICAL TEACHING HOSPITAL

 CHAPTER THREE

PRODUCTION PROCESS, MACHINERY AND OTHER ACTIVITIES

3.0 MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT

Machinery and equipment play a crucial role in the production process. They can vary
significantly depending on the industry and the specific requirements of the production process.
Some common types of machinery include:

3.1 BLOOD PRESSURE MONITOR

A blood pressure monitor is a medical device used to measure a person's blood pressure. It helps in
monitoring one's cardiovascular health and is commonly used both at home and in medical settings.
There are primarily two types of blood pressure monitors: manual and digital.

 Manual Blood Pressure Monitor:

Consists of an inflatable arm cuff that is manually pumped using a rubber bulb.

A stethoscope is used to listen to the blood flow through the brachial artery while the cuff is
slowly deflated.

The systolic and diastolic pressures are determined by noting the first and last audible pulse
sounds, respectively.

 Digital Blood Pressure Monitor:

Automatic and easy to use, this type of monitor typically has an arm cuff that inflates and
deflates automatically.

Digital monitors display the blood pressure readings directly on a screen without the need for a
stethoscope.

They often include additional features like memory storage for past readings, irregular heartbeat
detection, and even connectivity to mobile devices for data management.

When using a blood pressure monitor, it is essential to follow the instructions carefully to ensure
accurate readings. It is advisable to measure blood pressure at the same time every day, in a
relaxed environment, and under similar conditions for the most consistent results. Regular
monitoring can be beneficial for individuals with hypertension, those at risk of cardiovascular
diseases, or those who need to keep track of their blood pressure for any reason. Always consult
with a healthcare professional for guidance on how to effectively monitor and manage your
blood pressure.

3.2 A SUCTION MACHINE

A suction machine also known as a suction unit or aspirator, is a medical device used to remove
mucus, blood, saliva, and other fluids from a patient's airways. It is commonly used in
healthcare settings such as hospitals, clinics, and home healthcare environments. Suction
machines are particularly essential for patients who have difficulty clearing their airways
independently, such as those with respiratory issues or during surgical procedures. Here's an
overview of how they work:

 Basic Components: A typical suction machine consists of a suction pump, a collection

canister to hold the extracted fluid, connecting tubing, and a suction catheter or tip.

Suction Power Control: It allows the healthcare provider to adjust the suction power according
to the patient's needs and the type of fluid being extracted.

 Application: The suction catheter or tip is inserted into the patient's mouth or nose, or a
surgical site, depending on the intended use. When the suction is activated, the machine
creates a vacuum, drawing the unwanted fluids into the collection canister.

Types of Suction Machines: Suction machines can be categorized into two main types:
portable and wall-mounted. Portable units are lightweight and easy to transport, making them
suitable for use in ambulances, home care, and other settings where mobility is essential. Wall-
mounted units are often used in hospitals and clinics, providing a more permanent and powerful
suction solution.

Suction machines are crucial for maintaining clear airways in patients who are unable to cough
effectively or have excessive secretions. They are also used during surgeries to keep the surgical
field clear of blood and other fluids. It's important to maintain and clean suction machines
regularly to ensure their proper function and prevent the risk of contamination. Healthcare
professionals are trained to operate and manage these devices safely and effectively to provide
optimal care for patients in need of airway clearance assistance.

3.3 DRIP STANDS

Drip stands, also known as IV (intravenous) stands, are essential medical equipment used in
healthcare settings to hold and administer fluids to patients. They are designed to provide a
stable and adjustable platform for hanging IV bags or bottles. Different types of drip stands are
available, each serving specific purposes. Here are some common types of drip stands and their
uses:

 Fixed Height Drip Stands:

Use: These basic drip stands are fixed in height and are suitable for standard
requirements where the height does not need frequent adjustments.

 Adjustable Height Drip Stands:

Use: These stands come with a mechanism to adjust the height as needed. They are
commonly used in various healthcare settings to accommodate patients of different heights or
for specific medical procedures that require height adjustments.

 Mobile Drip Stands:

Use: These stands are equipped with wheels or casters, allowing for easy mobility within
the healthcare facility. They are convenient for patients who need to move around while still
receiving intravenous therapy.

 Heavy-Duty Drip Stands:

Use: Heavy-duty drip stands are designed to support larger and heavier IV solutions or
multiple bags simultaneously. They are commonly used in intensive care units or for patients
requiring high volumes of fluid or multiple infusions.

 Pediatric Drip Stands:

Use: Pediatric drip stands are specifically designed for pediatric patients, with features
such as adjustable heights suited for children and colorful, appealing designs to make the
experience less intimidating for young patients.

 Telescopic Drip Stands:

Use: Telescopic drip stands offer a versatile height adjustment system using telescopic
poles, providing a wide range of height options to accommodate various medical procedures and
patient needs.
Drip stands play a critical role in ensuring that patients receive intravenous fluids and
medications safely and efficiently. They are used in hospitals, clinics, nursing homes, and
various other healthcare facilities. Proper selection of the type of drip stand is essential to meet
specific patient requirements, ensuring their comfort and safety during treatment.

3.5 A LUBRICATING HOSPITAL BED

A lubricating hospital bed refers to a specialized medical bed equipped with components that
require lubrication for smooth and efficient functioning. These beds are commonly used in
hospitals, long-term care facilities, and home care environments to provide comfort and support
for patients with mobility issues or those requiring specialized medical care. Lubricating these
beds is crucial for maintaining their optimal performance and extending their lifespan.

Here are some types of lubricating hospital beds and their uses:

 Manual Hospital Beds:

These beds are operated manually without the use of electric motors or other automated systems.

They are suitable for patients who do not require frequent position changes and adjustments.

 Semi-Electric Hospital Beds:

Semi-electric beds feature electric controls for adjusting the head and foot positions, but the bed
height is manually adjustable.

They are commonly used in healthcare settings where patients require some level of
independence in adjusting their bed positions.

3.6 SURFACE TENSION PUMPS

Surface tension pumps are a type of fluid pump that utilizes the surface tension of a liquid to
generate the pumping action. They operate on the principle that surface tension, which is the
cohesive force acting on the surface of a liquid, can be harnessed to move the liquid. These
pumps find applications in various fields, including microfluidics, biotechnology, and
nanotechnology. However, they are not as commonly used as conventional pumps.

 Operating Principle: Surface tension pumps work by manipulating the surface tension
of the liquid using various techniques such as altering the surface area, introducing
 chemical gradients, or using microfabricated structures. By changing the surface tension,
they induce the movement of the liquid without the need for any mechanical parts.

 Uses of Surface Tension Pumps: Surface tension pumps have applications in areas
where the pumping of small volumes of liquid is required with minimal or no
contamination. Some of their common uses include:

 Microfluidics: They are used in the field of microfluidics for precise manipulation and
control of small fluid volumes, which is essential in various analytical and diagnostic
processes.

 Biotechnology: Surface tension pumps find application in biotechnology for tasks such
as the controlled delivery of reagents or samples in lab-on-a-chip devices and other
microscale biological experiments.

 Nanotechnology: They are used in the field of nanotechnology for the precise handling
and positioning of small quantities of fluids, which is crucial in the fabrication of
nanoscale structures and devices.

Types of Surface Tension Pumps: Surface tension pumps can be categorized into different
types based on their mechanisms and the techniques they use to manipulate surface tension.
Some common types include:

 Capillary Action Pumps: These pumps utilize capillary action to move fluids through
small tubes or channels without the need for external power.

 Electro wetting Pumps: They use an external electric field to manipulate the surface
tension of a liquid, enabling the controlled movement of the liquid.

 Surface Tension Gradient Pumps: These pumps utilize the surface tension gradients
created by chemical or temperature variations to induce fluid movement.

Surface tension pumps are an area of ongoing research and development, with the potential to
revolutionize various fields by enabling precise and efficient manipulation of small fluid
volumes without the need for complex mechanical components.
3.7 COUPLING OF A WARD

The coupling of a ward screen refers to the attachment mechanism used to connect multiple
ward screens together to create a larger partition or private enclosure. Ward screens are
commonly used in hospitals, clinics, and other healthcare facilities to provide privacy for
patients and create designated spaces within a shared room. Properly coupling ward screens is
essential for maintaining stability and ensuring the privacy and comfort of patients.

There are several types of couplings used for ward screens, each with its own specific method of
attachment. Some common coupling mechanisms include:

 Hook and Loop Fasteners: These are commonly used coupling mechanisms where one
screen is equipped with hooks and the other with loop fasteners. By pressing the screens
together, the hooks and loops interlock, providing a secure connection.

 Magnetic Couplings: Some ward screens are designed with magnets along the edges,
allowing them to easily attach to one another. The magnets create a strong connection,
ensuring stability and privacy for the patients.

 Hinge Couplings: Certain ward screens are equipped with hinges that enable them to be
connected at different angles. This type of coupling allows for flexibility in creating
various configurations and partition layouts.

 Clamp Couplings: Clamp couplings use adjustable clamps or brackets that can be
tightened to secure multiple screens together. This type of coupling provides a strong
and stable connection between screens.

When coupling ward screens, it is important to ensure that the screens are properly aligned and
securely attached to each other to prevent any gaps that might compromise patient privacy.
Regular inspection and maintenance of the coupling mechanisms are also necessary to ensure
that they are functioning properly and to address any issues such as loose connections or
damage.

Properly coupled ward screens not only provide privacy for patients but also contribute to a
more organized and comfortable healthcare environment. Healthcare facilities should follow
manufacturer guidelines for coupling ward screens and consider the specific needs and layout of
the patient care area when selecting the appropriate coupling mechanism.
3.8 CENTRIFUGE

A centrifuge is a laboratory instrument that uses centrifugal force to separate components of a

complex mixture based on their density. It is commonly used in various scientific and medical
fields for tasks such as separating solid and liquid phases of blood, DNA extraction, and
isolating cellular components. The principle of a centrifuge is based on the sedimentation
principle, where denser particles settle to the bottom of a container when spun at high speeds.
There are various types of centrifuges designed for specific applications. Some common types
include:

 Ultracentrifuge: Ultracentrifuges are high-speed instruments capable of generating

extremely high centrifugal forces, often in the range of 1,000,000 x g or more.

They are used in applications such as molecular biology, biochemistry, and virology for
tasks like isolating subcellular organelles and separating macromolecules.

 Refrigerated Centrifuge: These centrifuges are equipped with cooling systems to

maintain low temperatures during the separation processThey are used for applications
where temperature control is crucial, such as the separation of temperature-sensitive
samples like proteins and enzymes.

 Micro centrifuge: Micro centrifuges are small, tabletop centrifuges used for tasks that
require the processing of small volumes of samples.

They are commonly used in molecular biology, biochemistry, and clinical laboratories
for applications like DNA and RNA isolation, as well as protein analysis.

 Clinical Centrifuge: Clinical centrifuges are specifically designed for use in medical
and clinical laboratories.

They are used for applications such as separating blood components, performing
hematocrit tests, and analyzing urine samples.

 Preparative Centrifuge: Preparative centrifuges are used for large-scale separations,

often in industrial or research settings.

They are capable of processing larger sample volumes and are used in applications such as
pharmaceutical research, biotechnology, and chemical manufacturing.
Centrifuges are crucial tools in various scientific and medical disciplines, and the choice of
centrifuge depends on the specific application and sample requirements. Proper operation and
maintenance of centrifuges are essential to ensure accurate and reliable results and to prevent
any potential equipment failure or sample contamination.

3.9 PARALLEL CONNECTION

Parallel connection refers to the connection of electrical components in such a way that the
voltage across each component is the same, while the total current flowing through the
components is the sum of the currents flowing through each component. Here are the general
steps to establish a parallel connection:

 Gather the Necessary Components: Collect the electrical components that you want to
connect in parallel. These components should have the same voltage ratings but may
have different resistances or other properties.

 Ensure Proper Safety Measures: Before starting any electrical work, make sure that
the power source is turned off to prevent any electrical hazards. Use appropriate safety
gear such as insulated gloves if necessary.

 Identify the Terminals: Identify the positive and negative terminals of each component.
Components with two terminals, such as resistors or capacitors, will have one terminal
designated as positive and the other as negative.

 Connect the Components in Parallel: To connect components in parallel, connect the

positive terminals of all the components together and then connect the negative terminals
of all the components together. Use appropriate connecting wires or conductors, ensuring
a secure and stable connection.

 Check the Connection: Once the components are connected, double-check the
connections to ensure that there are no loose connections or exposed wires that could
cause a short circuit.

 Verify the Parallel Connection: Use a multimeter to measure the voltage across each
component. In a parallel connection, the voltage across each component should be the
same as the total voltage across the entire circuit.
  Test the Circuit: After ensuring the correct connection, you can power on the circuit
and test it to verify that the components are functioning as expected.

Always follow electrical safety guidelines and best practices when working with electrical
components to prevent accidents or damage to the components. If you are uncertain about the
proper procedures or safety measures, consult a qualified electrician or an individual with
expertise in electrical connections.

3.1O THERMOMETER

A thermometer is a device used to measure temperature. It is an essential tool in various fields

such as medicine, meteorology, industry, and scientific research. There are various types of
thermometers, each designed for specific applications and temperature ranges. Here are some
common types of thermometers:

 Mercury Thermometer: These thermometers use mercury as the measuring fluid. They
are typically used in laboratory settings and for measuring human body temperature.

 Note: Due to environmental concerns and the potential health risks associated with
mercury, the use of mercury thermometers has been phased out in many applications.

 Digital Thermometer: Digital thermometers use electronic sensors to measure

temperature. They provide quick and accurate readings and are commonly used in both
medical and household settings. Digital thermometers are available in various forms,
including oral, rectal, ear, and forehead thermometers.

 Infrared Thermometer: Infrared thermometers measure temperature from a distance

without making direct contact with the object. They detect infrared energy emitted by an
object to determine its temperature. They are widely used in industries, medical settings,
and for checking temperatures in HVAC systems.

 Thermocouple Thermometer: Thermocouple thermometers use the principle of the

Seebeck effect, where temperature differences between two dissimilar metals create a
voltage. This voltage is then used to calculate the temperature. They are used in
industrial settings, laboratories, and various other applications that require a wide
temperature range and fast response times.
  Thermistor Thermometer: Thermistor thermometers use a semiconductor sensor with
a resistance that changes significantly with temperature. They offer high sensitivity and a
wide temperature range. They are commonly used in medical devices, climate control
systems, and various industrial applications.

 Bimetallic Strip Thermometer: Bimetallic strip thermometers consist of two different

metals bonded together. When heated, the metals expand at different rates, causing the
strip to bend. The degree of bending indicates the temperature. They are commonly used
in household thermostats and industrial temperature gauges.

Thermometers are essential tools for monitoring and controlling temperature in various
applications. The type of thermometer chosen depends on the specific requirements of the
application, the temperature range to be measured, and the desired level of accuracy.

3.11 POWER INVERTERS

Power Inverters are electronic devices that convert direct current (DC) power into alternating
current (AC) power. They are widely used to provide AC power from a DC source, such as a
battery or a solar panel system. Power inverters come in various types and are utilized in
different applications, depending on the specific requirements. Here are some common types of
power inverters and their uses:

 Square Wave Power Inverter: Square wave inverters are the simplest and most
affordable type of inverter. They produce an output waveform that approximates a
square wave.

They are suitable for basic applications like powering simple electronic devices,
appliances with resistive loads, and tools with universal motors.

 Modified Sine Wave Power Inverter: Modified sine wave inverters produce an output
waveform that resembles a stepped wave. They are commonly used for powering
household electronics, small power tools, and devices with variable-speed motors.

 Pure Sine Wave Power Inverter: Pure sine wave inverters produce an output
waveform that closely resembles the waveform of standard household AC power. They
are suitable for sensitive electronics, medical equipment, high-end audiovisual systems,
and any devices that require a high-quality AC waveform.
  Grid-Tie Inverter: Grid-tie inverters are used in solar power systems to convert DC
power from solar panels into AC power that can be fed into the utility grid. They enable
the system to sell excess power back to the grid and are an essential component of grid-
connected solar systems.

 Off-Grid Inverter: Off-grid inverters are used in standalone solar or wind power
systems where there is no connection to the utility grid. They provide AC power to run
various household appliances and electronics using energy stored in batteries from
renewable energy sources.

 Mobile Power Inverter: Mobile power inverters are designed for use in vehicles, boats,
and recreational vehicles (RVs) to convert DC power from the vehicle's battery into AC
power for running household appliances and charging electronic devices.

Power inverters are essential for providing reliable and consistent AC power from DC sources,
enabling the operation of various electrical devices and systems in both residential and
commercial settings. The choice of a power inverter depends on the specific application
requirements, the type of load being powered, and the desired level of waveform quality.

3.11. THE U.P.S

UPS, or Uninterruptible Power Supply, is a device that provides emergency power to a load
when the input power source, typically the mains power, fails. It protects electronic equipment
and systems from power disruptions, including blackouts, voltage fluctuations, and electrical
noise. There are several types of UPS systems, each designed for specific applications and
power needs. Here are some common types of UPS systems and their uses:

 Offline/Standby UPS: Used for personal computers, home entertainment systems, and
small office equipment.Provides basic protection against power outages and voltage
fluctuations, switching to battery power when the input voltage falls outside acceptable
limits.

 Line-interactive UPS: Suitable for small to medium-sized businesses, servers, and

network equipment.

Offers additional features such as automatic voltage regulation (AVR) to stabilize minor voltage
fluctuations without switching to battery power.
  Online/Double Conversion UPS: Ideal for data centers, critical IT systems, and
telecommunications equipment.Provides continuous power protection by constantly
converting incoming AC power to DC and then back to AC power, ensuring a stable and
clean power supply even in the event of severe power disturbances.

 Delta Conversion UPS: Offers increased efficiency and reliability compared to

traditional online UPS systems. Used in data centers, industrial facilities, and critical
infrastructure applications where high power availability and efficiency are essential.

 Hybrid UPS: Combines the features of offline and line-interactive UPS systems to
provide efficient and reliable power protection. Suitable for small to medium-sized
businesses, as well as for critical applications requiring a balance between cost and
performance.

UPS systems are critical for maintaining the continuity of operations in various settings,
protecting equipment and systems from the detrimental effects of power disruptions. They
ensure data integrity, prevent hardware damage, and minimize downtime, making them essential
for businesses, hospitals, data centers, telecommunications facilities, and other environments
where uninterrupted power is crucial.
 CHAPTER FOUR

TECHNICAL WORK EXPERIENCE ACQUIRED WITH ELABORATE DRAWINGS,

LIMITATIONS, CHALLENGES

My Technical work experience was gained based on the repair and maintenance of medical
devices and machines. And different machines repaired and maintained are as follows:

4.1 FAULTS AND REPAIR SOLUTION OF BLOOD PRESSURE MONITOR

Faults Repair
Inaccurate readings  Check the cuff placement on the upper arm.
 Ensure the cuff is the appropriate size.
 Verify that the tubing is not twisted or kinked.
 Replace the batteries if they are low.
 Check for any air leaks in the cuff or tubing.
Display not working  Replace the batteries with new ones.
 Check for any loose connections in the display.
 Inspect the power adapter for any damage.
 Reset the device if there is a reset option.
Cuff not inflating  Ensure the tubing is securely connected
 Check for any blockages in the tubing or pump.
 Look for any damage to the pump or motor.
 Clean the air filter if it's clogged.
4.2 FAULTS AND REPAIR SOLUTION OF SUCTION MACHINE

Faults Repair
Low suction power  Check the tubing and canister for any clogs.
 Inspect the filters for any blockages.
 Ensure the connections are secure and airtight.
 Verify that the motor is functioning correctly.
 Clean or replace the suction tubing if necessary.
 Check for any leaks in the system.
No power Check the power cord and connections for any damage.
Ensure the power switch is in the 'on' position.
Test the electrical outlet with another device.
Replace the fuse or reset the circuit breaker if needed.
Contact a professional technician for internal repairs
Overheating Turn off the machine and unplug it immediately.
Allow the machine to cool down before further inspection.
Check for any blockages in the airflow.
Clean the filters and vents for any obstructions
Ensure the environment has adequate ventilation
Contact a professional technician for repairs if necessary.

4.3 FAULT AND REPAIR SOLUTION OF LUBRICATING HOSPITAL BED

Faults Repair
Squeaking or  Apply lubricant to the moving parts and joints
sticking  Check for any debris or dirt that might be causing friction
 Tighten any loose bolts or screws
 Wipe off excess lubricant to prevent accumulation of dirt
 Inspect the casters and wheels for any obstructions
 Contact the manufacturer for specific repair instructions
Malfunctioning  Check the electrical connections for any loose wires.
controls  Inspect the control panel for any visible damage or faults.
 Reset the controls and check for proper functionality
  Replace any damaged or faulty components as needed
 Consult the bed's user manual for troubleshooting guidance
Uneven height  Examine the hydraulic system or motor for any leaks or
adjustment malfunctions.
 Ensure that the height adjustment mechanism is properly
aligned
 Lubricate the height adjustment components if they are
sticking.
 erify that the power source is providing adequate power for
operation.
 Contact a professional technician for complex repairs or
replacements.

4.4 FAULTS AND REPAIR OF CENTRIFUGE

Faults Repair
Abnormal noise  Check for any loose components or parts.
 Ensure that the load is balanced within the rotor.
 Lubricate the moving parts if necessary.
 Inspect the motor for any faults or damage.
Vibrations  Verify that the centrifuge is placed on a stable surface.
 Check for any unbalanced loads within the rotor.
 Examine the rotor for any deformations or damages.
 Calibrate the centrifuge as per the manufacturer's
instructions.
Overheating  Check the environment for adequate ventilation.
 Ensure that the cooling system is functioning correctly.
 Clean the air vents and filters for any obstructions.
 Reduce the load or adjust the speed settings if necessary.
Irregular Speed  Calibrate the speed settings as per the manufacturer's
guidelines.
 Inspect the control panel for any errors or faults
  Reset the centrifuge and verify the settings.

4.5 FAULTS AND REPAIR OF WARD SCREEN

Faults Repairs
Broken hinges
Replace hinges or seek professional repair services.

Damaged Replace or repair the interlocking parts

interlocking
mechanism
Stuck sliding tracks Clean and lubricate the tracks, or replace them if necessary

Replace the magnetic edges or seek professional repair services.

Broken magnetic
edges

Torn or damaged Patch or replace the fabric, or consider professional reupholstering.

fabric
Unstable frame Tighten or reinforce the frame, or seek professional repair services.
Dirty or stained Clean the panels using appropriate cleaning agents or methods.
panels
Wobbly legs or Tighten or replace the legs or casters to stabilize the screen.
casters
Electrical faults (for Consult a professional technician for the pair or replacement of electrical
screens with components.
electrical
components)
4.6 FAULTS AND REPAIR OF POWER INVERTER

Faults Repairs
No output power Check the input connections and ensure the input power source is
functioning. Inspect the fuses and replace them if necessary. Test and
replace any faulty components such as transistors, capacitors, or diodes
Overheating Check for obstructions to airflow and ensure proper ventilation. Clean
the cooling fan and heatsinks. If necessary, repair or replace the cooling
fan. Consider adding additional cooling if the inverter is consistently
overheating.
Output voltage Check the input voltage and load for any irregularities. Inspect the
fluctuations battery condition and connections. Replace any faulty components in the
voltage regulation circuit.
Blown fuses Identify the root cause of the overload or short circuit. Replace the
blown fuse with one of the same rating. Ensure that the electrical
connections are secure and that there are no other faults causing the fuse
to blow.
Battery not Check the battery connections and ensure that the charger is functioning
charging properly. Inspect the charging circuit and replace any faulty
components. Consider replacing the battery if it is old or damaged.
Display or Check the connections to the display or indicator light. Replace the
indicator light display or indicator light if it is damaged or faulty. Verify the connection
malfunction between the display and the control circuit.
Inverter not Check the power source and connections to the inverter. Inspect the
turning on power switch and replace it if necessary. Check for any loose or
disconnected wires. Ensure that the input voltage is within the specified
range.
Unusual noises Check for any loose components or foreign objects inside the inverter.
Inspect the cooling fan and other moving parts for any signs of damage
 or malfunction. Lubricate the moving parts if necessary.

4.7 FAULTS AND REPAIR OF DRIP STAND

Faults Repair
Unstable base or Tighten any loose screws or bolts. If the base is damaged, consider
stand replacing it. Ensure the stand is on a level surface.
Malfunctioning Check the height adjustment mechanism for any obstructions or damage.
height adjustment Lubricate the moving parts if necessary. Replace any worn-out or
broken components.
Damaged or stuck Clean and lubricate the wheels and axles. Replace any damaged wheels
wheels or casters. Ensure that the wheels can rotate freely.
Broken hooks or Replace the hooks or holders if they are damaged or no longer securely
holders hold the equipment. Check for any signs of wear and tear on the
attachment points.
Corroded or stuck Clean and lubricate the pole if it is corroded or stuck. If the corrosion is
pole severe, consider replacing the pole. Ensure the pole can move freely
without any hindrance.
Leaking or Replace the drip chamber if it is cracked or damaged. Ensure that the
malfunctioning connections are secure and that the tubing is correctly attached to the
drip chamber drip chamber.
Loose or tangled Check the connections and tubing for any leaks or tangles. Replace any
tubing damaged or worn-out tubing. Ensure that the tubing is securely attached
and free of obstructions.

.
Rust or corrosion Remove rust using appropriate cleaning agents and tools. Apply a rust-
resistant coating or paint to prevent further corrosion
Worn-out or Replace the knobs or handles if they are worn-out or damaged. Ensure
damaged knobs or that the replacements are compatible with the drip stand.
 handles

3.8 FAULTS AND REPAIR OF THERMOMETER

Fault Repairs
Inaccurate Calibrate the thermometer using a known accurate reference. If it is a
readings digital thermometer, check the battery and replace it if necessary.
Recalibrate or replace the sensor if it is damaged or worn out
Cracked or If the display is damaged, replace it with a compatible replacement.
damaged display Ensure that the connection between the display and the sensor is secure.
Slow response Check for any obstructions or damage to the sensor. Clean the sensor
time and the surrounding area. Ensure that the sensor has proper contact with
the measured surface or medium.
Malfunctioning If the thermometer uses batteries, check and replace them if necessary.
power source Ensure that the battery contacts are clean and free of corrosion.
Broken or Replace the probe if it is broken or damaged. Ensure that the
damaged probe replacement probe is compatible with the thermometer. Clean the probe
regularly to maintain accuracy.
Water or moisture Disassemble the thermometer and remove any moisture or water. Allow
inside the device the components to dry thoroughly before reassembling. Ensure that the
device is properly sealed to prevent further moisture ingress.
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

5.1 SUMMARY

A typical internship report involves documenting and evaluating the experiences and
learning acquired during an internship program. The report usually includes a brief
overview of the company or organization where the internship took place, the specific
tasks and projects undertaken during the internship, as well as the skills and knowledge
gained through these experiences.

The report often details the objectives and goals set at the beginning of the internship,
the methods used to achieve them, and an analysis of how successful the intern was in
meeting these objectives. It may also include reflections on the challenges faced, the
lessons learned, and the overall impact of the internship on the intern's personal and
professional development.

Furthermore, the report might highlight specific achievements, contributions made to the
organization, and any recommendations for improving the internship program or the
company's operations. Interns are typically expected to provide a comprehensive yet
concise account of their internship, showcasing their abilities, growth, and adaptability in
a professional environment.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

 I propose that more time should be given to the students of microbiology for
SIWES activities
 I recommend that government should provide placements for students undergoing
SIWES in the several fields of Nigerian Economy.
 I recommend that more preference should be given to the power sector so as to
provide adequate light to various Medical laboratories in the country
5.3 CONCLUSION

In conclusion this program has enabled students to gain a lot and many can now practice the
applied aspects of their various disciplines and other related areas on their own. The program
has really being a mind blowing experienced and knowledge gained support