Human Bioenergetics In cells, they often involve the transfer of

hydrogen atoms rather than free

How energy is transformed into physical
activity.
- focus on the oxidative and non-oxidative
pathways during exercise.
- Metabolism of the different food
substrates glucose, fat, and protein.
Energy investment phase - energy
harvesting phase
Solar energy + photosynthesis powers
electrons.
- Hydrogen atom contains 1 electron
- A molecule that loses a hydrogen
also loses an electron, therefore is
oxidized.
Yung naoxidize it will give hydrogen -
reducing agent
Yung na reduce na molecule - oxidizing
agent

Endergonic (glucose) will be used for Enzymes

exergonic reactions
Glucose
Protein
Fat
Energy will be released from the stored
glucose (glycogen), protein (amino acids),
fat (triglycerides).
Cellular Chemical Reactions
Endergonic reactions - require energy to
be added.
Exergonic reactions - release energy.
Coupled reactions - liberation of energy in
an exergonic reaction drives an endergonic
reaction.
Oxidation-reduction reactions
Oxidation - removing or loss of electrons.
- catalysts that regulate the speed of
reactions and lowers the activation
energy of a reaction.
- factors that regulate enzyme activity:
temperature and pH
- interact with specific substances: lock
and key model.
Enzyme-substrate interaction: may specific
form yung enzyme for a substrate
Activation energy - energy required for a
reaction to start
Food needs enzymes to fasten digestion.
Temperature
- most important especially to physical
activity
- warm up (cold muscle will be sluggish
and will be prone to injury, that's why
doing warm up is very important)
37-40: Enzymes function optimally in that
range.

Reduction - addition of an electron. PH

Below 8 - acidic
Oxidation and reduction are always Over 8 - basic
coupled reactions.
8 - optimal pH range for enzyme activity.
Protein requirement for 3 groups of
The muscle can be hyper-acidic which athletes
can cause muscle soreness or pain -
when the muscle becomes acidic. 1. Growing adolescent athletes.
2. Athletes involved in resistance training
The hydrogen can be acidic not the (to enhance musle growth) and endurance
lactic acid. training programs (to counter increased
protein breakdown for energy).
Factors affecting energy activation 3. Wrestlers and football players subjected
(Bioenergetics) to recurring muscle trauma.

Anabolic - building up; require energy
Catabolic - breaking down; release energy
FUELS FOR EXERCISE:
Glucose - fats - protein (if needed)
ENERGY TRANSFER
The body’s capacity to extract energy from
food nutrients.
Fat can be stored in the abdominal walls,
subcutaneous tissues, etc.
Energy transfer to form ATP

Carbohydrates
- glucose, stored as glycogen
- Used directly by the cell for energy
- Stored as glycogen in the muscles and
liver
- Converted to fats for energy storage
- Provide carbon skeletons to synthesize
nonessential amino acids

Fats
- primarily fatty acids
- Stored as triglycerides or triacylglycerol
- Energy reserve
- Protection of vital organs and thermal
insulation
- Transport medium for fat-soluble
vitamins
- Hunger suppression

Protein
- amino acid, not a primary energy source
during exercise
- long distance running athletes will reach
using protein
- Extreme hunger