fmrjok

ld,hdf.a wejEfuka j¾;udk f,dalhu äðg,alrKh ùu;a iuÕ ud¾..; wOHhkh l%uhlg
Tn;a uu;a wo fldgq fjñka mj;s' ud¾..; wOHdmkh ;=, úúO Okd;aul me;slvhka ;sfnk
kuqÿ ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgl nyq;r YsIHhka msßilg ud¾..; wOHhkh l%uh ;=,
zW.; ukd Ys,amhuhs u;= /flkdz hk mdGhg idOdrKhla lsÍug we;s yelshdj wvq nj ryila
fkdfjhs' úfYaIfhkau oy;=ka jirl ld,hla úúO ndOl ueo ;ud ,enq wOHdmkh .Õg lemq
b‚ njg m;a jkqfha wo wfma rfÜ fndfyduhla jQ wfmau Wiia fm< ifydaor ifydaoßhkaf.a weia
mkd msguh' wog;a wOHdmkh ,nk fmardfo‚h úYajúoHd,hSh l<ukdlrK mSG YsIH ix.ufha
wmsg fï widodrKhlï weia mkdmsg olsñka l¨ frÈ má j,ska weia jid .eksug whs;shla ke;'

b;ska uf.au kx.sfha u,a,sfha zYla;su;a jdfka mkakrhla ,efnkafka oeä .skaorlskza nj lsis
úgl;a wu;l fkdlrkak'ta i|yd Yla;sh ,nd§ug fmardfo‚h l<ukdlrK mSG YsIH ix.ufha
meyeir‚ wkqlñgqj uÕska isÿ lrkakdjq l=vd W;aidyhla wo Tn fï olskf
a ka' jir .Kkdjl
mgka ksoyia wOHdmkfha kshu M, yeu wfhl=gu iudkj ,nd §ug zmeyeir‚z" fmardfo‚h
úYajúoHd,hSh l<ukdlrK mSG YsIH ix.uh wo;a fyg;a fkdkj;sk .ukl fhfokq we;'

b;ska kx.s" u,a,S Tng hkakg ;j;a fndfyduhla ÿr we;' ta .ufka wdrïNhu wÿre fijke,s
j,g mjd fkdfokq jia Tn wksjd¾hfhka igkl fh§ug wjeish' fï fmd; uÕska Tng ,nd .;
yels Wmßu t, fk,d .kak' tfukau Tn w;g fï fmd; fu,iska f.k taug kka whqßka iyh
ÿka iEu wfhl=gu meyeir‚ wms ia;=;s lruq'

2
 uyd YsIH ix.uh- fmardfo‚h úYajúoHd,h

wdorŒh ifydaorjreks$ifydaoßhks"

Tng hï ;dla ÿrlg ÿria jQ wduka;%Khlska jqj;a wms úYajdi lrkjd Tnj wduka;%Kh lsÍug iqÿiqu
l%uh wdorŒh ifydaorjreks ifydaoßhks hkaklshd' úfYaIfhkau ;r.ldÍ wOHdmk rgdj;a" mj;sk
iudc jgmsgdj;a ifydaor;ajh Tfnka ÿria lsÍug iu;aj we;s fudfyd;l iudc i;aldrl jHdmD;s hla
yryd Tn lrd meñŒug ,eîu ms<n s |j wm i;=gq jkafkuq'

úfYaIfhkau ksoyia wOHdmkh yd ksoyia fi!LHh iudchg w;HjYH idOl nj covid jix.;h úiska
kej; kej; iudchg Tmamq lr we;s fudfyd;l" Ôú;hl ienE jákdlu uqo,ska ueksh fkdyels nj uq¿
uy;a iudchgu wjfndaO úh hq;= fudfyd;l Tng ,efnk fï w;aje, yqfola Tfí úNd.h id¾:l lr
.ekSu i|yd muKla jk w;aje,la f,i wms fkdi,luq' fuh ;=,ska Tn ,nd.kakd oekqu iy ksoyia
wOHdmkh yryd Tn fuf;la w;am;a lr .;a iuia; oekqu fï iudch jvd hym;a iudchla njg m;a
lsÍu i|yd fhdod .; hq;=h hkak wmf.a ia:djrhhs'

wjika jYfhka Tn bÈßfha § uqyqK §ug kshñ; úNd. lghq;= j,ska lghq;=j,ska úYsIga ch.%yKhla
w;am;a lr .ekSug lr .ekSug Tng iqn m;k w;ru tu ch.%yKh Tn Ôú;fha fm!oa.,sl
ch.%yKhla njg rduq lr fkdf.k Tnf.a wOHdmkh fjkqfjka nÿ uqo,a jeh l< iuia; iudcfhau
hym; fjkqfjka tu ch.%yKhla Ndú;d l< hq;=h' wjik ish¨ fokdgu fyd¢ka Ôj;a úh yels hym;a
iudchla f.dvke.Su wm i;= j.lSu jk w;r ta fjkqfjka m<uqj;a fojkqj;a f;jkqj;a Tn bf.k .;
hq;=h'

m<uqj fï iudch fuf;la fidhdf.k we;s oekqu ish,a,u Tn bf.k .; hq;=h' fojkqj iudch ;=<
ñksiqka ÿla ú¢k nj;a f;jkqj Tjqka thska uqojd .ekSu wfma hq;=lula nj yd ta fjkqfjka ud¾.h Tn
bf.k .; hq;=h'

Tn ish¨ fokdgu ch fõjdæ

.hdka wls, ch;s,l

iNdm;s

uyd YsIH ix.uh

fmardfo‚h úYajúoHd,h

fmardfo‚h

3
 l<ukdlrK mSG YsIH ix.uh- fmardfo‚h úYajúoHd,h

wdorŒh kx.sfha u,a,sfha"

oYlhlg wêl wOHdmk .uka u.l kshe,S id¾:l wjidkhla wNshig Tn wo meñK isàu i;=gg
lreKls' kuq;a w;sYh mSvdldÍ iy .eg¿ iy.; wOHdmk l%ufõo Tiafia wkd.; isysk lrd yUd hdug
we;s wmyiqj wm fydÈkau okakd lreKls' jir 13 lg wêl ld,hla ksoyia wOHdmk ysñlu N=l;
a s
ú£ug" oyil=;a tlla isiqkf
a .a iy igka lrk jHdmdrj, i.hskf
a .a u< l|ka u;ska wjia:dj Tng
ysñjqjo" u;= mrmqrg tu ksoyi wysñ lsÍug wojk úg lghq;= ielfiñka ;sîu wm ish¨ fokd fydÈkau
okakd lreKls' tuksid ksoyia wOHdmkh;a" wOHdmkfha ksoyi;a Wfoid lghq;= lsÍu Tn wm
ish¨ fokdf.a Wr u; megjqkq j.lSuls' tfukau wNsfhda. msg wNsfhda. u;ska ;u lvhsï ch.ekSug
fkdbjis,f
a ,ka we.s,s .ksk Tn jeks ish¨u md¾Yjhkag j¾;udk f.da,h
S fldfrdakd jix.;h ord.;
fkdyels wjdikdjka; n,mEula t,a,lr yudrh' úfYaIfhkau wOHdmkh yd fi!LH jeks w;HdjYH wxY
yg ta ;=,ska jk ydksh ksid w;ajk wjdikdjka; brKug Tn wm ish¨ fokd ygu uqyqk §ug isÿù we;s
w;r thg ld¾hlaIu úiÿï fiùug lsisÿ md¾Yjhla bÈßm;a fkdùu lk.dgqjg lreKls' lshd ksu l,
fkdyels iudc úIu;d iy ÿIalr;d f.dkakla yuqfõ jqjo Tfí isysk lrd ynd hdu Tfí j.lSuls'
meyeir‚h iudc i;aldr jevigyk ;=,ska wm n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafkao tlS iudÔh .eg¨ fya;=fjka mSvd
úÈk Tn jeks wfmau ifydaor ifydaoßhkaf.a n,dfmdfrd;a;= Èß .ekaùughs' Tn hk .uka ufÕa
id¾:l;ajhg rel=,la njg fuu jevigyk m;ajkq we;ehs wmf.a úYajdihhs' mdi,a wOHdmkfhka miqj
iriú jrï ,nd .ekSug we;s Tnf.a me;=u fï whqßka iúu;a lsÍug wm ksnoj lghq;= lrk w;r Wiia
wOHdmk isyskh ienE lr .ekSug iy msßmqka mqrjeishl= f,i iudcfha Ôj;a ùug wOHdmkh muKla
fkdj w;aoelSï" úkh" ;d¾lsl nj iy ks¾udKYS,;
s ajho b;d jeo.;a nj wmf.a woyihs' ;d¾lsl
mqrjeishl= ùfï .uka ufÕa wjidkh jkafka msßyS we;s iudch kej; iúu;a lsÍu nj Tn u;l ;nd
.; hq;=h' Ôú;h ch .ekSug Tn hk fï .uka uÕg wjYH Yla;sh ffO¾hh ,efíjdhs wm yoj;sku
a
m%d¾:kd lr isákafkuq'

Tng iqNme;=ï æææ

l<ukdlrK mSG YsIH ix.uh'

fmardfo‚h úYajúoHd,h'

4
1 jHdmdr moku yd mßirh ------------------------------------------------------------ 22
jHdmdr ixl,amh ye¢kaùu --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22
jHdmdr w¾: oelaùï ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22
wjYH;d yd jQ jqjukd --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22
wjYH;d j, ,laIK---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23
jqjukd j, ,laIK ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 23
wjYH;d yd jqjukd w;r fjkialï ----------------------------------------------------------------- 24
mqoa.,fhl=g ;u wjYH;d bgqlr .; yelsh wdldr' ---------------------------------------------- 24
ksIamdÈ;h' ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24
NdKav yd fiajd ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25
fiajd j, ,laIK -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25
NdKav yd fiajd j, we;s fjkialï ----------------------------------------------------------------- 25
NdKav j¾.SlrKh ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 26
fjf<|fmd< -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29
fjf<|fmd< wjldYh' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29
jHdmdr j, oelsh yels ,laIK ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 30
jHdmdr mrud¾: $ wruqKq ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
jHdmdrhl wruqKql ;sìh hq;= uQ,sl .=Kdx. ------------------------------------------------------- 32
wd¾Ólhl meje;aug o jHdmdrj, odhl;ajh ------------------------------------------------------ 32
jHdmdr úldYkh yd ප්‍රjK;d wධ්‍යkh lsÍu -------------------------------------------------------- 32
jHdmdr úldYkh -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32
jHdmdr j, ක්‍රñl úldYkh --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33
uqo, ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34
ld¾ñl úma,jh ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35
úfYaISlrKh ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36
ශ්‍රම úNckh --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
fj<|du ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39
Wmldrl fiajd ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39
jHdmdr j, kj ප්‍රjK;d ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40
f.da,ShlrKh ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 41
jHdmdr fhojqï ksuejqï ක්‍රිhdj,shla f,i úග්‍රහ lrhs ---------------------------------------------- 42
jHdmdr ක්‍රිhdj,sh --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42
iïm;a $ fhojqï --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42
jHdmdr ld¾hhka --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43
úúO ks¾Kdhl u; jHdmdr j¾. lsÍu -------------------------------------------------------------- 45
5
 jHdmdr j¾. l< yels úúO ks¾Kdhl ,ehsia;=.; lsÍu ------------------------------------------ 45
ශ්‍රී ,xldfõ o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h j¾. lrk wdldrh ------------------------------------------ 47
2017 j¾Ih ශ්‍රී ,xldfõ o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha wdxYsl ixhq;sh l¾udka; uQ,h wkqj o, foaYSh
ksYamdÈ;h ^ 2010 ia:djr ñ, wkqj & --------------------------------------------------------------- 49
mj;akd fjf<|fmd< ñ, hgf;a wdh;ksl wxY wkqj iuia; tl;= l< w.h ------------------ 51
ksIamdokh lDIsld¾ñl "ld¾ñl" fiajd f,i fn§ hk wdldrh .e,Sï igykla u.ska oelaùu 52
ksIamdokh iajNdjh wkqj jHdmdr j¾. lrhs ----------------------------------------------------- 52
l¾udka; uQල්‍ය wkqj o, foaYSh ksYamdÈ;h j¾.SlrKh' ------------------------------------------ 54
Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yj jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿj oelaùug fya;= ------------------------------ 56
Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾ශ්j hkq " ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 57
jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yj jHdmdrhlg jeo.;a jk wdldrh ------------------- 59
tla tla md¾Yjhla jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿ ùug fya;= úúO jkafka wehs @---------------------- 60
02 mdvu jHdmdr iudc j.lSu yd wdpdrO¾u ---------------------------------------- 62
ms<s.;a ks¾jpk weiqfrka jHdmdr iudchSh j.lSu ye¢kaùu ------------------------------------- 63
jHdmdr úiska iudchSh j.lSï bgq lsÍfï wjYH;djh meyeÈ,s lsÍu' --------------------------- 63
jHdmdr j,ska iudÔh j.lSï bgq úh hq;= md¾Yj ,ehsi;
a =.; lsÍu' ----------------------------- 65
ish¨u md¾Yjhkaf.a wfmalaId bgq jk wdldrhg iudchSh j.lSï bgql< yels wdldrh
meyeÈ,s lsÍu------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 67
;srir ixj¾Ok ixl,amh ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 70
wd¾Ól ;srir nj i|yd jHdmdr j, odhl;ajh --------------------------------------------------- 70
mdßißl ;srir nj i|yd jHdmdr j, odhl;ajh ------------------------------------------------- 71
iudc yd ixialD;sl ;srir nj i|yd jHdmdr j, odhl;ajh ----------------------------------- 72
;srir ixj¾Okh i|yd jHdmdr j, kQ;k kQ;k Ndú;h ;srir nj i|yd jQ 4R ixl,amh - 73
4R ixl,amfha ksfhdackh ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 73
by; 1" 2" 3" 3R " mdßfNda.slhdg ;srir ixj¾Okhg odhl úh yels wdldrh meyeÈ,s lsÍu 74
jHdmdr lghq;= j, wys;lr n,mEï ----------------------------------------------------------------- 75
jHdmdr lghq;=j, wys;lr n,mEï wju lsÍug fhdackd bÈßm;a lsÍu ------------------------- 75
jHdmdr wdpdrO¾u ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 76
jHdmdr wdpdr O¾u ixl,amh meyeÈ,s lsÍu ------------------------------------------------------- 77
jHdmdr wdpdrO¾u ms<sme§fï wjYH;djh fmkajd§u ---------------------------------------------- 78
jHdmdr wdpdrO¾u ix.%yh moaO;sh ----------------------------------------------------------------- 79
jHdmdr wdpdrO¾u moaO;shla f.dvke.Sfï § ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= idOl ,hsia;=.; lsÍu ---- 79
jHdmdr wdpdrO¾u wdpdr O¾u yd iudc j.lSï w;r fjki meyeÈ,s lsÍu ------------------- 81
3' rch yd jHdmdr" mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKh ------------------------------------------- 82
rch yd jHdmdr w;r wka;¾ l%shdldß;ajh --------------------------------------------------------- 82
f,dalfha ´kEu rgl rch ilia jk jHqyh -------------------------------------------------------- 82

6
 rch jHdmdr flfrys n,mEï we;s lsÍug fya;= ---------------------------------------------------- 83
wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 84
rdcH wdodhu ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 87
rdcH wdodhfï uQ,sl m%fNao --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 87
noaola hkq----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 87
uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh jHdmdrj,g n,mdk wdldrh ------------------------------------------------------ 88
*sial,a m%;sm;a;sh jHdmdrj,g n,mdk wdldrh ---------------------------------------------------- 88
úúO nÿ j¾. iy /ialrk wdh;k ---------------------------------------------------------------- 89
úúO nÿ j¾. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 90
rdcH úhou --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 92
jHdmdr ioyd rch imhk myiqlï ----------------------------------------------------------------- 92
nqoaêuh foam< ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 93
nqoaêuh foam< kS;sh ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 93
N+f.da,sh o¾Yl ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 94
mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKh -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 95
mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIaKfha wjYH;dj ------------------------------------------------------------------ 95
mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKh ie,fik l%u ---------------------------------------------------------------- 95
mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKhg odhl;ajh ----------------------------------------------------------------- 96
mdßfNda.sl ixúOdk ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 96
mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKfha uÜgï ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 96
mdßfNda.sl wOHdmkh --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 97
mdßfNda.sl whs;sjdislï ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 97
mdßfNda.sl j.lSï ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 97
mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKhg iïnkaO uQ,sl wdh;k oaú;ajh ----------------------------------------- 97
mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKhg wod< ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 98
mdßfNda.sl lghq;= ms<sn| wêldßh ----------------------------------------------------------------- 98
Y%S ,xld m%ñ;s wdh;kh ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 99
mdßfNda.sl lghq;= ms<sn| iNdj -------------------------------------------------------------------- 100
❖ mdßfNda.sl lghq;= ms<sn| wêldß mk; ------------------------------------------------------ 101
wêldÍ mk; g wkqj fj<| isÿlrk jerÈ -------------------------------------------------------- 101
m%ñ;s yd m%ñ;slrKh --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 102
m%ñ;s wdh;kh cd;sl m%ñ;s l%shd;aul lrk wdldrh --------------------------------------------- 103
tia t,a tia,dxPkh wksjd¾h wdydr ksIamdÈ; ----------------------------------------------------- 105
cd;sl ;;a;aj iïudkh ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 105
04 jHdmdr ixúOdk --------------------------------------------------------------------- 106
ixúOdkh ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 106
7
jHdmdr ixúOdk -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 106
jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾.SlrKh ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 106
jHdmdr ixúOdk l%uhla f;dard .ekSfï§ i,ld n,k idOl ------------------------------------ 108
flaj, iajdñ jHdmdr --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 108
flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrhla ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu ----------------------------------------------------------- 109
yjq,a jHdmdr ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 110
yjq,a .súiqu -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 111
1890 yjq,a jHdmdr wd{d mkf;a 24 jk j.ka;sh ------------------------------------------------- 112
yjq,a jHdmdr j¾. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 112
yjq,a jHdmdr i|yd n,mdk kS;s uQ,dY% ------------------------------------------------------------ 113
flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrhla yd yjq,a jHdmdrhla iei£u -------------------------------------------- 115
yjq,alrejka j¾. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 115
yjq,a jHdmdr úiqrejd yeÍu ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 116
ixia:dms; iud.ï ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 117
iud.ï ixia:dmkh^,shdmÈxÑ & lsÍu' ------------------------------------------------------------- 118
2007 wxl 7 orK iud.ï mk; hgf;a ixia:dmkh l< yels iud.ï j¾. ------------------- 119
1'iSñ; fm!oa.,sl iud.ï --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 119
iSud iys; fmdÿ iud.ï ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 121
ixia:d m%ldYkh -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 124
ixia:dmk iy;slh ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 125
fldgia iy;slh -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 125
wju iyNd.h ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 126
fldgia m%drlaIKh ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 126
m%;shqla;lhd$ fmrl,dislre ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 126
iud.ula úisrejd yeÍu ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 127
iSud rys; iud.ï------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 128
wemfhka iSñ; iud.ï ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 128
wlafjr< iud.ï ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 128
úfoaY iud.ñ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 129
iuqmldr ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 130
iuqmldr jHdmdrfha wdrïNh yd úldYkh -------------------------------------------------------- 130
iuqmldr jHdmdrfha iqúfYaIS ,laIK --------------------------------------------------------------- 130
iuqmldr jHdmdrfha m%;sm;a;s ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 131
iuqmldr iñ;shl ,laIK --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 132
iuQmldr iñ;s ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 133
w;=re jHjia:dj --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 133

8
 iuqmldr iñ;shl w;sßla;h fnodyeÍu ----------------------------------------------------------- 134
iuqmldr iñ;shla úiqrejd yeÍu ------------------------------------------------------------------- 134
iuqmldr jHdmdrfha jHqyh--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 135
iuqmldr fiajl fldñIka iNdj -------------------------------------------------------------------- 136
jr,;a jHdmdr ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 137
jHdmdr l%uh i|yd jQ jr,;a jHdmdr -------------------------------------------------------------- 139
rdcH wxYfha jHdmdr --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 142
fmdÿ jHjidh ms<sn| md¾,sfïka;= lñgqj$ fldama ------------------------------------------------- 143
rdcH .sKqï ldrl iNdj ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 143
rdcH ixia:d ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 145
rdcH iud.ï ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 148
m<d;a iNd iy m<d;a md,k wdh;k i;= jHdmdr ------------------------------------------------- 149
05'jHjidhl;ajh ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 150
jHjidhl;ajfha ld¾hNdrh ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 150
jHjidhl;ajfha jeo.;alu ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 150
iEu jHdmdßlfhla u jHjidhlfhla o@ ----------------------------------------------------------- 151
jHjidhlhd iy jHdmdßlhd ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 151
jHhjidhl;aj l%shdj,sh ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 151
jHjidhl;aj l%shdj,shg n,mdk idol ------------------------------------------------------------ 152
jHjidhl;aj m%;s,dN -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 154
jHjidhl;aj m%jK;d -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 155
jHjidhlhska j¾. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 155
jHjidhlhd iy l<ukdlrejd --------------------------------------------------------------------- 156
jHjidhl;aj .;s ,laIK --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 156
jHjidhl;aj ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh ------------------------------------------------------------------ 156
jHjidhl;ajh yd wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh -------------------------------------------------------------- 157
06'iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdr ------------------------------------------------------- 158
l=vd jHdmdr ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 158
jHdmdr iq¿ yd uOH mßudK f,i fjka fldg yÿkd .ekSfï wjYH;dj ----------------------- 158
jHdmdrhla l=vd jHdmdrhla o uyd mßudK jHdmdrhla o hkak ;SrKh lsÍug fhdod .; yels
m%udKd;aul iy .=Kd;aul ks¾Kdhl -------------------------------------------------------------- 158
Y%S ,xldfõ ;=< l=vd jHdmdr y÷kd .ekSug úúO wdh;k Ndú;d lrk ks¾Kdhl ------------ 159
l=vd jHdmdr j,ska wd¾Ólhg lrkq ,nk odhl;ajh --------------------------------------------- 160
Y%S ,xldfõ l=vd jHdmdr yuqfõ we;s wNsfhda. ----------------------------------------------------- 161
l=vd yd uOH mßudK jHdmdr j,g jHjidhl;ajfha wjYH;djh ------------------------------- 161
iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdßlhka uqyqk § we;s .egÆ wju lsÍug .; yels l%shdud¾. ----- 161

9
 Y%S ,xldfõ l=vd jHdmdr j,g uQ,H myiqlï iemhsu ioyd l%shd;aul jk fhdackd l%u ------ 161
Y%S ,xldfõ iq¿ jHdmdr j,g wjYH úúO fiajd imhk wdh;k --------------------------------- 163
06 uqo,a yd uQ,Hd;k -------------------------------------------------------------------- 165
j;alula f,i uqo,a ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 165
uqof,a ld¾hhka --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 165
uqof,a ld¾hhka m%fNao-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 167
uqo,a j¾. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 168
uqo,a wdfoaYl------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 169
jHjydr uqo,a yd nexl= uqo,a w;r fjkialï my; mßÈ y÷kd .; yel ---------------------- 170
jHjydr uqo,a yd úoHq;a uqo,a w;r we;s fjkialï lsysmhla o bÈßm;a l< yel ------------- 170
jHjydr uqo,a Ndú;h ;=< jdis fukau wjdis;a we; ---------------------------------------------- 171
uqof,a ffk;sl j,x.=;djh -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 171
WoaOukh----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 172
uqo,a iemhqu$ uQ,H iuia;h ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 173
úksuh wkqmd;h -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 173
b;sß lsÍu---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 174
wdfhdack ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 174
jHjydr uqo,a fkdjk f.ùï WmlrK ------------------------------------------------------------- 174
Khm;a yd yrm;a w;r we;s fjkialï ------------------------------------------------------------ 178
.kqfokq l< yels WmlrK -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 180
.kqfokq l<yels WmlrK j¾.SlrKh------------------------------------------------------------- 181
.kqfokq l<fkdyels WmlrK ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 181
fplam;a ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 181
úúO fplam;a j¾. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 196
Pdhd .; ms<sìUq fplam;a ksIaldYk l%shdj,sh ----------------------------------------------------- 198
úksuh ì,am; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 198
fmdfrdkaÿ fkdaÜgqj ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 198
nexl= wKlrh ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 199
jdKsc m;%sld ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 199
ixpdrl fplam;a -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 199
uQ,H wdh;k ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 199
uQ,H moaO;sh ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 199
uQ,H fjf<|fmd<- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 199
uQ,H wdh;k ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 200
Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j bÈßm;a l< uQ,H wdh;k j¾.SlrKh-------------------------------------- 200
Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 201
10
Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ wruqKq f,i" ----------------------------------------------------------------- 201
Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ l<ukdlrKh --------------------------------------------------------------- 202
Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ ld¾hhka ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 202
n,m;%,dNs jdKsc nexl= ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 202
n,m;%,dNs jdKsc jdKsc nexl=j, ld¾hhka ------------------------------------------------------- 203
úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a nexl= tall ------------------------------------------------------------------- 204
n,m;%,dNs úfYaIs; nexl=---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 205
n,m;%,dNs úfYaIs; nexl=jla weröu --------------------------------------------------------------- 205
,shdmÈxÑ uQ,H iud.ï ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 206
,shdmÈxÑ uQ,H iud.ula weröu -------------------------------------------------------------------- 206
úfYaIs; l,anÿ uQ,HlrK iud.ï ------------------------------------------------------------------ 206
Y%S ,xld Kh f;dr;=re ld¾hdxYh ------------------------------------------------------------------ 207
Kh fYa‚.; lsÍfï wdh;k' ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 207
iS$i ,xld la,sh¾ ^fm!oa.,sl& iud.u ------------------------------------------------------------ 208
b,a¨ï ;ekam;=$ cx.u .sKqu ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 209
b;sß lsÍfï .sKu
q ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 210
ia:djr ;ekam;= $ ld,Sk ;ekam; ------------------------------------------------------------------- 210
úfYaI .sKqï j¾. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 210
nexl= Kh ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 212
Kh m%Odk jYfhka fldgia folls" ----------------------------------------------------------------- 212
nexl= Khla ,nd §fï§ i,ld n,k idOl 06 ----------------------------------------------------- 212
nexl= whsrd -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 213
ia:djr yd ;djld,sl w;r we;s wiudk;d f,i" -------------------------------------------------- 213
úoHq;a nexl=lrKh ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 214
iajhxl%Sh nexl= fiajd--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 214
• mqoa., ye÷kqïm;a wxlhlaa wdOdrfhka Ndú;d ùu' --------------------------------------------- 214
úl=Kqï wjia:dfõ § f.ùï moaO;s ------------------------------------------------------------------ 215
ÿrl:k nexl= myiqlï ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 216
rEmjdysks nexl=lrKh ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 216
jd‚c nexl= imhk fmdÿ Wmfhda.S;d fiajd ------------------------------------------------------- 217
Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j y÷kajd ÿka uq,a há;, myiqlï f,i" ------------------------------------- 219
;;a ld,Sk o< mshùï moaO;sh----------------------------------------------------------------------- 219
ks¾f,aLk iq/l=ïm;a mshùfï l%uh ---------------------------------------------------------------- 219
ks¾f,aLk iq/l=ïm;a ;ekam;=Ndr l%uh ------------------------------------------------------------ 220
Y%S ,xld wka;¾ nexl= f.ùï moaO;sh -------------------------------------------------------------- 220
wka;¾ nexl=lrKh ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 221

11
 flakø
a .; nexl= cd,h-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 221
c.;a wka;¾ nexl= uQ,H úoHq;a ikaksfõok ix.uh ---------------------------------------------- 221
l,anÿ m%fNao ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 222
08 rlaIKh ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 223
rlaIK .súiqulg wod, md¾Yjhka ----------------------------------------------------------------- 223
rlaIKh l, yels wjodkï ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 223
rlaIKh l, fkdyels wjodkï --------------------------------------------------------------------- 223
rlaIK .súiqula j,x.= ùu ioyd ;sìh hq;= uQ,sl wx. ------------------------------------------ 224
rlaIK .súiqu yd rlaIK Tmamqj ------------------------------------------------------------------- 224
rlaIKfha jeo.;alu --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 224
rlaIK uQ,O¾u --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 225
rlaIK j¾.SlrKh ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 227
Ôú; rlaIK Tmamqjla wm%dKj;a ùu ---------------------------------------------------------------- 227
Ôú; rlaIK Tmamq j¾. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 228
Ôú;h rlaIK Tmamqjla ,n.ekSfï l%u ------------------------------------------------------------ 228
rlaIKh yd wdrlaIKh w;r fjki --------------------------------------------------------------- 229
idudkH rlaIKh -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 229
r: jdyk rlaIKh ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 230
iuQøSh rlaIKh^ uqyqÿ Wjÿre rlaIKh & ---------------------------------------------------------- 230
-m%;srlaIKh------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 232
-oaú;aj rlaIKh -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 232
-m%drlaIKh -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 232
Ôú;h rlaIKh yd wfkl=;a rlaIKhka w;r fjki --------------------------------------------- 233
09 ikaksfõokh ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 234
ikaksfõok laßhdj,sh -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 234
ikaksfõokfha uQ,sldx. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 234
M,odhs ikaksfõokh ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 235
ikaksfõok udèh j¾. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 235
õhdmdr wdh;khl ikaksfõokh isÿ jk wdldr -------------------------------------------------- 235
úoahq;a ikaksfõokh----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 236
õhdmdr lghq;= ioyd ikaksfõokfha jeo.;alu -------------------------------------------------- 237
iudchSh lghq;= ioyd ikaksfõokfha jeo.;alu ------------------------------------------------- 237
úúO ikaksfõok udèhhka --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 237
úúO ikaksfõok udèh j, jdis --------------------------------------------------------------------- 239
10' m%jdykh ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 241

12
 m%jdyk moaO;shl uQ,sldx.' ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 241
m%jdyk l%u j, jdis yd iSud ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 243
10'2 wjia:djg WÑ; m%jdyk l%uhla yd udOHhla f;dard .ekSu -------------------------------- 246
ld¾hlaYu m%jdyk l%uhla y÷kd.ekSu ------------------------------------------------------------ 247
Y%S ,xldfõ u.S m%jdykfha m%jK;d ----------------------------------------------------------------- 248
m%jdyk lafIa;%h wkd.; mqfrdal:k ---------------------------------------------------------------- 248
10'3' .nvdlrKh------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 249
.nvdjl NdKav weisÍfï l%u lsysmhls' ----------------------------------------------------------- 251
10'4' m%jdyk yd iemhqï fiajd jHdmdr id¾:l;ajh ioyd odhl jk wdldrh' ---------------- 252
m%jdyk yd iemhqï fiajd j, wjYH;djh' -------------------------------------------------------- 253
m%jdyk yd iemhqï fiajdfõ m%fhdack' ------------------------------------------------------------- 254
11 fjf<|du ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 255
is,a,r fj<|dfï m%fNao ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 256
úoHq;a is,a,r fj<|du -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 256
is,a,r fj<|ie,a j¾. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 257
f;d. fj,odu ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 258
f;d. fj,odu yd is,a,r fj<|du w;r oelsh yels m%Odk fjkialï' ------------------------- 259
f;d. fjf<kaodf.ka bgqjk fiajdjka -------------------------------------------------------------- 260
w;rueÈhd --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 260
is,a,r fjf<kaod -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 261
f;d. fjf<kaod --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 261
ksfhdað;hd--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 261
ksIamdok fnodyeÍu i|yd w;rueÈhka fhdod .ekSfï fhdod.ekSfï jdis wjdis' ------------- 262
úfoaY fj<|du ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 262
foaYSh fj<|du yd úfoaY fj<odu w;r fjki --------------------------------------------------- 262
úfoaY fj<|dug mokï jk idOl------------------------------------------------------------------ 262
úfoaY fj<|dfuka rglg ,efnk m%;s,dN --------------------------------------------------------- 263
wka;¾cd;sl fj<|du ksid rglg w;aúh yels wjdis --------------------------------------------- 263
ksoyia wka;¾ cd;sl fj<|du ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 264
wdrlaIKjdoh ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 264
wmkhk laßhdmámdáh------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 265
wdkhk laßhdmámdáh-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 266
úfoaY fjf<|dfï fh§ug ,shdmÈxÑ úh hq;= wdh;k --------------------------------------------- 266
wmkhk fj<|dfï § Ndú; jk ñ, lshqï j¾.--------------------------------------------------- 267
úfoaY fj<|dfï § uqo,a f.ùu i|yd fhdod .kakd laru ---------------------------------------- 267
kduud;ar bkafjdhsish -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 268
13
 wdkhklrefjl=g ie,fik marfhdack( ------------------------------------------------------------- 268
ydks rlaIK iy;slh -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 268
ydks rlaIK ,smsh ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 269
wmkhk ÈYdj ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 272
wdkhk ÈYdj ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 272
fj<| fYaIh ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 273
f.jqï fYaIh ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 273
rgl fjf<| wkqmd;h ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 273
úfoaY fj<odfï oelsh yels kj marjK;d--------------------------------------------------------- 273
f.da,Sh fj<|du marj¾Okh Wfoid úúO wdh;k ìysùu' --------------------------------------- 273
f,dal fj<| uOHia:dkh ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 275
fj<| l,dm ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 277
fj<| .súiqï ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 278
cd;Hka;r ixúOdk ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 280
f,dal fj<| ixúOdkh ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 280
wdishdkq ixj¾Ok nexl=j ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 281
m%;sixialrKh yd ixj¾Okh ms<sn| cd;Hka;r nexl=j ^f,dal nexl=j& ----------------------- 281
cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 282
úoHq;a jHdmdr ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 282
úoHq;a jd‚cH fjkia jk wdldrh ------------------------------------------------------------------ 282
wka;¾cd,h yryd NdKav ñ,§ .ekSfï§ f.ùï lsÍug fhdod .efkk m%Odk udOH¦ --------- 284
úoHq;a jd‚cH hgf;a isÿjk .kqfokqj wdrlaIdj i|yd .; yels l%shdud¾. ------------------ 284
úoHq;a fj<|du fnÈh yels fldgia ----------------------------------------------------------------- 284
úoHq;a fj<|du hgf;a fjf<| .Kqfokqjla isÿ jk wdldrh ^l%shdmámdáh& ------------------- 285
úoHq;a jd‚c u.ska ,efnk m%;s,dN ----------------------------------------------------------------- 285
úoHq;a jd‚ch oelsh yels ;dlaI‚l yd ;dlaI‚l fkdjk iSud ------------------------------- 286
12' l,uKdlrKh ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 287
jHdmdr l,uKdlrKh ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 287
l,ukKdlrKh ms<sn|j m%p,s;j mj;akd ks¾jpk---------------------------------------------- 287
l<uKdlrK l%shdj,shg wh;a ld¾hhka ----------------------------------------------------------- 288
ixúOdkh ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 288
b,lal -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 289
mrud¾: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 289
iïm;a -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 289
ld¾hlaIu;djh my; wdldrhkaf.ka uek ne,sh yelsh ---------------------------------------- 291
iM,odhl;ajh ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 291
14
M,odhl;ajh ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 291
l<ukdlre -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 291
l<ukdlrK uÜgï ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 292
ixúOdk OQrdj,sh ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 292
f¾Çh l,ukdlre ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 293
udKav,sl l<ukdlre -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 293
jvd fyd| l<ukdlrejl= ùu i|yd ;sìh hq;= iqÿiqlï ----------------------------------------- 294
l<ukdlrejl= úiska m%.=K l< hq;= idudkH l=i,;d -------------------------------------------- 295
l<ukdlrK uÜgï wkqj l<ukdlrK l<ukdlrK l=i,;djhkaf.a jeo.;alu ----------- 295
iEu l<uKdlrk uÜgulgu udkj l=i,;d tl yd iudkj jeo.;a ùug fya;=j ----------- 296
l<ukdlrejl=g udkj l=i,;d j¾Okh lr.; yels wdldr ------------------------------------ 296
l<ukdlrejkaf.a ld,h wmf;a hdug n,mdk idOl -------------------------------------------- 297
;SrKh ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 297
;SrK .ekSfï l%shdj,sh ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 297
ie,iqïlrKh ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 298
ie,iqïlrKh yd fiiq l<ukdlrK ld¾hhka w;r we;s iïnkaOh --------------------------- 298
ie,iqïlrKh yd mqfrdal;kh ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 298
ie,eiau ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 298
ie,iqïlrKh yd ie,eiau w;r we;s iïnkaOh -------------------------------------------------- 299
ie,iqïlrKfha m%Odk ld¾hhka -------------------------------------------------------------------- 299
ie,iqïlrK l%shdj,sfha mshjr ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 299
ie,iqïlrK uQ,O¾u --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 300
ie,iqï j¾.SlrKh ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 300
ie,iqïlrKfha we;s jeo.;alï -------------------------------------------------------------------- 301
ie,iqïlrKfha § mek k.sk .eg¿$ ie,iqï wid¾:l ùug fya;= ----------------------------- 302
ixúOdklrKh ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 302
ixúOdklrKh hgf;a wjOdrKh flfrk ixl,am ----------------------------------------------- 303
kdhl;ajh --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 305
kdhl;aj ffY,Ska ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 305
id¾:l kdhlhl= ;=< ;sìh hq;= ,laIK ----------------------------------------------------------- 306
mqoa.,fhl= kdhlfhl= ùu ioyd bgqúh hq;= wfmalaId -------------------------------------------- 307
ikaksfõokh ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 307
wNsfma%rKh -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 307
fiajl wNsfma%rK l%u --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 307
md,kh ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 308
md,k l%shdj,sfha mshjrhka -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 308

15
 md,k j¾. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 309
md,k WmlrK ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 309
md,kh jeo.;alu ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 310
M,odhs md,k moaO;shl .=Kdx. ------------------------------------------------------------------- 310
fufyhqï l<ukdlrKh ----------------------------------------------------------------311
ksIamdokh yd fufyhqï hk ixl,am w;r fjki------------------------------------------------- 311
fufyhqï l<ukdlrKfha jeo.;alu -------------------------------------------------------------- 311
tl;=l< w.h ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 312
fufyhqï$ ksIamdok fomd¾;fïka;=j --------------------------------------------------------------- 313
m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=jl ldrHhka$ jeo.;a ùug fya;= ---------------------- 314
ksIamdok l%u ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 315
fufyhqï msßh; ie,iqï lsÍu ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 318
iuÉfþok ,laI ú.%yh------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 320
iuÉfþo ,laIfha§ i,ld n,kq ,nk msßjeh j¾. ----------------------------------------------- 321
iuÉfþo ,laIh j.=jlska fmkakqï lrk wdldrh------------------------------------------------- 322
o%jH ñ,§ .ekSu--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 323
f;d. md,kh ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 324
f;d. md,k l%u -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 325
h,s wekjqï m%udKh$wd¾:sl wekjqï m%udKh ----------------------------------------------------- 327
wju f;d. uÜgu$ wdrlaIs; f;d.h --------------------------------------------------------------- 328
Wmßu f;d. uÜgu ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 329
úúO f;d. uÜgï ^m%i:
a dßlj& --------------------------------------------------------------------- 330
ආයතනය විසින් පවත්වගෙන යන ගතොෙ ------------------------------------------------------------------- 330
.=K;aj md,kh ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 331
ගුK;aj පොල්‍නය ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 331
M,odhS;djh ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 333
wf,úlrKh ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 336
wf,úlrKh w¾: oelaùu --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 336
wf,úlrKfha jeo.;alu ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 336
yr wf,úlrK ixl,am ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 337
wf,úlrK o¾Yk j, úldYkh ------------------------------------------------------------------ 338
ksIamdok ixl,amh------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 338
ksIamdÈ; ixl,amh------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 339
úl=Kqï ixl,amh ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 339
wf,úlrK ixl,amh --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 339

16
 iudchSh wf,úlrK ixl,amh---------------------------------------------------------------------- 339
.kqfokqlre ixl,amh -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 340
idl,Hjd§ wf,úlrK ixl,amh ------------------------------------------------------------------- 340
b,lal wf,úlrKh ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 341
M,odhs fj<|m, LKavkhla ioyd mej;sh hq;= wjYH;d ---------------------------------------- 342
mdßfNda.sl fj,o fmd, LKavkfha mokï -------------------------------------------------------- 343
wf,úlrK ñY%h ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 343
ksIamdÈ; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 344
ksIamdÈ;hl uÜgï ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 346
NdKavhl wkkaHh;dj ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 347
ikakï j¾. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 349
weiqreïlrKh ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 350
f,an,alrKh ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 353
ñ, ñY%h ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 354
ñ, lsÍfï l%u ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 356
ia:dk fnodyeÍfï ñY%h ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 358
úúO fnodyeÍfï ud¾. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 359
fiajd fnodyeÍfï ud¾. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 359
m%j¾Ok ñY%h ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 360
úl=Kqï m%j¾Okh j¾.SlrKh ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 362
úl=Kqï m%j¾Okfha jdis iy wjdis iSud ------------------------------------------------------------ 363
15 uq,H l,ukdlrKh' ----------------------------------------------------------------- 368
uQ,H l<ukdlrKh hkq" ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 368
wdfhdack ;SrK---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 369
uQ,Hk ;SrK ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 369
uQ,H ie,iqïlrKh yd md,kh --------------------------------------------------------------------- 370
m%d.aOk whjehlrKh ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 371
jHdmdrhl uq,sl uQ,H wjYH;d --------------------------------------------------------------------- 374
jHdmdrhl wruqo,a iïmdok ud¾.'----------------------------------------------------------------- 374
m%Njh $uQ,dY%h wkqj iïmdok ud¾.' ------------------------------------------------------------ 375
ld,h wkqj iïmdok ud¾.' ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 377
m%jdyh wkqj iïmdok ud¾.' ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 378
Kh uQ,Hkh ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 379
fouqyqï uQ,Hkh' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 379
uQ,H l<ukdlref.a ld¾hNdrh' -------------------------------------------------------------------- 380
uQ,H úYaf,aIKh' ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 380
17
uQ,H m%ldYk ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 380
uQ,H wkqmd; ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 381
uQ,H wkqmd; j¾. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 382
cx.u wkqmd;h --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 382
laIKsl wkqmd;h ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 382
,dNodhs;aj wkqmd; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 383
wdfhdack u; m%;s,dN wkqmd;h --------------------------------------------------------------------- 384
ysñlï m%d.aOk u; m%;s,dN wkqmd;h -------------------------------------------------------------- 384
l%shdldÍ wkqmd;h------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 384
1' f;d. msßjegqï wkqmd;h' ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 385
2' Kh.e;s msßjegqï wkqmd;h -------------------------------------------------------------------- 385
3' uq¿ j;alï msßjegqï wkqmd;h ----------------------------------------------------------------- 385
f;da,k wkqmd;h -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 386
wruqo,a wdfhdackh' ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 387
wdfhdack ;SrK j¾. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 388
1' flá ld,Sk wdfhdack ;SrK -------------------------------------------------------------------- 388
2' È.=ld,Sk wdfhdack ;SrK ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 388
wdh;khl wruqo,a wdfhdackh lsÍfï§ i,ld ne,sh hq;= lreKq -------------------------------- 388
Y%S ,xldfõ uQ,H moaO;sh' ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 389
1' uQ,H há;, myiqlï ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 389
2' uQ,H fj,|fmd,j,a' ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 390
uQ,H fj<|mf,a ixhq;sh' ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 390
uqo,a fjf<|fmd< ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 390
wka;¾ nexl= talaIK Kh fjf<|fmd< ------------------------------------------------------------- 391
foaYSh úfoaYSh úksuh fjf<|fmd< ----------------------------------------------------------------- 391
NdKavd.dr ì,am;a fjf<|fmd< --------------------------------------------------------------------- 391
NdKavd.dr ì,am;a fjf<|fmd< --------------------------------------------------------------------- 391
jdKsc m;%sld fj<|m, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 392
m%d.aOk fj<om, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 392
remsh,a Kh iqrl=ïm;a ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 393
idx.ñl ne÷ïlr ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 394
idx.ñl ne÷ïlr fj<|m, ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 395
fldgia fjf<|fmd< ^fld<U fldgia yqjudrej & ------------------------------------------------- 396
fldgia fj<|fmdf,a úúO iajrEm------------------------------------------------------------------- 396
iud.ula ñ, iud.ula njg m;aùfuka w;alr.; yels m%;s,dN ------------------------------- 397
fld<U fldgia yqjudrefõ .kqfokq jk iq/l=ïm;a j¾. ---------------------------------------- 398

18
 fldgia fj<|mf,a yqjudrejk iq/l=ïm;aj, wdfhdackh lsÍfï m%;s,dN ---------------------- 399
fld<U fldgia yqjudrefõ ixhq;sh ----------------------------------------------------------------- 400
iSñ; uOHu ;ekam;= l%uh --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 401
fldgia ;e/õldr iud.ï --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 402
Y%S ,xld iqrl=ïm;a yd úksuh fldñIka iNdj----------------------------------------------------- 402
wruqKq $ ld¾¾hka ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 402
fldgia fj<|m< ;=< fldgia j, ñ, .Kka yeisÍfï iajrEmh --------------------------------- 404
fldgia fj<|m< l%shdldß;ajh we.hSu ------------------------------------------------------------ 404
16 udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh ------------------------------------------------------- 406
1 udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKfha jeo.;alu -------------------------------------------------------- 406
2 /lshd ks¾udKh --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 406
/lshd ks¾udKh i|yd ioyd Ndú;d lrk Wml%u ----------------------------------------------- 407
3 udkj iïm;a ie,iqïlrkh ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 408
ñksia n, ie,iqïlrKh ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 408
4 fiajl wdl¾IKh ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 409
fiajl wdl¾IK ud¾. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 409
úfYaI wjOdkhg ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 412
4 wkqm%dma;sl igyk $m%;si:
a dmk igyk ---------------------------------------------------------- 412
5 /lshd oekaùï -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 412
6 'f;dard .ekSu---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 413
f;dard.ekSfï l%u ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 414
m;aùï ,smshl jeo.;alu ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 418
/lshd msßú;rh -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 420
udkj iïmf;ys ,laIK ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 422
udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 422
udkj iïm;a ie,iqïlrkh' ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 423
udkj iïm;a ie,iqïlrK l%shdj,sh --------------------------------------------------------------- 423
udkj iïm;a ie,iqïlrKfha m%;s,dN ------------------------------------------------------------- 423
ld¾aht, we.hsu -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 423
ld¾aht, we.hSï wid¾:l ùu flfrys n,mdk idOl' ------------------------------------------- 424
mqyqKqj iy ixj¾Okh ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 425
fiajlhska mqyqKq lsÍfï l%u -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 427
mqyqKq lsÍfï l%u j¾.SlrKh ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 427
flá m%Yak --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 430
ld¾ñl wdrjq,a ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 431
jD;a;Sh iñ;s ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 432
19
 ld¾ñl l%shdud¾. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 433
iduQysl flaj,a lsÍu$l;sldj ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 433
wfkHdakH wdOdr jevigyka Ndú;h' --------------------------------------------------------------- 437
ksIamdok udrelsÍï ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 437
iduQysl .súiqu ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 437
iduQysl .súiqul wruqKq ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 437
jHdmdr f;dr;=re moaO;s --------------------------------------------------------------- 439
yeÈkaùu ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 439
f;dr;=rej, jeo.;alu ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 440
f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh Ndú;fha jdis ------------------------------------------------------------------ 441
o;a; yd f;dr;=re ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 442
o;a; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 443
f;dr;=re ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 443
o;a; ieliqï l%shdj,sh ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 443
o;a; ieliSfï ;dlaI‚l l%u ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 444
f;dr;=re moaO;sh------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 445
f;dr;=re j¾.SlrKh -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 446
fyd| f;dr;=rl ,laIK ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 448
úúO f;dr;=re moaO;s -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 448
f;dr;=re moaO;s yd tys ld¾hhka ------------------------------------------------------------------ 449
l<ukdlrK uÜgu wkqj f;dr;=re moaO;s -------------------------------------------------------- 451
l<ukdlrK uÜgfï f;dr;=re moaO;s ------------------------------------------------------------- 453
jHdmdr Y%s; wkqj f;dr;=re moaO;s ----------------------------------------------------------------- 453
m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok f;dr;=re moaO;s ---------------------------------------------------------- 454
jHdmdr ioyd f;dr;=re Ndú;h -------------------------------------------------------------------- 454
mß.Kl ;dlaIKh Ndú;hg .kakd lafIa;% ------------------------------------------------------- 455
mß.Kl.; cd,-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 456
N+f.da,Sh jHdma;sh wkqj mß.Kl cd, j¾. lsÍu ------------------------------------------------ 457
mß.Kl iïnkaO ù we;s wdldrh wkqj mß.Kl cd, j¾.SlrKh ---------------------------- 458
Ndú;d lrk md¾Yj wkqj mß.Kl cd, j¾.SlrKh -------------------------------------------- 458
1&'wNHka;r cd, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 458
wNHka;r cd,hla ixúOdkh lsÍfuka wdh;khlg w;ajk jdis --------------------------------- 459
2&'ndysr cd, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 459
3&'wka;¾cd,h ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 460
wka;¾cd,h ;=, f;dr;=re fiùu ------------------------------------------------------------------- 461
fijqï hka;% ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 461
20
 jHdmdr i|yd wka;¾cd,fhka ,eìh yels fiajd -------------------------------------------------- 462
f,dal jHdma; fjí ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 462
fjí n%jqi¾ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 463
fjí wvú ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 463
úúO j¾.fha wdh;k y÷kd.ekSug fjí ,smskhl we;=<;a flá fhÿï------------------------ 463
fjí wvúfha l%shd;aul lrk rg y÷kd.ekSu ----------------------------------------------------- 464
fjí wvúhla ks¾udKh lsÍfï§ i,ld ne,sh hq;= idOl ----------------------------------------- 464
fjí wvúhla wdrïN lsÍfuka jHdmdrhlg w;ajk m%;s,dN ------------------------------------- 464
jHdmdr ie,eiau ye¢kaùu ------------------------------------------------------------- 466
jHdmdr ie,eiaula wjYH jkafka wehs@-------------------------------------------------------------- 466
jHdmdr ie,eiaul we;=<;a úh hq;= uQ,sldx. ------------------------------------------------------ 467
úOdhl idrdxYh meyeÈ,s lsÍu --------------------------------------------------------------------- 468
udkj iïm;a ie,eiaula ilia lsÍfï jeo.;alu ------------------------------------------------- 470
uQ,H ie,eiau ye¢kaùu ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 470
uQ,H ie,eiau la we;=,;a úh hq;= lreKq ----------------------------------------------------------- 471
jHdmdr ie,eiaul jeo.;alu ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 472
jHdmdr ie,eiaula bÈßm;a lsÍfï§ ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq ---------------------------------- 472

21
 1 jHdmdr moku yd mßirh

jHdmdr ixl,amh ye¢kaùu

s ;a w¾:l:khla fuf;la ප්‍රldYhg m;a ù fkdue; th újdohg

jHdmdr hk ixl,amhg fmdÿfõ ms<.
Ndckh fjñka mj;S'

fndfyda fokl= jHdmdrh hkak y÷kajkafka ,dN ,eîfï wruq‚ka mj;ajdf.k hk wd¾Ól lghq;a;la
f,ihs'

jHdmdr miqmi we;s fufyhqï n,fõ.h ,dNh fyj;a ,dN wfmalaIdj jqjo iEu jHdmdrhlgu wfmalaIdj
,dN bmhSu fkdfõ' mdi,a wdfrdaෙයYd,d" mqණ්‍ය wdh;k fukau r;= l=rei iudch" isxy iudch jeks iudc
fiajd wdh;k óg ksoiqka f,i oelsh yel'

;j;a iuyfrla jHdmdr hkak y÷kajkafka ñ,g .ekSïg yd úlsŒugg wod< ld¾hhla f,ihs kuq;a
jHdmdr hkq Ndkavhla ñ,§f.k úlsŒug jvd mq¿,a mrdihla olajd úysfok ක්‍රිhdj,shls

jHdmdr w¾: oelaùï

ñksia wjYH;dyd jqjukd bgq bgqlr,Su i|yd we;s ´kEu wd¾Ól lghq;a;ls

ke;fyd;a

,dN ,eîfï wruq‚ka fyda ,dN wruq‚ka f;drj mj;ajdf.k hk ñksia wjYH;dyd jqjukd imqrd,Su
i|yd wjශ්‍ය NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh fnod yeÍu wf,úh yd wkqnoaO ish¨ lghq;= jQ jHdmdr ගේ

wjYH;d yd jQ jqjukd

wjYH;d

ñksidf.a meje;au ;yjqre lr .ekSug w;HjYHfhkau imqrd.; hq;= ;;a;ajhka h'

tkï"

ñksid úiska wksjd¾hfhkau imqrd .; hq;= ldhsl yd udkisl ;;a;aj ñksia wjYH;d f,i ye¢kafõ'

WodyrK (- wdydr

we֕

ksjdi

22
 wධ්‍යොmkh

fi!ඛ්‍යh

ikakf
s õokh

wjYH;d j, ,laIK
01& Ôj;aùu i|yd wතයවශ්‍යfhkau imqrd.; hq;= ùuhs'

02& fmdÿ ùï - iEu mqo.

a ,hl=f.au wjYH;d tl yd iudk ùuhs'

03& iSñ; ùu - wjYH;d ixLHd;aulj b;d l=vd ප්‍රudKhla mj;S'

04& වයොmdßlhskg
a ks¾udKh l< fkdyels ùu - wjYH;d ksiÕfhka ìys jk w;r jHdmdrhl=g ilia lr
fkdyel'

05& iudc n,fõ. u.ska fjkia l< yels ùu - iudcfha n,fõ. u; wjYH;d fjkia l< fkdyels ùu'

jqjukd

ñksia wjYH;d imqrd .kakd úúO wdldr jqjukd f,i ye¢kafõ'

jqjukd j, ,laIK
01& wiSñ; ùu - Wjukd ixඛ්‍යො;aulj ප්‍රudKh .Kkh l< fkdyels ùu'

02& úúO ùu - wjYH;d imqrd .kakd wdldr mqo.

a ,hdf.ka mqo.
a ,hdg fjkia ùu'

03& වයොmdßlhska ks¾udKh l< yels ùu - Wjukd වයොmdßlhkag ìys l< yels ùuhs'

04& wjශ්‍ය fkdùu - Ôj;aùu i|yd hï Wjukdjla imqrd .ekSu wksjd¾h fkdjk w;r ta yd iudk
fjk;a jqjukdjlska o wjYH;d imqrd.;a yel'

wjYH;d yd jqjukd ksoiqka iys;j bÈßm;a lsÍï

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

23
wjYH;d yd jqjukd w;r fjkialï

wjYH;d jqjukd

• iSñ; ùu' • wiSñ; ùu'

• fmdÿ ùï' • úúO ùu'
• Ôj;aùu i|yd wතයවශ්‍යගයන්ම • Ôj;aùu i|yd wතයවශ්‍යගයන්ම
imqrd.; hq;= ùuhs' imqrd.; hq;= fkdùu'
• iudc n,fõ. u.ska fjkia l< • iudc n,fõ. u.ska fjkia l< yel'
fkdyel'

mqoa.,fhl=g ;u wjYH;d bgqlr .; yelsh wdldr'

1' ;ud úisku

a Wmojd .ekSu

• mßfNdackhg wjශ්‍ය oE ;ud úiskau ksmojd .ekSuhs'

2' fidhd .ekSu

• tkï Wÿrd .ekSfuka fyda fidrlï lsÍfuka ,nd .ekSuhs'

3' ysÕuka b,a,u

s

• mßතයො.YS,k
s a f.ka b,a,d isàuhs'

4' yqjudrej

• jákdlula we;s fohla fomd¾Yjhla w;r .kqfokq lsÍfuka wjYH;dimqrd .ekSuhs'

ksIamdÈ;h'

ñksia wjYH;dyd jqjukd ;Dma;su;a lrk fjf<|fmd< bÈßm;a lrk ´kEu fohla ksIamdÈ;hls'

ksIamdokh ;=<ska ñksia wjYH;dyd jqjukd imqrd .kq ,nhs' ksIamdÈ; ප්‍රOdk jYfhka NdKav yd fiajd f,i
j¾. l< yelshs'

24
NdKav yd fiajd

NdKav

ñksia wjYH;dyd jqjukd imqrd .kq ,nk weig fmfkk tfukau fN!;slj iam¾Y l, yels oE'

fiajd

tla md¾Yjhlska ;j;a md¾Yjhlg bÈßm;a l< yels ක්‍රිhdldrlï'

fiajd j, ,laIK

01' fN!;sl meje;aula fkdue;s nj $ wiamDශ්‍ය;djh'

• fiajdjla ñ,§ .ekSïg fmr oelsh fkdyel'

02' imhkakd f.ka fjka l< fkdyels ùu'

• fiajdjla th imhkakdf.ka fjka l< fkdyels ùuhs'

03' .nvd l< fkdyels ùu'

• fiajdjla miqj úlsŒug fyda Ndú;hg .nvdlr ;nd.; fkdyels njhs' fiajdfõ jákdlula we;s
jkafka fiajdj imhk ld,h ;=<§hs'

04' úúO;ajh

• fiajd imhkafka ljqrekao@ ta imhkafka ljodo@ flfiao@ hkdÈh u; fiajdfõ .=Kd;aul yd

ක්‍රිhdldÍ;ajh fjkia jk njhs'

NdKav yd fiajd j, we;s fjkialï

NdKav fiajd

fN!;sl meje;aula we;' fN!;sl meje;aula fkdue;s nj'

.nvd l< yels ùu' .nvd l< fkdyels ùu'
imhkakd f.ka fjka l< yels ùu' imhkakd f.ka fjka l< fkdyels ùu'
iucd;sh jk mßÈ ksIamdokh l< yel imhkakd wkqj fjkia fõ'

25
NdKav j¾.SlrKh

NdKav tajdfha we;s ,laIK wkqj mokï lSmhla hgf;a j¾. l< yelsh

01& Ndú;h wkqj

• mdßfNda.sl NdKav
• ප්‍රො.aOk NdKav

02& l,a meje;au wkqj

• l,a mj;sk NdKav

• l,a fkdmj;sk NdKav

mdßfNda.sl NdKav

• wjidk mdßfNda.slhd úiska mßfNdackhh i|yd ñ,§ .kakd NdKav mdßfNda.sl NdKav f,i
y÷kajhs
• lsishï wjia:djljl§ mdßfNda.sl NdKav Ndú;fhka fl<jr fõ' ta ksid kej;;a w¨;a NdKav
tla l< hq;=h'

mdßfNda.sl NdKav j¾.SlrKh

ñ,§ .ekSug ork ප්‍රh;akh wkqj mdßfNda.sl NdKav ප්‍රOdk j¾. y;rlg fnod oelafõ'

01' myiq NdKav

ñ,§ .ekSïg b;d iq¿ ප්‍රh;akhla ork wvq ñ,la iys; mdßfNda.slhd ksrka;rfhka ñ,§ .kakd NdKav
fõ' fïjdfha Ôj ld,h fláh'

WodyrK - inka

oka;df,am

02' idmamq NdKav

ñ, .=K;ajh ikaku fudaia;rh fmkqï hkdÈ ,laIK ii|d n,ñka ie,lsh hq;= ප්‍රh;akhla ord ñ,§
.kakd NdKav fõ' fïjd ld, mr;rhla hgf;a ñ,g .kshs' idfmalaI jYfhka ñ, ;rula by<,h'

26
WodyrK - mdjyka

iqj| ú,jqka

03' úfYaIs; NdKav

ñ,g .ekSïg úYd, ld,hla yd ශ්‍රuhla orkq ,nk NdKav fõ' fïjd È.= ld,hlg jrla ñ,§ .efka'
fuu NdKav j, ñ, b;d by, fõ' fujeks NdKav fnod ydrk ia:dko iSudiys;h' fnodyeÍïo
iSudiys;h'

WodyrK - fudag¾ r:

04' fkdfijQ NdKav

úlsŒu i|yd fj<| fj<| fmdf,a we;s" tfy;a ta nj mdßfNda.slhska fkdokakd" tfiau ñ,g .ekSug
ප්‍රh;akhla fkdork NdKav fõ'

WodyrK

Ôú; rlaIK Tmamq

fmd;am;a

ld¾ñl NdKav

• mdßfNda.sl NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd fyda jHdmdr wdh;kfha wdfhdackh i|yka
ñ,§ .kakd oE ld¾ñl NdKav fõ'
• tajd වයොmdßl ke;fyd;a ප්‍රො.aOk NdKav f,i o ye¢kafõ'
• වයොmdßl NdKav mdßfNda.sl NdKav j,ska fjkia jk ප්‍රOdk;u ,laIKh jkafka .ekqïlre fyda
úl=Kqïlref.a fÉ;kdjhs'
• ta wh wkqj wm wjidk mßfNdackh i|yd kï th mdßfNda.sl Ndkavhls' fjk;a NdKavhla
ksmoùu i|yd kï th ld¾ñl NdKavhls'

ld¾ñl NdKav j¾.h j¾.SlrKh'

01' ද්‍රවය yd ද්‍රවය yd fldgia

27
 • වයොmdßl lghq;=j,§ ප්‍රfhdackhghg i|yd .kakd wuqද්‍රවය iy ksIamdok ද්‍රවය fõ'

අuqද්‍රවය - oej Lksc

ksIamdok ද්‍රවය - hlv isfuka;s

fldgia wu;r fldgia j¾.

02' ප්‍රො.aOk whs;u

• mdßfNda.sl NdKav ksIamdokhg yd ksIamdok lghq;= mj;ajdf.k hdug wjශ්‍ය ia:djr j;alï'

WodyrK - l¾udka;Yd,d f.dvke.s,'s

යන්ර උmlrK'

03' iemhqï y වයොmdßl fiajd

jHdmdr lghq;= mj;ajdf.k hdug wjශ්‍ය iq¿ ද්‍රවය yd úúO jQ fiajd'

WodyrK - bkaOk

,smද්‍රs වය

úÿ,s n,h

c,h

fiajd j¾. lsÍï

01' iDcq fiajd

fiajd iemhqïlre úisku

a imqrd .kq ,nk fiajdfõ tkï mqo.
a ,fhla ;j;a mqo.
a ,fhl=g fyda lKavdhulg
w;r w;rueÈhka iïnkaO lr fkdf.ku imhk ග ේවො.

WodyrK– ffjද්‍ය fiajd WmfoaYk fiajd

02' වක්‍ර fiajd

28
jHdmdr lghq;= j,g myiqlï i,efik fiajd

WodyrK - nexl=

rlaIK

ikakf
s õok

fjf<|fmd<

.eKqïlrejka yd úl=Kqïlrejka uqK.efik fyda iïnkaO jk ´kEu ;;a;ajhla fjf<| fmd<la f,i
y÷kajhs'

ke;fyd;a

mdßfNda.sl wjYH;dyd jqjukd ;Dma;su;a lr.ekSu ms‚i yqjudrejg iïnkao ùug leu;s iy ක්‍රය
Yla;sh we;s iතය yd úNj .kqfokqlrejka ish,a,kaf.a tl;=jls'

fj<|fmdf,a úldYkh

f;dr;=re yd ikakf
s õok ;dlaIKh j¾Okh ksid fj<|fmd< ia:dkh j¾;udk fjf<|fmd< wjldYhla
njg m;a ù we;'

ta wkqj wo fjf<|fmd< fN!;sl jYfhka fukau úද්‍යරත් ක්‍රම yryd o ක්‍රිhd;aul fõ'

fj<|fmd< ia:dkh

.ekqïlrejka yd úl=Kqïlrejka uqK.efik iy NdKav yd fiajd wf,ú lrK ksYaÑ; ia:dkh

fj<|fmd,hs' fN!;sl ia:dkhls'

WodyrK - i;s fmd,’’ iqmß

s fj<|ie,a

fjf<|fmd< wjldYh'
• äðg,a udධ්‍ය " wka;¾cd,h yryd .eKqïlrejka yd úl=Kqïlrejka iïnkaO jk ´kEu
wjia:djls'

fjf<|fmd< ia:dkh yd fj<|m, wjldYh w;r we;s iudklï

29
1' yqjudrejla isÿ ùu

2' md¾Yj foll fyda jeä .Kkla isàu

3' ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd bgqùu

fjf<|fmd< ia:dkh yd fj<|m, wjldYh w;r we;s wiudklï

fjf<|fmd< ia:dkh fj<|m, wjldYh

fN!;sl ia:dkhla we; fN!;sl ia:dkhla fkdmej;Su

Úද්‍ුත් udධ්‍ය u.ska isÿ fkdùu Úද්‍ුත් udධ්‍ය u.Õska isÿ ùu

ksIamdÈ; fN!;sl mÍlaIdj isÿ lrhs fN!;sl mÍlaIdj isÿ fkdflf¾

fndfyda úg meh úis 24 u ක්‍රිhd;aul fkdfõ 24 meh ක්‍රිhd;aul fõ

fj<|fmd< ia:dkh iSud iys;hs wjldYh mq¿,a

jHdmdr j, oelsh yels ,laIK

01' úl=Kqï fyda yqjudrejla isÿ ùu'

• iEu jHdmdrhlau NdKav yd fiajd uqo,auh w.hla u; úlsŒu fyda yqjudre lsÍï isÿ flf¾'
NdKav yd fiajd ñ,la u; ñ,§ .ekSï yd úlsŒu jHdmdrj, wතයවශ්‍ය idOlhls' úlsŒula
yqjudrejla fyda fkdue;s ;eka jHdmdr lghq;a;la isÿ fkdfõ'

02' NdKav yd fiajd .kqfokq ùï'

• iEu jHdmdrhlau wka whg úlsŒu i|yd NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh lsÍu iy ñ,§ .ekSï
isÿlrhs' tajd mdßfNda.sl NdKav fyda ld¾ñl NdKav fyda fiajd úh yelshs'

03' .kqfokqj wLKavj isÿ ùu'

• wLKav mokula u; È.ska È.gu NdKav yd fiajd .kqfokq isÿ lrhs kï th jHdmdrhla f,i
y÷kajhs' tla .Kqfokqjla muKla isÿ lrhs kï th jHdmdrhla fkdfõ'

04' ,dNfhka wNsගප්‍රrKh ùu'

30
 • jHdmdrhl uq,l
s wruqK uqo,a bmhSï yd Okh w;am;a lr .ekSuhs' ,dN fkd,nk wruqKla
fkdjk jHdmdrhla È.=l,a r|d fkdmj;S' jHdmdrhl j¾Okh iy ප්‍රidrKh i|ydo ,dNh
wතයවශ්‍ය fõ'

05' wjodkïla ;sîu

• ,dN ,eîug we;s wúksYaÑ;;djh yd w,dN isÿ ùug we;s yels yelshdj hk wjodkï jHdmdrh
;=< oelsh yelsh' jHdmdr j,g ප්‍රොfhda.slj md,kh lr fkdyels úúO idOl ksid wjodku
ke;fyd;a wúksYaÑ;;d we;sfõ' jHdmdr ksrka;rfhka wjodkï j,g uqyqK foa'

01' ñksia wjYH;dyd jqjukd imqrd,Su

• NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh lr mqo.

a , wjYH;d yd jqjukd iïmQ¾K lsÍu'

02' iïm;a j,g w.h tl;= lsÍu

• NdKav fyda fiajd ksIamdokfha § fhdod.kakd iïm;a j, iajrEmh fjkia lsÍï u.ska we;sjk
w.h jeä lsÍu tl;= l< w.h f,i ye¢kafõ'
• ksIamdokh jHdmdr úiska lrkqfha iïm;a j, iajrEmh fjkia lsÍïhs'
• tu.ska tu iïm;a j, w.h jeä fõ' fuf,i iïm;a j,g w.hl=;a lsÍu jHdmdrhl isÿjk
ප්‍රOdk lghq;a;ls'

jHdmdr mrud¾: $ wruqKq

1' fjf<|fmd< ;=< /£ isàu

2' ,dN Wmßu lsÍu

3' úl=Kqï Wmßu lsÍï

4' fj<|fmd, fldgi Wm Wmßu lsÍï

5' mdßfNda.sl ;Dma;sh

6' fiajl iqNidOkh

31
jHdmdrhl wruqKql ;sìh hq;= uQ,sl .=Kdx.

1' ksYaÑ; ùu

2' ueksh yels ùu

3' <Õd lr.; yelsùu

4' h:d¾:jd§ nj

5' ld, rduqj ;sîu

wd¾Ólhl meje;aug o jHdmdrj, odhl;ajh

1' úfoaY úksuh bmehSug

2' ප්‍රොfoaYSh ixj¾Okhg

3' /lshd W;amdokh

4' kfjda;amdok ìys lsÍu

jHdmdr úldYkh yd ප්‍රjK;d wධ්‍යkh lsÍu

jHdmdr úldYkh

wE; w;S;fha§ iajhxfmdaIs; w¾: ක්‍රuhla meje;s w;r tu w¾: ක්‍රuh ;=< ;udg wjශ්‍ය foa ;udu
ksIamdokh lr .kakd ,§' th iDcq ksIamdokh f,i y÷kajhs tu hq.fha§ tla tla mqo.
a ,hd yd mqo.
a ,
lKavdhï Tjqkg iqúfYaIS ksIamdokhla isÿ lsÍu ksid tu ksIamdokh ms<n
s |j úfYaI{;djhla we;súh'
a , úfYaISlrKh f,i ye¢kajQ w;r tys ප්‍ර;sM,h f,i w;sßla; ksIamdokh ìysúh' miqld,Skj
th mqo.
w;sßla; ksIamdokh fjk;a NdKav ksIamdokh lrk wh iuÕ yqjudre lr .;ay' fï NdKav yqjudrej
f,i ye¢kajQ w;r ta ;=<ska fj<,odu mek ke.=‚'

iajhxfmdaIs; w¾: ක්‍රuh meyeÈ,s lsÍï

• rgg wjශ්‍ය lrk ish¨ NdKav yd fiajd tu rg ;=<u ksIamdokh flfrk ;;a;ajhhs'
• tkï rfÜ ish¨ mqrjeishka f.a wjYH;d yd jqjukd tï rg ;=,skau imhd .ekSuhs'

32
iajhxfmdaIs; w¾: ක්‍රuhhl oelsh yels uQ,l
s u ,laIK folls'

▪ iDcq ksIamdokhh
▪ mqo.
a , $ /lshd úfYaISlrKh

iDcq ksIamdokhh iy jක්‍ර ksYaIamdokh

• iDcq ksIamdokh

mqo.
a ,hd ;uddg wjශ්‍ය oE ;ud úiskau ksIamdokhh lr .ekSu'

• jක්‍ර නිaIamdokh

fjf<|fmd< i|yd NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh lsÍu

tkï fj<| fjf<|fmd< uq,a lrf.k lsishï mqo.

a ,fhla NdKav" fiajd fyda woyia ksIamdokhhs'

iDcq ksIamdokh iy jක්‍ර ksYamdokh w;r fjkialï

iDcq ksIamdokh jlar ksYamdokh

;udg wjශ්‍ය oE ;ud úiskau ksIamdokhh lr
.ekSu
iq¿ mßudKfhka ksIamdokh isÿ lsÍu
,dN ixl,amhla fkdue;
fjf<f|dula yqjudrejla oelsh fkdyel
fjf<|fmd< i|yd NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh
lsÍu
uyd mßudK ksIamdok isÿ lsÍu
,dN ixl,amhla oelsh yel
fj<|dï yqjudrej ioyd fjhs

jHdmdr j, ක්‍රñl úldYkh

1' NdKav yqjudrej

• ksIamdokh fjk;a w;sßla; ksIamdok iu. yqjudre lr .ekSï NdKav yqjudrej kï fõ'
• jHdmdr úldYkfha uq,a u wjia:djj NdKav yqjudre ක්‍රuh fõ'
• NdKav yqjudrej iu. fj<|du mek ke.=ks tu.ska jක්‍ර ksYamdokh o ìysfjhs'

2' uqo,a Ndú;h

• NdKav yqjudre ක්‍රufha mej;s ÿ¾j,;d uÕ u.yrjd .ekSu i|yd yqjudre udධ්‍ය f,i úúO ද්‍රවය
Ndú; lf<ah' fïjd uqo,a f,i ie,flk w;r uqo,a Ndú;h jHdmdr úldYkh fojk wjia:dj
fõ'

33
3' ldර්ñl úma,jh

• S rgj,a we;s jQ ld¾ñl ප්‍රfndaOh iu. fuf;la meje;s .Dy l¾udka; uyd mßudK
hqfrdamh
l¾udka; njg m;a jQ w;r ta iu. fj<odï ප්‍රidrKhla isÿúh' tfiau Wmldrl fiajd j, o
j¾Okhla isÿúh
• fuu hq.fha jd‚c ì|jjeàu isÿúh ld¾ñl úma,jh jHdmdr úldYkh ;=kajk wjia:dj fõ'

4' f;dr;=re hq.h $ oekqï wd¾Ólh

• j¾;udkfha mj;skafka විද්‍ුත් jd‚ජ්‍ය yd úද්‍ුත් jHdmdr u; mokï jQ hq.hla jk w;r fuu
hq.fha mj;sk úfYaI;ajh jkafka f;dr;=re u; jHdmdr mokïj ;sîuhs' f;dr;=re hq.h jHdmdr
úldYkfha 4 jk wjia:dj fõ

NdKav yqjudrej

• ñksia wjYH;dimqrd .ekSu Wfoid tla md¾Yjhla i;= NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla fjk;a md¾Yjhla
i;= NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla iu. iDcqj yqjudre lr .ekSuhs'
• w;sßla; NdKav ksIamdokh ksid NdKav fyda yqjudrej ìysúh'
• fj<|dug moku jQfha fuu w;sßla; NdKav yqjudrej'

NdKav yqjudre ක්‍රuhfha mej;s ÿ¾j,;d

• iudkqmd;h fkdmej;Su
• NdKav l=vd fldgiaj,g fn§ fï wmyiq;djh
• jákdlï ueksh fï wmyiq;djh
• NdKav /ialr ;nd .ekSfï wmyiq;djh
• ප්‍රjdyk wmyiq;d;djh

uqo,a

NdKav yd fiajd yqjudre fõ § fmdÿfõ ms<.

s kq ,nk ´kEu udධ්‍යhla uqo,a f,i ye¢kafõ'

uqo,a úldYkfha wÈhr

01' ද්‍රවය Ndú;h

NdKav yqjudre larufha mej;s ÿ¾j,;d ksid yqjudre udධ්‍යයla f,i blaukska kශ්‍ය fkdjk úúO ද්‍රවය
Ndú;d flre‚

WodyrK - ismm
a l
s gq

34
 ÿïfld<

we;a o<

02' f,day j¾. Ndú;h

ද්‍රවය Ndú;fha mej;s ÿIalr;d ksid hlv" ;U" ߧ jeks f,day len,s Ndú;d flre‚'

03' f,day ldis uqo,a Ndú;h

úúO ප්‍රudK ප්‍රudKj,ska hq;= f,day len,s j, nr" msßisÿ nj" w.hka wd§ uqyqKf;ys i|yka lr ksl=;a l<
úúO ldis Ndú;d lrk ,§'

04' ldis yd fkdaÜgq uqo,a Ndú;h

jákd f,day j¾. j, ysÕ;djh ksid rcfha n,h,;a wêldßh úiska ksl=;a lrk ,o ldis yd fkdaÜgq
Ndú;h wdrïN úh'

05' nexl= uqo,a Ndú;h

nexl= cx.u .sKqï wdශ්‍රිතව f.ùfï WmlrK Ndú;h'

06' bf,laගරොksla uqo,a Ndú;h

f;dr;=re yd äðg,a ;dlaIKfha ÈhqKqj;a iu. y÷kajdÿka mß.Kl cd,hla u.ska .kqfokq isÿjk ldâ
úfYaIhhs'

ld¾ñl úma,jh

18 jk ishjfia ueo Nd.fha isg oykujk ishji uq,a Nd.fha f;la tx.,ka;h iy hqfrdamfha rgj,a j,
l¾udka; lafIaරගේ we;s jQ uQ,l
s úm¾hdihhs' ksIamdol ක්‍රිhdj,sfha we;s jQ mßj¾;kh'

fuys§ uQ,l
s fjkialï folla we;s úh

01' ksIamdok lghq;= i|yd meje;s .Dy ක්‍රuh fjkqjg lïu,a l¾udka;Yd,d ක්‍රuh uyd mßudK
ksIamdokh weröu

02' wත්ක්‍රuh isÿlr ksIamdok lghq;= i|yd hkaර උmlrK Ndú;ය

35
ld¾ñl úma,jh ksid ksIamdokhg fj<|dug yd iudchg isÿ l< n, n,mEï

ksIamdokhg

• .Dy fjkqjg lïy,a ක්‍රu පිysgqùu

• iq¿ mßudK ksIamdokh uyd mßudK ùï
• hkaර Ndú;h fjkqjg kj Ys,m
a ක්‍රu ìysùu
• a ක්‍රu Ndú;d lsÍu
l<ukdlrK Ys,m

fj<|dug

• lsreï ñkqï WmlrK ìysùu

• .nvd lsÍfï kj ක්‍රම ìysùu
• úfoaY fj<|du ìysùu
• fiajd wxYh j¾Okh
• foaYSh fj<odu mq¿,a ùu

iudchg

• fiajd kshqla;sh wjldY jeäùu'

• wd¾Ól ක්‍රuh lDIs lDIsl¾u lDIsl¾udka; wxYfha isg l¾udka; wxYhg meñŒu
• kd.ÍlrKh
• ck.yk j¾Okh
• Ôjk ;;a;ajh Wiia ùu

úfYaISlrKh
a ,fhla úiska fyda wdh;khla úiska fyda ප්‍රfoaYahla úiska
NdKav ydKav yd fiajd j, iSñ; mrdihla mqo.
fyda rgla úiska ksIamdokh lsÍu úfYaIS lrk f,i ie,fla

ප්‍රfNao y;rls

01' ld¾h $ /lshd $ mqo.

a , úfYaISlrKh

02' wdh;ksl NdKav úfYaISlrKh

03' ප්‍රොfoaYSh úfYaISlrKh

04' cd;sl úfYaISlrKh

36
01' ld¾h $ /lshd $ mqo.
a , úfYaISlrKh

mqo.
a ,hl= ;u olaI;d yd yelshdj u; ;udg jvd fyd¢ka l< yels ld¾hhl È.ska È.gu ksr; ùu ;=<ska
tu ld¾hh ms<n
s | we;sjk úfYaI olaI;djh fyda ksmk
q K;dj mqo.
a , úfYaISlrKh'

WodyrK - jvq ld¾ñlhd

kS;s{jrhd

mqo.
a , úfYaISlrKfha jdis

jHdmdrhg

• ksIamdok ප්‍රudKh by< hdu

• ksuejqfï .=K;ajh by< hdu
• ප්‍රො.aOkh WmlrK msßueiqïodhs f,i Ndú;d l< yels ùu
• ksIamdokh ld,h b;=re ùu
• ශ්‍රම M,odhS;djh jeä ùu
• ld¾hlaIu;dj by< hdu

fiajlhdg

• ld¾h ms<n
s |j jQ úfYaI{;djhla we;sùu
• fiajlhdf.a M,odhs;djh jeä ùu
• bmehSï by< hdu
• /lshdj bf.k .ekSïg .; l< hq;= ld,h wju ùu

mqo.
a , úfYaISlrKh wjdis

jHdmdrhg

• tla fiajlfhl=f.a fyda lKavdhul ප්‍රudoh ksid uq¿ ksIamdokh u wvd, ùu

• wê úfYaISlrKh ksid fiajl p,kh wmyiq ùu
• wdh;kh ;=< a wka;¾ mqo.
a , iïnkaO;d wvqùu
• fiajl fjfyi by< hdu

37
fiajlhdg

• /lshdj kSri ùu ksid M,odhs;djh wvqùu

• jD;a;Sh f,vfrda. je<£u
• l=i,;d iSud ùu
• /lshdj wysñ jqjfyd;a fjk;a /lshdjla fidhd .ekSug wmyiq ùu

02' wdh;ksl NdKav úfYaI úfYaISlrKh

• wdh;khla hï NdKavhla ksmoùu iïnkaOfhka idfmalaIj ld¾hlaIu;djla olajhs kï th

NdKav úfYaISlrKhhs

03' ප්‍රොfoaYSh úfYaIhl úfYaISlrKh

• lsishï ප්‍රfoaYhla ksYaÑ; NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla ksmoùï iïnkaOfhka jeämqr ප්‍රjK;djla
olajhs kï th ප්‍රොfoaYSh úfYaIS úfYaISlrKh

04' cd;sl úfYaISlrKh

• rgla hï NdKavhla ksmoùu iïnkaOj by< ld¾hlaIu;djhla olajhs kï th cd;sl

úfYaISlrKh

ශ්‍රම úNckh
• tla tla fiajlhdg myiqfjka bgq l< yels jk wdldrhg iuia; ld¾hhka l=vd yd ir< fldgia
j,g fjka lsÍu ශ්‍රම úNckh

වොණිජ්‍ය

• ksIamdolhdf.a isg mdßfNda.slhd olajd NdKav yd fiajd yqjudrejg wod< iuia; ක්‍රියොj,sh
වොණිජ්‍ය

fuh ප්‍රOdk fldgia folls

01 fj<|dï

02 Wmldrl fiajd

38
fj<|du
.eKqïlrefjl= yd úl=Kqï lrefjla w;r lsishï ප්‍ර;sIaGdjlg ksIamdÈKqï lrefjl= w;r lsishï
mar;sIaGdjlg ksIamdÈ; NdKav yd fiajd j, whs;sh yqjudre ùfï ක්‍රිhdj,sh fj<|du kï fõ'

NdKav yd fiajd ñ,g .ekSu yd úlsŒu fjf<|duhs' ysñlï udreùu;a iu. .ekqïlre yd úl=Kqïlre
w;r ksIamdÈ; yqjudre ùfï ක්‍රිhdj,sh hs

fj<odfï w;S; iajrEmh yd j¾;udk iajrEmh iei iei£ï

w;S; iajrEmh j¾;udk iajrEmh

fN!;sl fj<| fj<|fmd,la ;=< fj<|du isÿùï
NdKav yqjudrej ;=<ska fj<||du isÿùï
fndfyda úg rg ;=<g fj<odï iSud ùu
fj<odfï § oeä ;r.hla we;s fkdùu
fN!;sl fj<| fjf<|fmd< fukau
bf,laග ොksl fj<|fmd,la oelsh yel
uqo,a Ndú;d lrñka tla isÿúh
wka;¾cd;sl tla olajd th mq¿,a h
fj<odfï oeä ;r.hla oelsh yel

s wjYH;di|yd jQ iSñ; NdKav ප්‍රudKhla

uQ,l mq¿,a ksIamdÈ; mka;shla fj<odï fõ
fj<|dï úh

Wmldrl fiajd
• jHdmdr lghq;=j,g myiqlï i,ik fiajdj fõ
• tkï fj<|dfï j¾Okhg bjy,a jk fiajdfõ' fï ;=<k
s a .kqfokqlrejkag yd wf,úlrejkag
jHdmdr .kqfokq j,§ myiqlula ie,fia

bf,laÜfrdksl fj<|du

NdKav yd fiajd ñ,§ .ekSu yd úlsŒu lghq;= wka;¾cd,h ප්‍රuqL mß.Kl.; f;dr;=re moaO;s yryd
isÿ lsÍu

bf,laගරොksla fj<odfï

fj<| lghq;= yd fj<odïg iydh jk ප්‍රjdyk" ikakf

s õok" nexl=" .nvdlrKh jeks Wmldrl fiajd
lghq;= o wka;¾cd,h Tiafia isÿ lsÍu bf,laගරොksla jd‚ජ්‍යhs'

fuys§ fjí wvúh yryd NdKav yd fiajd wekjqï lr fndfydaúg Khm;a yryd f.ùï isÿ l< yel'

39
bf,laගරොksla fj<odfï j¾;udkh marp,s; ùug fya;=

• ,shlshú,s j,ska f;drj jHdmdr f;dr;=re yqjudre lsÍug yelsùu

• jHdmdr lghq;= fõ.j;a ùu
• fufyhqï msßjeh" f;d. msßjeh wvqùu
• f.da,h
S jQ fjf<|fmd< wjldYhla ìysùu
• mß.Kl iqrlaIs;;djh jeäùu
• .kqfokqlrejkaf.a ld,h yd ශ්‍රuh b;sß ùu

bf,laගරොksla jHdmdr

jHdmdr j,g wod, ish¿u ld¾hhka wka;¾ wka;¾cd,h yryd isÿ isÿ lsÍu'

ke;fyd;a

fj<odfï" fnodyeÍu" Uqල්‍ය lghq;=" mßmd,k lghq;= wd§ ish¨u jHdmdr lghq;= wka;¾cd,h fhdod
.ksñka isÿ lsÍu

bf,laගරොksla jHdmdr yd bf,laගරොksla jd‚ජ්‍ය w;r fjkialï

bf,laගරොksla jHdmdr bf,laගරොksla jd‚ජ්‍ය

fï i|yd ish¨u ld¾hhka wh;a fõ' fj<odfï"
udkj iïm;a" ksIamdok m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok'
mq¿,a ixl,amhls
bf,laගරොksla jHdmdr idfmalaI jYfhka
අභ්‍යන්තර keUqrejla we;
.kqfokqlrejka iemhqïlrejka iu. we;s
iïnkaO;d u; mokï ù we;
fuhg ñ,§ .ekSï yd úlsŒï iïnkaO
laßhdldrlï muKla wh;a fõ
mgq ixl,amhls
bf,laගරොksla jd‚ජ්‍ය idfmlaI jYfhka ndysr
keUqrejla we;
.kqfokqlrejka" iemhqïlrejka" l<ukdlrejka"
fiajlhsk"a rch wd§ Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yj
iu. we;s iïnkaO;d u; mokï ù we;

jHdmdr j, kj ප්‍රjK;d

• s lrKh වයොma; ùu
f.da,h
• bf,laÜfrdksla jHdmdr ìysùï

40
 • mßirh ms<n
s | ie,ls,u
s ;a ùu
• yß; ksIamdok lrd fhduq ùu
• ;srir ixj¾Okhg fhduq ùu
• ;dlaI‚l j¾Okh
• äðg,a ;dlaIKh j¾Okh

kj ප්‍රjK;d u.ska jHdmdr j, isÿù we;s fjkialï

• fkdksok fkdjeiqKq jHdmdr njg m;ajùu

• jHdmdr ප්‍රudKh l=vd ùu iy fN!;sl ia:dk fkdue;sùu
• wjldY fj,ofmd,l lghq;= lsÍï
• වයjydr uqo,a rys;j .kqfokq lsÍug fm<Uùu
• úúO cd;Ska yd úfoaYslhska fiajd kshqla; j isàu

f.da,ShlrKh

f,dalfha rgj,a w;r wd¾Ól iudÔh yd ixialD;sl jYfhka we;s wගනෝනය ne£ï'

f.da,h
S lrKh jdis

• mq¿,a fj<|fmd<la ks¾udkh ùu

• kj;d ;dlaIKh .,d tau
• kj oekqï yqjudre ùï
• kවයතො iïmdokhg jeä bvlvla ,eîï
• úfoaY úksuh bmhSug yels ùu

f.da,h
S lrKfha wjdis

• f.da,h
S ;r.hg uqyqK Èh hq;= ùu
• idïප්‍රodhsl l¾udka; wvmk ùï
• foaYSh iïm;a laIh ùï yryd iïm;a ysÕhla we;s úh yel
• wf,úlrK msßjeh by< hdu
• a .,kh ksid mqyqKq ශ්‍රම ysÕh
nqoê

41
 jHdmdr fhojqï ksuejqï ක්‍රිhdj,shla f,i úග්‍රහ lrhs

jHdmdr ක්‍රිhdj,sh

• s | jQ ksIamdok ක්‍රිhdj,sh jHdmdr ක්‍රිhdj,sh kï fõ

fhojqï yd ksujqï ms<n

iïm;a $ fhojqï

NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh i|yd fhdod .kakd ksIamdok idOl iïm;a kï fõ

01' N+ñh

• iajNdj O¾ufha odhdo f,i Wreu jQ ish¨ iïm;a N+ñh kï fõ

• N+ñh i|yd ,efnk mar;s,dNh nÿ l=,S jYfhka kï flf¾

02' ශ්‍රuh

• NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh lsÍfï§ fhdod .kq ,nk fia fiajlhdf.a ldhsl yd udkislj
fjfyihs'
• fï i|yd ,efnk ප්‍ර;s,dNh jegqma yd fõ;k kï fõ

03' ප්‍රො.aOkh

• NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdok ක්‍රිhdj,sfha§ ක්‍රිhdj,shg fhdod .kakd ñksid úiska ksIamdokh lrk ,o
wdOdrlhka ප්‍රො.aOkh kï fõ'
• ,efnk ප්‍ර;s,dNh fmd,sh kï fõ

04' වයjidhl;ajh

• NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd N+ñh" ශ්‍රuh" ප්‍රරො.aOkh jeks ksIamdok iïm;a ixprKh
lrñka ksIamdokh ixúOdkh lrk udkj iïm;hs'
• fï i|yd ,efnk ප්‍ර ;s,dNh ,dNh fõ

05' f;dr;=re

42
 • hï wjika mßYS,lfhl=g f;areï .; yels yd ප්‍රfhdackhg .;a yels jk wdldrhg ilia lrk
,o o;a; f;dr;=re fõ

06' කො,h

• කො,h hkq uekSfï§ Ndú;d lrk ප්‍රOdk Wmdx.hhs' wfkl=;a iïm;a fufyhùfï§ කො,h jeo.;ah'
ld,h iSñ; fyhska hï ld¾hhla lsÍfï § ta i|yd ksYaÑ; ld,hla kshu lsÍïg isÿ l< hq;=hs h'

07' oekqu

• අධ්‍යොmkh fyda w;aoelSï ;=<k

s a mqo.
a ,hl= ,nd.;aa wjfndaOh oekqïhs

jHdmdr ld¾hhka

jHdmdrhla ;u b,lal lrd <Õd ùfï ප්‍රh;akfha§ lghq;= rdYshl kshe¿Kq olakg ,efí' ta w;r ප්‍රOdk
ld¾hka lsysmhls' fïjd jHdmdrhl ප්‍රOdk ශ්‍රි;hka f,i o y÷kajd Èh yel'

01' mßmd,kh

• jHdmdr lghq;= yd iïnkaO ish¿ ,shlshú,s mj;ajdf.k hdu" ikakf

s õok lghq;= mj;ajdf.k
hdu hkd§ වයොmdßl mßmd,k ld¾hkag we;=<;a fõ'

02' fufyhqï lghq;=

• iïm;a" NdKav fyda fiajd njg m;a lsÍfï ක්‍රිhdj,sh fõ' fuys§ ksIamdok ie,iqïlrKh" ද්‍රවය
ñ,§ .ekSï" ;;a;aj md,kh" f;d. md,kh hkdÈ ld¾hhka ප්‍රOdk jYfhka isÿfõ'

03' wf,úlrKh

• .Kqfokqlrejkaf.a wjYH;dyd jqjukd y÷kdf.k tajd ;Dma;su;a lsÍï iïnkaOfhka lghq;= lsÍu
wf,úlrK hhs' ksIamdÈ;h" ñ, lsÍu" fnod yeÍu yd ප්‍රj¾Okh ප්‍රOdk jYfhka isÿfõ'

04' uQල්‍ය lghq;=

• wruqo,a iïmdokh yd fhoùu yd Bg wod< lghq;= uQල්‍ය lghq;= f,i y÷kajhs

05' udkj iïm;a lghq;=

• ñksiqka fyj;a fiajlhska M,odhsj fufyhùï iïnkaOfhka lghq;= fõ

06' m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok

43
 • ksuejqfï .=K .=Kd;aul nj jeä ÈhqKq lsÍï yd kùk ksmehqï ක්‍රම fidhd .ekSï hkd§ lghq;=
fõ

07' f;dr;=re l,ukdlrK lghq;=

• f;dr;=re moaO;s mj;ajdf.k hdu yd kj f;dr;=re iïmdokh yd hj;a ld,Sk lsÍfï lghq;= fõ

44
úúO ks¾Kdhl u; jHdmdr j¾. lsÍu
● jHdmdr j¾. lල්‍ yels úúO ks¾Kdhl ,ehsia;=.; lrhs

● mdi, msysá ප්‍රfoaYfha we;s jHdmdr ,ehsia;=.; lrhs

● tlu jHdmdrh úúO ks¾Kdhl u; ,hsia;= .; jk nj meyeÈ,s lrhs'

● fok ,o jHdmdrh úúO ks¾Kdhl u; l=uk j¾.hg wh;a jkafka jkafkaoehs olajhs

● ශ්‍රී ,xldfõ o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h j¾. lrhs

● o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;hg tl tlaa ksIamdok wxYfha odhl;ajh y÷kajhs'

1' ප්‍රfoaYfha mj;sk jHdmdr lsysmhla ksoiqka f,i f.k my; ප්‍රYak j,g ms<;
s =re f.dvkÕkak '

● tu jHdmdrh rdජ්‍ය wxYhg wh;a o@ fm!oa.,sl wxYhg wh;a o@

● tu jHdmdrh fiajd imhk jHdmdrhla o@ jHdmdrhlao NdKav ksIamdokh lrk jHdmdrhla o@

● tu jHdmdrh ,dN wruqKq lr.;a jHdmdrhla o@ ,dN wruqKq lr fkd.;a jHdmdrhla o@

● tu jHdmdrh iq¿ yd uධ්‍ය mßudK jHdmdrhla o @uyd mßudK jHdmdrhla o @

jHdmdr j¾. l< yels úúO ks¾Kdhl ,ehsia;.

= ; lsÍu

jHdmdr my; i|yka ks¾Kdhl u; j¾. l< yelsh'

1' ksIamdokfha iajNdjh wkqj

2' whs;sh wkqj

3' mrud¾:h wkqj

4' mßudKh wkqj

5' ksIamdok wxYh wkqj

óg wu;rj Ndú;d lrk ks¾Kdhl"

6' ixúOdk ක්‍රuh

7' ksIamdÈ;fha iajNdjh

8' wdh;ksl wxY

45
ksIamdokfha iajNdjh wkqj

● ප්‍රො:ñl jHdmdr

● oaù;shsl jHdmdr

● ;D;Shsl jHdmdr

ksIamdok wxYh wkqj

● lDIsl¾udka;

● l¾udka;

● fiajd

ysñldÍ;ajh wkqj

● fm!oa.,sl wxYh

● rdජ්‍ය wxYh

wruqK wkqj

● ,dNh wruqKq lr.;a

● ,dNh wruqKq lr fkd.;a

mßudKh wkqj

● iq¿ yd uධ්‍ය mßudK

● uyd mßudK

ixúOdk ක්‍රuh wkqj

● flaj, iajdñ jHdmdr

● yjq,a jHdmdr

46
● iud.ï

● iuqmldr

● ixia:d

● fomd¾;fïka;=

ksIamdÈ; iajNdjh wkqj

● NdKav ksIamdok jHdmdr

● fiajd ksIamdok jHdmdrh

wdh;ksl wxYh wkqj

● uQල්‍ය fkdjk wxYh

● uQල්‍ය wxYh

● rdජ්‍ය wxYh

● .Dy tall yd ,dN wfmalaIdfjka f;drj .Dy tall i|yd fiajh i,ik wdh;k wxYh

ශ්‍රී ,xldfõ o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h j¾. lrk wdldrh

j¾Ihla ;=< rgl iuia; NdKav yd fiajdjkaf.a uq¨ jákdlu o< o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h hs' tkï fok ,o
ld, mßÉfÊohla ;=,§ wd¾Ólhla úiska ksIamdokh lrkq ,nk ish¨u wjidk NdKav yd fiajdjkaf.a uq¿
fjf<|fmd< jákdluhs'

s nq fõ' o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h ප්‍රOdk wxY

wd¾Ólhl jd¾Isl ld¾h idOkh o< foaYSh ksIamdokh u.ska ms<ô
;=klg j¾. flf¾ '

1' lDIsld¾ñl wxYh

2' ld¾ñl wxYh

3' fiajd wxYh

47
ශ්‍රී ,xldfõ o< foaYSh o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h ms<n
s | o;a; ckf,aLk yd ixඛ්‍යො f,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j
ilia lrk w;r tu o;a; ශ්‍රී ,xld uy nexl= jd¾Isl jd¾;dfõ i|yka fõ' tys§ fhdod .efkkafka
l¾udka; uQ,h wkqj ksIamdok j¾.SlrKh hs'

ශ්‍රී ,xldfõ o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;hg tflla wxYfha odhl;ajh bÈßm;a lsÍu

1' lDIsl¾udka;h

fnda. j.d" mY= " jk" ëjr hkdÈfhka ìysfjkak ksIamdÈ;hs '

Wod-( fnda. j.d iy ëjr l¾udka;h

2' l¾udka;

leŒfuka" ksmehqfuka ";ekSfuka fyda iemhSfuka ìysjk ksIamdÈ;hs'

Wod-( m;,a yd leŒï "ksIamdok l¾udka;" bÈlsÍï l¾udka;" úÿ,sh " .Eia " jdIam yd
jdhqiólrK iemhqï

3' fiajdjka

mqo.
a ,hskg
a yd jHdmdr j,g Wjukd fN!;slj iam¾Y l, fkdyelsh ksIamdÈ;hs'

Wod-( fj<|du" ප්‍රjdyk fiajdjka" kjd;eka iemhSu yd wdydrmdk iemhSu" uQල්‍ය rlaIKh" ksjdi
whs;sh yd foam, fj<odu" rdජ්‍ය mßmd,kh

48
2017 j¾Ih ශ්‍රී ,xldfõ o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha wdxYsl ixhq;sh l¾udka; uQ,h
wkqj o, foaYSh ksYamdÈ;h ^ 2010 ia:djr ñ, wkqj &

49
cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h úhou iy wdodhu l¾udka; uQ,h wkqj o, cd;sl wdodhu ^ mj;akd fjf<|fmd< ñ,
wkqj&

50
mj;akd fjf<|fmd< ñ, hgf;a wdh;ksl wxY wkqj iuia; tl;= l< w.h

51
ksIamdokh lDIsld¾ñl "ld¾ñl" fiajd f,i fn§ hk wdldrh .e,Sï igykla
u.ska oelaùu

52
 ksIamdokh iajNdjh wkqj jHdmdr j¾. lrhs

1' ප්‍රො:ñl jHdmdr

• iajNdj O¾ufhka ,eî we;s foa ta wdldrfhkau ප්‍රfhdackhg .kakd ksIamdok jHdmdr fjhs'

Wod-( lDIsld¾ñl fnda. j.dj" jk j.dj" ëjr l¾udka;h" m;,a yd leŒï l¾udka;h

2' oaú;Shsl jHdmdr

• ප්‍රො:ñl ksIamdok kej; fjkia lsÍug Ndú;d lsÍfï jHdmdr oaú;Sl jHdmdr fõ'

Wod-( ksIamdok l¾udka; " bÈlsÍï l¾udka;

3' ;D;Shsl jHdmdr

• ish¨u fiajd iemhSfï jHdmdr fõ

Wod-( úÿ,sh " .Eia " jdIam yd jdhqiólrK iemhSu " c,h msßisÿ lsÍu iy fnod fnodyeÍu" u, ප්‍රjdyk
lghq;=" li< l<ukdlrKh" fj<odu" ප්‍රjdyk fiajdjka" kjd;eka iemhSu yd wdydrmdk iemhSu'

53
l¾udka; uQල්‍ය wkqj o, foaYSh ksYamdÈ;h j¾.SlrKh'

54
● ksIamdokfha iajdNdjh wkqj j¾. lsÍfï§ m;,a yd leŒï l¾udka;h ප්‍රො:ñl wxYhg wh;a jk w;r
l¾udka; uQ,h wkqj j¾. lsÍfï§ m;,a yd leŒï l¾udka;h wxYhg wh;a flf¾'

● tfiau ksIamdokfha iajdNdjh wkqj úÿ,sh" .Eia" jdIam yd jdhqiólrK iemhSu" c,h msßisÿ lsÍu yd
fnodyeÍu "u, marjdyk lghq;= " li< l<ukdlrKh iy tu oarõh ප්‍රතිspක්‍රීlrKh ;D;Shsh wxYhg
wh;a jqjo l¾udka; uQ,h wkqj tajd l¾udka; wxYhg wh;a fõ'

wdxYsl ixhq;sh ;=< fiajd wxYfha odhl;ajh by< hdug fya;=

● mdßfNda.slhkaf.a jehl, yels wdodhu by< hdu

● Ôjk rgdj fjkia ùu

● ;dlaIKfha ixj¾Ok

● jD;a;Sh fiajd i|yd we;s b,a¨u jeäùu

● bf,laÜfrdksla jd‚c වයොma;sh

● fiajd ksIamdÈ;hg fyd| ñ,la ,eîu

● rcfha ප්‍ර;sm;a;s fjkia ùfuka ys;lr n,mEï we;sùu

● W.;a ;reK mrïmrdfõ fjkia jQ wfmalaId

● f.da,h
S lrKh $újD; wd¾Ólh

● kd.ÍlrKh$ kd.ßl myiqlï jeä ùu

● fiajd jHdmdr j,g we;=,;a ùug we;s ndod wvqùu

● ck.ykh j¾Okh

● úkaokh yd ridiajdok lghq;= j, lghq;=j, වයොma;sh

● ixpdrl lghq;= mq¿,a ùu

● mqo.
a , ld¾hnyq,;ajh

55
Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yj jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿj oelaùug fya;=

● f;dard.;a jHdmdrhla weiqfrka jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yj ල්‍ැhsia;= .; lrhs'

● tflla md¾Yjh jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿ ùug fya;= meyeÈ,s lrhs'

● tflla md¾Yjh jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿ ùug fya;= úúO jk nj wkdjrKh lrhs'

● jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yj jHdmdrhlg jeo.;a jk wdldrh fmkajd fohs'

● jHdmdrhl id¾:l meje;au i|yd Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yjhkaf.a wfmalaId ms<n

s |j ie,ls,u
s ;a úh
hq;= nj fmkajd fohs'

● jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yj jHdmdr flfrys olajk we,au iy Tjqkf
a .a jHdmdrh flfrys
n,mEï lsÍug we;s yelshdj u; tu md¾Yjhkaf.a maruqL;dj ;SrKh lr lrhs'

my; i|yka md¾Yj wdh;k ms<n

s | Wkkaÿj olajk md¾Yjh úuid rEm igyk iïmQ¾K lrkak '

Ysෂ්‍යයො -

● fouõmshka

mdi, -

● Ysෂ්‍යයින්a

56
Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾ශ්j hkq "
• wruqKq bgqlr .ekSu i|yd lghq;= lsÍfï§ ta i|yd iDcqju fyda වක්‍රොldrfhka n,mEï lrk
mqo.
a ,hska fyda lKavdhï fõ '
• fudjqka jHdmdrfhka hula wfmalaId lrk w;r ta ksid ta flfrys wjOdkfhka isá' Tjqka u;
wdh;kfha hemSu;a " wdh;kh Tjqka u; hemSu;a isÿfõ'
• jHdmdrhl id¾:l meje;au i|yd Wkkaÿj olajk md¾Yjhka f.a wfmalaIdj ms<n
s | ie,ls,u
s ;a
úh hq;=hs '

f;dard.;a jHdmdrhla weiqfrka jHdmdrh flfrys Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yj ,ehsia;=.; lsÍu'

jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yj lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

1' whs;slrejka $ fldgia ysñhka

2' l<ukdlrejka

3'fiajlhska

4' Kh ysñhka

5' mdßfNda.slhka

6' iemhqïlrejka

7' úNj wdfhdaclhka

8' rch

9' ප්‍රcdj

tla tla md¾Yjh jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿ ùug fya;= meyeÈ,s lsÍu''

Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yj iy Wkkaÿ ùug fya;=

1' whs;slrefjda fldgia ysñfhda

• ;uka wdfhdackh lrk uqo,g ප්‍රudKj;a ,dNhla ,efí oehs oek.ekSu'

• jHdmdrfha j¾Okh ms<n
s |j oek.ekSu'
• fj<|m, fldgi oek.ekSu '

57
2' l<ukdlrefjda

• jHdmdrfha ,dNh Wmßu lsÍu'

• jHdmdrh j¾Okh ms<n
s | oek.ekSug
• l<ukdlrK ;SrK j, id¾:l wid¾:l nj oek.ekSug

3' fiajlfhda

• by, jegqmla ,nd .ekSug

• ප්‍රido §ukd ,efíoehs oek.ekSu
• /lshdfõ Wiiaùï ,nd.ekSug

4' mdßfNda.slfhda $ .kqfokqlrefjda

• .=Kd;aul NdKav yd fiajd ,nd .ekSu

• j.lSï ksis mßÈ bgq lrkafka oehs ne,Su
• jHdmdrfha meje;au ;yjqre lr .ekSug

5' Kh ysñfhda

• imhk ,o Kh uqo,a wdmiq ,nd .ekSfï yelshdj oek.ekSu

• Kh uqof,a iqrlaIs; nj oek .ekSu
• wem iq/l=ï m;% iqrlaIs; nj ;yjqre lr.ekSu

6' iemhqïlrefjda

• wLKavj weKjqï ,nd .ekSug

• imhk ,o NdKav i|yd uqo,a wdmiq whlr.ekSug

7' úNj wdfhdaclfhda

• ;uka i;= iïm;a wkd.;fha§ tu jHdmdrfha wdfhdackh lsÍug

8' rch

• nÿ whlr .ekSug $ nÿ iyk ,nd §ug

58
 • fiajd kshqla;sh j¾okh lr.ekSug
• wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh ms<n
s | uek ne,Sug

9' ප්‍රcdj

• mßirh iq/lSu ms<n

s |j fidhd ne,Sug
• /lshd wjia:d ,nd .ekSug

10' ;rÕlrefjda

• wf,ú Wmdh ud¾. y÷kd .ekSug

• ñ, ms<n
s |j oek .ekSug
• fjf<|fmd< fldgi y÷kd .ekSug

jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yj jHdmdrhlg jeo.;a jk wdldrh

jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yj jHdmdrhlg jeo.;a ùug fya;= lsysmhla my; i|yka fõ'

1' whs;slrefjda

• wdfhdack jeä lr .ekSug

• jHdmdrfha meje;au ;yjqre lr .ekSu

2' fiajlfhda

• fiajl ld¾hlaIu;dj jeä lsÍug

• r|jd .ekSug
• fiajl wdl¾Ykh ,nd .ekSug

3' .kqfokqlrefjda

• wod, NdKav fyda fiajd i|yd fj<ofmd< iqrlaIs; lr .ekSug

• mdßfNda.sl úYajdih Èkd .ekSug
• .Kqfokqlrejkaf.a mlaImd;S;ajh we;s lr.ekSug

4' Kh ysñfhda

• wLKavj wjYah wruqo,a iïmdokh lr .ekSug

• wvq msßjehlska wruqo,a iïmdokh lr .ekSug

59
5' rch

• nÿ iyk ,nd .ekSug

• há;, myiqlï ,nd .ekSu
• ;dlaI‚l oekqu ,nd .ekSug

tla tla md¾Yjhla jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿ ùug fya;= úúO jkafka wehs @

1' tla tla md¾Yj jHdmdrhg imhk oE úúOdldr ùu'

• Wod -( fiajlhska ශ්‍රuh iemhSu " Khysñhka Kh uqo,a iemhSu hkd§ f,i

2' we;eï md¾Yj wභ්‍යka;r ùu yd we;euqka ndysr mßirh ksfhdackh lsÍu'

• Wod -( fiajlhska wභ්‍යka;r jk w;r .kqfokqlrejka ndysr fõ'

3' we;eï md¾Yj jHdmdrhg b;d ióm jk w;r we;eï md¾Yj b;d ÿria:j isàï'

• Wod -( whs;slrejka ióm jk w;r udධ්‍ය wdh;k ÿria:j isàu'

4' we;eï md¾Yj jHdmdrhlg Okd;aul n,mEï t,a, lrk w;r we;eï md¾Yj iDKd;aul n,mEï t,a,
lsÍu'

• Wod -( whs;slrejka Okd;aul n,mEï isÿ lrk w;r ;r.lrejka iDKd;aul n,mEï t,a, lrhs'

jHdmdrhl id¾:l meje;au i|yd Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yajhkaf.a wfmalaId ms<n

s |j ie<ls,u
s ;a ùfï
jeo.;alu ^ we,aue;s md¾Yj j, wfmalaIdjka ms,sno ie<ls,u
s ;a ùfï jeo.;alu &

1' .kqfokqlre ;Dma;sh j¾Okh ùfuka b,a¨u by< hdu

a ¾rKh ùu yd ශ්‍රu M,odhs;djh by< hdu

2' fiajlhska wNsmf

3' iemhqïlrejka by< fiajd myiqlï iemhSu

4' l<ukdlrejkaf.a ld¾hlaIu;dj yd iM,odhs;ajh by,hdu

5'jHdmdrfha meje;au ;yjqre ùu yd j¾Okh

6' lS¾;skduh by< hdu

7' uQල්‍ය iïmdokh myiq ùu

8' rcfha úúO Èß.ekaùï myiqlï ,nd .; yels ùu

9' ප්‍රcdj Okd;aul n,mEï we;s lsÍu u.ska

60
jHdmdrhl id¾:l meje;au ;SrKh fõ

• jHdmdrhl Wkkaÿj olajk md¾Yjhkaf.a ප්‍රuqL;dj y÷kd.ekSu'

• jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yj jHdmdrhlg tys olajk we,au iy Tjqkg
a jHdmdrh
flfrys n,mEï lsÍug we;s yelshdj u; tu md¾Yjhkaf.a ප්‍රuqL;dj ;SrKh fõ'
• ta wkqj mdßfNda.slhka jHdmdrhl ප්‍රuqL;u md¾Yjh jk w;r wk;=rej whs;slrejka
l<ukdlrejka fiajlhska ප්‍රcdj iy rch hk md¾Yj uQ,l
s ;ajh .kS'

61
02 mdvu jHdmdr iudc j.lSu yd wdpdrO¾u

62
ms<.
s ;a ks¾jpk weiqfrka jHdmdr iudchSh j.lSu ye¢kaùu
jHdmdrhl iudc j.lSï ixl,am ms<n
s | úúO ks¾jpk bÈßm;a ù we; '

1' iuia; iudcfha iy m%foaYfha ck;djf.a fiajlhska f.a yd Tjqkf

a .a mjq,j
a ,;a " Ôjk ;;a;ajh
kxjd,Sug iy rfÜ wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg odhl jk njg yd iodpdrd;aulj yeisfrk njg jHdmdr
wLKavj lemùu jHdmdr iudc j.lSuhs'

;srir ixj¾Okh ms<n

s | f,dal jHdmdr iNdj

2' iudch ;=< Okd;aul n,mEula cks; lsÍug jHdmdr l%shdj,sh l<ukdlrKh lrkafka flfiao hkak
ms<n
s | jQ woyi jHdmdr iudc j.lSuhs'

ud,ka fíl¾

3' .kqfokqlrejka " fiajlhska "iudch" rch yd mßirh wd§ ish¨u Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yjhkag
idOdrK f,i lghq;= lrñka fldgia ysñhkag Wmßu w.hla ìyslr §u jHdmdr iudc j.lSu fõ'

kdrdhka uQ¾;s

jHdmdr iudc j.lSu ms<n

s |j úúO rgj,a úisko
a ks¾jpk bÈßm;a lr we;'

˜ish jHdmdr l%shdldrlï ms<n

s | j;a tuÕska iudchg we;s jk n,mEu ms<n
s |j;a fm!oa.,slju jHdmdr
j.lSu ˜ iudc j.lSuhs'

weußld tlai;a ckmoh

˜jHdmdr iudchg wdmiq fok oE˜ iudc j.lSuhs'

ms,m
s k
S h

jHdmdr úiska iudchSh j.lSï bgq lsÍfï wjYH;djh meyeÈ,s lsÍu'

• jHdmdr iudc j.lSï bgq lsÍfï wjYH;dj ms<n

s | oeä wjOdkhla j¾;udkh j¾Okh ù we;'
• jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yjhkag yd fmdÿfõ iudchg n,mEï we;s lrk n,fõ.
lsysmhla j¾Okh fjñka mj;S '

63
1' ;rÕh

• idOdrK fkdjk ñ, " jHdmdr iodpdrh msßySu" wkjYH mßfNdackh keUqrej " udOH wys;lr
f,i Ndú;h " ks;Hdkql=, fkdjk jHdmdr ìysùu '

2' f.da,h
S lrKh

• ixialD;shg we;sjk ndOd by< hdu

3' úoHq;a jHdmdr

• jHdmdßl jxpd j¾Okh we;s bvlv mq¿,aùu'

4' mßir ¥IKh

• iajdNdúl wdmod " foaY.=‚l úm¾hdi j¾Okh ùu

fuu wxYj, jHdma;sh iu. isÿjk jHdmdr l%shdldrlï uÕska iudchg yd jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿjla
olajk md¾Yj j,g wys;lr n,mEï t,a, lr we;' fuu ;;ajhka j<lajd,Su i|yd iudc j.lSï bgq
lsÍfï wjYH;djh biau;= ù we;'

j¾;udk iudch ;=< iudc j.lSï jeo.;a ùug fya;=

1' mßir ¥IKh by< hdu ksid mßirh wdrlaId lsÍu wjYH ùu'

2' jxpd ¥IK wju lsÍu yd je<elaùug

3' iudch ;=< wdpdr O¾u msßySu ksid wdpdr wdpdrO¾u m%j¾Okhg

4' iïm;a ysÕùu ksid ld¾hlaIu f,i iïm;a Ndú;hg

5' È<s÷lu yd l=i.skk

a wju lr iudc idOdrKh we;s lsÍu'

64
jHdmdr j,ska iudÔh j.lSï bgq úh hq;= md¾Yj ,ehsia;=.; lsÍu'
jHdmdrj, iudc j.lSï bgq úh hq;= m%Odk md¾Yj lsysmhls

• .kqfokqlrejka
• fiajlhska
• whs;slrejka
• iudch
• rch
• m%cdj
• mßirh

jHdmdrhla úiska tla tla md¾Yjh fj; bgql< hq;= iudc j.lSï fjk fjku ksoiqka iys;j bÈßm;a
lsÍu'

tflla md¾Yjh fj; jHdmdr úiska bgq l< hq;= iudc j.lSï fjka fjka jYfhka bÈßm;a l< yelsh'

.kqfokqlrejka$ mdßfNda.slhska

• idOdrK ùu

• ydks wju lsÍu $ mdßfNda.slhd wdrlaId lsÍu

• mdßfNda.sl whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lsÍu

• by< .=K;ajfhka hq;= ksIamdok iemhSu

• wdrlaIs; ksIamdÈ; iemhsu

• idOdrK ñ,lg ksIamdÈ; iemhSu

• rch iïu; lr we;s mdßfNda.sl wK mk;a yd fr.=,dis iq/lSu

• .kqfokqlrejkag wjYH úúO myiqlï ie,iSu

• NdKav ms<n
s |j mdßfNda.slhd oek.; hq;= f;dr;=re ksjerÈj yd fkdiÕjd iemhSu'

fiajlhska

• iudkd;au;djh ;yjqre lsÍu

• ukd fiajl iïnkaO;d f.dvke.Su

65
• jD;a;Sh wdrlaIdj iemhSu

• fi!LH myiqlï iemhSu

• fiajl iqNidOkh

• lïlre whs;Ska iq/lSu

• fiajlhskf
a .a .re;ajh /flk mßÈ lghq;= lsÍu

• lïlre kS;s Í;s iq/lSu

• fiajlhskg
a idOdrK jegqmla f.ùu

• ukd jev mßirh

• wOHdmkh yd mqyqKqj

• fiajl wNsfma%rKh

whs;slrejka

• idOdrK bmhqï ,nd§u

• wd¾Ól m%;s,dN w;alr §u

• ld¾hlaIuj yd wjxl f,i l<ukdlrK lghq;= fuyhúu'

• úksúoNdjhlska $ mdroDIHNdjhlska hqla;j l<ukdlrK lghq;= isÿlsÍu

• whs;slrejd fhdok ,o m%d.aOkh wdrlaId lsÍu

• uQ,H j.ùu we;s lsÍu

iudch

• /lshd kshqla;sh g odhl ùu

• nÿ f.ùu fkdmsßfy,d bgq lsÍu

• wmøjH l<ukdlrKh

• m%cd i;aldr fiajd

• yß; ksIamdok lrd fhduq ùu

• mßir ys;ldó f,i lghq;= lsÍu

66
• mqkH wdh;k kv;a;= lsÍu

• ck;d wOHdmkhg iyh §u

• wd¾Ól yd iudc ixj¾Okhg odhl ùu

• udkj ysñlï iq/lSu

• wju ndOd isÿ jk mßÈ jHdmdr lghq;= lsÍu

ish¨u md¾Yjhkaf.a wfmalaId bgq jk wdldrhg iudchSh j.lSï bgql< yels

wdldrh meyeÈ,s lsÍu
ish¨u md¾Yjhkaf.a wfmalaId bgq jk wdldrhg iudc j.lSï bgq lsÍug fm<ôh hq;=h'

• .kqfokqlrejkag iudchSh j.lSï bgq lsÍfï § tkï ydks wju jk .=Kd;aul NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla
idOdrK ñ,g ,nd §fï§ fiajlhskg
a Tjqkf
a .a jD;a;sh whs;sjdislï yd wfkl=;a myiqlï ,nd§u "
whs;slrejkag m%udKj;a wd¾Ól m%;s,dN w;alr §u" fukau iudchg mßir ys;ldó f,i lghq;= lsÍu
u.ska wfkl=;a md¾Yaj fj; o wjdisodhl ;;a;ajhla we;s fkdlr iEu md¾Yjhlu wfmalaId bgq l<
hq;=h'

• whs;slrejkaf.a iudc j.lSu wdrlaId lsÍfï § tkï Tjqkg

a idOdrK bmhSula ,dNhla w;alr §fï§
wksl=;a md¾Yajj, tkï .kqfokqlrejkag idOdrK ñ,g NdKav ,nd§u "iudchg m%cd i;aldr fiajd
,nd§u o" fiajlhskf
a .a jD;a;Sh whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lsÍu yd wfkl=;a myiqlï ie,iSu o u.ska ta ta
md¾Yjfha iudÔh j.lSï wdrlaId l< hq;=hs '

iudÔh j.lSï bgq lsÍfuka jHdmdrhlg ysñjk m%;s,dN ,hsia;=.; lsÍu

• jHdmdrfha meje;au ;yjqre fõ

• jHdmdrfha m%;srEmh lS¾;skduh j¾Okh fõ

• jHdmdrh ms<n
s | úYajdikSh;ajh ;yjqre fjhs

• .kqfokqlrejka ;Dma;su;a l< yels ùu

• jHdmdrfha mrud¾: yd wruqKq lrd <Õd ùu myiq ùu

• fiajl wdl¾IKh jeä lr .ekSug yels ùu

• ,dNh jeä ùu

• wdfhdaclhkaf.a wdl¾IKh jeä ùu

• úreoaOjd§ka wvqùu

67
• ;rÕldÍ;ajh myiqùu

• rdcH wkq.%yh ,eîu

• kS;suh n,mEï wju ùu

mßir ys;ldñ f,i lghq;= lrñka ;srir ixj¾Okg jHdmdr odhl jk wdldrh we.hsu

• ish¨u jDlaI,;dfjda lmd oeuQ miq

• ish¨u .x.d is§ .sh miq
• wka;su ud¿jd o w,a,d wdydrhg .;a miq
• ñksid f;areï .kSú uqo,a wdydrhg .; fkdyels nj

wd§ r;= bkaÈhdkq f.da;%sl jelshls

ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd imqrd .ekSu yd mßirh iïnkaO by; m%ldYh ms<n
s | Tnf.a woyia olajkak'

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

;srir ixj¾Ok hkak meyeÈ,s lsÍu

;srir ixj¾Okh hkq

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………'

mßirh yd ixj¾Okh i|yd jQ f,dal fldñIka iNdj

˜wkd.; mrïmrdj, ñksia wjYH;d imqrd .ekSu iy;sl jk mßÈ ;dlaI‚l yd wdh;ksl fhduqjla
we;sj iajNdúl iïm;a l<ukdlrKh yd ixrlaIKh lsÍuhs' tjeks ;srir ixj¾Okhla uÕska N+ñh
c,h fukau i;aj yd Ydl we;=<;a ftkaøh
s iïm;a mdßißl jYfhka ydhkh fkdjk mßÈ ;dlaI‚l
jYfhka .e,fmk mßÈ yd wd¾Ól yd iudchSh jYfhka mej;sh yels mßÈ ixrlaIKh l< hq;= fõ' ˜

f,dal wdydr yd lDIsld¾ñl wdh;kh

68
˜udkjhdf.a iqN idOk uÜgï my; fkdnisk f,i mj;ajdf.k hk yd ta uÕska tys m%.;shla we;s
lrjk ;;a;ajhla ;srir ixj¾Okhla hkafkka yefÛk w;r ;srir ixj¾Okhg iudk ;;a;ajhla
jkqfha ld,hdf.a wejEfuka tu iqNidOkh my; fkdneiSfï wjYH;djhhs'˜

fâúâ msh¾ia

˜iïm;a mokfï ia:djr;ajh yd wkd.; mrmqfrys m%;s,dN i|yd mßirh wdrlaId lrñka iudchSh
jYfhka j.lSfuka hq;a wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh iy;sl lsÍu ;srir ixj¾Okhhs ˜

mßirh yd ;srir ixj¾Okh ms<n

s | tlai;a cd;Skf
a .a iïfï,kh

;srir ixj¾Okfha uQ,l

s dx.

;srir ixj¾Okh f.dvke.S we;af;a iudk jeo.;a jeo.;alula we;s l=¿Kq ;=kla u;h' tajd kï "

1' wd¾Ól ;srir ixj¾Okh ^ economic sustainable development &

wd¾Ól j¾Okh yd iu.dój ckhdf.a Ôjk ;;a;ajh Wiia uÜgulg f.k tauhs' tkï wd¾Ól
ixj¾Okfha§ iïm;a mßfNdackh wvq lr Ôjk ;;a;ajh Wiia lsÍu u.ska udkj iqNidOkh ie,iSuhs'
ieufokdgu oeßh yels ñ,lg mßir ys;ldó ksIamdok ìys lsÍu ;=<k
s a msßir wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhla ,nd
.ekSu ñka wfmalaId flf¾ '

2' mßir ;srir wdrlaIKh ^ enviorament sustainable protection &

ñksid yd mßirh w;r mj;akd ukd iïnkaO;dj mj;ajdf.k hduhs' tkï jd;h c,h mi hkdÈh
wdrlaId lr lr.ksñka uQ,l
s ñksia wjYH;d imqrd .ekSuhs' iajNdúl mßirh fkdkid yd wkd.; mrmqr
fjkqfjka th wdrlaId lrñka udkj l%shdldrlï j, fh§uhs'

3' iudc ;srir ixj¾Okh ^ social sustainable development &

iudkd;au;djfhka hq;= ck;djla ìys lsÍuhs' tkï ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd by< m%ñ;shlska hq;=j
<Õdlr .ekSfï§ wka whf.a tu whs;sh fodaI lsÍu fyda W,a,x>kh lsÍu isÿ fkdlsÍu'

69
;srir ixj¾Ok ixl,amh

jHdmdrhlg ;srir ixj¾Okh i|yd odhl úh yels wdldrh meyeÈ,s lsÍu

• jHdmdr wdh;k o ;u jHdmdrh yd tys md¾Yjlrejka f.a wjYH;d yd jqjukd ,Õdlr .ekSu
i|yd Wmdh ud¾. yd l%shdldrlï f;aÍfï§ wkd.; wjYH;d i|yd wjYH jk udkj yd
iajNdúl iïm;a wdrlaId lrñka yd jeäÈhqKq lrñka lghq;= l< hq;=h túg th ;srir jHdmdr
Ndú;hka njg m;afõ'
• ;srir ixj¾Okh h:d¾:hla njg m;a lr .ekSu tla jHdmdr wdh;khlg muKla yqol,dj
lghq;= lrñka l< fkdyels jk w;r ta i|yd mdßfNda.shka o we;=¿j iuia; f,dal wd¾Ól
m%cdju l%shdldÍj odhl úhhq;= úfYaIfhkau jHdmdr ;srir ixj¾Okhg odhl úh yels wdldrh
my; Y%S hgf;a fmkakï
q l< yel'

wd¾Ól ;srir nj i|yd jHdmdr j, odhl;ajh

jHdmdrhla wd¾Ól ;srir nj fjkqfjka lghq;= lrk úg wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreKq lsysmhls

1' wd¾Ól j¾Okh yd ia:dhs;djh

2' ld¾hlaIu;djh iïm;a Ndú;h

3' ;r.ldÍ;ajh idOdrK;ajh

4' ksIamdokh yd mßfNdackh

5' fiajd kshqla;sh

6' wka;¾ cd;sl fj<|du

jHdmdrhlg wd¾Ól ;srir nj ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd .; yels l%shdud¾. lsysmhls'

1' iïm;a ld¾hlaIuj Ndú;h

2' l=i,;d n,.ekaùu

3' /lshd ks¾udKh

4' m%d.aOkh ld¾hlaIuj Ndú;

5' wjodkï l<ukdlrKh

6' wd¾Ól j¾Okh n,.ekaùu

70
7' md¾Yjlrejkaf.a m%;s,dN j¾Okh

8' kfjda;amdok y÷kajd§u

9' fiajl iqNidOkh

10' ;dlaIKh ÈhqKq lsÍu

mdßißl ;srir nj i|yd jHdmdr j, odhl;ajh

mdßißl ;srir ixj¾Okh idlaId;a lr .ekSfï i|yd jHdmdr lghq;= lrk úg úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq
l< hq;= lreKq lsysmhls'

1'

2'

3'

4'

jHdmdrhlg mdßißl ;srir nj ;yjqre lsÍug l, yels l%shdldrlï lsysmhls '

• mßir ys;ldó ys;ldó oE Ndú;d lsÍu

• ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha § wuqøjH n,Yla;sh jeks oE iq/lSu

• wmøjH l<ukdlrKfha § 3R " 4R jeks ixl,am Ndú;h

• mßirhg ys;ldó m%jdyk l%u Ndú;

• wka;rdldÍ øjH iqrlaIs;j Ndú; lsÍu

• c,h jd;h yd mi ¥IKh wvq lsÍu

• ffcj úúO;ajh /lSug lghq;= lsÍu

• mdßißl kS;sÍ;s j,g wkq.;j lghq;= lsÍu

• iQ¾h Yla;sh jeks mßir ys;ldó n,Yla;s Ndú;h

71
iudc yd ixialD;sl ;srir nj i|yd jHdmdr j, odhl;ajh

jHdmdr wdh;k iudc yd ixialD;sl ;srir nj ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd lghq;= lsÍfï§ wjOdkh fhduq l<
hq;= lreKq lsysmhls'

1' ck;djf.a Ôjk ;;ajh Wiia lsÍu

2' ck;djg iudk wjia:d iemhSu

3' iudc tald.%;dj we;s lsÍu

4' cd;Hka;r iyNd.S;ajh ,nd .ekSu

5' udkj m%d.aOkh kv;a;= lsÍu

6' foaYSh ixialD;sh iïm%odhka yd isß;a úß;a wdrlaId lsÍu

7' ixialD;sl mßirh iq/lSu

8' ÿ.S nj wju lsÍug lghq;= lsÍu

9' fiajl in|;d

jHdmdrhlg iudc yd ixialD;sl ;srir nj ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd i|yd .; yels l%shdud¾. lsysmhls'

1' udkj úúO;ajhg .re lrñka lghq;= lsÍu

2' udkj whs;sjdislï iq/lSug odhl ùu

3' iudkd;au;djfhka hq;=j lghq;= lsÍu

4' wOHdmkh fi!LH m%jdykh wd§ w;HjYH myiqlï i|yd odhl ùu

5' iudc ixrlaIl lghq;=j,g odhl ùu

6' ixialD;sl úúO;ajhg .re lsÍu yd iq/lSug odhl ùu

7' kS;sh yd iduh iq/lSug odhl ùu

72
;srir ixj¾Okh i|yd jHdmdr j, kQ;k kQ;k Ndú;h ;srir nj i|yd jQ 4R
ixl,amh
kQ;k iudcfha ksIamdok yd mßfNdack l%shdldrlï ksid Èklg oeßh fkdyels m%udKhlska wmøjH tl;=
ùu f.da,h
S m%Yakhla njg m;a ù we; tneúka

• ksYamdokfha§

• mßfNdackfha§

• wmøjH l,ukdlrKfha §

4R ixl,amh Ndú;h ;=<ska ;sridr ixj¾Okhla idlaId;a lr lr.ekSug lr .ekSug W;aidy .ekSu
f,dal uÜgñka wjOdkh fhduqj we;'

4R ixl,amfha ksfhdackh
• Recycle -

• Reuse -

• Reduce -

• Replace -

m%;spl%ShlrKh lsÍu ^ Recycle &

wmøjH fjka lr fjk;a NdKavhla ksIamdokh l< yels ;;a;ajhg m;alsÍuhs

fuys§ øjH j, mj;sk fN!;sl ;;a;ajh fjkia lsÍug ,la flf¾ ,la flf¾ m%;spl%ShlrKh fohdldrhl
ksuejqï ,efnk fia isÿ l< yelsh '

• wvq jákdlula we;s wuqøjH by< jákdlula we;s ksIamdÈ; njg m;a lsÍu

^ upcycle - wê pl%Sh lrKh &

ksoiqka -¦ msÿrej,ska lvodis ksIamdokh lsÍu

• by< jákdlula we;s ksIamdÈ; wvq jákdlula we;s wuqøjH njg m;a lsÍu

^ low cycle - wj pl%Sh lrk &

ksoiqka -( cmdkh Ndú;fhka bj;a lrk jdyk ;,d hlv njg m;a lsÍu '

73
kej; kej; Ndú;d lsÍu ^ Reuse &

ksIamdok ld¾hfha§ kej; Ndú;hg .; yels oE fhdod .ekSu

• ksoiqka -( lEu T;k fmd,s;Ska ISÜ fjkqjg lEu fmÜá Ndú;h

Ndú;h wvq lsÍu ^ reduce &

mßirhg uqodyßk wmøjH m%udKh wvq lsÍu

ksIamdokh fyda mßfNdackh i|yd fhdod .kakd øjH j,ska bj; ,k øjH m%udKh wvq lsÍfuka fuu
ld¾hh myiq fõ tfia u mßirhg wys;lr foa Ndú;fhka bj;a lsÍu Ndú;h m%;slafIam lsÍu Ndú;
fkdlr isàu uÕska Bg odhl úh yelsh'

• ksoiqka -( NdKavhl weiqreu i|yd Èrdm;a fkdjk fmd,s;ska Ndú; fkdlr isàu

mdkSh c,h ma,diaála weiqreï j, fkdoeóu

kej; ia:dms; lsÍu ^ Replace &

ksIamdok lghq;= i|yd Ndú;d lrk iajNdúl iïm;a j,ska kej; ia:dms; l< yels iïm;a mßirh ;=<
ia:dms; lsÍu'

• ksoiqka -( jkfh oej wuqøjH f,i Ndú;d lrk wdh;khla jk j.d jHdmD;shla weröu

uiqka ueÍfï wdh;khla uiqka fnda lsÍu jHdmD;s weröu

Èrd hk øjH Ndú;h ^Rot&

iajdNdúlju Èrdm;a jk øjH ksIamdok yd mdßfNdack l%shdj,sfha § Ndú;hg .ekSu'

by; 1" 2" 3" 3R " mdßfNda.slhdg ;srir ixj¾Okhg odhl úh yels wdldrh
meyeÈ,s lsÍu
mßirhg wm tfrys jqjfyd;a mßirh wmg tfrys jkq we; tneúka mßirh ñysl; iq/lSu wfkll=f.a
fkdj udf.a j.lSu jkafkah mdßfNda.slhl= jYfhka wmg .; yels tjeks l%shdud¾. /ils

• mßir ys;ldó foa ñ,g .ekSu

• wmøjH l<ukdlrKfha § 3R " 4R Ndú;h
• mßir ys;ldó m%jdyk l%u Ndú;h

74
 • wka;rdldÍ øjH wdrlaIs;j Ndú;d lsÍu
• mßir ixrlaIKh mßir ys;ldó lghq;= j, § rch yd rdcH fkdjk wdh;k iuÕ tlaj lghq;=
lsÍu
• iQ¾h Yla;sh jeks mßir ys;ldó n,Yla;s Ndú;h
• wjYH mßfNdackfhka neyerùu
• bkaOk Ndú;h wju lsÍu
• flá ÿr mhska hdu
• rela frdamKh
• wmøjH neyer lsÍu i|yd úúO ny¨ï Ndú;d lsÍu

jHdmdr lghq;= j, wys;lr n,mEï

1' mßir ¥IKh jk mßÈ wmøjH uqod yeÍu

2' iajdNdúl øjH wmf;a hk whqßka ksIamdokh lsÍu

3' ixialD;shg fkd.e,fmk fj<| oekaùï

4' ixialD;shg fkd.e<fmk we÷ï ks¾udK

5' jeä ,dN wfmalaIdfjka .=K;ajfhka wvq NdKav wmkhkh lsÍu

6' oeä ;r.ldß;ajh ;=<ska mdßfNda.shka /jàu

7' fiajl iqnidOkh ms<n

s | keUqre wvqùu

8' jHdmdr j,ska msgjk wêl f>daIdjka ksid Yío ¥IKh ùu

9' Èrd fkdhk weiqreï j¾. Ndú;d lsÍu

10' úÿ,sh c,h wmf;a heùu

jHdmdr lghq;=j, wys;lr n,mEï wju lsÍug fhdackd bÈßm;a lsÍu

1' úÿ,sh bkaOk wrmsßueiafuka Ndú;hg fhduq lsÍu

2' rela frdamK jevigyka l%shdjg kexùfï jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lsÍu

3' mßir ys;ldó m%jdyk l%u Ndú;hg fhduq lsÍu

4' wka;rdldÍ øjH iqrlaIs;j Ndú; lsÍug fhduq lsÍu

75
5' mdßißl kS;sÍ;s j,g wkq.;j lghq;= lsÍug oekaùu

6' lr ys;ldó weiqreï Ndú;h

7' wmøjH l<ukdlrKfha § 5R ixl,am Ndú;d lsÍug mqreÿ ùu

8' iQ¾h Yla;sh jeks mßir ys;ldó n,Yla;s Ndú;hg keUqre lsÍu

9' ixialD;sh wdrlaId jk mßÈ ksIamdok lghq;= isÿ lsÍu

jHdmdr wdpdrO¾u

jHdmdrj, id¾:l;ajh i|yd wdpdr O¾u moaO;shl wjYH;dj ;yjqre lsÍu

Learning outcomes

• jHdmdr wdpdr O¾u ixl,amh meyeÈ,s lrhs

• jHdmdr j,ska isÿjk fyd| yd krl oE i|yd ksoiqka bÈßm;a lrhs

• jHdmdr wdpdrO¾u ms<m

s e§fï wjYH;djh fmkajd fohs

• jHdmdr wdpdr O¾u moaO;shla f.dvke.Sfï § ie,ls,u

s ;a úh hq;= idOl ,ehsia;=.; lrhs

• tflla idOlh i|yd iqÿiq jk jHdmdr wdpdrO¾u ;u w;aoelSï weiqfrka fhdackd lrhs

• mj;akd jHdmdrhla ie,ls,,

a g f.k tu wdh;kh ms<n
s | wdpdr O¾u idlÉPd lrhs

• Wml,amkh lrk ,o jHdmdßl g .e,fmk jHdmdr wdpdrO¾u moaO;shla f.dvkÕhs

• jHdmdr wdpdr O¾u yd iudchSh j.lSï w;r fjki meyeÈ,s lrhs

fyd| mqrjeishl= jYfhka ksjfia § wd.ñl ia:dkhl§ iy fjk;a fmdÿ ia:dk l§ l< hq § l< hq;= yd
fkdl< hq;= oE mj;S tu ia:dk j,§ l< hq;=oehs fudkjdoehs i|yka lrkak

ksjfia §

wd.ñl ia:dkhl§

76
fmdÿ ia:dkhl§

jHdmdr wdpdr O¾u ixl,amh meyeÈ,s lsÍu

jHdmdr wdpdrO¾u fyd| yd krl ms<n

s | jQ woyils' fï i|yd my; oelafjk w¾:l;k Èh yel

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………'

ke;fyd;a

fyd| foa lsÍu;a krl foa fkd lsÍu;a h

jHdmdr j,ska isÿjk fyd| yd krl oE i|yd ksoiqka bÈßm;a lsÍu

fyd| l%shdjka

1' .=Kd;aul NdKav úlsŒu

2' idOdrK ñ, wh lsÍu

3' wdpdrYS,;
S ajh

4' Wmfoia iemhSu

5' wkq.%dyl;ajh iemhSï

6' idOdrK jegqma f.ùu

7' iudkd;au;djh ie,iSu

krl l%shdjka

1' wi;H m%pdrKh

2' mdßfNda.slhkag jerÈ wjfndaO ,nd§u

77
3' ixúOdkuh wmfhdackh

4' jxpd iy.; f,i uqo,a fyda ;ekam;= /ia lsÍu

5' ;r.h hgm;a lsÍu $ ;rÕ úfrdaê úfrdaë p¾hd

6' NdKav nd, lsÍu yd mßfNdackhg kqiqÿiq oE ñY% lsÍu

7' ksjerÈ lsß lsreï ñkqï Ndú; fkdlsÍu

8' ñ, jxpd

9' nÿ jxpd

10' mßir ¥IKh

11' Y%u iQrdlEu

jHdmdr wdpdrO¾u ms<sme§fï wjYH;djh fmkajd§u

jHdmdr wdpdr O¾u ms<m

s e§u jHdmdr j,g jeo.;a fõ

1' .=Kd;aul NdKav yd fiajd iemhSu ;=<ska .kqfokqlrejkag idOdrKhla bgq jk w;r tuÕska jHdmdr
fjkqfjka o Tjqkf
a .a úYajdih by< hhs

2' wf,úlrKhg wod, wdpdr O¾u ms<m

s e§u ;=,ska jHdmdrfha meje;au ;yjqre ùu iy ;r.ldÍ;ajhg
id¾:l f,i uqyqK Èh yels ùu

3' .sKqïlrK lghq;= j,g wod, wdpdrO¾u wdpdrO¾u ms<m

s e§fuka jHdmdrh ;=< isÿúh yels uQ,H
wl%ñl;d jxpd úIudpdr msgq oelSu ;=<ska úYajdih ;yjqre ùu

4' lS¾;skduh jeäùu

5' fiajH fiajl whs;Ska yd hq;=lï iqrlsk wdpdr O¾u ;=<ska fiajlhska cd;s l=, wd.ï fyda ia;%S mqreI wd§
jYfhka isÿjk widOdrKlï isÿ fkdùfuka mana ukd udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKhla isÿ ùu fiajlhskg
a
iudkj ie,lSug wjia:d ,eîu

6' wdh;khg fiajlhska wdl¾IKh myiq ùu yd fiajl m%jdis;dj Y%u msßjegqu wvqùu

78
jHdmdr wdpdrO¾u ix.%yh moaO;sh
wdpdrO¾u ix.%yh hkq "

• jHdmdrh ilia lrk ,o wdpdrO¾u ,sÅ;j oela jQ úg th wdpdr O¾u ix.%yh f,i ye¢kafõ
• fïjd jHdmdßl yeisÍï md,kh lrk kS;s fyda iïu;hkah'

ksoiqka

1' rdcH fiajlhska i|yd - wdh;ksl ix.%yh

2' jr,;a .KldêldÍka i|yd - pdg¾ m;%h

3' ffjoHjreka i|yd - ysfm%dfldáia Èjqreu

4' fyÈhka i|yd - khsáxf.a,a Èjqreu

wdpdr O¾u moaO;sfhka wdjrKh jk md¾Yj

iuyr jHdmdr wdh;k ish jHdmdrhg wod, wdpdrO¾u ,sÅ;j m%ldYhg m;a lrhs tu wdpdr O¾u
moaO;sh wdjrKh jk md¾Yj lsysmhls'

• .kqfokqlrejka

• fiajlhska

• whs;slrejka

• m%cdj

idudkHfhka wxl tfla wdpdrO¾u f,i i|yka lrkqfha .re lsÍu hkakhs wkHhkag .re lsÍu iEu
mqo.
a ,fhl=f.au hq;=luls wdpdr O¾uhls'

jHdmdr wdpdrO¾u moaO;shla f.dvke.Sfï § ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= idOl ,hsia;.

= ;
lsÍu
1' jHdmdrh

jHdmdrfha iajNdjh l=ulao NdKav ksIamdok jHdmdrhla o fiajdjka imhk jHdmdrhlao l=vd mßudK
jHdmdrhla o uyd mßudK jHdmdrhla o wdÈh ie,ls,,
a g .ekSu

2' .kqfokqlrejka

.Kqfokqlrejkaf.a b,a¨ï rgd" ñ,§ .ekSfï§ ie,ls,u

s ;a úh hq;= lreKq ikakf
s õokh" wd.ñl iudc yd
ixialD;Skg
a wod, lreKq ms<n
s |j ie,ls,u
s ;a ùu

79
3' fiajlfhda

fiajl p¾hdj fiajl úkh fiajl odhl;ajh l=uk uÜgfï fiajlfhla o Tjqkf
a .a mßirh wjYH;d yd
jqjukd ms<n
s | ie,ls,u
s ;a ùu'

4' ;rÕlrefjda

;rÕlrejka isào ;r.ldÍ;ajh m%;spdr Wmdhud¾. iïnkaO Tjqka wkq.ukh lrk wdpdr O¾u fudkjdo
hkak ms<n
s |j ie,ls,u
s ;a ùu

5' iudc ixialD;sh

ck j¾.h ;=< uq,a nei.;a ixialD;sl idrO¾u yd w.kdlï Wm ixialD;Ska .ek ie,ls,u
s ;a ùu

6' ixúOdk ixialD;sh

jHdmdrh ;=< mj;sk pdß;% jdß;% jákdlï mqreÿ wdl,am hkdÈh ms<n
s |j ie,ls,u
s ;a ùu '

7' m%dfhda.sl ùu

wdpdrO¾u moaO;s ilia lsÍfï§ tu wdpdrO¾u m%dfhda.slj l%shd;aul lsÍug yelshdj we;ao hkak ms<n
s |
ie,ls,u
s ;a ùu'

8' whs;slrejka

.=K;ajh yd ,dNh ms<n

s | iunr;dj f.dvke.Sug iïnkaO wdpdr O¾u ms<n
s | ie,ls,u
s ;a ùu

9' iemhqïlrejka

wuqøjH j, .=K;ajh ;yjqre lr.ekSug wjYH wdpdr O¾u ms<n

s | ie,ls,u
s ;a ùu

10' l<uKdlre

l<ukdlrejkaf.a odhl;ajh ie,fik mßÈ wdpdrO¾u f.dvkeÕSu ms<n

s | ie,ls,u
s ;a ùu

wdpdr O¾u moaO;shla ieliSfï § ieliSfï§ ie,ls,u

s ;a úh hq;= idOl

80
•

Wml,amkh lrk ,o jHdmdrhlg .e,fmk wdpdr O¾u moaO;shla f.dvke.Su

Wml,amkh lrk ,o jHdmdrh -( ;ß÷ mduish

1'

2'

jHdmdr wdpdrO¾u wdpdr O¾u yd iudc j.lSï w;r fjki meyeÈ,s lsÍu

• jHdmdr ;uka iu. lghq;= lrk ish¨ md¾Yjj,g hym;la isÿjk wdldrhg fyd| krl ms<n
s |
wjfndaOfhka lghq;= lsÍu jHdmdr wdpdrO¾u f,i ye¢kafõ jHdmdrh yd iïnkaO ish¨u Wkkaÿjla
olajk md¾Yjhkag Wmßu whqßka idOdrKhla bgq jk wdldrhg lghq;= lghq;= lsÍu jHdmdr iudc
j.lSuhs'

• jHdmdr wdpdr O¾u yd mq¿,a ixl,amh ;=< wvx.= tla wxYhla f,i jHdmdr iudc j.lSu ye¢kaúh
yel

• wdpdrO¾u jHdmdrh úiska /lsh hq;= fohla jk w;r iudc j.lSu jHdmdr úiska úhoula ord iudchg
wdmiq ,nd Èh hq;=hs'

81
 3' rch yd jHdmdr" mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKh

rch yd jHdmdr w;r wka;¾ l%shdldß;ajh

rch yd jHdmdrhka hk fomd¾Yjfha wruqKq bgq lr .ekSu ioyd fomd¾Yjh w;r

tlsfkldg iyh jk wka;¾ l%h
s dldß;ajhla mej;sh hq;=h' th fomd¾Yjfhau
j¾Okhg;a iuia; wd¾Ólfhau ixj¾Okhg;a jeo.;a fõ'

rcfha wd¾Ól wruqKq jHdmdrj, odhl;ajh

• wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh • ksis mßÈ nÿ f.ùu\

• wd¾Ól jDoaêh • foaYSh iïm;a Ndú;h
• mQ¾K fiajd kshql;
a h
s • /lshd wjia:d iemhSu
• idOdrK wdodhï jHdma;h
s • kS;sÍ;s yd m%;m
s ;a;s ms<sme§u
• wd¾Ól ld¾hlaIu;dj • úfoaY úksuh bmehSu
• ñ, ia:dhs;djh • mßirhg ydks fkdlsÍu
• ndysr ia:dhs;djh • iudc iqnidOkhg odhl ùu
• mdßißl .=Kd;aulNdjh • há;, myiqlï jHdmD;sj,g
• wd¾Ól ksoyi odhlùu
• wd¾Ól iqrlaIs;;dj

jHdmdr m%.;shg rcfha odhl;ajh rch jHdmdr flfrys n,mEï lrk

wdldrh

• há;, myiqlï imhd§u • há;, myiqlï imhkafkl=

• nÿ m%;ms ;a;h
s l%shd;aul lsÍu f,i
• Èß.ekaùu ,nd §u • m%;m
s ;a;s iïmdolfhl= f,i
• wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s yÿkajd §u • kshdulfhl= f,i
• kS;sÍ;s yd wKmk;a yÿkajd§u • .Kqfokqlrefjl= f,i
• úfoaY úksuh myiqlï iemhSu • Èß.ekaùï imhkafkl= f,i
• Rcq f,i ueÈy;a ùu • nÿ whlrkafkl= f,i
• ;r.lrefjl= f,i

f,dalfha ´kEu rgl rch ilia jk jHqyh

• úOdhlh
• jHjia:dodhlh
• wêlrKh

82
 ❖ Y%S ,xldfõ rch ksfhdackh lrk mßmd,k ia:r ^Y%S ,xldj ;=< jHdmdr flfrys
rch n,mEï ;=ka wdldrhlska isÿ fõ&
• uOHu rch
• m,d;a iNd
• m,d;a md,k wdh;k

rch jHdmdr flfrys n,mEï we;s lsÍug fya;=

• fmdÿ NdKav iemhSug
• iqnidOk NdKav iemhSug
• fm!oa.,sl wxYfha jHdmdr jeä ÈhqKq lsÍug
• fm!oa.,sl wxYh ;=< taldêtaldêldß;ajhla we;s ùu j<lajd,Sug
• mdßfNda.slhka wdrlaId lsÍug
• há;, myiqlï iemhSug

❖ rchla jHdmdr lghq;= ioyd ueÈy;a jk m%udKh ;SrKh lrk uQ,sl

ks¾Kdhlh
➢ w¾: l%uh
• Okjd§ w¾: l%uhla ;=< rcfha ueÈy;aùu my< uÜgul mj;S'
• iudcjd§ w¾:l%uhla ;=< rcfha ueÈy;a ùu by< uÜgul mj;S'

83
wd¾Ól m%;m
s ;a;s

• rchla i;=j mj;sk wd¾Ól wruqKq bgqlr .ekSu ioyd rch úiska Ndú;d
lrk úúO WmlrK fuf,i yÿkajhs'

uQ,H m%;sm;a;h
s *sil
a ,a m%;sm;a;h s ^whjeh m%;m
s ;a;h
s "
nÿ m%;m s ;a;h s &
• rgl uqo,a iemhqug n,mEï • *sil a ,a m%;sm;a;h s
lrkq ,nk wd¾Ól m%;ms ;a;h
s rdcH wdodhug yd úhoug
^m%idrKd;aulj fyda n,mEï lrkq ,nk wd¾Ól
ixfldapkd;aulj& m%;m s ;a;h s

• wruqK
rfÜ iuia; ñ, uÜgu ia:djrj • wruqK
rojd .ekSu id¾j wd¾Ól ia:dhs;dj
^fuh §¾> ld,hla mqrd isÿ fõ we;slÍ
s u
kï wd¾Ólh ;=< WoaOukh msgq
oelsh yelsh'&

• l%hs d;aul lsÍu

Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j • l%h
s d;aul lsÍu
uyd NdKavd.drh$ uqo,a
wud;HdxYh

• WmlrK
fmd,S wkqmd;h • WmlrK
õjHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;h rdcH úhou
újg$ újD; fj<ofmd, lghq;= rdcH Kh
Kh ms<sn| iSu yd fldkafoais nÿlrKh
hy fm<Uùu$ YsIaG m%fhda.
m%;u
s Q,H myiqlï

✓ Kh ms<sno iSud yd fldkafoais mekùfï wruqKq

• WoaOukh md,kh lsÍu
• uqo,a iemhqu md,kh lsÍu
• úúO lafIa;% fj; Kh ,nd §fuka ffO¾hu;a lsÍu

84
✓ WoaOukh
WoaOukh hkq rfÜ fmdÿ ñ, uÜgfï isÿjk wLKav j¾Okhhs'

✓ uqo,a iemhqu
uqo,a iemhqu hkq ksYaÑ; ld, mßÉfþohl§ rfÜ ck;dj w;r ixirKh jk
uqo,a m%udKhhs'

✓ m%udKd;aul WmlrK ^oekg uQ,H m%;m

s ;a;h
s ;=< il%h
S j mj;sk uQ,H WmlrK&
• m%;ms ;a;u
s h fmd,S wkqmd;
• jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;
• újg fj<ofmd< lghq;=

✓ m%udKd;aul fkdjk WmlrK

• hy fm<Uùu
• nexl=Kh md,kh
• Khjr ,sms ldis wdka;l
s kshu lsÍu

✓ m%;m
s ;a;u
s h fmd,S wkqmd;
uQ,H m%;sm;a;h
s l%shd;aul lsÍfïÈ Y%S ,xld uynexl=j úiska Ndú;d lrk fmd,S
wkqmd;hka fõ'

✓ uynexl= fmd,S wkqmd;slh

• ks;H ;ekam;= myiqlï wkqmd;slh
• ks;H Kh myiqlï wkqmd;slh

✓ jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;h

jd‚c nexl= úiska ;u remsh,a ;ekam;= j.lSïj,ska Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ uqo,a
;ekam;=jla f,i mj;ajd .; hq;= m%udKh oelafjk wkqmd;hhs'

85
✓ újg fjf<|fmd, lghq;=
fjf<|fmd, øjYS,;dj md,kh lsÍu ioyd Y%S ,xld uy
nexl=j u.ska ms<s.;yels iq/l=ïm;a fhdod .ekSu u.ska l%h
s d;aul lrkq ,nk
fj<ofmd, mokï lr.;a uQ,Hh l%shdldrlïh'

✓ újg fjf<|fmd, lghq;=j, mrud¾: 02ls'

• fmd,S wkqmd;h Wmßu yd wju uÜgul rojd .ekSu
• jd‚c lghq;= j, jHjydr uqo,a ixÑ; fjkia fldg uqo,a iemhqu
flfrys n,mEula we;slÍ
s u'
✓ uy nexl=j iq/l=ïm;a úlsŒfï§ rfÜ uqo,a iemhqu ixfldapkh fõ'
✓ uy nexl=j iq/l=ïm;a ñ,g .ekSfï§ rfÜ uqo,a iemhqu m%idrKh fõ'

✓ hy fm<Uùï
uQ,H lghq;= iïnkaOfhka jd‚c nexl= bÈßfha§ .; hq;= l%shdud¾. ms<sn| j
Tjqka oekqj;a fldg ta ioyd fhduq lsÍug uy nexl=j úiska lrkq ,nk
fm<Uùuhs'

✓ nexl= Khmd,kh
KhiSud mekùu m%udKd;aul yd .=Kd;aul iajrEmfhka isÿ lrhs'

86
rdcH wdodhu

rchla uqo,a j¾Ihla ;=< úúO m%Njhka Tiafia ,nk bmehSï rdcH wdodhu f,i
yÿkajhs'

rdcH wdodhfï uQ,sl m%fNao

➢ nÿ wdodhu
➢ nÿ fkdjk fjk;a wdodhï
• fmd,S rdcH jHjidhlhkaf.a ,dN
• n,m;% .dia;=
• ov uqo,a
• iudc ixrlaIK odhl uqo,a
• m%d.aOk NdKav úlsKï
q
• uqoaor .dia;=

noaola hkq
mqoa.,fhl= fyda wdh;khla úiska wksjd¾hfhka f.úh hq;= hehs rch fyda
rcfha n,OdÍ wdh;khla úiska kshu lrkq ,nk wksjd¾h f.ùuhs'

✓ nÿ j¾.SlrKh
nÿ moku u;
nÿ nr ú;eka lsÍfï moku u;

nÿ moku u; nÿ nr ú;eka lsÍfï moku u;

• wkql%ñl nÿ • Rcq nÿ
wdodhu by< hk úg nÿ ú;eka l< fkdyels wdodhï"
m%;Y
s ;ho by< hk wdldrfhka j;alï" yd Okh u;
wh lrkq ,nk nÿ mqoa.,hkaf.ka yd jHdmdrhkaf.ka
Wod(- wdodhï nÿ" iud.ï nÿ wh lrk nÿ'
^fïjd WoaOukh ioyd Rcq
• m%;l
s %ñl nÿ n,mEula we;s fkdlrhs&
wdodhï by< hk úg nÿ Wod(- wdodhï nÿ" iud.ï nÿ"
m%;Y
s ;h my< hk whqßka wh fmd,S nÿ" Wmhkúg f.ùfu nÿ"
lrk nÿ wd¾Ól fiajd .dia;=" jámkï nÿ"

87
 Wod(- ksIamdok nÿ" Lksc f;,a
nÿ
• iudkqmd;sl nÿ
wdodhu by< .sho my< .sho
nÿ m%;Ys ;h fkdfjkiaj mj;sk
nÿ
Wod(- f¾.= nÿ"fiia nÿ" jßmkï
nÿ
yr nÿ" m%d.aOk ,dN nÿ" úfYaI
fj<o NdKav nÿ" wdodhï n,m;%
nÿ
• jl% nÿ
ú;eka l< yels NdKav yd fiajd
mokï lr .ksñka jHdmdrj,ska
wh lrk nÿ
Wod(- VweGa" f¾.= nÿ" fiia nÿ"
KaòGa nÿ" ksIamdok nÿ" úfYaI
fj<o NdKav nÿ'

✓ nÿ u.ska rdcH mßmd,k l%shdoduh yereKq úg j¾;udk iudch rcfhka

wfmalI
a d lrk n,dfmdfrd;a;=
• wh lrkq ,nk nÿu.ska wd¾Ólfha ld¾hlaIu;dj j¾Okh lr .kq
we;ehs wfmalI
a dj
• iudcfha wdodhï idOdrK f,i fn§hdu ;yjqre lrkq we;ehs wfmalI
a dj

✓ rchg nÿ wjYH ùug fya;=

• rdcH wdodhu ;yjqre lr .ekSu ioyd
• rdcH úhoï mshjd .ekSu ioyd
• wd¾Ól mßmd,k lghq;= ioyd
• wdodhï fn§hdfï úIu;djhka wju lsÍu ioyd
• há;, myiqlï ixixj¾Okh ioyd
• foaYSh l¾udka; wdrlaId lr .ekSu ioyd

uQ,H m%;m
s ;a;sh jHdmdrj,g n,mdk wdldrh
• nexl= fmd,S wkqmd;h my; fy<Su ;=<ska jHdmdßlhka wju fmd,S hgf;a
Kh ,nd .ekSfuka jHdmdr lghq;= j¾Okh
• jd‚c nexl= úiska uy nexl=fõ mj;ajd .; hq;= ixÑ; m%udKh wvq l<
úg jd‚c nexl=j, Kh iemhSu ioyd fjka l< yels uqo,a m%udKh
jeäjk ksid jHdmdßlhkag myiqfjka Kh ,nd .ekSug yelsùu ;=<ska
wdfhdack jeä fõ' ta ;=<ska ksIamdok jeä ù NdKavj, ñ, wvq fõ' ñ,
wvq ùu ksid jHdmdrj, msßjegqm jeä ù ,dNh jeä fõ'

*sial,a m%;sm;a;sh jHdmdrj,g n,mdk wdldrh

• jHdmdrj,ska wh lrk nÿ wdodhu rch há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okh ioyd
fhoùu
• jHdmdr ioyd fjka lrk úhoï ksid jHdmdr j¾Okh ùu

88
 • wdkhk u; mkjk we;eï nÿ ksid foaYSh l¾udka;$ ksIamdok wdrlaId
ùu
• ksIamdÈ; u; úúO j¾.fha nÿ mekùu ksid NdKav ñ, by< hdfuka
wf,úh wvq ùu'

✓ rch úiska mkjk úúO nÿ jHdmdr flfrys úúO wdldrfha n,mEï we;s lrhs'
• nÿ ksid NdKav yd fiajdj, ñ, jeäjk fyhska b,a¨u wvqùu fya;=fjka
úlsKïq wvq ù ,dN wvq úh yelsh'
• fhojqïj, ñ, .Kka jeäùu fya;=fjka ksIamdok msßjeh by< hd
yelsh'
Rcq nÿ ksid jHdmdr ,dN wvq ù" m%;swdfhdack wvq ù" whs;l
s rejkag
,efnk wdfhdack wvq ù" Tjqka wffO¾hu;a fõ'
• jl% nÿ ms<sn| .Kqfokq jHdmdßlhka úiska whl< hq;= w;r ta ioyd
w;sf¾l úhoula yd ld,hla jeh ùu'

✓ nÿ Èß.ekaùï
• nÿ ksoyia lsÍu - nÿ bj;a lsÍu
• nÿ úrdu - lsishï ld,hla ;=< nÿ wh fkdlsÍu
• nÿ iyk - nÿ m%;Y s ;hka wvq lsÍu
• nÿ m%;ms dok - whl< nÿ kej; ,nd §u

✓ nÿ Èß.ekaùu ;=<ska wfmalI

a d lrk foa
• wdfhdack j¾Okh lsÍu
• úfoaY Rcq wdfhdack leoùu
• wmkhk Èßu;a lsÍu
• úfoaY úksuh bmehqï j¾Okh
• /lshd wjia:d j¾Okh
• rfÜ ksIamdok j¾Okh lr .ekSu
• iunr wd¾Ól j¾Okh we;s lsÍu

úúO nÿ j¾. iy /ialrk wdh;k

✓ foaYSh wdodhï fomd¾;fïka;=j
• mqoa., wdodhï nÿ
• iud.ï nÿ
• ,dNdxY nÿ
89
 • uqoaor nÿ
• wd¾Ól fiajd .dia;=
✓ iqrdnÿ fomd¾;fïka;=j
• u;ameka rd wrlal= ioyd jQ ksIamdok nÿ

✓ Y%S ,xld f¾.= fomd¾;fïka;=j

• f¾.= nÿ
• jrdh yd .=jkaf;dgqfmd, nÿ
• ;Sre nÿ wêNdrh
• ixj¾Ok nÿ

✓ fudagr: m%jdyk fomd¾;fïka;=j

• fudagr: ,shdmÈxÑ nÿ
• r: udÈ,s fjkia lsÍfï nÿ
• mejreï nÿ
• iqfLdamfNda.S fudagr: nÿ

✓ m,d;a iNdj
• fudagr: wdodhï n,m;% .dia;=

✓ m,d;a md,k wdh;k

• jßmkï nÿ
• úfkdao nÿ
úúO nÿ j¾.

✓ tl;= l< w.h u; noao

wdkhkfha§" ksIamdokfha§ yd fj<odfï§ NdKav
yd fiajdjkaf.ka wd¾Ólhg w¨;ska tl;=jk jákdlu u; wh lrk
noaols' fuh jl% noaols'

✓ iud.ï nÿ
iud.ï Wmhk ,dNh u; lrk noaols' fuh Rcq noaols'

✓ f¾.=$;Sre nÿ
wdkhkfha§ yd wmkhkfha§ wh lrkq ,nk noaols' jl% noaols'

✓ mßir wdrlaIK nÿ
mßirh iq/lSu ioyd yÿkd.;a jD;a;k
S a u; wh lrkq ,nk noaols' jl%
noaols'

90
 ✓ jßmkï nÿ
ksIap, foam< u; wh lrkq ,nk noaols' Rcq noaols'

✓ yr noao
;ekam;alrejka úiska .sKïq j, we;s uqo,a bj;a lr .ekSfï§ wh lrkq
,nk noaols' Rcq noaols'

✓ wdodhï nÿ
mqoa.,hskaf.a wdodhï mokï lr .ksñka wh lrkq ,nk noaols'

✓ m%.aOk ,dN nÿ
m%d.aOk j;alï úlsŒfuka ,nk ,dN u; wh lrkq ,nk noaols' Rcq
noaols'

✓ fiia nÿ
lsishï l¾udka;hla wdrlaId lSÍug yd j¾Okh lsÍug wh lrkq ,nk
noaols' jl% noaols'

✓ ksIamdok nÿ
foaYSh jYfhka ksmojk u;ameka$ ÿïfld< bkaOk u; wh lrk noaols'
jl% noaols'

✓ nÿ wdodhug jeäu odhl;ajhka"

• ksIamdok nÿ
• wdodhï nÿ
• tl;= l< w.h u; noao

✓ j¾;udkfha Ndú;h ;=< fkdu;s nÿ

• yr nÿ
• msßjegqï nÿ

✓ j¾;udkfha rch yÿkajd §ug W;aiy ork kj;u nÿ j¾.

• ldnka noao
• m%.aOk ,dN noao
• uq,H .Kqfokq .dia;=

91
rdcH úhou

hï uqo,a j¾Ihlg wod< j rch úiska isÿ lrkq ,nk ish¿u jeh lsÍï fõ'

m%d.aOk úhoï j¾;k úhoï$mqkrdj¾:k úhoï

• È.= ld,Sk wdfhdack ioyd rch • rdcH fiajd wLKavj mj;ajdf.k
ork úhoï hdu ioyd rch ork úhoï
• È.= ld,Sk fõ • flá ld,Sk fõ
• ksoiqka • ksoiqka
o ia:djr ^uQ¾;& j;alï w;;a lr o NdKav yd fiajd ioyd úhoï
.ekSu o fmd,S f.ùu
o m%d.aOka mejreï o j¾;k mejreï yd iykdOdr
o ia:djr j;alï mqkqre;a:dmkh
yd jeä ÈhqKq lsÍï

jHdmdr ioyd rch imhk myiqlï

fiajd j¾. fiajd imhk wdh;k

uQ,H fiajd ,xldmq;% ixj¾Ok nexl=j
rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl wxYfha jd‚c
nexl=
m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Ok nexl=
i¾fjdaoh nexl= ix.ï
WmfoaYk fiajd cd;sl jHdmdr l<uKdldß;aj
wdh;kh
ld¾ñl ixj¾Ok uKav,h
wmkhk ixj¾Ok uKav,h
Y%S ,xld wdfhdack uKav,h
cd;sl weiqreï uOHia:dkh
há;, myiqlï Y%S ,xld wdfhdack uKv,h
cd;sl jHjidh ixj¾Ok wêldßh
ld¾ñl ixj¾Ok uKav,h
m%dfoaYSh l¾udka; fiajd uOHia:dk
wf,ú fiajd Y%S ,xld yia; l¾udka; uKav,h
wmkhk ixj¾Ok uKav,h
cd;sl Ys,am iNdj
ld¾ñl ixj¾Ok uKav,h
;dlaI‚l fiajd ld¾ñl ixj¾Ok uKav,h
ld¾ñl ;dlaIK wdh;k

92
 Y%S ,xld yia; l¾udka; uKav,h
Y%S ,xld fudaia;r uOHia:dkh
cd;sl weiqreï uOHia:dk
Y%S ,xld cd;sl bxðfkare m¾fhaIK yd
ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkh

nqoaêuh foam<
• mqo.a ,fhl= ;u nqoaêh fufyhjd isÿ lrk ks¾udKhka
• nqoaêuh foam< whs;h s nqoaêuh foam< ioyd ,ndfok ffk;sl /ljrKhhs'

nqoaêuh foam< kS;sh

2003 wxl 36 ork nqoaêuh foam< mk;

✓ nqoaêuh foam< wdh;kh

nqoaêuh foam< ld¾hxYh

✓ nqoaêuh foam< iïnkaOfhka j.lSï orK rdcH ks<Odßhd

nqoaêuh foam< wOHlaIl fckd,ajrhd

✓ nqoaêuh foam, whs;k S a j¾.

✓ fmagkaÜ whs;hs
o uq,a ksIamdok $ kj fidhd.ekSï ioyd wod< md¾Yjhkag rch úiska
,nd fok iy;slhhs' iajdêldr ysñlï f,io yÿkajhs'
o jir 20la olajd j,x.= jk w;r kej; w¿;a l< fkdyel'
o iajdêldr ysulï ,nd .; fkdyels kj fidhd.ekSï
▪ T!IO mk;
▪ kj m%;sldr l%u ioyd
▪ me,Eá j¾.

✓ m%ldYk whs;hs
• uq,a Ydia;%h
S lD;Ska óg wod, fõ'
• tkï fmd;a" ,sms" mß>kl uDÿldx." fõÈld kdgH" Ñ;%" uQ¾;s"
ix.S;h" Ñ;%mg jeks ks¾udK óg wod<h'
• fuys j,x.=;djh l;D Ôj;ajk ;=re yd Tyqf.a ur‚ka miq jir
70la olajd mu‚'

93
 • §¾> l< fkdyel'
✓ ld¾ñl ie,iqï
• hï NdKavhlg kj fmkqula ,nd§u fyda kj fudaia;rhla ms<snoj
ysñjk iy;slh fuh fõ'
• whs;sh jir 5lg ysñfõ'
• .dia;= f.jd §¾> l< yelsh'

✓ fj<o ,l=K
• hful=f.a fj<o yd fiajd ,l=Kq ms<sn| jQ whs;sh fj<o ,l=Khs'
• fuh hïlsis mohla" i<l=Kla fyda ,dxPkhla úh yelsh'
• fuh jir 10lg j,x.= fõ'
• ;jÿrg;a jir 10 ne.ska §¾> lr.; yelsh'

N+f.da,sh o¾Yl
• m%foaYhl wkkH;djh yd Wreuh tu m%foaYhg muKla Wreu lr§fï
iy;slh fuhhs'
• ksoiqka
o isf,daka à Y%S ,xldj
o reyqKq ó lsß tu m%foaYhg mu‚'

❖ §¾> l< fkdyels nqoaêuh whs;sjdislï

• fmagkaÜ whs;h
s
• m%ldYk whs;h s

❖ §¾> l, yels whs;j

s dislï
• ld¾ñl ie,iqï
• fj<o ,l=K

❖ ld, iSudjla mkjd ke;s nqoaêuh foam, whs;j

s dislu
• N+f.da,sh o¾Yl

94
 mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKh

mdßfNda.slhd f.jk uqo,g m%udKj;a ;Dma;hs la ,nd §u iy;sl lsÍu ms‚i i,id
we;s kS;u
s h wdjrKhhs'

❖ wka;¾ cd;sl mdßfNda.sl Èkh

ud¾;= 15

❖ mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKfha m%Odk wfmalI

a dj
mdßfNda.slhka úiska f.jk uqo,g iß,k ;Dma;h
s la iy;sl lr §u

❖ mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKh ioyd ia:dms; kS;sh

2003 wxl 9 orK mdßfNda.sl lghq;= ms<sn| wêldßh mk;

❖ mdßfNda.slhd
m%;I
s aGdjla f.jd w;am;a lrf.k i;H jYfhkau mdßfNdackfha fhfokafkl=
fyda mdßfNdackfha fhoù hehs úYajdih ;eìh yels ;eke;af;la fõ'

mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIaKfha wjYH;dj

• jHdmdr ;r.ldÍ;ajh
• f.da,shlrKfha n,mEu
• oeä m%j¾Ok l%u
• tlu jqjukdj imqrd .ekSug úúO j¾.fha NdKav mej;Su
• kj ;dlaI‚l NdKav fj<ofmd<g tlaùu
• mdßfNda.slhkaf.a jeh l< yels wdodhu by< hEu
• Yla;u s ;a mdßfNda.sl ixúOdk ys.lu
• mdßfNda.sl wOHdmkh ÿ¾j, ùu
• ksoyia fj<odu

mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKh ie,fik l%u

• wKmk;a yd rdcH wdh;k
• iajHx wdrlaIdj
• mdßfNda.sl ixúOdk

❖ mßfNda.slhd úiska u ;u wdrlaIdj idhd .ekSu wfkl=;a wdrlaIdjkag jvd

jeo.;a wdrlaIdjls'
❖ mdßfNda.slhd úiskau ;u wdrlaIdj i,id .kakd ksid hï ydkshla fyda
w,dNhla isÿùug fmr bka wdrlaId ùug bvlv ie,fia'

95
mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKhg odhl;ajh
o mdßfNda.sl iyNd.S;ajh
▪ m%ñ;s ,dxPk iys; NdKav ñ,g .ekSu
▪ f,an,a mÍlaId lr NdKav ñ,§ .ekSu
▪ m%lg ikakï kduhla fyda fj<o ,l=Kla iys; NdKav ñ,§ .ekSu
▪ mdßfNda.sl ixúOdk msysgù
q u
▪ mdßfNda.sl wOHdmkh j¾Okh lr .ekSu
▪ úYajdijka; ia:dkj,ska NdKav ñ,§ .ekSu

o jHdmdrj, iyNd.S;ajh
▪ wdpdrO¾u moaO;shla l%shd;aul lsÍu
▪ mdßfNda.slhd ioyd jQ iudc j.lSï bgq lsÍu
▪ mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIK kS;Ís ;s wdrlaId lsÍu
▪ wf,úlrK wdpdrO¾u bgq lsÍu
▪ mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIK cd;sl jevigyka ioyd iyh ùu

o rch iyNd.S;j a h
▪ Yla;u
s ;a mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIK kS;Í
s ;s msysgùq u
▪ mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIK ioyd jQ wdh;k msysgù q u
▪ wld¾hlaIu mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIK kS;Í s ;s wj,x.= lsÍu
▪ mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKhg wod< wld¾hlaIu wdh;k jid oeóu
▪ mdßfNda.sl wOHdmkh by< kexùug lghq;= lsÍu
▪ mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKhg wjYH wruqo,a iemhSu

mdßfNda.sl ixúOdk

o mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKh i,id .ekSu ioyd mßfNda.slhska úiska msysgj

q d
.kakd ,o iafõÉPd ixúOdkhka fõ'
o wju iduðl ixLHdj 15ls'
o msysgj
q k ,nk n,m%foaY
▪ .%dufiajd n,m%foaY
▪ kd.ßl n,m%foaY

mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKfha uÜgï

• iajHx uÜgï
• m%dfoaYSh uÜgï
• cd;sl uÜgï
• wka;¾cd;sl uÜgï

96
mdßfNda.sl wOHdmkh
mdßfNda.sl whs;sjdislï yd mdßfNda.sl j.lSï ms<snoj mdßfNda.slhkaf.a
oekqu" l=i,;djhka yd wdl,am jeä ÈhqKq lsÍuhs'

❖ mdßfNda.sl wOHdmkh u.ska mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKh ie,fik wdldr 02la kï"

• iajhx wdrlaIdj u.ska
• wfkl=;a mdßfNda.slhskaf.a wdrlaIdj iy;sl lsÍu u.ska

mdßfNda.sl whs;sjdislï
f.jk uqo,g idOdrK ;Dma;h
s la ,eîu ;yjqre lsÍu ioyd mdßfNda.slhd fj;
m%ldY lr we;s ysñluhs'

❖ mdßfNda.sl whs;sjdislï
o fcdaka t*a flkä
▪ wdrlaIdj i,id .ekSfï whs;h s
▪ f;dr;=re oek .ekSfï whs;hs
▪ f;dard .ekSfï whs;h
s
▪ ijka fhduq lrjd .ekSfï whs;h s
o mdßfNda.sl cd;Hka;rh
▪ uQ,sl wjYH;d imqrd .ekSfï whs;sh
▪ jkaÈ ,nd .ekSfï whs;sh
▪ mdßfNda.sl wOHdmkh ms<sno whs;hs
▪ fi!LH iïmkak mßirhl Ôj;aùfï whs;sh

mdßfNda.sl j.lSï
o mdßfNda.sl whs;sjdislï /l .ekSug mdßfNda.slhd ;=< jQ neÈhdj fyda
ta ioyd ixúOdk .;j lghq;= lsÍu
▪ úpdrYS,S wjfndaOh
▪ l%h
s dldÍ iyNd.S;ja h
▪ iudch ms<sno ie,ls,a,
▪ mdßißl oekqj;anj
▪ iyfhda.S;djh$ iyNd.S;ja h

mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKhg iïnkaO uQ,sl wdh;k oaú;ajh

• foaYSh mdßfNda.sl lghq;= ms<sn| wêldßh
• úfoaYSh mdßfNda.sl cd;Hka;rh

97
mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKhg wod<
• úfoaYhS wdh;k
o mdßfNda.sl cd;Hka;rh
o wka;¾cd;sl m%ñ;s ixúOdkh
o tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh
• foaYSh wdh;k
o mdßfNda.sl lghq;= ms<sn| wêldßh
o mdßfNda.sl lghq;= ms<sn| iNdj
o Y%S ,xld m%ñ;s wdh;kh
o fi!LH fiajd fomd¾;fïka;=j
o uOHu mßir wêldßh
o m<d;a md,k wdh;k
o ñkqï tall iy fiajd fomd¾;fïka;=j
o cd;sl T!IO wêldßh

mdßfNda.sl lghq;= ms<sn| wêldßh

o ia:dms; l< kS;h

s
▪ 2003 wxl 9 orK mdßfNda.sl lghq;= ms<sn| wêldßh mk;

o ks,OdÍ úhqyh
▪ wêldßfha iNdm;s
▪ wÈldßh woHlaI ckrd,a
▪ hï hï úIhkays m<mqreoao iys; ks,OdÍka 10 la blau jQ msßila

o taldnoaO l< wdh;k

• idOdrK fj<|du ms<sn| fldñIka iNdj
• wNHka;r fj<| ms<sn| flduidßia fomd¾;fïka;=j

o ldrHhka
• widOdrK fj<| ms<sfj;a je,elaùu
• taldêldÍ ;;a;ja hka md,kh lsÍu
• ;rÕ úfrdaë p¾hd md,kh
• mdßfNda.sl ixúOdk msysgùq ug wkq.%yh oelaùu
• mdßfNda.sl whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lsÍu
• ;r.ldÍ ñ, m%j¾Okh

98
 ❖ n,;,
• ñ, ,l=Kq lsÍu f,an,a lsÍu weisÍu úlsŒu iïnkaO ksfhda. ksl=;a lsÍu
• NdKav yd fiajd j, m%ñ;sh ms<sn| ksfhda. ksl=;a lsÍu
• fj<| mÍY%hkag we;=¿ùu yd mßlaId lsÍu
• ov kshu lsÍu yd NdKav rdcika;l lsÍu
• f;dr;=re imhk f,i b,a,d isàu

❖ wruqKq
• WmøjldÍ NdKavj,ska mdßfNda.slhd wdrlaId lsÍu
• widOdrK j;a ms<sfj;a j,ska mdßfNda.slhd wdrlaId lsÍu
• ;r.ldÍ ñ,lg ñ,g .ekSug bvlv ie,iSu
• mdßfNda.sl iQrdlEu tfrysj iykhla ,nd§u

Y%S ,xld m%ñ;s wdh;kh

o md,kh
uyd uKav,hla úisks

o ia:dms; l< kS;h

s
1984 wxl 6 orK Y%S ,xld m%ñ;s wdh;k mk;

o úhqyh
wud;Hjrhd úiska m;a l< idudðlhska 11 la iys; uyd uKav,h

o wh;a wud;HdxYh
úoHd yd ;dlaIK wud;HxYh

o wruqKq
• cd;sl yd wka;¾cd;sl moku u; m%ñ; ms<sfh, lsÍu
• m%ñ;slrKh yd ;;a;aj md,kh m%j¾Okh
• ridhkd.dr yd mqia;ld, fiajd mj;ajdf.k hdu
• m%ñ;s iy;sl ,l=Kq l%uh l%shd;aul lsÍu

o ld¾hNdrh
• m%ñ;s ixj¾Okh
• ksIamdok iy;sl lsÍu
• mÍlaIKd.dr fiajd
• Y%S ,xld cd;sl ;;a;j
a iïudkh msßkeóu

99
 • wdkhk NdKav mÍlaIdj
• mQ¾j wmkhk mÍlaIdj
• mßlaId.dr fiajd Y%S
• ;;a;ja moaO;s ms<sn| wka;¾cd;sl m%ñ;Ska l%h
s d;aul lsÍu
• úÿ,s WmlrK j, Yla;s ld¾hlaIu;d f,an,alrKh l%shd;aul
lsÍu
• mdßfNda.sl wOHdmkh m%p,s; lsÍu

mdßfNda.sl lghq;= ms<sn| iNdj

o ia:dms; l< kS;h

s
mdßfNda.sl lghq;= ms<sn| wêldÍ mk;

o ks,OdÍ ixhq;hs
jd‚c kS;s lafIa;%fha mq¿,a m<mqreoaola we;s ;eke;af;la
jHdmdr l<ukdlrKfha m<mqreoao we;s ;eke;af;la
fj<| ms<sfj;a yd mdßfNda.sl lghq;= j, mq¿,a m<mqreoaola we;s
;eke;af;la

o ld¾hNdrh
;rÕ úfrdaë p¾hd iïnkaOfhka úu¾Ykh lsÍu meñ‚,s úNd. lsÍu isÿ
lrhs

❖ mdßfNda.sl lghq;= ms<sn| wêldßh u.ska m%ldY lr we;s ksYaÑ; NdKav

úh,s ñßia" f,dl= Ækq" uqx weg" mßmamq" .Eia" yd,aueiafid" iy,a" ;sßÕ= msá"
isfuka;s" r;= Ækq" iqÿ iSks" lv," l=l=,a uia" ieuka" lsßmsá

❖ wdydr iïnkaO wdh;k

• wdydr flduidßia fomd¾;fïka;=j
• wdydr úoHd wxYh

❖ T!IO iïnkaO wdh;k

• rdcH T!IO ixia:dj
• rdcH T!IO ksIamdok ixia:dj
• wka;rdhlr T!IO md,k wêldßh

100
 ❖ mdßfNda.sl lghq;= ms<sn| wêldß mk;
mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIdj iïnkaOfhka Y%S ,xldfõ mj;sk m%Odk;u kS;h
s hs

❖ wêldÍ mk; iïu; ùfï§ wfydais jQ mk;a

• mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIK mk;
• idOdrK fj<| fldñIka iNd mk;
• ñ, md,k mk;
wêldÍ mk; g wkqj fj<| isÿlrk jerÈ
o NdKavj, ñ, f,an,a lsÍu meyer yeÍu yd ñ, ,l=Kq fkdlsÍu
o weiqreï yd ksIamdok iïnkaO ksfhda. meyer yeÍu
o NdKavj, f,an,a úia;r fjkia lsÍu uld oeóu úlD;s lsÍu fyda brd
oeóu
o ,l=Kq l< ñ,g jvd by< ñ,lg NdKav úlsŒu
o úlsŒug ;nd we;s NdKav úlsŒu m%;slf a Iam lsÍu
o ñ, o¾Ykh m%o¾Ykh fkdlsÍu
o mdßfNda.slhka fkduÕ heùu
o muKg jvd jeäfhka NdKav /ialr ;nd .ekSu
o .ekqïlre b,a,d isák úg l=ú;dkais ksl=;a fkdlsÍu

❖ wdydr mk; l%shd;aul lsÍfï ks,Odßhd

fi!LH yd fiajd wOHlaI ckrd,a jrhd

❖ wdydr mk; hgf;a ia:dms; lñgqj

wdydr WmfoaYk lñgqj

❖ mdßfNda.sl wêldß mk; g wkqj l=ú;dkaih

s l we;=,;a úh hq;= lreKq
• wf,ú l< Èkh
• f.jk ,o ñ,
• NdKav m%udKh
• .kqfokqfõ iajNdjh
• ^úlsŒula isÿjk iEu úgu l=ú;dkaishla ksl=;a lsÍu wksjd¾h fkdjk
w;r .kqfokqlre b,a,d isák úg muKla jQ ldis ksl=;a l< hq;=h &

❖ f,an,hl we;=,;a úh hq;= lreKq

• Wmßu is,a,r ñ,
• ksIamdÈ; Èkh
• l,a bl=;ajk Èkh

101
 • ksIamdok ldKav wxlh
• nr fyda mßudj

m%ñ;s yd m%ñ;slrKh
o m%ñ;slrKfha uQ,sl wx.
▪ m%ñ; ilia lsÍu
▪ m%ñ;s ksl=;a lsÍu
▪ m%ñ;s l%shd;aul lsÍu

o wruqKq
▪ rgl iuia; wd¾Ól j¾Okh
▪ mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIdj
▪ mdßfNda.sl fi!LH wdrlaIdj
▪ ikafoaYk j¾Okh

o m%;,
s Dn
▪ kdia;s wjuùu
▪ f.jk ñ,g idOdrK jákdlula ,nd§u
▪ ksIamdÈ; .=K;ajh j¾Okh
▪ mdßfNda.sl Ôjk ;;ajh Wiia lsÍu
▪ wka;¾cd;sl fj<odu ÈhqKq ùu
▪ by< ms<s.ekSu

o f.da,Sh m%ñ; Èkh

Tlaf;dan¾ 14

o m%ñ;slrKfha uÜgï
• wka;¾cd;sl m%ñ;s
iuia; f,dalhu Ndú;d lrk cd;Hka;r ixúOdk úiskailia lrhs
• l,dmSh m%ñ;s
rgj,a lsysmhla tla ù ilia lrkq ,nhs
• cd;sl m%ñ;s
rgl m%ñ;s wdh;kh úiska ilia lrk m%ñ;s
• l¾udka; m%ñ;s
iuia; l¾udka;hu wkq.ukh lrk m%ñ;s
• iud.ï m%ñ;s
wdh;k úiska mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk m%ñ;s
• mqoa., m%ñ;s
fm!oa.,slj ilia lrkq ,nk m%ñ;s

102
m%ñ;s wdh;kh cd;sl m%ñ;s l%shd;aul lrk wdldrh
• iafjÉPdfjka ms<sme§u u.ska
m%ñ; j,g wkql+,j NdKav ksIamdokh n,mEula fkdue;sj ksYamdolhd
leue;af;kau isÿlrkq ,nhs

• tia t,a tia NdKav iy;sllrKh u.ska

fuh wdldr follska l%h s d;aul fõ'
iafjÉPdfjka l%shd;aul jk iy;sl ,dxPk l%uh
kshñ; NdKav lsysmhlg iy;sl ,dxPk wksjd¾h lsÍu

• mQ¾j wmkhk mÍlaIdj u.ska

lDIs ksIamdok wmkhkh lsÍug fmr iafõÉPd mokfuka m%ñ;s
wdh;kfha isÿlr.kakd mÍlaIdjhs

• wdkhk mÍlaIdj u.ska

rgg wdkhkh lrk NdKav fjf<| fmd<g ksl=;a lsÍug fmr Y%S ,xld
m%ñ;s wdh;kh uÕska isÿ lr.; hq;= mÍlaIdjhs

• wmkhkh i|yd uqyqÿ wdydr meiqreï wdh;k mÍlaIdj uÕska

uqyqÿ wdydr wmkhkh i|yd wjYH fi!LH iy;sl ,nd.ekSug Y%S ,xld
m%ñ;s wdh;kfhka ,nd .; hq;= weiqreïlrK weiqreï mÍlaIdjhs

❖ tia t,a tia iy;sllrKh

Y%S ,xld m%ñ;s wdh;kfha m%ñ;s msßú;rhkag wkqj ksIamdokh lr we;s nj

❖ ´ tÉS tia t tia 18001 2007

jD;a;h
S fi!LH yd iqrlaIs;;d l<ukdlrK moaO;s iy;sllrKh

❖ whs tia ´ 22000 2005

wdydr wdrlaIK l,ukdlrK moaO;s iy;sllrKh

❖ tÉS t iS iS ms iy;sllrKh
wdydr ksIamdok j, fi!LH wdrlaIs; nj iy;sllrKh Wmøj wjê md,k
wjia:d úYaf,aIKh

❖ Yla;s ld¾hlaIu;d f,an,h

úÿ,s n, mßfNdack ld¾hlaYu WmlrK ioyd ,nd fok f,an,h

❖ cStïmS iy;slh
hym;a ksIamdok ms<sfj;a iy;sllrKh T!IO i|yd wksjd¾h fõ

103
❖ whs tia ´ 9001 2008
;;a;ja l<ukdlrK moaO;s iy;sllrKh

❖ whs tia ´ 14001 2004

mßir l,ukdlrK moaO;s iy;sllrKh

❖ whs tia ´ 50001 2011

n,Yla;s l<ukdlrK moaO;s iy;sllrKh

❖ whs tia ´ 27001 2005

f;dr;=re l,ukdlrK moaO;s iy;sllrKh

❖ whs tia ´ 26000 2010

iudc j.lSï l,ukdlrK moaO;s iy;sllrKh

❖ f;a ksmhqï iy;sllrKh

Wiia m%ñ;sfhka hq;= fyda ksIamdokhka Èßu;a lsÍu wruqKq lrf.k y÷kajd§
we;s NdKav iy;sllrKh

❖ úod;d moaO;s iy;sllrKh

l=vd mßudKfha l¾udka; lrejka i|yd ,ndfok moaO;s iy;sllrKh

❖ m%ñ;shla hkq ksIamdokfhys fj<|dfuys mßfNdackfhys Wmßu ld¾hlaIu;dj

i|yd úoHdfõ ;dlaIKfha yd m<mqreoao m%;Ms , tla lr wod<
ish¨ wxYj, iyfhda.fhka yd tlÕ;djfhka ms<sfh, yd wka;¾cd;sl l,dmSh
yd cd;sl uÜgfï ms<s.;a wdh;khla uÕska wkqu; lr uyckhd fj; ksl=;a
lrkq ,nk ;dlaI‚l msßú;rhls

❖ tia t,a tia ,nd .ekSfï l%shdj,sh

o whÿïm;% bÈßm;a lsÍu

o mQ¾j lïy,a mÍlaIdj
o ksheÈ mÍlaIdj
o wjidk mÍlaIdj
o fldkafoais kshu lsÍu
o tia t,a tia m%ñ;s ,dxPk msßkeóu

❖ tia t,a tia u.ska ,efnk m%;,

s dN
o ksIamdolhdg
▪ úl=Kqï jeäùu
▪ iïm;a kdia;h s wju ùu
▪ ;r.hg id¾:lj uqyqK §u
▪ m%pdrK úhoï wvqùu

104
 ▪ úYajdih j¾Okh ùu
▪ msßjeh wvqùu
▪ ,dNh jeä ùu

o mdßfNda.slhdg
▪ f;dard .ekSu myiq ùu
▪ f.jk uqo,g idOdrK jákdlula ,eîu
▪ wdrlaIdjla ,eîu
▪ f;jk md¾Yjhla j.lSfuka ne£u
▪ .=K;ajfhka by, NdKav mdßfNdackhg bv ,eîu

tia t,a tia,dxPkh wksjd¾h wdydr ksIamdÈ;

iska;ála fldaäh,a" m,;=re ri mdk" idr m,;=re hqI" idr m,;=re isrma mdk"
Wl= lsß" áka ud¨" kejqï m,;=re "fldaäh,a" ÿUqre iSks" ms<s.ekaùug iQodkï
m,;=re îu

^ foaYSh wdydr yd wydr fkdjk ksIamdÈ; 34la i|yd o wdkhk ksIamdÈ; 123la
i|yd o S<aS wksjd¾h lr we; '&

cd;sl ;;a;aj iïudkh

iQ¿ uOH yd uyd mßudK ksIamdokhka isÿ lrk jHdmdßlhskag Y%S ,xld m%ñ;s
wdh;kh úiska jd¾Islj msßkukq ,nk iïudkhhs ;;aj md,k jev
ms<sfj;a we.ehSug ,la lrñka ksl=;a lrhs

105
 04 jHdmdr ixúOdk
ixúOdkh
fmdÿ wruqKla bgqlr .ekSu i|yd talrdYs ù isák mqoa., lKavdhulska ieÿï,;a
iudc tallhla ixúOdkhla f,i ye¢kafõ '

WodyrK(-

mdi," mkai," m,a,sh "fj<|ie," l%Svd ix.ï'''

ixúOdkhl oelsh yels fmdÿ ,laIK "

01'wruqKla ;sîu'

02' mqoa.,hska isàu'

03' ixúOdk jHqyhla mej;Su'

jHdmdr ixúOdk "

,dN bmhSu fyda iudc iqNidOkh wruqKq lrf.k ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd
;Dma;su;a lsÍu i|yd NdKav fyda fiajd ksmoùu"fnod yeÍu yd wf,úh isÿ lsÍfï ksr;
jHjidhka ˜jHdmdr ixúOdk ˜kï fõ'

jHdmdr ixúOdkhl oelsh yels fmdÿ ,laIK

01'wruqKla ;sîu'

02' ixúOdk jHqyhla ;sîu'

03' mqoa.,hska isàu'

04' wd¾Ól lghq;a;l kshe,Su'

05'l<ukdlrKh yd md,k l%uhla mej;Su'

06' meje;aula ;sîu'

07'jHdmdr lghq;= jd¾;d lsÍfï lsÍfu l%uhla mej;Su'

jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾.SlrKh

Y%S ,xldj ;=< oekg m%p,s;j mj;akd jHdmdr ixúOdk m%Odk mokï folla hgf;a j¾.
l< yelsh'

01' ysñldÍ;ajh u; $ whs;sh u;

02' wruqKq u;'

ysñldÍ;ajh u; jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾. j¾.SlrKh'

ysñldÍ;ajh u; jHdmdr ixúOdk m%Odk fldgia follg j¾. lrhs'

rdcH$ fmdÿ wxYfha jHdmdr ixúOdk '

106
 fm!oa.,sl wxYfha jHdmdr ixúOdk'

jHdmdr ixúOdk j, oelsh yels ffk;sl ,laIK

jHdmdr ixúOdk tlsfklska fjkia jk m%Odk ,laIK lsysmhla y÷kd.; yel '

j.lSu

jHdmdrfha ndysr j.lSï iïnkaOfhka tys ysñlrejka fj; we;s ne¢hdj j.lSuhs'
j.lSu fldgia folls'

1' wiSñ; j.lSï

jHdmdrfha Kh yd fjk;a ne£ï mshùu i|yd whs;slref.a fyda whs;slrejkaf.a

fm!oa.,sl j;alï mjd lem lsÍug isÿ ùu wiSñ; j.lSuhs' tkï whs;slre fyda whs;slrejka
fhdok ,o m%d.aOkhg j.lSu iSud fkdùuhs'

W'od(- ;ks mqoa., jHdmdr" yjq,a jHdmdr

2' iSñ; j.lSï

whs;slrejkaf.a j.lSu ;u wdfhdackhg muKla iSud ùuhs'tkï whs;slrejkaf.a uQ,Huh

ne£u Tjqka jHdmdrhg wdfhdackh l< uqo,ska Tíng me;sÍ fkdhEuhs'

W'od(- ixia:dms; iud.ï"iuQmdldr

02' kS;suh mqoa.,Ndjh

jHdmdrhlg ish kñka lghq;= lsÍug we;s yelshdjhs' jHdmdrh tys whs;slrejka f.ka
fjkajq mqoa.,hl= nj kS;sh bÈßfha ms<s.kakd njhs'fï ksid my; oE jHdmdrhlg isÿ l<
yelsh'

1' jHdmdrh kñka kvq mekùug'

2' jHdmdrh kñka j;alï w;am;a w;am;a lr .ekSug'

3' jHdmdrh kñka .súiqïj,g t<öug'

Wod(ixia:dms; iud.ï" iuqmdldr" rdcH ixia:d'

wLKav meje;au

ysñlrejkaf.a urKh fyda bj;aùu" nqkja ;a ùu isÿ jqjo bka ndOdjla fkdù jHdmdrh
meje;au wLKav ùuhs ' flaj, iajdñ jHdmdr"yjq,ajHdmdr wLKav meje;aula fkdue;s jHdmdr
ixúOdk jk w;r ixia:dms; iud.ï" iuqmdldr wLKav meje;aula we;s jHdmdr ixúOdk fõ '

,shdmÈxÑh

lsishï kduhla hgf;a jHdmdrhla wdrïN l< njg wod< wod, kS;sh hgf;a kshñ;
wdh;khlska n,m;%hla ,nd.ekSu ,nd .ekSu ,shdmÈxÑh f,i ye¢kafõ' jHdmdrhla wdrïN l<
njg lsih
s ï wdh;khlska ,efnk iy;slhhs'

Wod (-flaj, iajdñ jHdmdr"yjq,a jHdmdr ,shdmÈxÑ wksjd¾hh fkdfõ

107
 ixia:dms; iud.ï ,shdmÈxÑ wksjd¾h fõ'

ixia:dmkh $ ixia:d.; lsÍu

jHdmdrhla ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu ;=<k

s a tu jHdmdrhg kS;suh mqoa.,Ndjhla ,efíkï th
˜ixia:dmkh˜ f,i y÷kajhs'

jHdmdr ixúOdk l%uhla f;dard .ekSfï§ i,ld n,k idOl '

01' jHdmdrfha iajNdjh

02' m%d.aOkh imhd .kakd wdldrh

03' kS;suh wjYH;d

04'ysñldÍ;ajh

05' jHdmdrfha meje;au

06' j.lSu$ wjodkñ iajNdjh

07' ,dN "mdvq fnod .kakd wdldrh

08' wdrïN lsÍu yd úiqrejd yeÍu

flaj, iajdñ jHdmdr

ysñldÍ;ajh ;ks mqoa.,hl= i;= jk w;r Tyq úiska m%d.aOkh fhdod ,dN ,eîfï wruq‚ka
mj;ajdf.k hk jHdmdr flaj, iajdñ jHdmdr kï fõ'

W'od(- f*daâ u¾Ü

ch Y%S fUdala fIdma

úYaj fudfgd¾ia

YYsks gh¾ i¾úia

flaj, iajdñ jHdmdr j, iqúfYaIS ,laIK

01'whs;slre úiska ;ksj m%d.aOkh imhd .ekSu'

02'l<ukdlrK ;SrK .kq ,nkqfha whs;slre úiska u h'

03'whs;slref.a j.lSu wiSñ; ùu'

04'jHdmdrh ffk;sl mqoa., Ndjhla fkdue;s ùu'

05'mÈxÑ wksjd¾h fkdùu'

06',dN fyda w,dN ;ksj N=la;s ú£u'

108
 07'wjodkug ;ksj uqyqK §u'

08'wLKav meje;aula fkdue;s ùu'

09'.sKqï ;eîu wksjd¾hh fkdùu'

10'jHdmdrh kñka nÿ f.ùï isÿ fkdùu'

flaj, iajdñ jHdmdr j, jdis

01'myiqfjka wdrïN l< yels ùu'

02'ish¨ ,dN whs;slre i;= ùu'

03'iajdëk ;SrK .; yels ùu'

04'n,mdk kS;s Í;s yd fr.=,dis wju ùu'

05'jHdmdßl f;dr;=re j, ryiHNdjh wdrlaId ùu'

06'.kqfokqlrejka iu. Rcq iïnkaO;d meje;aùug yels ùu'

07'md,k lghq;= myiq ùu'

08'jHdmdrh myiqfjka wjika lsÍug yelsùu'

flaj, iajdñ jHdmdr j, wjdis

01'whs;slref.a j.lSu wiSñ; ùu'

02'm%d.aOkh imhd .ekSfï ÿIalr;d u;= ùu'

03'whs;slre úiska u ;SrK .kq ,nk ksid tajd wid¾:l úh yels ùu'

04'ffk;sl mqoa.,Ndjhla fkdue;s ùu '

05'wLKav meje;aula fkdue;s ùu '

06'w,dN ;ksj N=l;

a s ú£ug isÿùu '

07'whs;slref.a l<ukdlrK yelshdj iSñ; ùu '

09'jHdmdrh mq¿,a jk úg l<ukdlrK lghq;= wmyiq ùu'

flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrhla ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu

flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrhla tys whs;slref.a iïmq¾K kñka yer fjk;a kulska
mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nkafka kï 1918 wxl 6 ork orK jHdmdr kdu wd{d mk; hgf;a jHdmdrh
wh;a m<d;a iNdfõ jHdmdr kdu m%{ma;sh wkqj m<d;a frðiag%d¾ fj; ,shdmÈxÑ l<

109
hq;=h'm%dfhda.slj fuu ,shdmÈxÑh wod< wod, m%foaYfha m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd,fhka isÿlr.;
yelsh'

,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï l%shdmámdáh

01' jHdmdrh wdrïN lsÍug wfmalaId lrkq ,nk m%foaYfha m%dfoaYSh f,alï
ld¾hd,fhka flaj, iajdñ jHdmdr ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu i|yd b,a¨ï m;%h ,nd .ekSu'

02'wod< n, m%foaYfha^ .%du ks,OdÍ jiu& .%du ks,OdÍf.ka jHdmdr kdu

,shdmÈxÑh i|yd fyda jd¾;dj ,nd .ekSu

03'.%du ks,Odß iy;sl l< jd¾;dj iy iïmQ¾K lrk ,o wdlD;s m;%h

,shdmÈxÑhg wod, .dia;=jo iu. m%dfoaYSh f,alï fj; ndr§u'

04'm%dfoaYSh f,alï úiska by; lreKq i,ld ne,Sfuka wk;=rej jHdmdr kduh
,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï iy;sl ksl=;a lsÍu'

yjq,a jHdmdr
1890 yjq,a jHdmdr wd{d mkf;a^1& j.ka;sh wkqj yjq,a jHdmdrhla hkak my;
mßÈ ks¾jpkh lr we;'

˜,dN ,eîfï wruq‚ka jHdmdrhla mj;ajdf.k hk mqoa.,hska w;r mj;akd

iïnkaOh yjq,a jHdmdrhla kï fõ'˜

yjq,a jHdmdrhl wksjd¾hfhkau ;sìh hq;= ,laIK

01',dN ,eîfï wruqKla ;sîu'

02' jHdmdr lghq;a;la mej;Su'

03' mqoa.,hska isàu'

04' wfkHdakH iïnkaO;djla^tlÕ;djla& ;sîu'

yjq,a jHdmdrhl iqúfYaIS ,laIK

01' yjq,alrejka wju ixLHdj 02 jk w;r Wmßuh 20 lg iSud ùu'

02' yjq,alrejka w;r .súiqula mej;sh hq;= ùu'

03',dN fnod .ekSu i|yd jQ hï tlÕ;djla mej;Su'

04' iEu yjq,alrejl=u ;udf.a yd fiiq yjq,alrejkaf.a ksfhdað;fhl= yd m%Odkshl=

jYfhka ie,lSu'

05'lsishï jHdmdr lghq;a;la mej;Su'

110
 yjq,a jHdmdrhl uq,sl ,laIK

whs;sh(- yjq,alrejka i;= fõ'wjuh folhs Wmßuh úiaihs'

m%d.aOkh iemhSu (- yjq,alrejka imhhs '

j.lSu(- j.lSu wiSñ;hs'

l,uKdlrKh(- tla mqoa.,fhl= fyda lsysmfofkl= úiska isÿ lrhs'

,dN w,dN(- .súiqu wkqj ,dN w,dN fnod .kshs'

meje;au(- wLKav meje;aula fkdue;'

,shdmÈxÑh(- wksjd¾h fkdfõ'

yjq,alrejkaf.a iïmQ¾K kï j,ska yer fjk;a kïj,ska mj;ajdf.k hhs kï th

,shdmÈxÑ l< hq;=h - 1918 jHdmdr kdu wd{d mk;g wkqj

kS;suh mqoa.,Ndjh(- ke;

yjq,alrejkaf.a fm!oa.,sl kïj,ska fmkS isáh hq;=h '

.sKï
q ;eîu yd ú.Kkh(- wksjd¾fhka fkdfjhs '

úiqrejd yeÍu (- iafõÉPdfjka fyda wêlrKh u.ska úiqrejd yÍ'

yjq,a .súiqu
yjq,alrejka w;r we;s lr.kakd ,sÅ; .súiqu yjq,a Tmamqj f,i ye¢kafõ'tkï
yjq,a jHdmdrfha lghq;= mj;ajdf.k hdu iïnkaOfhka yjq,alrejka w;r we;s lr.kakd
kS;Hkql+, fldkafoais wvx.= ,shú,a,ls'

yjq,a Tmamqjl we;=<;a lreKq

01'jHdmdrh ms<sn| uQ,sl f;dr;=re

Wod(- jHdmdrfha ku"yjq,alref.a ku yd ,smskhka"jHdmdrfha iajNdjh"jHdmdrh ld,

iSudj'

02(-m%d.aOkh fh§u ms<sn| úia;r'

03(- ,dN w,dN fnod .kakd wdldrh ms<sn| f;dr;=re'

04(-jHdmdrfha mrud¾: '

05(- yjq,alrejkaf.a .eks,s ms<sn| iSud '

06(- m%d.aOk fmd,S yd .eks,s fmd,S ms<sn| f;dr;=re '

07(- yjq,a jHdmdrh wjika lsÍu ms,sn| fldkafoai's

111
 08(- kj yjq,alrefjl= n|jd .ekSfï§" isák yjq,alrefjl= bj;a ùfï § yd
yjq,alrefjl=f.a urKfha§ lghq;= lrk wdldrh ms<sn|'

yjq,a Tmamqjla jeo.;a ùug fya;=

01' yjq,alrejka w;r u;fNao yd wdrjq,a úiod .ekSug yelsùu'

02' yjq,a jHdmdrfha lghq;= mj;ajdf.k hEfï § myiqjla ùu'

03' kS;sh bÈßfha n,d;aul l,yels ùu'

1890 yjq,a jHdmdr wd{d mkf;a 24 jk j.ka;sh

yjq,a Tmamqjla fkdue;s úfgl^,sÅ; .súiqula fkdue;s úg& fyda .súiqfï i|yka fkdjk
lreKq iïnkaOfhka .eg¨jla u;= jQ wjia:djl 1890 yjq,a jHdmdr wd{d mkf;a 24 jk
j.ka;shg wkqj lghq;= l< hq;=h' tys my; i|yka lreKq we;=<;a fõ'

1' yjq,a jHdmdrfha ,dN yd w,dN yjq,alrejka iudkj fnod.; hq;= w;r yjq,a jHdmdrh
wjika lrk úg m%d.aOkh iudkj fnod.ekSug yjq,alrejkag .súiqula we;'

2' jHdmdrh fjkqfjka yjq,alrejka fm!oa.,slj orkq ,nk úhoï jHdmdrh úiska Tjqkg
a
wdmiq f.úh hq;=h'

3' .súi.;a m%d.aOkhg wu;rj yjq,alrejka úiska imhd we;s uqo,a i|yd 5] l jd¾Isl
fmd,shla ysñfõ'

4' m%d.aOkh fjkqfjka fmd,shla lsiu

s yjq,alrefjl=g ysñ fkdfõ'

5' jHdmdrfha l<ukdlrK lghq;= i|yd iEu yjq,alrefjl=gu iyNd.S ùug whs;shla
we;'

6'lsisu yjq,alrefjl=g ;u fiajh fjkqfjka fõ;khla jHdmdrfhka ,eìh fkdyel'

7' lsiu
s yjq,alrefjl=g ish¨u yjq,alrejkaf.a leue;a; fkdue;sj kj yjq,alrefjl=
n|jd .; fkdyel'

8' yjq,a jHdmdr .sKï

q fmd;a m%Odk ld¾hd,fha ;eìh hq;= w;r ´kEu wjia:djl tajd
mßlaId lsÍug"msgm;a lr.ekSug ish¨u yjq,alrejkag whs;shla we;'

yjq,a jHdmdr j¾.

yjq,a jHdmdr uQ,sl jYfhka j¾. folls'

01' iSud rys; yjq,a jHdmdr

jHdmdr j.lSï ksoyia lsÍfï§ ish¨u yjq,alrejka wiSñ;j j.lSug

ne£ isák yjq,a jHdmdr iSud rys; iSudrys; yjq,a jHdmdr f,i ye¢kafõ'

02' iSñ; yjq,a jHdmdr

112
 yjq,alrejkaf.a j.lSu Tjqka fhdod we;s m%d.aOkhg muKla iSud jk
tfy;a hg;a msßfika j.lSu wiSñ; jk tla yjq,alrefjl= fyda isák yjq,a jHdmdr iSudiys;
yjq,a jHdmdr f,i ye¢kafõ'

Y%S ,xldfõ fujeks yjq,a jHdmdr oelsh fkdyel'

yjq,a jHdmdr f,i nyq,j ixúOdkh ù we;s jHdmdr lafIa;%

1'jD;a;Sh jHdmdr

jD;a;Sh jHdmdr wiSñ; j.lSu fnod yeÍu i|yd yjq,a jHdmdr f,i wdrïN lsÍu
jeo.;a fõ'

W'od(- ú.Kk wdh;k"ffjoH jD;a;sh"kS;s{ jD;a;sh'

2' mqoa., l=i,;dj yd oekqu u; mokï jQ jHdmdr

úúO olaI;d we;s mqoa.,hka wjYH jk jHdmdr o yjq,a jHdmdr f,i wdrïN l<
yel'

W'od(- f.dvke.s,s bÈlsÍfï jHdmdr i|yd ie,iqï Ys,amSka" bxðfkarejka"

;lafiarelrejka" .Kldêldßjrka

yjq,a jHdmdr i|yd n,mdk kS;s uQ,dY%

01'1890 yjq,a jHdmdr wd{d mk;

yjq,a jHdmdr weröu" mj;ajdf.k hdu yd úiqrejd yeÍug wod< uQ,sl kS;suh
m%;sodk fukau yjq,a Tmamqjla fkdue;s wjia:djl lghq;= l< hq;= wdldrh oelaùu'

02' 1840 jxpd je<elaùfï wd{d mk;

yjq,a jHdmdrhl wdrïNl m%d.aOkh remsh,a 1000 g jvd jeä jQ úg ,sÅ;

.súiqula hgf;a yjq,a .súiqu mj;ajdf.k hd hq;=h'

03' 2007 wxl 7 orK iud.ï ork iud.ï mk;

Wmßu yjq,alrejka ixLHdj úiailg iSud lsÍu'

04' 1918 wxl 6 orK jHdmdr kdu wd{d mk;

yjq,a jHdmdrhla tu yjq,alrejkaf.a iïmQ¾K kï j,ska yer fjk;a kulska

mj;ajdf.k hkafka kï tu jHdmdrh ,shdmÈxÑ l< hq;=h'

05' iSudiys; yjq,a jHdmdr wd{d mk;

iSñ; yjq,a jHdmdr iïnkaOfhka úia;r oelafõ'

113
 yjq,a jHdmdrhl jdis

01(-myiqfjka wdrïN l< yels ùu'

02(- myiqfjka úiqrejd yeÍug yels ùu'

03(-jeä m%d.aOkhla /ia lr.; yels ùu'

04(-lsysmfofkl=f.a yelshd yd olaI;d talrdYS lr .; yels ùu'

05(-j.lSu lsysmfofkl= w;f¾ fn§ hdu'

06(-iduQysl j.lSula we;s ksid Wkkaÿfjka iy ld¾hlaIuj lghq;= lsÍu'

yjq,a jHdmdrhl wjdis

01- wLKav meje;aula fkdue;'

02-ffk;sl mqoa.,Ndjhla fkdue;'

03- j.lSu wiSñ; ùu'

04- ,dNh yjq,alrejka w;r fn§ hdu'

05- yjq,alrefjl=f.a l%shdl,dmh ksid ish¨u yjq,alrejka j.lSug ne£u'

06- yjq,alrejka w;r we;súh yels u;fNao yjq,a jHdmdrhg wys;lr f,i n,mEu'

flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrhlg jvd yjq,a jHdmdrhla f,i jHdmdrhla wdrïN lrf.k hdfï
jeo.;alu

j.lSu yjq,alrejka w;r fn§ hdu ksid flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrhl whs;slrejkag jvd
yjq,a lrejkaf.a j.lSu wvqh'

yjq,a jHdmdrhl iSud

01'yjq,alrejkaf.a j.lSu wiSñ; ùu'

02'yjq,alrejka w;r we;súh yels u;fNao yjq,a jHdmdrhg wys;lr f,i n,mEu'

03' tla yjq,alrefjl=f.a l%shdl,dmh ksid ishÆu yjq,alrejka j.lSug ne£ u'

04'wLKav meje;aula fkdue;s ùu'

114
flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrhla yd yjq,a jHdmdrhla iei£u
01' flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrhl idudðl ixLHdj tla mqoa.,fhls'yjq,a jHdmdrhl wjuh
folla iy Wmßuh úiaila fjhs'

02' flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrhl m%d.aOkh whs;slrejka úiska fhdojhs" yjq,a jHdmdrhl
yjq,alrejka úiska fhdojhs'

03' flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrhl j.lSu wiSñ;hs' yjq,a jHdmdrhl j.lSï wiSñ;hs'

04' flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrhl mßmd,kh whs;slre úiska isÿ lrhs"yjq,a jHdmdrhl
yjq,alrejka tlaù mßmd,kh isÿlrhs'

05(flaj, iajdó jHdmdrhl whs;slre ish¨ ,dN mdvq ú| orhs" yjq,a jHdmdrhl
yjq,alrejka w;r fn§ hhs'

06'flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrhl whs;slre úiska ;SrK .kshs" yjq,a jHdmdrhl ish¨
yjq,alrejka tlaù ;SrK .kS'

yjq,alrejka j¾.
úúO whs;sjdislï iys; úúOdldr yjq,alrejkag yjq,a jHdmdrhg iyNd.s ùfï
wjldYh yjq,a jHjia:dj,sfhka ie,ish yelsh' ta wkqj yjq,alrejka my; mßÈ j¾. l<
yelsh'

1' idudkH yjq,alrejka

m%d.aOkhg odhljk" l<ukdlrK lghq;= j,g odhl jk j.lSï wiSñ;"

uyckhd yjq,a lrefjl= nj okakd yd ish¨ jHdmdßl jrm%ido N=la;s úÈk yjq,alrefjda
˜idudkH yjq,alrefjda˜ fõ'

2' l%shdldÍ yjq,alrejka

yjq,a jHdmdrfha l<ukdlrK lghq;= i|yd l%shdldÍj iyNd.S jk

j.lSu wiSñ; idudkH yjq,alrefjl= ñka woyia fõ' idudkHfhka ,dNhg wu;rj jegqmla
,eîug o bv ;sfí' fudyq yjq,a lrefjl= nj uyckhd okS'

3' ksok$wl%sh yjq,alrejka

m%d.aOkh fhdod" ,dN mdvq N=la;sú¢k" l<ukdlrKhg iyNd.S fkdjk"

yjq,alrefjl= nj uyckhd fkdokakd" j.lSu wiSñ; yjq,alrejka ñka woyia fõ '

4' iSñ; yjq,alrejka

j.lSu ;ud fh¥ m%d.aOkhg iSud jk" iSñ; yjq,a jHdmdr j, isák
yjq,alrejka fõ' fudjqka l<ukdlrK lghq;= j,g iyNd.S fkdjk w;r yjq,alrefjl= nj
uyckhd fkdokS'

5' ksy~ yjq,alre

jHdmdrhg m%d.aOkh fhdod ,dN mdvq N=la;súÈk" j.lSu wiSñ;

yjq,alrejka h' fudyq yjq,alrefjl= nj uyckhd okS'

115
 6' ryiH yjq,alre

jHdmdrhg m%d.aOkh fhdod" ,dN mdvq N=la;súÈk" l<ukdlrKhg

iïnkaO jk" j.lSï wiSñ; yjq,alrejl= fõ'fudyq yjq,alrejl= nj uyckhd fkdokS'

7' wdrEV yjq,alre

m%d.aOkhg odhl fkdù ta fjkqfjka Kh uqo,la ,nd § jd¾Isl

,dNh u; fjkia jk fmd,shlg ysñlï lshk yjq,alre fõ'we;eï úg yjq,alre úY%du hdfï§
jHdmdrfhka ,eìh hq;= uqo, Kh uqo,la f,i imhhs' fudyq yjq,alrefjl= nj uyckhd okS'
wiSñ;j j.lshhs'

8' kduud;% yjq,alre

yjq,a jHdmdrhg m%d.aOkh fkdfhdod jD;a;sh jYfhka fyda jHdmdßlhl=

jYfhka Èkd isák ish lS¾;skduh muKla fhdod ,dN w,dNh N=la;ú s ¢k jHdmdr l<ukdlrK
lghq;= i|yd iïnkaO fkdjk" j.lSu wiSñ; yjq,alrefjls'

9' m%uqL yjq,alre

Okh fhdod ,dN mdvq nqla;s ú¢ñka wiSñ;j j.lshk yjq,a

lrefjls'yjq,a Tmamqfõ fyda jHdmdrhg wod, wksl=;a ,shlshú,s j, uq,sku
a ku i|yka yjq,alre
jk w;r nÿ f.ùu fyda wfkl=;a lghq;= iïnkaOfhka uq,sku a weu;=ï ,efnkafka fudyqghs'

yjq,a jHdmdr úiqrejd yeÍu

yjq,a jHdmdr úiqrejd yeÍu wdldr follg isÿ l< yelsh'

1' yjq, úiqrejd yeÍu'

2' yjq,a jHdmdrh úiqrejd yeÍu '

yjq, úiqrejd yeÍu

yjq,alrejka w;r mj;akd iïnkaO;djfha lsih s ï fjkila isÿùu yjq,

úiqrejd yeÍu f,i ye¢kafjhs' kj yjq,alrefjl= n|jd .ekSfï§ fyda úY%du .ekSfï§ mj;sk
yjq,a .súiqu wfydais lr ;j yjq,a .súiqula we;slr .kS'fufia mej;s yjq,a .súiqï wfydais lsÍu
yjq, úiqrejd yeÍu kï fõ'fuys§ jHdmdr lghq;= wLKavj mj;ajdf.k hdula isÿfõ'

W'od(- X , Y hk fofokd yjq,a jHdmdrhla mj;ajdf.k hhs' fuu yjq,g Z kj yjq,a

lrefjl= f,i n|jd .kakd ,È'

fuys§ X yd Y w;r mej;s yjq, wjika lr XYZ f,i kj yjq,a jHdmdrhla mj;ajdf.k
hhs'

yjq,a jHdmdrh úiqrejd yeÍu

fiajdfjka fyda wêlrKh uÕska yjq,la úiqrejd yeÍfï§ yjqf,a ish¨

jHdmdr lghq;= ksudjg m;a lsÍug isÿfõ' th yjq,a jHdmdr wdh;k úiqrejd yeÍu kï fõ'

iafjÉPdfjka yjq,a jHdmdrhla úiqrejd yßk wjia:d

01' kshñ; ld,hlg wdrïN lf<a kï tu ld,h wjika ùu'

116
 02' kshñ; ld¾hhlg wdrïN lf<a kï tu ld¾hh wjika ùu'

03' wúksYaÑ; ld,hlg wdrïN lr ;sfí kï yjq,a jHdmdr úiqrejd yßk

f,i tla yjq,alrefjl= úiska wfkla yjq,alrejkag oekqï §u'

04' yjq,alrefjl=f.a urKh fyda nqkj

a ;a ùu '

05' yjq,alrefjl=f.a ndysr fm!oa.,sl Khla i|yd Tyqf.a m%d.aOkh ys,ú

lsÍug isÿùu

06' yjq,a jHdmdrh kS;s úfrdaë ùu'

wêlrKh u.ska yjq,a jHdmdrhla úiqrejd yßk wjia:d

01' yjq,alrefjl= Wu;= ùu fyda iodld,sl isysúl,a ùu'

02' yjq,a jHdmdrfha ;udf.a fldgi bIag lsÍug iaÓr jYfhka fkdyels jk ksid
jk isoaêhla isÿ ù we;s úg $ yjq,a lrefjl= T;am, ùu'

03' yjq,a jHdmdrfha yjq,alrefjl= kS;sh bÈßfha jrolrejl= ùu '

04' yjq,a jHdmdr È.ska È.gu mdvq ,eîu'

ixia:dms; iud.ï
iud.ï mk; hgf;a ixia:dmkh lrk ,o mqoa.,hkaf.a tl;=jla ˜iud.ula ˜f,i
ye¢kaúh yelsh' 2007 wxl 7 orK iud.ï mk; hgf;a tu jHdmdr ixúOdkh ixia:dmkh
lrkq ,efí'

W'od(- iS$i isxymq;% iud.u

iS$i wr,sh ^fm!oa.,sl& iud.u

iS$i m%;sNd ^fm!oa.,sl& iud.u

ixia:dms; iud.ï j, iqúfYaIS ,laIK

* iud.ï mk; hgf;a ixia:dmkh lrk ,o iajdëk wdh;khla ùu'

* iud.ula tys idudðlhkaf.ka fjkajq kS;suh tallhla ùu'

* wLKav meje;au fyj;a ks;H ika;;sl yelshdjla ;sîu '

* whs;slrejkaf.a j.lSu iSudiys; ùu'

* fldgia ksl=;a lsÍfuka m%d.aOkh iïmdokh lr .ekSu '

* fldgia mejÍfï yelshdj mej;Su'

* l<ukdlrKh wOHlaI uKav,hla u.ska isÿ ùu'

ia:dms; iud.ïj, jdis^iS$i iud.ïj, jdis&

117
 1'úYd, m%d.aOkhla /ia lr.; yels ùu'

2' uyd mßudK jHdmdr wdrïN l< yels ùu'

3' olaI l<ukdlrejka n|jdf.k jHdmdr lghq;= lrf.k hd yels ùu'

4' fldgialrejkaf.a j.lSu iSud iys; ùu ksid wdfhdaclhka wdl¾YKh lr .; yels

ùu'

5' fldgialrefjl=f.a urKh fyda bj;aùu jHdmdrfha meje;aug ydkshla fkdù u'

6'by< uÜgul udkj iïm;a talrdYS lr .; yels ùu '

7' jHdmdrhg kS;suh mqoa., Ndjhla ;sîu'

iSudiys; iud.ï j, wjdis

1' kS;suh n,mEu oeä ùu'

2' wdrïN lsÍug ixlS¾K l%shdoduhla wkq.ukh l< hq;= ùu yd ta i|yd msßjehla oeßh
hq;= ùu'

3' fldgia ixLHdj u; Pkao n,h ysñùu ^VOGaE FO¾ OKaE SHwe¾E & iy iq¿
fldgialrejkag jeä n,hla ysñ fkdfõ'

4' iud.fï ,dNh u; fukau fldgialrejkag ysñjk ,dNdxYh u;o nÿ f.ùug isÿùu
ksid ,dN oaú;aj nÿ .Kkhlg yiqùu'

5' úiqrejdyeÍul§ jqj o ixlS¾K l%shdoduhla wkq.ukh lsÍug isÿùu'

6' l<ukdlrKh ixlS¾K ùu yd ÿIalr ùu'

iud.ï ixia:dmkh^,shdmÈxÑ & lsÍu'

iud.ula ixia:dmkh lsÍu wod< rfÜ iud.ï mk;g wkqj l< hq;= w;r Y%S ,xldfõ
iud.ï ixia:dmkh lsÍu 2007 wxl 7 orK iud.ï mk;g wkqj iud.ï frðiagd¾
fomd¾;fïka;=fõ iud.ï frðiagd¾jrhd fj; isÿl< hq;=h'

iud.ula ixia:dmkh lsÍfï § wkq.ukh l< hq;= l%shd mámdáh

1' iud.ï kduh ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu

iud.fï fhdað; kduh oekg mj;akd iud.ul kduhg wkqrEm fkdjk fyda
iudk fkdjk njg ;SrKh jQ miq ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï lghq;= isÿ l< hq;=h'fuys§ kduh wkqu;
lsÍfï§ wod< fmdaruh mqrjd wod, .dia;=j iu. f;dr;=re ljq¿jg bÈßm;a lsÍfuka wkqu;
lrk ,o kdufha wxlh ,nd .; hq;=h'iud.fï kduh ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfuka miq my; ,shú,s
iud.u ixia:dmkh i|yd bÈßm;a l< hq;=h'

1' iud.u ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï b,a¨ïm;%h'

2' iud.fï idx.ñl jHjia:dj,sh '

118
 3' iud.fï wOHlaIjrfhl= f,i l%shd lsÍug l%shdlsÍug tla tla wdrïNl
wOHlaIljrhdf.a leue;a; oelafjk m%ldYh '

4' iud.fï f,alïjrhd f,i l%shd lsÍug leu;s njg wdrïNl f,alïjrhdf.a m%ldYh'

wod, ish¿ ,shú,s ksjerÈ njg ;yjqre jQ miq yd kshñ; .dia;= f.ùfuka miq iud.ï
frðiag%d¾jrhd ixia:dmk iy;slh ksl=;a lrhs' ixia:d.; lsÍfï iy;slh ,eîfuka miqj jev
lrk Èk 30 la we;=,; iud.fï ku" wxlh yd ,shdmÈxÑ ,smskh we;=<;aj ixia:d .; l< nj
i|yka oekaùula rcfha .eiÜ m;%fha yd fmd;am;a j, isxy," fou< yd bx.%Sis hk NdId ;=fkkau
m< l< hq;=h'

2007 wxl 7 orK iud.ï mk; hgf;a ixia:dmkh l< yels iud.ï j¾.
iSudiys; iud.ï

fldgialrejka ñ,§ .;a fldgia fjkqfjka f.õ fyda f.ùug ne£ isák
jákdlug muKla Tjqkaf.a j.lSu iSudjk iud.ï iSudiys; iud.ï f,i ye¢kafõ'

iSudiys; iud.ï fldgia ;=kls'

1'iSñ; fm!oa.,sl iud.ï

fldgia fyda fjk;a iq/l=ïm;a m%isoaêfha ksl=;a lsÍug wjir fkdue;s wju
fldgialrejka ixLHdj tlla fyda Wmßu ixLHdj 50la jk iud.ï iSñ; fm!oa.,sl iud.ï f,i
ye¢kafõ'

iSudiys; fm!oa.,sl iud.ul m%Odk ,laIK

1' whs;sh - fldgialrejka i;=fjhs '

2' m%d.aOkh- fldgia ksl=;a lsÍfuka m%d.aOkh imhd .kshs 'm%isoaêfha fldgia yd Khlr
ñ,§ .ekSug uyckhdg wdrdOkd lsÍu ;ykï fõ'

3' fldgialrejka ixLHdj- wjuh tlla jk w;r Wmßu ixLHdj 50 lg iSud fõ' fuu
Wmßu m%udKhg fiajd kshqla;slhka jk fldgia ysñhka yd fiajd kshqla; ù isáh§ fldgia ñ, §
.;a oekg fiajfhka bj;a ù we;s fldgia ysñhka wh;a fkdfõ'

4' l<ukdlrKh - fuh wOHlaI uKav,hlska iukaú; fõ'

wju wOHlaIljreka ixLHdj tlla jk w;r Wmßuh ms<sn| iSudjla ke;'

5' md,kh -jHjia:dms; md,khg yd fldgialrejkaf.a iduQysl md,khg hg;a ùu'

6' ffk;sl mqoa.,Ndjh- ffk;sl mqoa.,Ndjhla meje;aùu'

7' j.lSï - iSñ; j.lSula we;'

8' meje;au - wLKav meje;aula ;sîu'

9' ixia:dmkh - iud.ï frðiagd¾ ld¾hd,fha ixia:dmkh lsÍu'

119
 10' .sKï
q ;eîu yd ú.Kkh- wksjdrH fõ

11' nÿ f.ùu - iud.fï kñka nÿ f.úh hq;=h'

12' wEjr lsÍu - iafõÉPdfjka" wêlrK ksfhda.hlska yd wêlrK wëlaIKh hgf;a'

13' iud.ï kduh- iud.fï ku i|yka lsÍfï§ ku uq,g iSud iys; fyda tys flá fhÿu
jk ^iS$i& hk yd w.g fhfok iud.ï hk jpkhg mQ¾jfhka fm!oa.,sl fyda tys flá fhÿu
jk^fm!oa&fhÈh hq;=h'

14' Kh f.ùfï yelshdj ms<sn| mÍlaIKhlska f;drj ish¨u fldgialrejkaf.a leue;a;

u; ,dNdxY fnod yeßh yelsh'

Y%S ,xld úÿ,s ^fm!oa.,sl& iud.u

pdkaokS fíl¾ia ^Pvt Ltd&

iS$i iurisß ^fm!oa.,sl &iud.u

,xld Cf,a¾ ^Pvt Ltd&

iSudiys; fm!oa.,sl iud.ïj, jdis yd wjdis

jdis

1',dNh iSñ; msßila w;r fn§ hdu'

2' wdrïN lsÍu myiq ùu '

3'j.lSu iSñ; ùu'

4'kS;suh mqoa.,Ndjh mej;Su'

5' fiiq iud.ï j,g idfmalaIj kS;suh n,mEu wvq ùu'

6' wLKav meje;aula mej;Su'

wjdis

1' Wmßu idudðl ixLHdj 50 g iSud ùu'

2' fldgia m%isoaêfha ksl=;a l< fkdyels ùu'

3' fldgia fjf<|fmd<g msúi ks, ,hsia;= .; iud.ula úh fkdyelsùu'

4' fldgia ksoyfia mejßh fkdyels ùu'

5' iud.ï mkf;a kS;suh wjYH;d bgq l< hq;= ùu'

6' mßmd,k úhoï jeäùu'

120
iSud iys; fmdÿ iud.ï
fldgia yd Khlr m%io
s aêh uyckhdg ksl=;a lsÍug wjir we;s wju
fldgialrejka ixLHdj tlla yd Wmßuh iSudjla fkdue;s iud.ï iSñ; fmdÿ iud.ï f,i
ye¢kafõ '

iSudiys; fmdÿ iud.ul ,laIK

1' whs;sh- fldgialrejka i;=fõ '

2' fldgia ksl=;a lsÍfuka m%d.aOkh imhd .kS' fldgia yd iq/l=ïm;a m%io
s aêfha ksl=;a l<
yels ùu'

3'fldgialrejka ixLHdj- wjuh tlla fõ' Wmßuh ms<sn| iSudjla fkdue;'

4' fldgia mejÍu - fldgia ksoyfia mejßh yels ùu'

5'l<ukdlrKh - wOHlaI uKav,hla uÕska isÿfõ' wju wOHlaIljre fofofkla jk

w;r Wmßuh ms<sn| iSudjla fkdue;'

6'- md,kh - jHjia:dms; md,khg yd fldgialrejkaf.a iduQysl md,khg hg;a ùu'

7' ffk;sl mqoa.,Ndjh - ffk;sl mqoa.,Ndjhla mej;Su'

8' j.lSu- iSñ; fõ'

9' meje;au - wLKav meje;au meje;aula we; '

10' ia:dmkh - iud.ï frðiagd¾ ld¾hd,fha ixia:dmkh wksjd¾h ùu'

11' .sKï
q ;eîu yd ú.Kkh- wksjdrH fõ'

12' nÿ f.ùu- iud.fï kñka nÿ f.úh hq;=h'

13' wEjr lsÍu - wêlrK ksfhda.hla u.ska wêlrKfha wëlaIKhg hg;aj '

14'iud.fï kduh- ku i|yka lsßfï § iSudiys; flá fhÿu jk iS$i fhÈh hq;=h'

Ceylinco PLC

DFCC Bank PLC

15' fldgialrejkag ,dNdxY f.ùug fmr Kh f.ùfï yelshdj ms<sn| m¾fhaIKhla l<
hq;=h'

iSudiys; iys; fmdÿ iud.ï j¾.

iSud iys; fmdÿ iud.ï fldgia follg fnfoa'

1' ,ehsi;
a =.; fmdÿ iud.ï^ñ, l, iud.ï &

fld<U fldgia yqjudrefõ ,ehsia;=.; fmdÿ iud.ï ñ,l< ^,ehsi;

a =.; iud.ï&
f,i ye¢kafõ '

Ceylinco PLC, DFCC Bank PLC

121
 2' ,ehsi;
a =.; fkdjQ fmdÿ iud.ï ^ñ, fkdl< iud.ï&

fld<U fldgia yqjudrefõ ,ehsi;

a =.; fkdjQ iud.ï ñ, ,ehsi;
a =.; fkdjk iud.ï
f,i ye¢kafõ'

Ceylon Biscuits Company

iS$i ue,snka ìialÜ iud.u

iSud iys; fmdÿ iud.ï j, jdis

*úYd, m%d.aOkhla /ia lr.; yels ùu'

* fldgia ksoyfia mejßh yels ùu'

* fldgia fj<|fmd<g msúi ks, ,ehsi;

a =.; iud.ula njg m;aúh yels ùu'

* by< ms<s.ekSula ,eîu'

* l<ukdlrejka by< jegqma hgf;a n|jd f.k jHdmdr lghq;= lrf.k hd yels ùu$
by< uÜgfï udkj iïm;a talrdYS l< yels ùu '

* Kh m%d.aOkh ,nd .ekSfï myiqj$ Khlr m%io

s aêfh ksl=;a l< yels ùu'

wjdis

* w,dN jHdmdrh ;=<u /£ u'

* kS;suh n,mEu wêl ùu'

*,dNh jeä msßila w;r fn§ hEu'

* l<ukdlrKh ixlS¾K ùu yd ÿIalr ùu '

* fldgia ixLHdj u; Pkao n,h ysñjk ksid iq¿ fldgialrejkag jeä n,hla ysñ
fkdùu'

* wdrïN lsÍfï§ ixlS¾K l%shdoduhla wkq.ukh l< hq;= ùu yd wdrïNl úhoï yd

mßmd,k úhoï wêlùu'

iSñ; fm!oa.,sl iud.ula yd iSñ; fmdÿ iud.ula w;r fjkialï

1' iSud iys; fmdÿ iud.ï j, idudðlhka wjuh tlla yd Wmßuh 50la fõ' iSud iys;
fmdÿ iud.ï j, wjuh tlla yd Wmßu iSudjla fkdue;'

2' iSudiys; fm!oa.,sl iud.ï j, fldgia m%isoaêfha ksl=;a l< fkdyelsh' iSud iys;
fmdÿ iud.ï j, m%isoaêfha fldgia ksl=;a l< yelshs '

122
 3' iSudiys; fm!oa.,sl iud.ï j, ksoyfia fldgia mejßh fkdyelsh' iSud iys; fmdÿ
iud.ï j, fldgia ksoyfia mejßh yelsh'

4' iSudiys; fm!oa.,sl iud.ï fldgia fjf<|fmdf<a ,ehsia;=.; ù ke;'iSud iys; fmdÿ
iud.ï ,ehsi.a ; ù we;'

5' iSudiys; fm!oa.,sl iud.ïj, wju wOHlaIjreka .Kk tlaflfkls' iSud iys; fmdÿ
iud.ï j, wOHlaIljre .Kk fofofkls'

6' iSudiys; fm!oa.,sl iud.ï j, ku i|yka lsÍfï§ w.g fhfok iud.u hk jpkhg
l,ska ^fm!oa.,sl& fyda^fm!oa& fhÈh hq;=h',ehsi;
a =.; iud.ula fkdjk úg§ ku i|yka lsÍfï§
w.g fhfok iud.ï hk jpkhg l,ska ^fmdÿ& hkak fhÈh hq;= fkdfõ'

7'iSudiys; fm!oa.,sl iud.ul .sKqï ;eîu wksjd¾h fkdfjhs' ^iud.fï

frðiag%d¾jrfhl= b,a¨fjd;a mu‚&

iSñ; fmdÿ iud.ï j,ska wd¾Ólhg w;ajk m%;s,dN fudkjdo@

* /lshd W;amdokh lsÍu'

* ;rÕldÍ;ajhg uqyqK§ug yels ùu '

* kfjda;amdok isÿlsÍug bv ,eîu'

* fldgia fjf<|fmd< ;=< ,shdmÈxÑ fmdÿ iud.ï ixLHdj jeä ùfuka fldgia
fjf<|fmd< ixj¾Okh ùu '

*o< foaYSh ksIamdokhg odhl ùu'

* fldgia fjf<|fmd< ixj¾Okh ùfuka ck;djf.a b;=reï by< hdu '

fldgia ysñhd

iud.fï fldgia tlla fyda Bg jeä .Kkla ;;a ld,fha orK fldgia kdu f,aLkfha
ku we;=<;a ;eke;af;la ˜fldgia ysñhd˜ f,i ye¢kafõ'

iSñ; fmdÿ iud.ul fldgia ysñhl= i;= whs;sjdislï

1' ,dNdxY ,eîu'

2' Pkao n,h$Pkaoh mdúÉÑ lsÍfï whs;sh'

3' wEjr lsÍfï§ w;sßla; j;alï j,g ysñlï mEu'

4' /iaùï j,g iyNd.s ùu yd fhdackd bÈßm;a lsÍu'

5' wOHlaIljrfhl= f,i f;aÍ m;aùu'

6' ;ud fjkqfjka m%;shqla;lfhl= kï lsÍu'

123
 7' fldgiaj, whs;sh mejÍu g'

8' .sKqï jd¾;d mÍlaId lsÍu yd msgm;a ,nd .ekSu'

9' iud.ug fyda wOHlaIljrekag tfrysj kvq mejÍug'

fldgia ysñhl= i;= hq;=lï

1' /iaùï j,g ksis mßÈ iyNd.S ùu'

2',dNdxY m%ldY lr fkdue;s úfgl th ú| ord .ekSu'

3'iud.fï lghq;= .ek ie,ls,su;a ùu'

4'fldgia i|yd fï olajd fkdf.jq m%udKh b,aÆ úg ,nd §u'

5' idx.ñl jHjia:dj,shg wkqj lghq;= lsÍu '

ixia:d m%ldYkh
iSud iys; fmdÿ iud.ï j, fldgia fyda iq/l=ïm;a ñ,§ .ekSug wdrdOkd
lrñka uyckhdg ksl=;a lrk ,shú,a, ˜ixia:d m%ldYkh˜kï fõ' fuh oekaùula pl%f,aLhla"
m%pdrK oekaùula fyda fjk;a wdrdOkhla úh yelsh '

idx.ñl jHjia:dj,sh

* iud.ul mßmd,khg wod< úêúOdk we;=<;a m%Odk ,shú,a, ˜idx.ñl jHjia:dj,sh

˜kï fõ'

* iud.ula ixia:dmkhg wjYH m%Odk ,shú,a, jkafka idx.ñl jHjia:dj,shhs'

idx.ñl jHjia:dj,sfha we;=<;a m%odkh lreKq

1' iud.fï mrud¾:'

2' fldgia ysñhkaf. whs;sjdislï yd ne£ï'

3'iud.fï l<ukdlrKh yd mßmd,kh '

iud.ñl jHjia:dj,sh ilia lsÍfï§ we;=<;a l< hq;= wksjd¾h j.ka;s"

1' fldgia iïnkaOj

* fldgia ksl=;a lsÍu

* fldgia werhqï lsÍu

124
 2' fldgia ysñhkaf.a /iaùï j,g wod, wod< Í;s

* fldgia ysñhkaf.a /iaùï ms<sn| oekaùï'

* /iaùï meje;aùfï l%u'

* Pkaoh §u'

* fldgia ysñlre fhdackd'

3' wOHlaIljre yd f,alï

* wOHlaIljre m;a lsÍu yd bj;a lsÍu'

4' .sKqï yd ú.Kkh

*.sKï
q jd¾;d" uQ,H m%ldY ú.Kkh wdÈh'

5' wEjr lsÍu yd f,aLkfhka bj;a lsÍu'

6' fjk;a $ úúO

* iud.fï kdufha ms<sn|j'

* iud.u úiska ;eìh hq;= f,aLk j¾.'

* rlaIKh yd jkaÈ mQ¾Kh'

ixia:dmk iy;slh
iïuq;s iy;slh" ixia:d.; iy;slh hk kñka ye¢kafjk fuh lsih
s ï
iud.ula fyda iud.ula f,i ,shdmÈxÑ l< njg tu iud.u fj; iud.ï frðiag%d¾jrhd úiska
ksl=;a lrkq ,nk iy;slhhs'

ixia:dmk iy;slhl wvx.= f;dr;=re

1' iud.fï ku yd wxlh

2' iud.u ixia:d .; l< Èkh

3' iud.u iSud iys;" iSud rys; fyda wemfhka iSñ; iud.ulao hk j.'

4' iud.u mqoa.,sl iud.ulao hk j.

5' iud.u wlafjr< iud.ulao hk j.'

fldgia iy;slh
iud.fï ksYaÑ; fldgia m%udKhla ñ,g f.k we;s nj;a Tyq iud.fï idudðlfhl=
nj;a olajñka oekg f.jd we;s jákdlug Tyqf.a kñka iud.fï ks, uqødj iy f,alï yd
wOHlaIljrfhl=f.a w;aika iys;j ksl=;a lrk ,shú,a, ˜fldgia iy;slhhs'˜

125
wju iyNd.h
wOHlaIljrekaf.a u;h wkqj fldgia m%d.aOkh ksl=;a lsÍfuka ,dN ,nd.; hq;=
wju m%d.aOk m%udKh f,i ixia:d m%ldYfhys i|yka jkakd jQ m%d.aOk m%udKh wju iyNd.h
f,i ye¢kafõ' fufia olajd we;s wju uqo, b,a¨ï lsÍfï§ ,eî ;sfí kï ñi uyckhd fj;
iud.ula úiska w¾mKh lrkq ,enQ hï fldgia m%d.aOkhla úNckh fkdl< hq;=h'

wju iyNd.h u.ska wdjrKh lrk úhoï

1' ia:djr j;alï ñ,§ .ekSu'

2'wdrïNl úhoï mshùu'

3' by; lreKla i|yd .;a Khla mshùu'

4' ldrl m%d.aOkh imhd .ekSu'

fldgia m%drlaIKh
iSñ; fmdÿ iud.ula fldgia ksl=;=j u.ska wju fldgia m%udKhla wju
iyNd.h i|yd uyckhd iyNd.S fkdjqKfyd;a tu m%udKh ñ,§ .ekSu i|yd uQ,H wdh;khla
iuÕ we;slr .kakd .súiqu fldgia m%drlaIKh f,i ye¢kafõ' wju iyNd.hg fkdwvq uqo,la
/ia lr .ekSug fuh jeo.;afjhs'

Commercial Bank of Ceylon PLC

Hatton National Bank PLC

Merchant Bank PLC

m%;shqla;lhd$ fmrl,dislre
lsih
s ï /iaùulg fldgia ysñhl=g meñŒug fkdyels wjia:djl§ Tyq
fjkqfjka Pkaoh §ug fjk;a ;eke;af;l= m;a lrhs' Tyq m%;shqla;lhd f,i y÷kajhs'

fldgia ysñhl= úiska m%;shqla;lhl= m;alrkafka kï ta i|yd kshñ; idOk m;%hla

fyj;a m%;shqla; m;%hla iïmQ¾K lr tu.ska n,h mjrd Èh hq;=h'

iud.ïj, /iaùï

tla tla ,s;a j¾Ihlg jrla iud.ul wOHlaI uKav,h úiska le|jk fldgia
ysñhkaf.a /iaùu fï kñka ye¢kafõ' iud.ul fYaIm;% Èkfha isg udfilg jvd miq fkdjk
iy mQ¾j jd¾Isl uyd iNd /iaùfuka miq udi myf<djla miq fkdjk Èkhl § fuu /iaùu
meje;aúh hq;=h'

iSud iys; fmdÿ iud.ul jd¾Isl uyd iNd /iaùula meje;aùug fya;=

1- mkf;a úê úOdkhkag wkqj lghq;= lsÍug isÿùu'

126
 2- .; jQ uQ,H j¾Ifha m%.;sh fldgialrejkag oekqï§u '

3- bÈß j¾Ifha ie,iqï oekqï§u'

4- .; jQ uQ,H j¾Ih i|yd wOHlaI jd¾;dj yd ú.Kk jd¾;dj iNd.; lsÍu'

5- jd¾Isl .sKï
q jd¾;d wkqu; lr .ekSu'

w;s úfYaI uydiNd /iaùu

Pkao ixLHdfjka 10] fkdwvq Pkao ysñlu ;sfnk fldgia m%udKhla

orK fldgia ysñhka úiska lrk ,o b,a,Sula mßÈ iud.fï wOHlaIljreka úiska fuu /iaùu
le|jkq ,efí'

w;s úfYaI uyd iNd /iaùula meje;aùfï wruqK jkafka "

ish¨ idudðlhka úiska ksYaph l< hq;= úfYaI lreKla u;= jQ úg fyda
jd¾Isl uydiNd /iaùfï§ idlÉPd fkdl< lreKq i,ld ne,Su i|ydhs'

iud.ul mj;ajkq ,nk /iaùïj,§ idudkH iy úfYaI fhdackd iïu; lr .kS'

iud.ul nerlï mshùug fkdyelsj iud.u úiqrejd yeÍfï§ iud.u taldnoaO lsÍfï§;a úfYaI
fhdackd iïu; lr .kS' wOHlaIljre m;alr .ekSfï§ ,dNdxY wkqu; lr .ekSfï§ idudkH
fhdackd u.ska iïu; lr.; hq;=hs'

iud.ula úisrejd yeÍu

iud.ula m%Odk l%u 3la hgf;a úiqrejd yeßh yelsh'

1' iafõÉPdfjka úisrejd yeÍu'

2' wêlrKh u.ska úiqrejd yeÍu '

3' wêlrKfha wëlaIKhg hg;aj úisrejd yeÍu'

01' iafõÉPdfjka úiqrejd yeÍu"

1' iud.fï jHjia:dj,sh u.ska iud.u hï ld, iSudjla i|yd wdrïN lr we;s úg
tlS ld, iSudj wjika ùu'

2' iud.u iafõÉPdfjka .Kka fírd jid oeñh hq;= njg úfYaI fhdackdjla iïu;
lr .kq ,enQ úg'

3'nerlï fya;=fjka ;jÿrg;a iud.u mj;ajdf.k hdug fkdyels úg iud.u jid

oeñh hq;=hehs úfYaI fhdackdjla iïu; ùu'

02' wêlrKh u.ska úiqrejd yeÍu'

* wêlrKh uÕska .Kka fírd jid oeñh hq;=hehs úfYaI fhdackdjla iïu; lr
.ekSu'

127
 • ixia:d.; l< Èk isg jirla we;=<; jHdmdr lghq;= wdrïN fkdlsÍu'
• iud.fï wju idudðl ixLHdjla fkdisàu'
• iud.fï lsiÿ
s wOHlaIljrhl= fkdisàu'
• iud.ug tys Kh f.ùug fkdyels ùu'
• iud.u .Kka fírd jid oeóu idOdrK iy hqla;siy.; nj wêlrKfha u;h
ùu'
03' wêlrKfha wëlaIKhg hg;aj úisrejd yeÍu'

iafjÉPdfjka .Kka fírd úiqrejd yeÍug fhdackdjla iïu; lr we;s úfgl

th wêlrKfha wëlaIKh hgf;a isÿ lrkq ,nk f,i Khysñhka yd fjk;a md¾Yjhka b,a¨ï
lr we;s úg wêlrKfha wëlaIKhg hg;aj iud.u úiqrejd yßkq ,efí'

iSud rys; iud.ï

fldgialrejkaf.a j.lSu wiSñ; fõ'idx.ñl jHjia:dj,sfha i|yka mßÈ
fldgialrejkag ksl=;a lrk ,o fldgia j, jákdlug Tjqkaf.a j.lSu iSud fkdjk iud.ï
iSudrys; iud.ï fõ'

wemfhka iSñ; iud.ï

fldgia ksl=;a lsÍula isÿ fkdlrk idudðlhskaf.a j.lSu idx.ñl
jHjia:dj,sfha i|yka lr we;s wem jákdlug iSud jk iud.ï fõ'

W'od(- fld<U jHdmdr jia;= yqjudrej^ wemldr iud.u &

wemfhka iSñ; iud.ï j, ,laIK

• fldgia ksl=;a lsÍula isÿ fkdlsÍu'

• idx.ñl jHjia:dj,sfha tla tla idudðlhd úiska iud.u wEjr lsÍul§ odhl úh
hq;= m%udKh i|yka l< hq;= ùu'
• wju jYfhka idudðlhska fofofkl= isáh hq;= w;r Wmßuh ms<sn| iSudjla ke;'
• fmdÿ mrud¾: fmroeß lrf.k wdrïN lsÍu'
• iud.fï ,dN fnod yeÍula fkdlsÍu'

wlafjr< iud.ï
hï úfoaYSh rgl kS;sh hgf;a ixia:dmkh lrk ,o iud.ula fyda ixia:d.;
uKav,hla Y%S ,xldfjka msg; jHdmdr lghq;= lrf.k hdu i|yd furg iud.ï mk; hgf;a
ixia:dmkh lr we;s kï tajd wlafjr< iud.ï f,i ye¢kafõ' fï wkqj fïjd Y%S ,xldj ;=<
ixia:dmkh l< o Y%S ,xldj ;=< jHdmdr lghq;= lrf.k hdug ysñlula ke;'

128
 wla fjr< iud.ï Y%S ,xldjg jeo.;a ùug fya;= (

• ,shdmÈxÑ .dia;= f,i iy ,dNdxY u.ska úfoaY úksuh .,d tau'

• Y%S ,xldfõ f.dvkeÕs,s Ndú;h ksid tajdg nÿl=,S foam, jeks wdodhï ,eîu'
• Y%S ,dxlslhkag foia úfoia /lshd wjia:d ysñùu'
• Y%S ,xld kduh úfoaY rgj, me;sÍu'

úfoaY iud.ñ
Y%S ,xldfjka msg; ixia:dmkh lrk ,o Y%S ,xldj we;=<; jHdmdr lghq;= lrf.k
hdu i|yd furg iud.ï mk; hgf;ao ixia:dmkh l< iud.ula fyda mqoa., uKav,hla úfoaY
iud.ula f,i y÷kajhs' fïjd wfkajdisl"ks¾fkajdisl tf;r iud.ï f,i o y÷kajhs'

úfoaYSh iud.ï ,xldjg jeo.;a ùug fya;=

*úfoaYSh m%d.aOkh rg ;=<g .,d tau'

* úfoaYSh ÈhqKq ;dlaIkh furgg ,nd .ekSug yelsùu'

* /lshd wjia:d W;amdokh ùu'

* fiajd iemhSfuka úfoaY úksuh Wmhd .ekSug yels ùu'

* ,shdmÈxÑ .dia;= jYfhka úfoaY úksuh Wmhd .ekSug yels ùu'

129
iuqmldr
mqoa.,hska iuQyhla úiska uqo,a fhdojñka ;u wd¾Ól Yla;sh jeä ÈhqKq lr .ekSu Wfoid
iafjÉpdfjka we;slr.kakd jQ ixúOdk úfYaIhla iuqmldr f,i y÷kajd Èh yel'

fm!oa.,sl wxYhg wh;a jHdmdr j¾.hla jk iuqmldr jHdmdrh fm!oa.,sl wxYfha fiiq
jHdmdr ixúOdk j, olakg fkdue;s iqúfYaIS ,laIK .Kkdjlska iukaú; fõ' tfiau iuqmldr
jHdmdrh o iud.ï ys olakg ,efnk iSudiys; j.lSu" wiSñ; Ôj ld,h yd idudðlhska úiska
f;dard m;a lr.kakd wOHlaIl uKav,hla úiska md,kh ùu hk ,laIK j,ska hqla; jQ kS;suh
tallhls'

iuqmldrh iïnkaOfhka ffk;sl ks¾jpkhla fkdue;' cd;Hka;r iuqmldr ixúOdkh

ziuqmldrhz my; i|yka mßÈ y÷kajd § we;

˜ish iudchSh" wd¾Ól yd ixialD;sl wNsu;d¾: uqÿka m;a lr .ekSu i|yd iafõÉPdfjka
talrdYS jQ mqoa.,hkaf.a taldnoaO ixúOdkhla fukau m%cd;ka;%jd§ f,i md,kh jk jHjidhla
iuqmldrhla fõ˜

iuqmldr jHdmdrfha wdrïNh yd úldYkh

iuqmldr jHdmdrh wdrïN jQfha tx.,ka;fha h' 1844 § tx.,ka;fha uekafpiag¾
m%foaYfhys frdÉfâ,a .ïudkfh l¾udka; Yd,djl jev l< lïlrejka 28 fofkl= mjqu ne.ska
mjqï 28 l idudðl uqo,a fhdojd wdrïN lrk ,o ˜frdÉfâ,a idOdrK mqfrda.dñlhka f.a
iñ;sh˜ kQ;k iuqmldr jHdmdrfha wdrïNhhs' 1912 § zje,a,nv m;a;= Kh fok iuqmldr iñ;shz
wdrïN ùu furg iuqmldr jHdmdrfha wdrïNh f,i ie,fla'

iuqmldr m%;sm;a;s tjlg rfÜ mej;s iudc wd¾Ól miqìu iu. fyd¢ka .e,mSu;a rcfha
wdOdr iy wkq.%yh fkdwvqj ,eîu;a ksid iuqmldr jHdmdrh Y%S ,xldj ;=< fõ.fhka jHdma;
jkakg úh'

iuqmldr jHdmdrfha iqúfYaIS ,laIK

,dNh uQ,sl wruqK fkdùu

iEu idudðlfhl=gu tla Pkaohla ne.ska muKla ysñ ùu

m%cd;ka;%jd§ md,khla iys; jHdmdrhla ùu

iafjÉPdfjka tla jQ mqoa., ixúOdkhla ùu

fmdÿ wfmalaId yd wjYH;d j,ska hqla; ùu

fldgiaj, w.h fkdfjkiaj mej;Su

idudðlhkag iduQysl whs;shla we;

iajdëk ixúOdkhla ùu

iyNd.s;ajh u; w;sßla; fn§u

130
 iuqmldr idrO¾u yd jákdlï

idrO¾u

wjxl nj

újD; nj

idudðl j.lSu

wkHhka flfrys ie,ls,su;a ùu

jákdlï

iajhx Wmldrh

iajhx j.lSu

m%cd;ka;%jd§ nj

iudkd;au;dj

iuqmldr jHdmdrfha m%;sm;a;s

iuqmldr jHdmdrfha wruqKq iy mrud¾: ,Õdlr .ekSu i|yd uÕ fmkajk o¾Ykhka
iuqmldr m%;sm;a;s fõ' 1844 § frdÉfâ,a mqfrda.dóka ;SrKh lrk ,o fuu m%;sm;a;s 1995
uekafpiag¾ iuq¿fõ§ ixfYdaOkh lrk ,§

újD; yd iafõÉPduh idudðl;ajh

iuqmldr iñ;s iafõÉPd ixúOdk fyhska ia;%" mqreI " jd¾.sl" foaYmd,k fyda wd.ñl
fNaohlska f;drj iuqmldr iñ;shl idudðl;ajh ,nd.; yelsh

m%cd;ka;%jd§ md,kh

fldmuK fldgia ñ,§ .;a;o idudðlfhl=g ysñ jkafka tla Pkaohla mu‚' fuf,i
idudðlhkaf.a Pkaofhka f;aÍ m;ajQ m;a jQ ksfhdað;hka u.ska fuh md,kh fõ'

idudðl" wd¾Ól iyfhda.S;djh

iuqmldr iñ;shl fldgia m%d.aOkh g fmd,shla f.jkafka kï th iSñ; m%udKhla úh

hq;=h' w;sßla; m%udK idudðlhkaf.a hym;g fhoùu fyda Tjqka w;r fnod yeÍu isÿ l< hq;=h'

iaffjÍNdjh iy ksoyi

iuqmldr iñ;s tajdfha idudðlhkaf.ka md,kh jk iaffjß ixúOdk fõ' iuqmldr iñ;s
j,g rch fyda fjk;a ixúOdk fjk;a ixúOdkj, iyh" wdYs¾jdoh ;snqKo iñ;s md,khg
tajdg whs;shla fkdue;'

iuqmldr wOHdmkh" mqyqKqj iy f;dr;=re ,nd §u

131
 iuqmldr ixúOdkj, ixj¾Okh i|yd M,odhSj odhl úh yels mßÈ tys idudðlhskag"
f;aÍ m;ajQ m;ajQ ksfhdað;hkag" l<ukdlrejkag iy fiajlhkag wOHdmkh yd mqyqKqj iemhsh
hq;=h'

iuQmldr iñ;s w;r iyfhda.S;dj

m%dfoaYSh" cd;sl iy cd;Hka;r jYfhka iuQmldr iñ;s iyfhda.Sj lghq;= lsÍu uÕska
Yla;su;aj iy b;du;a M,odhS f,i idudðlhskag fiajh ie,ish hq;=h'

iudch ms<sn|j ie,ls,su;a ùu

iuqmldr iñ;s iajlSh wjYH;d iy wfmalaIdjka flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrk w;ru
iudcfha ;sridr ixj¾Okh Wfoid o lghq;= isÿ isÿl< hq;=h'

iuqmldr iñ;shl ,laIK

whs;sh

iuqmldr iñ;shl whs;sh idudðlhska i;=h' wju idudðl ixLHdj 10 la jk w;r

Wmßuh iSud rys; h'

m%d.aOkh

idudðlhkag fldgia úlsŒfuka m%d.aOkh imhd .kS' fldgil jákdlu remsh,a ishhls '
th remsh,a 10l uQ,sl f.ùulska wdrïN lr j¾Ihla ;=< § iïmQ¾K l< hq;= h' óg wu;rj
rcfhka iy nexl=j,ska wruqo,a iïmdokh flf¾'

j.lSu

iuqmldr iñ;shl j.lSu iSñ; fõ' idudðlhska leue;a; u; j.lSu wiSñ;j mj;ajd
mj;ajd .kakd wjia:d o oelsh yelsh WodyrK f,i iSud rys; Kh fok iñ;s oelaúh yel'

,shdmÈxÑh

,shdmÈxÑh wksjd¾h fõ ' iuqmldr ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=j uÕska ,shdmÈxÑh isÿ lrhs
' j¾;udkfha wod< m<d;a iNdfõ iuqmldr ixj¾Ok flduidßia hgf;a ,shdmÈxÑh isÿ fõ'

mßmd,kh

iuqmldr iñ;shla idudðlhska w;ßka m;alr.kakd uKav,hla uÕska md,kh lrhs' l=vd
iñ;shl ldrl iNdjla o úYd, iñ;shl wOHlaI uKav,hla o oelsh yelsh' wOHlaI uKav,h
wjuh y;ls '

kS;suh mqoa.,Ndjh

kS;suh mqoa., Ndjhla we;s w;r ffk;sl lghq;= j,§ iñ;sfh kñka fmkS isáh yel'

132
 meje;au

iuqmldr iñ;shl g tys idudðlhka f.ka fjka jQ iaÓr wLKav meje;aula we;

.sKï
q ;eîu yd ú.Kkh

.sKï
q ;eîu yd ú.Kkh wksjdrH fõ ' iuqmldr ixj¾Ok flduidßia f.a wëlaIKhg
hg;aj ú.Kkh isÿ flf¾'

,dNd,dN N=l;
a s ú£u

iuqmldr iñ;shl ,dNhla fõ kï th zzzwkq.%dyl;aj §ukdjlaz f,i idudðlhka w;r

fnod yÍ' tfiau iñ;sfha fyda idudðl wNsjDoaêh Wfoid o ,dNfha fldgila fhoúh yelsh'

nÿ f.ùu

iuqmldr iñ;sfha ,dNh u; iñ;sfh kñka nÿ f.úh hq;=h'

iuQmldr iñ;s ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu

Y%S ,xldfõ iuqmldr iñ;s ,shdmÈxÑ lrkq ,nkafka iuqmldr ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=fõ
Wmldr ixj¾Ok flduidßiajrhd úisk's iuqmldr ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=j m<d;a iNd hgf;a
úuOH.; lr we;s neúka ta ta m<d;a iNdj, iuqmldr ixj¾Ok flduidßiajre hgf;a iuQmldr
iñ;s ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu iy iïnkaëlrK lghq;= isÿ lrkq ,nhs'

iuqmldr iñ;shla ,shdmÈxÑhg bÈßm;a l<hq;= ,shú,s

1' ,shdmÈxÑh ioyd jQ whÿïm;%h

2' fhdað; w;=re jHjia:dfõ msgm;a folla

3' iñ;sh msysgù

q fï wd¾Ól fhda.H;djh oelafjk m%ldYhla

4' iñ;sh ,shdmÈxÑ l< hq;= njg fhdackd l< /iaùï jd¾;d jd¾;dfõ msgm;la

5' idudðlhska idudðl .dia;= f.jQ njg;a tu uqo,a ldrl iNdj hgf;a mj;sk njg
iy;slhla ^.sKqï jd¾;djla &

6'iñ;sfha m%Odk ld¾hd,fha ,smskh iy Bg <Õd jk .uka ud¾.h oelafjk is;shula

7'ldrl iNslhskaf.a kï ,ehsi;

a =jla iy Tjqkaf.a j;alu" nerlï ms<sn| úia;rhla

w;=re jHjia:dj
iuqmldr iñ;shl wNHka;r md,khg wod< fldkafoais we;=<;a ,shú,a, w;=re jHjia:dj
fõ tys my; lreKq we;=<;a fõ'

iuqmldrfha ku iy ,smskh

mrud¾:

133
 iuqmldrfha i;= n,;,

idudðl;ajh ms<sn|j

fldgia uqo,a ms<sn|j

iñ;sfha j.lSu

wOHlaIl uKav,h yd ldrl iNdj ms<sn|j

/iaùï yd .KmQ¾Kh^ /iaùul isáh hq;= wju idudðlhska ixLHdj &

iNdm;s f,alï iy NdKavd.dßl ms<sn|j

uqo,a md,kh fmd;am;a yd f,aLK ms<sn|j

.sKï
q ;eîu yd ú.Kkh ms<sn|j

w;sßla;h fnodyeÍu

uqødj Ndú;h iïnkaOj

iuqmldr iñ;shl w;sßla;h fnodyeÍu

iuqmldr iñ;shl w;sßla;h iñ;sfha w;=re jHjia:djg wkql+,j fnodyßkq ,efí 'th
my; i|yka wdldr j,ska tla wdldrhlg fyda wdldr lsysmhlg isÿúh yel'

1' iuqmldr iñ;s ixj¾Okh i|yd i|yd m%;s wdfhdackh lsÍu

2' idudðlhska wkqu; l< fjk;a lghq;= j,g mß;Hd. lsÍu

3' idudðlhska fj; fnod yeÍu

iuqmldr iñ;shl ,dN fn§fï moku wkq.%dyl m%;sf.ùu f,i ye¢kafõ' iñ;sfh
idudðlhka iñ;sh iuÕ lrk ,o .kqfokq j, jákdlu mokï lrf.k ,dN fn§u fuu
l%ufha úfYaI;ajhhs' fuf,i wkq.%dyl m%;sf.ùu u; ,dN fn§u u.ska idudðl Wkkaÿj jeä
lsÍu" idudðlhd yd iñ;sh w;r iïnkaO;d Yla;su;a lsÍu" idudðlhd ;=<k
s a iñ;sh ÈhqKq lr
.ekSu jeks wruqKq bgq lr .; yelsh'

iuqmldr iñ;shla úiqrejd yeÍu

iuqmldr iñ;shla úiqrejd yeÍu ms<snoj ;SrK .kq ,nkafka iuqmldr ixj¾Ok
flduidßia jrhd úisk's iuqmldr iñ;shl ish¨ j;alï úl=Kd tu uqo,ska ish¨ j.lSï mshjd
oeófuka miq iuqmldr iñ;sh úiqrejd yeÍu isÿ l< yelsh'

iuqmldr iñ;shla úiqrejd yeÍug n,mdk lreKq

1' iñ;sfha idudðlhka f.ka 3$4g jvd jeä msßilf.a b,a,Su u;'

2' ,shdmÈxÑfhka miq j¾Ihla blaujk f;la jHdmdßl lghq;= wdrïN fkdlsÍu'

134
 3' wju idudðl ixLHdj fkdisàu'

4' j¾I foll ld,hl isgiuqmldr iñ;sh wl%Shj mej;Su'

5' iñ;sh úiqrejdyeÍu idOdrKhehs iuqmldr ixj¾Ok flduidßia jrhd ;SrKh lsÍu'

iuqmldr jHdmdrfha jHqyh

furg iuqmldr jHdmdrh m%Odk uÜgï ;=klska iukaú; ù we;'

m%dfoaYSh iuqmldr iñ;s ^m%d:ñl uÜgu&

hï n, m%foaYhla ;=< mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk tu m%foaYfha mqoa.,hkaf.a idudðl;ajfhka

iukaú; iñ;s fõ'

Èia;%sla iuqmldr iñ;s ^ Èú;Sl uÜgu &

m%dfoaYSh uÜgfï iuqmldr iñ;s tl;= ù Èia;%sla fyda m<d;a uÜgfuka msysgj
q d .kakd
iuqmldr iñ;s fuhg wh;a fõ'

uqÿka uÜgfï iuqmldr iñ;s ^cd;sl uÜgu&

oaú;Shl
s uÜgfï ix.ï ksfhdackh jk mßÈ tla tla lafIa;%fha i|yd Èjhskgu tl
ne.ska msysgqjd.;a uõ ix.ï fõ' WodyrK f,i iKi uyd ix.uh" iS$i ,xld iuqmldr .%dóh
nexl= uyd ix.uh oelaúh yel'

Y%S ,xldfõ iuqmldr jHdmdrfha ÈhqKqj Wfoid lghq;= lrk wdh;k

iuqmldr ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=j

furg iuqmldr jHdmdrh kshdukh lsÍu i|yd msysgqjd we;s rdcH wdh;kh jkafka
iuqmldr iuqmldr ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=j hs'

ld¾hNdrh(

iuqmldr iñ;s ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu

iuqmldr m%;sm;a;s rg mqrd jHdma; lsÍu

iuqmldr iñ;sj, .sKï

q ú.Kkh lsÍu

iuqmldr iñ;s ms<sn| uyck meñ‚,s mßlaId lsÍu

iuqmldr iñ;s j, ;;a;ajh Wiia lsÍug lghq;= lsÍu

iuqmldr iñ;s md,kh lsÍu

135
 Y%S ,xld cd;sl iuqmldr uKav,h

Y%S ,xld cd;sl iuqmldr uKav,h furg iuqmldr jHdmdrfha uqÿka uÜgu ksfhdackh
lrk wdh;khhs'

ld¾hNdrh(

iuqmldr m%;sm;a;s wdrlaId lsÍu

iuqmldr iïnkaOj rchg iïnkaOj rchg Wmfoia ,nd §u

cd;Hka;r iuqmldr ixúOdkh yryd cd;Hka;r iïfï,k i|yd Y%S ,xldj ksfhdackh
lsÍu

iuqmldrh ms,sno foaYkd foaYk iy iïuka;%K wdÈh ixúOdkh lsÍu

iuqmldr ms<sn| m%ldYk ksl=;a lsÍu iy mqia;ld, myiqlï ie,iSu

iuqmldr ms<sn| .eg¨ j,§ iuqmldr iñ;s yd rch w;r w;rueÈhl= f,i lghq;= lsÍu

iuqmldr ksfhdað;hka iu. meje;afjk jd¾Isl /iaùïj,§ iuQmldr mrud¾: yd

m%;sm;a;s ;SrKh lsÍu

iuqmldr iñ;s j, l<uKdlrKh ms<sn| Wmfoia ,nd §u

iuqmldr fiajl fldñIka iNdj

iuQmldr iñ;s j, fiajh lrk fiajlhska f.a m;aùï" udreùï" úkhdkql+, lghq;= ms<sn|
j mj;sk úúOdldr .eg¿ i,ld n,d tajd úi£ug lghq;= lrkq ,nk wdh;khhs'

ld¾hNdrh(

iuqmldr iñ;s j, úúO ;k;=re j,g wod,j fiajlhka n|jd .ekSu iïnkaO
l%shdmámdá ;SrKh lsÍu

úúO ;k;=re j,g wod, fiajl m;a lsÍu wkqu; lsÍu

fiajl wNshdpkd úNd. fldg iyk ie,iSu

iuqmldr fiajlhskaf.a wju jegqma ;SrKh lsÍu

iñ;s fiajlhkag úreoaOj úkhdkql+, ;SrK .ekSfï§ th .; hq;= wdldrh iïnkaOfhka

Wmfoia ,nd §u

iuqmldr jHdmdrfha jdis

Wmßu idudðl ixLHdj iSudjla fkdjk ksid úYd, m%d.aOkhla /ia lr.; yels ùu

iaÓr wLKav meje;aula ;sîu

iudc j.lSula oeÍu

136
 uyd mßudK jHdmdr j,g msúish yels ùu

j.lSu iSñ;j mj;ajd.; yelsùu

tla idudðlfhl=g tla Pkaohla muKla ysñ jk ksid iudkd;au;dj /lSu

ffk;sl mqoa., Ndjhla mej;Su

wdrïN lsÍu idfmalaIj myiq ùu

iuqmldr jHdmdrfha wjdis

uQ,H iïmdok ud¾. iSñ; ùu

iuqmldr m%;sm;a;s u; u lghq;= lsÍug isÿ ùu

fldgia whs;sh myiqfjka mejÍug fkdyels ùu

tla tla idudðlhdg ysñ jk mqoa.,sl m%;s,dN m%udKh wvqùu

mqoa.,sl m%;s,dN wvq jk ksidu idudðl Wkkaÿjo wvqùu

l<ukdlrKh ld¾hlaIu fkdùu

idudðlhska ñ,§ .kakd fldgia i|yd iSñ; fmd,shla ysñjk neúka wfmalaId lrk ;rï
úYd, m%d.aOkhla /ia lr .; fkdyels ùu

iuqmldr is,a,r fj<|ie,a l%ufha wld¾hlaIu;djhg n,mE fya;=

úoHq;a uqo,a Ndú;hg myiqlï fkdue;s ùu

iajhx fiajd l%u l%shd;aul fkdùu

fiajlhskaf.a wld¾hlaIu fiajd

olaI fiajlhska f.a ys.h yd my< uÜgfï jegqma f.ùu

ÿ¾j, m%j¾Okh

iuqmldr iñ;s md,khg foaYmd,k n,mEï t,a, ùu

mdßfNda.l
s hska flakø
a lrf.k lghq;= fkdlsÍu ksid .kqfokqlrejka wdl¾IKh fkdùu

idudðlhskag ,efnk m%;s,dN wvq ksid idudðl ,eÈhdjka wvqùu

jr,;a jHdmdr
NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh lrk wdh;khla ksYaÑ; N+f.da,Sh m%foaYhla ;=< ;u
jHdmdrh lrf.k hdu i|yd fjk;a jHdmdrhlg n,h mejÍfï l%uh jr,;a jHdmdr f,i
ye¢kafjhs' ke;fyd;a lsih
s ï fj<| kduhla fyda fj<| ,l=Kla fyda ixfla; Ndú; lrñka
jHdmdrhla mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd jr,;a ysñhl= iy jr,;a ,dNshl= w;r we;slr.kakd
jHdmdßl iïnkaO;dj jr,;a jHdmdrhla f,i ye¢kafjhs'

137
 jr,;a jHdmdrhlg iïnkaO md¾Yjhka

jr,;a ysñhka ^jr,;a iud.u$ uõ wdh;kh$ úl=Kkakd& Franchiser

NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh iïnkaOfhka iqúfYaIS lS¾;skduhla iys; wdh;khls' ;u

ksIamdok ksIamdokh lsÍug fyda wf,ú lsÍug wjir fokafka jr,;a ysñhd h'

Wod( Pizza Hut^ mSid yÜ&" Mc Donalds^ uelafvdk,aâia &" KFC( Kentucky Fried
Chicken)

jr,;a ,dNshd ^ñ,§ .kq ,nkakd$ jr,;a lre $hefmk wdh;kh& Franchisee

jr,;a iud.ul fj<| kduh fyda fj<| ,l=K fyda ixfla;h hgf;a NdKav úlsŒug
.súiqulska wjir ,nd .kakd wdh;kh jr,;a ,dNshd f,i ye¢kafjhs'

Wod(

uõ wdh;kh hefmk wdh;kh

Mc Donalds ABANS Restaurant System ( Pvt) Ltd

Pizza Hut KEELS Restaurant (Pvt) Ltd

KFC CARGILLS Ceylon Limited

foaYSh jr,;a jHdmdr i|yd WodyrK f,i vhf,d.a jr,;a wf,úie,a" Lksc f;,a fnodyeÍfï
wf,úie,a" rdcH Tiqi, jr,;a wf,úie,a i|yka l< yel'

jr,;a jHdmdr j¾.

l%shd;aul jk wdldrh wkqj jr,;a jHdmdr fldgia ;=klg j¾. l< yel'

ksIamdÈ;h i|yd jQ jr,;a jHdmdr

fuys§ jr,;a iud.fï ksYamdÈ; jr,;a ,dNshdg jr,;a iud.fï kñka kej; úlsŒug
wjir ,efí'

Wod( IOC jeks bkaOk msrjqï y,a

ksIamdokh i|yd jQ jr,;a jHdmdrh

jr,;a ysñhdf.a fj<| ,l=K hgf;a NdKav ksIamdokh lr fnod yeÍug jr,;a ,dNshdg
whs;sh mejfrk jr,;a jHdmdr l%uhhs'

Wod( Cocacola

138
jHdmdr l%uh i|yd jQ jr,;a jHdmdr
jr,;a iud.fï kñka iy l%uh hgf;a jHdmdr mj;ajd .ekSug jr,;a ,dNshdg n,h
mejfrk l%uhls'

Wod( Mc Donalds, KFC, Pizza Hut

jr,;a jHdmdr l%ufha oelsh yels m%Odk ,laIK

jr,;a iud.u iy jr,;a ,dNshd tlÕ jQ .súiqula hgf;a jHdmdrh mj;ajd .ekSu

wjYH m%d.aOkh jr,;a ,dNshd úiska fhoùu

wjYH Wmfoia myiqlï jr,;a iud.u u.ska ,nd§u

jr,;a iud.fï fj<| kduh Ndú;d lrñka jr,;a ,dNshd jHdmdrh mj;ajdf.k hdu

,efnk ,dNfhka jr,;a iud.u fj; mqrialdrhla fyda fldñia uqo,la f.úh hq;= ùu

fuu l%uh hgf;a jr,;a ,dNshd fj; ˜ms<sfh, l< jHdmdrhla˜ ready - made business ysñfõ

jr,;a iud.u yd jr,;a ,dNshd w;r we;sjk .súiqul wka;¾.; fldkafoais

jr,;a ,dNshdg bgq lsÍug wjir ,efnk ld¾hhka

jr,;a ,dNshdg wdjrKh l< yels N+f.da,Sh m%foaYh

jr,;a .súiqu j,x.= jk ld,h

jr,;a iud.u u.ska iemfhk fiajdjka

jr,;a ,dNshd úiska imqrd,sh hq;= wjYH;d

f.úh hq;= mqrialdrh fyda fldñia uqo,

.súiqu ì| jeàug ;=vq fok fya;=

jr,;a iud.u úiska jr,;a ,dNshdg ,ndfok fiajdjka

;u fjf<| kduh fh§ug wjir §u

ksIamdok wka;¾.;h yd ksIamdok Wmfoia iemhSu

fiajlhka mqyqKq lr §u

l<ukdlrK Wmfoia iemhSu

;dlaI‚l iydh ,nd§u

jHdmdr ia:dk.; lsÍug Wmfoia §u

Kh myiqlï iemhSu

139
 jr,;a jHdmdr l%uh id¾:lj mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd jr,;a ,dNshd bgq l< hq;= j.lSï

wjYH m%d.aOkh wdfhdackh lsÍu

jr,;a iud.fï ksIamdÈ; muKla wf,ú lsÍu

.kqfokq ms<sn|j ksjerÈ jd¾;d ;nd .ekSu yd tajd ksjerÈj jr,;a iud.ug bÈßm;a
lsÍu

jr,;a iud.u kshu lrk ñ,gu wf,ú lsÍu

jr,;a iud.fï lS¾;skduh wdrlaId jk mßÈ l%shd lsÍu

jr,;a .súiqula ì| jeàug ;=vq fok fya;=

jr,;a .súiqfuka wjirh ,nd § fkdue;s NdKav ksmoùu fyda iemhSu

mqrialdr fyda fldñia uqo,a kshñ; mßÈ fkdf.ùu

.súi.;a ld,h ;=< jHdmdrh wdrïN fkdlsÍu

jr,;a ,dNshd jr,;a iud.fï lS¾;skduhg ydks jk f,i lghq;= isÿlsÍu

.kqfokq ms<sn| ksjerÈ jd¾;d jr,;a iud.u fj; bÈßm;a fkdlsÍu

jr,;a jHdmdr l%ufha jdis

jr,;a iud.ug"

uQ,sl wdfhdackhlska f;drj jHdmdr mq¿,a l< yels ùu

m%pdrK úhoï jr,;a ,dNshd iuÕ fnod.; yels ùu

jr,;a ,dNshdf.a wdfhdackfhka m%;s,dN ,eìh yels ùu

foaYSh yd úfoaYSh jYfhka jHdmdr jHdma; lsÍu myiq ùu

.kqfokqlrejka jeä ù ;u lS¾;s lS¾;s kduh jeä ùu

;u fldkafoais j,g wkqj jr,;a ,dNshd j md,kh l, yels ùu

jr,;a ,dNshdg "

flá ld,hla ;=<§ úl=Kqï jeäù ,dNh jeä lr .; yels ùu

l<ukdlrK mqyqKqj ,eîu

wid¾:l ùfï m%jK;djh wvq ùu

jr,;a ysñhdf.ka uQ,H myiqlï ,eîu

wuq øjH wvq ñ,g ,nd .; yels ùu

140
 myiqfjka fj<|m, w;am;a lr .; yels ùu

mdßfNda.l
s hdg"

by< uÜgfï mdßfNda.sl i;aldrhka w;aúÈh yels ùu

f,dalfha úúO rgj, § tlu jÜfgdarejl NdKav mßfNdackh lsÍug wjia:dj ,eîu

.=K;ajfhka Wiia NdKav" úúO j¾. j, NdKav mßfNdackhg wjia:dj ,eîu

ksYaÑ; ñ, .Kka hgf;a NdKav mßfNdackhg wjia:dj ,eîu

jr,;a jHdmdr l%ufha wjdis

jr,;a iud.ug"

;u fjf<| ryia msg;g hdu

id¾:l jr,;a ,dNSka iSudiys; ùu

È.=ld,Skj jr,;a ,dNshd .súiqfuka bj;a j iajdëkj jHdmdrh wdrïN lsÍfï wjodkula
;sîu

jr,;a ,dNshd isÿ lrkq ,nk jerÈ ksid ;u lS¾;s kduhg ydks isÿùu

jr,;a ,dNshd isÿlrk iEu lghq;a;lau iómj wëlaIKh lsÍu wmyiq ùu

jr,;a ,dNshdg"

jr,;a ,dNshdg ;ukag wkkH jQ jHdmdr kduhla ,nd .; fkdyels ùu

úYd, uqo,la mqrialdrh f,i f.ùug isÿ ùu

jr,;a ysñhd iuÕ we;slr.kakd .súiqfï fldkafoais fndfydaúg jr,;a ,dNshdg

wjdisodhl ùu

meje;au jr,;a ysñhd u;u r|d mej;Su

jr,;a iud.fï NdKav muKla wf,ú lsÍug isÿ ùu

jr,;a iud.u kshu lrk úúO fldkafoais ms<sme§ug isÿ ùu

jr,;a iud.u kshu lrk ñ,g u NdKav wf,ú lsÍug isÿ ùu

141
rdcH wxYfha jHdmdr
rch m<d;a iNd fyda m<d;a md,k wdh;k j,g whs;sh ysñ jk ck;djg m%;s,dN ,nd§u
i|yd mj;ajdf.k hk jHdmdr fõ' fmdÿ jHdmdr uyckhd i;= jHdmdr f,i o y÷kajhs'
fjf<|fmd< u.ska iemhsh yels NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh yd$fyda fnodyeÍu ms<sn|j lghq;=
lrk rcfha wdh;k yd ixia:d rdcH jHjidhka f,i ye¢kafõ '

jHdmdr lghq;= rch hgf;a mj;ajdf.k hdug fya;=

,dNodhS fkdjk w;HjYH uyck fiajd iemhSu

fm!oa.,sl wxYfha lghq;= md,kh lsÍu

fm!oa.,sl taldêldÍ;ajh je,elaùu

cd;sl wdrlaIdj i|yd

wd¾Ólfha jeo.;a l¾udka; wLKavj mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd

iïm;a kdia;sh je<elaùu i|yd

fiajd kshqla;s wjia:d j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd

rchg wdodhï bmhSu i|yd

fmdÿ ysñldÍ;ajfha jdis

uyck;dj fjkqfjka wd¾Ólfha úYd, jev fldgila rchg myiqfjka ie,iqï l< yels
ùu

jHdmdr ,dN ,eîu iy tu ,dNh kej; ck;djf.a u hym; Wfoid fhoúh yels ùu

jHdmdr kùlrKh lsÍug wjYH wruqo,a rchg myiqfjka imhd .; yels ùu

iudc fiajdjka iemhsh yels ùu

foaYSh iïm;a Wmßufhka m%fhdackhg .ekSug yels ùu

fmdÿ ysñldÍ;ajfha wjdis

jxpd ¥IK b;d by, ùu

;r.ldÍ;ajh wvqùu

wkjYH f,i fiajlhka jeämqr fhdod .ekSu

kdia;sh isÿùug we;s bvlv jeäùu

142
 rcfha wkuH kS;sÍ;s jHdmdr j, meje;aug ys;lr fkdùu

wys;lr f,i foaYmd,k n,mEï we;sùu

fiajd j, .=K;ajh wvqùu

fmdÿ jHjidh ms<sn| md¾,sfïka;= lñgqj$ fldama

Committee On Public Enterprises / COPE

rdcH jHjidhkays lghq;= úu¾Ykh lsÍu i|yd m;a lr we;s md¾,sfïka;= lñgqj ñka
woyia flf¾' rdcH jHjidh ms<sn| ldrl iNdj f,i y÷kajk fuh rdcH ixia:d" uKav,
wêldß" rdcH iud.ï" rdcH nexl= yd rchg mjrd.;a jHdmdrj, .sKqï lghq;= úu¾Ykh isÿ
lrhs' wdKavq mlaIfha fukau úmlaIfha uka;%Sjrekaf.ka o fuu lñgqj iukaú; fõ'

rdcH .sKqï ldrl iNdj

Committee of Public Accounts / COPA

md¾,sfïka;=j f;aÍï lñgq u.ska f;dard m;a lr.kq ,nk uka;%Sjre oy kj fokl=f.ka
iukaú; md¾,sfïka;= úfYaI ldrl iNdjhs' fuh wud;HdxY yd fomd¾;fïka;=j, .sKï q m%Odk
jYfhka úu¾Ykh lrhs'

rdcH fomd¾;fïka;=

mQ¾K rdcH ysñldÍ;ajh" wud;HdxY.; md,kh hgf;a ,dN ,eîfï uqLH mrud¾:fhka
f;drj rdcH m%;sm;a;s j,g wkql+,j jHdmdr lghq;= mj;ajd .kakd wdh;khls'

Wod( ÿïßh fomd¾;fïka;=j" ;eme,a fomd¾;fïka;=j

fomd¾;fïka;=j j, oelsh yels ,laIK

whs;sh

mQ¾K jYfhka rch i;= fõ'

msysgqùu

rdcH fomd¾;fïka;=j msysgùq ug wod< leìkÜ uKav, fhdackdjla iïu; lsÍfuka

fomd¾;fïka;=jla msysgqjkq ,nhs

m%d.aOkh

rch imhhs' tkï jd¾Isl whjeh u.ska fjka flf¾

md,kh

rcfha iDcq md,khg hg;a fõ' fuys§"

- md¾,sfïka;= md,kh

143
 uka;%Sjrekaf.a m%Yak lsÍu yryd .sKï
q ldrl iNdfjka isÿjk md,khhs'

- wud;HxY md,kh

wud;HdxY m%OdkSkf
a .a yd wud;Hjrhdf.a iDcq md,khhs

j.lSu

fomd¾;fïka;=jl j.lSu wiSñ;h ' rch fjkqfjka uyd NdKavd.drh tu j.lSu orhs'

wdodhï yd ,dN

,dN wruqKla fkdue;' tfy;a wdodhï yd ,dN we;akï rcfha taldnoaO wruqo,g ner
flf¾'

ffk;sl mqoa.,Ndjh

rdcH fomd¾;fïka;=jlg ffk;sl mqoa., Ndjhla ke;' kS;suh lghq;=j,§ wdh;k

m%Odkshdf.a ks, kñka fmkS isáh hq;=h'

.sKï
q ;eîu yd ú.Kkh

wksjdrH fõ' ú.Kldêm;s fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska ú.Kkh isÿ flf¾'

l<ukdlrKh

md¾,sfïka;= m%Odkshl= u.ska mßyrKh isÿ lrk w;r ta i|yd "

wdh;k ix.%yh - wdh;k mßmd,kh g

uqo,a fr.=,dis - uqo,a mßmd,khg

pl%f,aL yd fjk;a kS;s kS;sÍ;s wod< lr .kS'

nÿ ne¢hdj

nÿ ne¢hdjla fkdue;'

meje;au

md¾,sfïka;=fjka ta ta j¾Ihkag wod, uqo,a jeh lrk f;la l%shd;aul fõ' tkï È.=
ld,Sk meje;aula we;'

wEjr lsÍu

rcfha wNsu;h wkqj md¾,sfïka;= fhdackd iïu;hlska miqj wEjr lsÍu isÿ lrhs'

jHdmdr lghq;= i|yd fomd¾;fïka;= iqÿiq fkdùug fya;=

uyd NdKavd.drfha wruqo,a u; muKla hefmk ksid m%idrKh i|yd wruqo,a iSud ùu

rcfha wkuH kS;s ms<smeÈh hq;= ùu ksid iajdëk laI‚l ;SrK .; fkdyels ùu

fiajl fm<Uùu i|yd m%udKj;a Èß.ekaùï iemhsh fkdyels ùu

144
 ks,OdÍka úiska md,kh lrk ksid oeä ks,OdÍ jdohla mej;Su

jd‚c uqyqKj
q rla fkdue;sùu

rdcH ixia:d" fomd¾;fïka;= úúO iajrEmfhka iSudiys; iud.ï f,i fm!oa.,SlrKh

lsÍu j¾;udkfha olakg ,efnk m%jK;djhls' WodyrK f,i Y%S ,xld fg,sfldï iud.u" Y%S
,xlka thd¾ ,hskia a iud.u" ,xld msÕka iud.u oelaúh yel' fuu fm!oa.,SlrK
jevms,sfj,j,a úúO kïj,ska ye¢kaúh yel'

jd‚clrKh – Commercialization

jd‚clrKh hkq l<ukdlrKh muKla fm!oa.,sl wxYhg mejÍuhs' me,j;a; iSks

iud.u" rcfha j;= wdÈh uq,a ld,fha§ fuu l%uh hgf;a fm!oa.,SlrKh lf<ah' j¾;udkfha §
fuu l%uh grï Ndú;hg .kq fkd,efí'

ck;dlrKh - Peopalization

ck;dlrKh f,i y÷kajkafka rcfha ixia:d fyda rchg wh;a jHdmdr" fmdÿ iud.ï
njg mßj¾;kh lsÍu u.ska tajdfha m%d.aOkhg fm!oa.,sl wxYh" ck;dj yd fiajlhska iyNd.S
lr .ekSuhs' WodyrKhla f,i uOHu .ukd.uk uKav,h oelaúh yel'

fm!oa.,SlrKh - Privatization

rdcH wxYhg wh;a jHdmdrj, mQ¾K whs;sh fm!oa.,sl wxYh i;= lsÍu ñka woyia flf¾'
WodyrKhla f,i cd;sl rlaIK ixia:dj oelaúh yel'

miq.sh ld,h ;=< fomd¾;fïka;= rduqfjka bj;g .;a jHdmdr"

.=jkaúÿ,s fomd¾;fïka;=j .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dj

úÿ,sn, fomd¾;fïka;=j ,xld úÿ,sn, uKav,h

.=jka fiajd fomd¾;fïka;=j isú,a .=jka fiajd wêldßh

rdcH ixia:d
iud.ï mk; hgf;a yer fjk;a lsih s ï ,sÅ; kS;shla fyda kshuhla hgf;a ixia:dmkh
l<d jQ fyda lrkakd jQ o rch úiska m%d.aOkh f,i" Khla f,i fyda wdOdrhla f,i uq¿ wruqo,
u fyda bka fldgila imhkakd jQ o ixia:djla" uKav,hla" wdh;khla rdcH ixia:djla fõ'

rdcH ixia:d my; oelafjk kïj,ska o y÷kajkq ,efí

rdcH kS;s.; ixia:dj" iudh;kh" ixhqla; uKav,h" fldñi wêldßh" fldñIka iNdj"
uKav,h" ld¾hdxYh

rdcH ixia:djl oelsh yels ,laIK

whs;sh

145
 rdcH ixia:dj, wksjd¾h rdcH ysñldÍ;ajhla we;' ta 100] la fyda wju jYfhka 51]la
úh yelsh

msysgqùu

rdcH ixia:djla fmdÿ fyda úfYaI md¾,sfïka;= mk;la hgf;a md¾,sfïka;=fõ ixia:dmkh
fldg msysgj
q kq ,nhs' fuys§ fmdÿ mk;la hkq lsih
s ï lafIa;%hlg wod, fmdÿfõ iïu; lrk ,o
mk;ls

Wod( 1973 rdcH lDIsld¾ñl ixia:d mk;

- ck;d j;= ixj¾Ok uKav,h

- Y%S ,xld lcq ixia:dj

úfYaI mk;la hkq tla tla ixia:dj fjkqfjka fjkuu iïu; lrk ,o mk;ls'

Wod( 1961 wxl 29 ork uyck nexl= mk; - uyck nexl=j

m%d.aOkh fhoùu

uq¿uksku
a fyda jeä m%udKhla rch yd rdcH ksfhdað; wdh;k imhhs' fm!oa.,sl wxYh
iïnkaO jk úgl§ fldgia yd Khlr ksl=;a fldg m%d.aOkh imhd .kS'

j.lSu

j.lSu wiSñ;h' tfy;a fldgia ksl=;a lr we;akï tu fldgia fldgialrejkaf.a fldgia

lrejka f.a j.lSu iSñ;h'

md,kh

rdcH ixia:djl md,kh úúOdldr fõ'

wNHka;r md,kh

- wOHlaIl uKav,hla úiska isÿ lrhs

ndysr md,kh

- jHjia:dms; md,kh ^ixia:dj msysgjQ mkf;a kshuhka wkqj&

- wud;HdxY md,kh ^úIh Ndr weu;sjrhd u.ska&

- md¾,sfïka;= md,kh ^md¾,sfïka;= .sKqï ldrl iNdj" fmdÿ jHdmdr

ms<sn| md¾,sfïka;= lñgqj&

- ú.Kldêm;sf.a md,kh ^.sKqï ú.Kkh u.sk&a

,dNd,dN nqla;s ú£u

rdcH ixia:djl ,dNh rcfha taldnoaO wruqo,g ner l< yel' fm!oa.,sl fldgia ysñhka
fõ kï Tjqkg a ,dNdxY jYfhka fnod Èh yels h' tfiau ixia:dfõ ÈhqKqjg m%;s wdfhdackh l<
yelsh'

146
 ffk;sl mqoa.,Ndjh

ffk;sl mqoa., Ndjhla we;' rdcH ixia:djl kduh kS;s kS;sh bÈßfha mqoa.,fhla
jYfhka ms<s.efka'

.sKï
q ;eîu yd ú.Kkh

wksjdrH fõ' wod< mkf;a úêúOdk j,g wkql+,j l< hq;=h ' ixia:d j, .sKï
q
ú.Kldêm;sf.a wëlaIKhg hg;a fõ'

nÿ f.ùu

ixia:dj kñka nÿ f.úh hq;=h

meje;au

wLKav meje;aula we;

úiqrejd yeÍu

ixia:dfõ lghq;= wjika l< hq;= nj wod< weu;sjrhd woyia lrkq ,nk wjia:djl
md¾,sfïka;=fõ fhdackd iïu;hlska miqj úiqrejd yef¾'

rdcH ixia:d l%shd;aul jk lafIa;%

ksIamdok lafIa;%h ^ld¾ñl ksIamdokh " lDIs ksIamdokh &

fj<| lafIa;%h ^fnodyeÍfï lghq;= j, ksr; ixia:d &

fiajd lafIa;%h ^m%jdykh" jrdh" .=jka úÿ,sh &

uQ,H lafIa;%h ^rlaIK lghq;= " nexl= lghq;=- uyck nexl=j" ,xld nexl=j" cd;sl
b;sßlsÍfï nexl=j&

rdcH ixia:d wld¾hlaIu ùug fya;=

jHdmdr l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| oekqula fkdue;s wh wOHlaIljreka f,i m;a lsÍu ksid
l<ukdlrKh wld¾hlaIu ùu

Tfrd;a;= fkdfok ;rï fiajl w;sßla;hla mej;Su ksid fiajl msßjeh jeäùu

foaYmd,k weÕs,s .eiSï mej;Su

jxpd iy ¥IK fukau iïm;a kdia;sho wêlùu

m%udKj;a ;rï wruqo,a fkdue;sùu

jdkscuh uqyqkj
q rla fkdue;sùu

we;eï rdcH ixia:dj, ld¾h ld¾hNdrh m%udKh blaujd mq¿,a ùu

147
 fiajH-fiajl mlaI w;r wdrjq,a we;sùu

rdcH ixia:d ld¾hlaIu lsÍug rch f.k we;s úúO l%shdud¾.

fm!oa.,sl wxYfha olaI jHdmdßlhka" jD;a;Sh m%ùKhka rdcH ixia:dj, m%Odk ;k;=rg
m;alsÍu

we;eï rdcH ixia:dj, whs;sh rch hgf;a ;nd f.k l,uKdlrkh fm!oa.,sl wxYh
fj; mejÍu

by< jegqma hgf;a olaI l<ukdlrejka yd fiajlhka n|jd .ekSu

we;eï rdcH ixia:d jd‚c uqyqKj

q rla hgf;a ;r.ldÍ f,i kùlrKh lsÍu

we;eï rdcH ixia:d m%;sjHqy.; lsÍu

rdcH fomd¾;fïka;= j,g jvd rdcH ixia:djla fhduq ùug fya;=

úúO uQ,H ud¾. mej;Su fya;=fjka jeä m%d.aOkhla talrdYS lr .; yels ùu

uyd NdKavd.drfha oeä uQ,H fr.=,dis j,ska ksoyia ùu

by< jegqma hgf;a olaI l<ukdlrejka yd fiajlhka n|jd .; yels ùu yd fiajl

fm<Uùfï l%u l%shd;aul l< yels ùu

wOHlaIl uKav,hla ;=<k

s a id¾:l l<ukdlrKhla isÿ l< yels ùu

jd‚c uqyqKj
q rla hgf;a ixúOdkh l< yelsùu

rdcH iud.ï
uq¿ fldgia m%d.aOkfhka 50] g jeä m%;sY;hla rch fyda rdcH ksfhdað; wdh;k úiska
yd b;sß m%udKh fm!oa.,sl wxYh hgf;a jQ iud.ï mk; wkqj ixia:dmkh lrkq ,nk
wdh;kh úfYaI rdcH iud.ï f,i ye¢kafjhs

Wod(

rcfha fm!oa.,sl iud.ï - iS$i ,xld úÿ,s ^fm!oa.,sl & iud.u

rcfha fmdÿ iud.ï - iajdëk rEmjdyskh

s " iS$i ,xld fydiamsg,a iud.u

rdcH iud.ï j, ,laIK

iud.ï mk; hgf;a ixia:dmkh lsÍu

fldgia ksl=;a fldg m%d.aOkh imhd .ekSu

fldgia whs;sfhka 51]la fyda Bg jeä m%udKhla rch i;= ùu

148
 j.lSu iSñ; ùu

wOHlaI uKav,hla úiska mßmd,kh lsÍu

ffk;sl mqoa., Ndjhla mej;Su

jHdmdr mj;ajd .ekSfï§ rdcH ixia:d yd fomd¾;fïka;= j,g jvd rdcH iud.ï fhda.H
ùug fya;=

fldgia yd Khlr ksl=;a lsÍu ;=<k

s a jeä m%d.aOkhla imhd .; yels ùu ksid m%d.aOk
.eg¨ wju ùu

uQ,H iajdëk;ajhla mej;Su

wOHlaI uKav,hla ;=<ska id¾:l l<ukdlrKhla l< yels ùu

jd‚c uqyqKj
q rla hgf;a ;r.ldÍ f,i mj;ajd mj;ajd .; yels ùu

iud.ï mk; hgf;a ukd ndysr md,khlg hg;a ùu

m<d;a iNd iy m<d;a md,k wdh;k i;= jHdmdr

m<d;a iNd" uy k.r iNd" k.r iNd" m%dfoaYSh iNd jeks m<d;a md,k wêldßh úiska
mj;ajdf.k hk mj;ajd f.k hk jHdmdrhka o olakg ,efí' ta ta m<d;a md,k wêldßh i;=
jk neúka fmdÿ whs;sh fyj;a ck;d whs;sh hg;g we;=<;a l< yelsh' fïjdg wjYH wruqo,a
m<d;a md,k wdh;kh úiska fyda uOHu rcfhka fyda fhdokq ,nk w;r tajdfha mßmd,k lghq;=
ta ta m<d;a md,k wêldÍka hgf;a l%shd;aul fõ'

Wod(

fj<| ixlS¾K l=,hs g §u" ldnksl fmdfydr ksmoùu ksmoùfï jHdmD;s" i;s fmd," l%Svd
msá" W;aij yd rx. Yd,d

149
 05'jHjidhl;ajh

❖ ˜mdrißl wjia:d ks¾udKYS,Sj Wlyd .ksñka ñksia wjYH;d fjkqfjka jqjukd ;Dma;su;a
lsÍug wjodkï orñka kfjda;amdokfha fh§u˜ jHjidhl;ajh f,i y÷kajhs'

❖ jHjidhl;aj lghq;a; isÿ lrkakd ˜jHjidhlhd˜ f,i ye¢kafõ' tkï mßir wjYH;d
ks¾udKYS,Sj Wlyd f.k wjodkï orñka kfjda;amdokfha fhfok mqoa.,hd
jHjidhlhls'

❖ fcdaima Y=ïmSg¾g wkqj jHjidhl;ajh hkq"

˜mj;akd w¾: l%u fjkia lrñka kj wuqøjH fidhd .ekSfuka fyda fyda kj ixúOdk l%u
ks¾udKh lsÍfuka kj NdKav yd fiajd y÷kajd fok mqoa.,hd jHjidhlfhls'˜

jHjidhl;ajfha ld¾hNdrh

▪ jHdmdr wjia:d y÷kd .ekSu iy m%fhdackhg .ekSu

▪ kjH;d iïmdokh
▪ wjodkï oeÍu
▪ ksIamdok idOl ixfhda. lrñka ksIamdok l%shdj,sh fufyhùu

jHjidhl;ajfha jeo.;alu
▪ iS>%fhka fjkia fjk f,dalfha kjH;d fiúh yels" fjkiaùï j,g m%;sl%shd oelaúh yels
jHjidhlhkaf.a oeä wjYH;djhla mej;Su'
▪ kfjda;amdok ;=<ska ìysjk kj NdKav yd fiajd ;=<k
s a ñksidf.a Ôjk ;;a;ajh Wiia ùu'
▪ kj jHdmdr yryd kj /lshd wjia:d ìysl< yels ùu'
▪ fjkia jk f,dalhg kdhl;ajh Èh yelafla jHjidhlhkag neúka iEu ixúOdkhlg u
jHjidhlhska wjYH ùu'
▪ ;r.ldÍ jHdmdßl f,dalh ;=< /£ isàu i|yd kjH;d ìys lsÍfï wjYH;djh'
▪ wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh iy ;sridr ixj¾Okh Wodlr .ekSfï wjYH;djh'
▪

150
iEu jHdmdßlfhla u jHjidhlfhla o@

❖ iEu jHdmdßlfhla u jHjidhlhl= fkdfõ' jHdmdßlhska úiska isÿ lrkafka ñksia

wjYH;d yd jqjukd bgq lsÍu yd iïnkaO úúO ld¾hhka h' kuq;a jHjidhlhdg oelaula
we;' Tjqyq ks¾udKYS,S wfhls' jHjidhlhd kj ksIamdok ìys lsÍu" kj fjf<|fmd<j,a
fidhd .ekSu" kj ixúOdk l%u ks¾udKh isÿlsÍu lrhs' jHdmdßlhd jHdmdrh ;=< lghq;=
lrkafkl= jk w;r jHjidhlhd jHdmdrh u; lghq;= lrhs' jHdmdrh id¾:l lr.ekSug
wjYH lghq;= jHjidhl;ajh úiska bgq lrhs by; lreKq wkqj fmkS hkafka iEu
jHdmdßlfhla u jHjidhlhl= f,i ms<s.; fkdyels njhs'

jHjidhlhd iy jHdmdßlhd
jHjidhlhd

▪ kfjda;amdofhls
▪ wjOdkug uqyqK fohs
▪ ;u woyia yd kj ixl,am wkqj jHdmdr wrUhs'
▪ kj jHdmdr wjia:d flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrhs'
▪ .eg¿ j,g ffO¾hu;aj lghq;= lrhs'

jHdmdßlhd

▪ idïm%odhl fhls'
▪ wdrlaIdldÍj lghq;= lrhs'
▪ mj;sk woyila fyda ixl,amhla wkqj jHdmdrh wrUhs'
▪ ;u jHdmdr lghq;= ms<sn| muKla wjOdkh fhduq lrhs'
▪ .eg¨j,ska wffO¾hu;a fõ'

jHhjidhl;aj l%shdj,sh
jHdmdßl wjia:d Wodlr .ekSu;a tajd m%fhdackhg .ekSu i|yd ixúOdkh ks¾udKh lsÍu;a
hkd§ lghq;= j,§ isÿ lrkakg fhfok ishÆu l%shdjka jHjidhl;aj l%shdj,sh ;=<g wh;a fõ'

• kjH;d iïmdokh

jHjidhl;aj laßhdj,sfha m<uq wÈhr f,i jHjidhlhd úiska woyia ckkh lr .ekSu;"
fj<|m, wOHhkh lsÍu;a" mßir wOHhkh ;=<ska wjia:d y÷kd .ekSu;a isÿ lrhs'

151
• ie,iqï iy ixl,am f.dvkeÕSu

fuys§ jHdmdr woyi meyeÈ,s flfrk úia;rd;aul jevms<sfj<la fyj;a jHdmdr ie,eiaula
ilia lsÍu lrhs'

• iïm;a iïmdokh lsÍu

jHdmdrh wdrïN lsÍug wjYH fN!;sl" uQ,H iy udkj iïm;a y÷kd .ekSu iy tajd w;am;a
lr .ekSu isÿ lrhs'

• h:d¾;hla njg m;a lsÍu

jHjidhlhd úiska wruqKq bgqlr .ekSug bgqlr .ekSug wjYH fufyhqï lghq;= isÿlsÍu lrhs'

• j¾Okh

jHdmdrfha wkd.; j¾Okh ms<sn| ;SrK .ekSu isÿ lrhs'

jHjidhl;aj l%shdj,shg n,mdk idol

1' mqoa., idOl

2' mßird;aul idOl

3' iudc úoHd;aul idOl

mqoa., idOl

jHjidhlhka ìysùug n,mdk mqoa.,hl=f.a .;s ,laIK .;s ,laIK fuys§ idlÉPd flf¾'
weußldfõ lrk ,o mÍlaIKhl§ jHjidhlhl= i;= .=Kdx. oyhla Va10 keue;s ixl,amh
bÈßm;a lr we;'

▪ Dream -isyskh

jHjidhlhdg wkd.;h ms<sn| oelaula we;s nj'

▪ Decisiveness -;SrKd;aulNdjh

ksjerÈ ;SrK ksjerÈ wjia:dfõ§ .ekSfï yelshdj'

▪ Doers- l%shd;aul ùu

152
 ;SrK j,g t<öfuka wk;=rej tajd b;d blaukska l%shdjg kexùfï yelshdj'

▪ Determination -wêIaGdkh

wid¾:l ùï yuqfõ w;afkdyer lghq;= lsÍfï yelshdj'

▪ Dedicative -lemùu

jHdmdrh fjkqfjka úfõlh" mjqf,a idudðlhska iu. .; lsÍug we;s ld,h wdÈh lem
lsÍfï yelshdj'

▪ Devotion -Nla;sh

jHjidhlhd ;uka isÿlrk isÿ lrk foag wdorh lrhs'

▪ Details -f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu

wod, fYaI;
a %h ms,sn|j úia;r ,nd .ekSug iy oekqj;a ùug lghq;= lrhs'

▪ Destiny -brKu

;udf.a brKfï ;Srlhd ;ud nj úYajdi lrhs'

▪ Dollars -uqo,a

uqo,a fyda Okh /ia /ialsÍu jHjidhlhdf.a tlu b,lalh fkdfõ' uqo,a id¾:l;ajh
.ekSfï tla ñkqula mu‚'

▪ Distribute -fnodyeÍu

jHdmdrfha id¾:l;ajh thg iïnkaO jqjk iu. fnod .ekSfï yelshdj jHjidhlhd i;=h'

mßir idOl

jHjidhlfhl= ìysùu flfrys úúO mßir idOlhka n,mdhs' tu idOlhka my;ska oelafõ'

▪ iïm;a- wjYH fN!;sl yd udkj iïm;a ,nd .; yels nj'

▪ iyhl fiajd- nexl=" rlaIK" m%jdyk" ikaksfõok wd§ fiajdjka iq,N ùu'
▪ jHdmdr wjia:d- ;u jHdmdr wdrïN lsÍug wjia:d nyq, kï tajdfhka m%fhdack .ekSug
mqoa.,hska bÈßm;a ùu'
▪ wdo¾Y pß;- wdo¾Yhla .; yels úh jHjidhlhka mßirfhys iq,N ùu jHjidhl;aj
ixj¾Okhg fya;= fõ'
▪ rdcH m%;sm;a;s- jvd;a iqÿiq jkafka fj<|m, wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;shhs'

153
 ▪ ;rÕh iy ;r.lrejka- ;rÕhg uqyqK §ug kfjda;amdok jeo.;a fõ'

iudc úoHd;aul idOl

▪ mjq,a j.lSï- iuyr mqoa.,hskg

a ;u mjqf,a j.lSï oeÍug isÿfõ'
▪ foudmshkaf.a n,mEu- jHdmdßl foudmshka orejkag o tu lafIa;%h f;dard .kakd f,ig
n,mEï lrhs'
▪ lKavdhï - mqoa.,hska idudðl;ajh ork lKavdhï idudðlhkaf.a n,mEu'

jHjidhl;aj m%;s,dN
fuh m%Odk wxY ;=kla hgf;a we;'

mqoa., m%;s,dN

▪ mqoa., yelshd Wmßu whqßka fhdod .; yels ùu

▪ fm!oa.,sl" uq,Huh ,dN ,eìh yels ùu
▪ udkisl ;Dma;sh
▪ by< lemùu u; by< m%;s,dN ,eìh yelsh
▪ by< Ôjk uÜgula .; l< .; l< yels ùu
▪ iudc ;;a;ajh" ;;a;ajh" ms<s.ekSu we;sùu

wdh;ksl m%;s,dN

▪ jHdmdr lghq;= mq¿,a lr .; yels ùu

▪ ;r.ldß;ajhg myiqfjka uqyqK Èh yels ùu
▪ ,dNodhs;ajh j¾Okh lr.; yels ùu
▪ jHdmdrfha meje;au ;yjqre ùu
▪ wdh;kh wLKavj j¾Okh ùu

iudchSh m%;s,dN

▪ rcfha we.hSug ,laùu • kj NdKav yd fiajd mdßfNdackhg wjia:dj ,eîu

▪ kj /lshd wjia:d ìys ùu
▪ ck;djf.a Ôjk ;;a;ajh by< hdu
▪ m%dfoaYSh iïm;a ksIamdokhg fhdod .ekSu
▪ kj fj<|m<j,a ixj¾Okh ùu
▪ cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h by< hdu ;=<k
s a wd¾Ól j¾Okhla we;s ùu

154
jHjidhl;aj m%jK;d

wNHka;r jHjidhl;ajh

jHdmdr ixúOdk j, fiajlhkaf.a ks¾udKYS,S;ajh ;=<k

s a ìys lrk jHjidhl;ajh fuh fõ'
ixúOdkj, úúO ;k;=re ;k;=rej, lghq;= lrk ks¾udKYS,S mqoa.,hka tu wdh;k j,
ksIamdok yd ksIamdÈ; laru j, fjkialï isÿ lrhs' tkï wdh;khla ;=< l%shd;aul jk
jHjidhl;ajh wNHka;r jHjidhl;ajhhs'

iudchSh jHjidhl;ajh

iudchSh fufyjrla lsÍfï wruq‚kaiudchSh .eg¨ j,g ms<shï fh§ug jHjidhl;aj ld¾hfha
ksr; ùu fuhska woyia lrhs' udkisl ;Dma;sh" m%Yxidj" mfrdamldrh" ms<s.ekSu hkd§ m%;s,dN
fuu.ska wfmalaId lrhs'

yß; jHjidhl;ajh

mdßißl fyda iudchSh .eg¨ fyda wjYH;d i|yd b;d by, wjOdkhlska hq;=j iajNdúl
mßirhg Okd;aul n,mEula we;s lsÍug wjYH oekqj;a Ndjhlska isÿlrk jHjidhl;aj
lghq;=h'

f.da,Sh jHjidhl;ajh

iuia; f,dalhg u ;u ksIamdok ,nd§u i|yd fj<odï lghq;= lsÍu fuhska woyia lrhs' tkï
f,dalfha l=uk ia:dkhl isáho ;dlaIKh Ndú;d lsÍfuka f,dalfha fjk;a ´kEu rgla fyda
ia:dkhla iu. foaY iSud uhsï j,ska neyerj lghq;= lsÍfï yelshdj fõ'

jHjidhlhska j¾.
▪ kfjda;amdok jHjidhlhd

fuu jHjidhlhska b;d by< wjodkï orñka wNsfhda.j,g uqyqK foñka m¾fhaIK isÿ
lrñka lghq;= lrhs'

▪ iudcjd§ jHjidhlhd

fudjqka iïm%odhg .re lrhs' thska Tíng hdug leue;a;la fkdolajhs' iïm%odh ;=, isáñka
kfjda;amdok isÿ lrhs'

155
 ▪ wkqlrK jHjidhlhd

fuu jHjidhlhka fndfyda ÿrg isÿ lrkqfha mj;sk lsishï ksIamdokhla jeä ÈhqKq lrñka
ish ld¾hh lrf.k hduhs'

▪ w,i jHjidhlhd

fudjqka kfjda;amdok isÿ lrkqfha fkdlr neß lug h'

jHjidhlhd iy l<ukdlrejd
❖ iEu jHjidhlfhla u l<ukdlrejka fjhs' ukao Tyqf.a jHjidhl;aj ld¾hh ;=<
l<ukdlrK ld¾hhka o wka;¾.; neúks' kuq;a jHjidhlhl= fkdjk l<ukdlrejl=
wjodkï oeÍu" kjH;d iïmdokh" wjia:d y÷kd .ekSu hkdÈh isÿ fkdlrhs' tfiau
l<ukdlrejd jegqmla wfmalaIdfjka lghq;= lrk neúka jHjidhlhd ,dN wfmalaIdfjka
hq;=j lghq;= lrhs' úhjidhlhd fndfydaúg jHdmdrhl whs;slre jqj;a l<ukdlre
jHdmdrfha fiajlfhls'

jHjidhl;aj .;s ,laIK

▪ ks¾udKYS,S;ajh- fjkia wdldrhlg is;Su" l%shd lsÍu yd oelSu'
▪ lemùu- wruqKq bgq lr .ekSug we;s oeä Wkkaÿj'
▪ iajdëk nj- fjk;a whf.a woyia u; hefmkafkl= fkdù ;u wNsu;h yd yelshd u;
lghq;= lsÍu'
▪ wd;au úYajdih- ;ud ms<sn|j we;s oeä úYajdih'
▪ kuHYS,S nj- ks;r fjkiajk jHdmdßl mßirhg wkqj id¾:lj yev .eiSug we;s
yelshdj'
▪ wjodkï oeÍug we;s leue;a;- wjodku u.yeÍug jvd wjodkï j,g uqyqK §ug we;s
leue;a;'

jHjidhl;aj ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh

jHjidhl;aj ksmqK;dj mqoa.,fhl= ;=< ixj¾Okh l< yels fohls' ta i|yd my; i|yka
l%shdud¾. wkq.ukh lsÍu fhda.ah fõ'

1' iajhx we.hSu

;udf.a yelshd yd ;udf.a fkdyelshd ;ud úisku

a wjfndaO lr .ekSu'

156
2' mqyqKqj

´kEu fohla oek.;a mu‚ka l< fkdyel' ta iïnkaO ukd mßphla o wjYH fõ'

3' wOHdmkh

jHjidhlhd hdjÔj wOHdmkfha ksr; jkafkl= úh hq;=h'

4' w;aoelSï j,ska M, ,eîu

;uka úiska ,nk iEu kj w;aoelSulau hula bf.k .ekSug we;s nj jHjidhlhd is;sh hq;=h'

jHjidhl;ajh yd wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh

rgl fl;rï fN!;sl yd udkj iïm;a mej;sh;a jHjidhl;ajh fkdue;s kï tys wd¾Ól
ixj¾Okhla oelsh fkdyel' wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh hka;%hla f,i ie,l=jfyd;a th l%shd;aul
lsÍug wjYH bkaOk jHjidhl;ajhhs' jHjidhl;ajh ;=<sk"a

▪ kj ksIamdok ìys ùu ;=<ska fj<|fmd< fj<|fmd< m%idrKh ùu

▪ rfgys m%fhdackhg fkd.;a iïm;a M,odhs ksIamdok wxY fj; fhduq lsÍu
▪ uyd mßudK l¾udka; j,g l¾udka; j,g wjYH wuqøjH ìyslsÍu
▪ kfjda;amdokh ksid ck;djf.a Ôjk ;;a;ajh by< hdu
▪ kjH;d ìyslsÍu ;=<k
s a cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h by< hdu
▪ kj /lshd wjia:d ìys ùu ;=<ska fiajd kshqla;sh by< hdu

157
 06'iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdr

l=vd jHdmdr
❖ l=vd jHdmdrhla hkq iajdëk whs;shla we;s yd iajdëkj l%shd;aul jk tfukau lafIa;%h
;=< n,h ysñ fkdjQ jHdmdrhs'

l=vd jHdmdrhl ,laIK

• wdfhdað; m%d.aOkh b;d my< uÜgul mej;Su'

• fjf<|fmd< l=vd ùu'
• wvq fiajl ixLHdjla isàu'
• kùk ;dlaIKh Ndú;h wvqùu ;SrK .ekSu'
• ;uka i;= f;dr;=re u; muKla isÿ ùu' idfmalaIj ksIamdok msßjeh by< hdu'
• fndfydaúg jHdmdrfha whs;slreu l<ukdlre ùu'
• uQ,Huh ne£u wvq ùu'

jHdmdr iq¿ yd uOH mßudK f,i fjka fldg yÿkd .ekSfï wjYH;dj
• uq,h myiqlï iemhSu
• o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;hg ,nd fok odhl;ajHh w.h lsÍu'
• foaYSh yd úfoaYSh úúO wdh;k j,ska ,nd fok úúO myiqlï ksYaÑ; õYfhkau wod<
jHdmdr j,g ,efnk nj ;yjqre lsÍu'
• nÿ úrdu iy nÿ iyk ,nd §ug
• jHdmdr iïnkaOfhka rcfia m%;sm;a;s ksis mßÈ l%shd;aul lsÍug
• iïm;a fn§ hdfï úYu;dj wju lsÍug rcfha l%shdud¾. l%shd;aul lsÍug

jHdmdrhla l=vd jHdmdrhla o uyd mßudK jHdmdrhla o hkak ;SrKh lsÍug

fhdod .; yels m%udKd;aul iy .=Kd;aul ks¾Kdhl

m%udKd;aul ks¾Kdhl

• wdfhdað; m%d.aOkh
• fiajl ixLHdj j;alïj, jákdlu úÿ,sn, tll mßfNdackh
• úl=kqï msßjegqu

158
 • ksIamdok Odß;djh
• fjf<|fmd< m%d.aOkSlrKh

.=Kd;aul ks¾Kdhl

• jHdmdr lghq;af;a iajNdjh

• Ndú;d lrk ;dlaIKh
• ksujqfï iajNdjh
• l<ukdlrK Ys,am l%u
• fjf<|fmd< iajNdjh

Y%S ,xldfõ ;=< l=vd jHdmdr y÷kd .ekSug úúO wdh;k Ndú;d lrk ks¾Kdhl

▪ ck yd ixLHdf,aLk ixLHd f,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j

fiajl ixLHdj 25 g wvq jHdmdr l=vd jHdmdr f,i

▪ Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j

Ndú;d lrk úÿ,sn, Odß;dj lsf,da fjdÜ weïmsh¾ 50 g wvq jHdmdr l=vd
jHdmdr f,i

▪ ld¾ñl ixj¾Ok uKav,h

fhdojd we;s m%d.aOkh remsh,a ñ,shk 4 g wvq jHdmdr l=vd jHdmdr f,i

▪ l=vd l¾udka; fomd¾;fïka;=j

fhdojd we;s m%d.aOkh remsh,a ñ,shk 4 g wvq jHdmdr l=vd jHdmdr f,i

▪ ld¾ñl ;dlaI‚l ;dlaIksl wdh;kh

fhdojd we;s m%d.aOkh remsh,a ñ,shk y;rlg wvq jHdmdr l=vd jHdmdr
f,i

▪ .%dóh l¾udka; ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh

iaÓr fiajl ixLHdj 50 g wvq jHdmdr l=vd jHdmdr f,i jHdmdr f,i

▪ l¾udka; ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh- wdfhdað;

159
 m%d.aOkh remsh,a ñ,shk 20 fkdhslaujk jHdmdr l=vd jHdmdr f,i'

l=vd jHdmdr j,ska wd¾Ólhg lrkq ,nk odhl;ajh

▪ È<s÷lu msgqoelSu

È<s÷lu msgqoelSug rch úúO jHdmD;s l%shd;aul lr we; kuq;a tu jHdmD;s u.ska
wfmalaIs; m%;sM, ,eî ke; fndfyda fokd mjikafka È<s÷lu msgqoelSug l=vd jHdmdr rg
;=< wdrïN l< hq;= njhs

▪ kj ksIamdok y÷kajd§u

fj<|fmd<g kj;u ksIamdok jeäfhka y÷kajd fokq ,nkafka l=vd jHdmdr nj mejish
yel

▪ /lshd iïmdokh

jd¾Yslj /lshd fj<| fmd<g /lshd wfmalaIlhka úYd, msßila tl;= fõ'l=vd jHdmdr
fndfydaúg Y%u iQlaIu jk ksid ta yryd úYd, /lshd m%udKhla iïmdokh l< yel'

▪ foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h by< kexùug

l=vd jHdmdr j,ska wd¾Ólhg úYd, odhl;ajhla ,efnk ksid ta yryd wd¾Ólh
wd¾Ólfha j¾Okhla we;s fõ

▪ uyd mßudK jHdmdr j,g wjYH øjH iemhSu

fndfydauhla uyd mßudK jHdmdrj,g wjYH wuqøjH" wu;r fldgia iy úúO fiajd
imhkq ,nkafka l=vd jHdmdr u.ska h'tu ksid uyd mßudK jHdmdrj,g jHdmdrj,
meje;aug o l=vd jHdmdr jeo.;a fõ'

▪ m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh

fndfyda úg l=vd jHdmdrj, ysñlrefjda o tu m%foaYj, mÈxÑlrefjda fj;s tu ksid tu

m%foaYj, iudcixj¾Okhg úYd, jYfhka fudjqka odhl;ajhla imhhs

▪ úfYaIs; NdKav yd fiajd iemhSu

l,d;aul NdKav" w;alï NdKav"ia:dkSh fiajd jeks úfYaI;

s jHdmdrj, l=vd jHdmdßlhka
ksr; fõ'

160
Y%S ,xldfõ l=vd jHdmdr yuqfõ we;s wNsfhda.

▪ wruqo,a iïmdokh lr .ekSug we;s ud¾. j, ysÕlu'

▪ rdcH wkq.%yh m%udKj;a fkdùu' jHjidhl;aj l=i,;d fkdue;sùu' l<ukdlrK oekqu
m%udKj;a fkdùu'
▪ wjYH wuqøjH imhd .ekSfï ÿIalr;d'
▪ mqyqKq Y%uh ysÕlu'
▪ ;dlaI‚l oekqu m%udKj;a fkdùu'
▪ uyd mßudK jHdmdr j,ska t,a,jk ;r.h'

l=vd yd uOH mßudK jHdmdr j,g jHjidhl;ajfha wjYH;djh

• jHdmdr wdrïN lsÍu wjodkï iys;h" kuq;a újidhl;ajh u.ska wjodkï l<ukdlrKh
l< yelsh'
• jHjidhlhdf.a lemùu yd Wkkaÿj u; jHdmdrh ÈhqKq l< yels ùu'
• jHjidhlhd ;=< we;s we;s jHjidhl;aj ksmqK;d j¾Okh lr .ekSu ;=<k
s a jHdmdrh
jHdmdrh id¾:l lr.ekSug yelsùu' jHjidhlhd ;=, we;s wd;au úYajdih yd
wêIaGdkh l=vd yd uOH mßudK jHdmdr j, id¾:l;ajhg n,mdhs'

iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdßlhka uqyqk § we;s .egÆ wju lsÍug .; yels
l%shdud¾.
• fjf<|fmd< mÍlaIKhlska yd ilH;d wOHhkhlska miq jHdmdr wdrïN lsÍu' jHdmdr
lghq;= ms<sn| .eUqrg wjfndaO lrf.k isàu'
• ;ud i;= iïm;a ms<sn| ksjerÈ we.hSula isÿ lsÍu'
• ie,iqulg wkqj jHdmdßl lghq;= isÿlsÍu' ukd f,i iïm;a l<ukdlrKh lsÍu'
jD;a;Sh mqoa.,hkaf.a Wmfoia ,nd .ekSu'

Y%S ,xldfõ l=vd jHdmdr j,g uQ,H myiqlï iemhsu ioyd l%h
s d;aul jk fhdackd
l%u

❖ iuDoaê Kh fhdackd l%uh

iuDoaê nexl= ix.ï yryd iuDoaê,dNSkag jHdmdr wdrïN lsÍug wjYH uQ,H yd fjk;a myiqlï
iemhSu i|yd wdrïN lr we;' iuq¾ê wêldßh fuys md,k lghq;= isÿlrhs'

161
 ❖ iqjk fhdackd l%uh

^iq¿ l¾udka; yd jHjidhl;ajh kxjd,Sfï uQ,sl Kh fhdackd l%uh& wka;¾cd;sl iyfhda.s;d

i|yd jQ cmka nexl=j uQ,H wkq.%yh hgf;a cd;sl ixj¾Ok nexl=j u.ska l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk
Kh jHdmD;shls'

❖ ldka;d rka Èú u. Èúu.

,xld nexl=j u.ska úfYaIfhka ldka;djka i|yd l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk jHdmD;shls

❖ iqr;=r fhdackd l%uh

W.;a ;reK ;re‚hka iajhx /lshd i|yd fhduq lsÍfï wruqK we;sj ,xld nexl=j" uyck
nexl=j" yegka keIk,a nexl=j taldnoaOj l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk jHdmD;shls'

❖ iykahd

VaFCC nexl=j iy wfkl=;a jd‚c nexl= iïnkaO ù iq¿ mßudK jHdmdßlhkag Kh iemhSu
i|yd wdrïN lrk ,o Kh fhdackd l%uhls' fï i|yd wdishdkq ixj¾Ok nexl=j odhl jk
w;r j¾;udkfha fojk wÈhr l%shd;aul fõ'

❖ .eñ mqnqÿj Kh fhdackd l%uh

yegka keIk,a nexl= úiska iajhx /lshd i|yd uQ,H myiqlï iemhSu fjkqfjka l%shd;aul lrkq
,nk jHdmD;shls'

❖ cd;sfha jHjidhl nexl=j

l=vd jHdmdßlhkag iyh ùu i|yd cd;sh jHjidhsl nexl=j kñka nexl=j nexl=jla Wiia
;dlaIK yd cd;sl jHjidh ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh u.fmkaùu hgf;a wdrïN lrk ,§' ue‚la
lemSu yd Tm oeóu úis;=re uiqka we;s lsÍu" weÕ¨ï" rEm,djKH bÈlsÍï" wdydr ieliSu"
fudag¾ r: w¿;ajeähd"fldKavd lemSu frdao mqgq ksIamdokh hk wd§ i|yd fuu nexl=fõ uQ,H
myiqlï imhhs'

162
 ❖ iafuâ

iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdr Yla;su;a lsÍu rg mqrd jHdma; lsÍu /lshd jid we;s lsÍu
wmkhkh ixj¾Okh lsÍu hk wruqKq l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd jQ jHdmD;shls fï hgf;a úfYaI{
WmfoaYk fiajd"jHjidh ixj¾Ok jevigyka" f;dr;=re iemhSfï fiajd wd§ imhhs'Y%S ,xld
jd‚c yd l¾udka; uKav, kS;sh iïfï,kh yd fmâßla ksju
q ka moku fuhg odhl fõ'

❖ i¾fjdaoh wd¾Ól újidh ixj¾Ok fiajd

iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdßlhkag i¾fjdaoh nexl=j yryd Kh ,nd§fï lghq;= fï hgf;a isÿ
lrhs' cd;sl ixj¾Ok Ndrldr wruqo, yd idudðl ;ekam;= fï i|yd fhdod .kS

❖ kj imsß Kh fhdackd l%uh

iq¿ mßudK f.dùkag ldrl m%d.aOkh wjYH;d i|yd Kh iemfha'

❖ .%dóh nexl= kjH;d jHdmD;sh

uyck nexl=j iy GTZ wdh;kh u.ska l%shd;aul lrhs

Y%S ,xldfõ iq¿ jHdmdr j,g wjYH úúO fiajd imhk wdh;k
WmfoaYk fiajd

• ld¾ñl ixj¾Ok uKav,h

• ld¾ñl ;dlaI‚l wdh;kh
• wmkhk ixj¾Ok uKav,h
• cd;sl weiqreï uOHia:dkh
• Y%S ,xld m%ñ;s wdh;kh

;dlaI‚l fiajd

• ld¾ñl ixj¾Ok uKav,h

163
 • ld¾ñl ;dlaI‚l wdh;kh
• cd;sl weiqreï uOHia:dkh
• Y%S ,xld cd;sl bxðfkare m¾fhaIK wdh;kh

wf,ú myiqlï

• wmkhk ixj¾Ok uKav,h

• Y%S ,xld yia; l¾udka; uKav,h^ ,lai, úialï ksji&

há;, myiqlï

• Y%S ,xld wdfhdack uKav,h

• ld¾ñl ixj¾Ok uKav,h
• m%dfoaYSh l¾udka; fiajd uOHia:dk

164
 06 uqo,a yd uQ,Hd;k
NdKav yd fiajd yqudrefõ§ úksuh udOHla f,i fhdod .kakdjQ fmdÿfõ ms<s.kakd ´kEu
fohla uqo,a f,i i,lkq ,efí'

uqo,a NdKav yd fiajd i|yd f.ùï udOHhla f,i mq¿,a jYfhka Ndú;d lrk w;ro%jYS,
j;aluls' úúO uqo,a m%fNaohka oelsh yel '

j;alula f,i uqo,a

uqo,a mQ¾K o%jYS,;djhla iys; j;aluls' uqo,a /ia lsÍu i|yd Ndú;d lrk, mQ¾K
o%jYS,;djhla idys; Okh /ialrk udOHls '

uqo,a fiiq j;alï j;alï j,ska fjkia jk m%Odk idOlh jkafka tys we;s mQ¾j o%jYS,;djhhs'
uqo,a Okh f,i ;nd.; yels tl j;alï iajrEmhls' j;alula jYfhka uqo,a j, we;s iqúfYaIS
,laIKh jkafka ta fjk;a j;alulg ke;fyd;a NdKavhg fyda fiajdjg iDcqju yqjudre l<
yels ùuhs

uqof,a .;s,laIK

 fmdÿ ms<s.ekSu
 wkqlrK wmyiq ùu'
 l=vd tall j,g ì¢h yels ùu;a
 l,a;nd .;yel.;yels ùula
 f.k hdfï myiqj
 myiqfjka y÷kd.; yels ùu
 iq,N fyda ÿ,N fkdùu
 kdñl w.h o%jHuh w.hg jvd jeä úh hq;= ùu'
 ffki¾.sl w.hla fkdue;s ùu
 jákdlfï ia:dhs;djh
 ks;r ks;r wj,x.= ùï j,g Ndckh fkdùu

uqof,a ld¾hhka
• úksuh udOHla f,i l%shd lsÍu
• jákdlfï ñïula f,i l%shd lsÍu
• jákdlu ikakê
s hla f,i l%shd lsÍu
• ú,ïNS; f.jqï udOHhla f,i l%shd lsÍu'

165
yqjudre udOHhla f,i l%shd lsÍu

NdKav yd fiajd yqjudre yqjudrefõ § w;rueÈ udOH f,i uqo,a lghq;= lrkq ,nk nj"
yqjudre udOHhla f,i lghq;= lr ,nk njhs'

uqo,a w;rueÈ udOHhla f,i fhdod fhdod .ksñka NdKav yd fiajd j,g yqjudrej isÿ l< yel '

NdKav yd fiajd uqo,a njg o tu uqo,a kej; NdKav yd fiajd njg o njgo mßj¾;kh lrñka
uqo,a úiska lrkq ,nk w;rueÈ ld¾hh ksid uqo,a yqjudre udOHhla f,i i,lkq ,nhs' fï uqo,
uQ,slu ld¾hh fjhs '

uqof,a wfmalaIs; wfkl=;a ld¾hhka bgqùug kï uqo,a tallh yqjudre udOHhla f,i ksis f,i
l%shd;aul úh hq;=h' tneúka fuu ld¾hh uqo,l jeo.;au ld¾hh f,i ie,fla '

jákdlfï ñïula f,i l%shd lsÍu

NdKav yd fiajd j, jákdlu ;lafiare lrk$uek olajk ñkqula f,i uqo,a l%shd lrk nj
lrk nj jákdlfuka ñïula f,i lghq;= lrk njhs'

uqo,a "ñkqï tallhla f,i fhdod.ksñka NdKav yd fiajdj, fiajd j, jákdlu m%ldY lrk
nj'uqo,ska jákdlu uksk úg ta m%ldY lrkafka ñ, f,ihs' NdKav yd fiajd j, jákdlu
remsh,a yd i; jYfhka ixLHd;aulj ukskq ,nkafka uqof,ks'

jákdlfï ikakê
s hla f,i l%shd lsÍu

mqoa.,hskg
a ish Okh /ialr ;nd .; yels udOHhla f,i uqo,a lghq;= lrk nj fuhska
woyia fõ'

j¾;udkfha Wmhk wdodhï wkd.;h fjkqfjka uqo,ska ;ekam;a l< yels nj'

l%h Yla;sh /ia lsÍfï udOHhla f,i uqo,a l%shdlrk nj

wkd.;fha m%fhdackhg .ekSu i|yd j¾;udk wdodhfuka fldgila /ialr ;nd .ekSug$ Okh
talrdYslrKghg fhda.H udOHhla f,i uqo,a l%shd lrk wjia:djhs'

lsiÿ
s wdodhula fkd,enqj uqo,a j, we;s o%jYS,;d .=Kdx. ksid uqo,ska Okh /ialr .ekSug
mqoa.,hska leue;a;la olajhs

ú,ïNS; f.jqï udOHhla f,i l%shd lsÍu

bÈß Èkl§ f.ùï fldkafoaih

s hgf;a NdKav yd fiajd ñ,g .ekSug uqo,a Ndú;d lsÍu"
ú,ïNS; f.jqï udOHhla f,i lghq;= lrk njhs'

166
uqo,a uÕska Kh .kqfokq isÿl< yels njhs uqo,a Khg ,nd .ekSfuka uqo,a u.ska Kh mshùu;a
isÿùu'

Kh mokula u; isÿjk .kqfokq ke;fyd;a l,a miq jQ f.ùï uekSu yd tu f.ùï mshùfï
udOHhla f,i uqo,a l%shdlrk njhs'

uqo,a Khg .ekSula tf,i .kakd Kh fmd,S iys; wdmiq f.ùug we;s udOHhla f,i uqo,a l%shd
lrhs'

uqof,a ld¾hhka m%fNao

uqof,a ld¾hhka 4 m%Odk YS¾I folla Tiafia j¾. l< yelshs '

• m%d:ñl ld¾hhka
• oaú;Sl ld¾hhkay

m%d:ñl ld¾hhka

wd¾:slfha mekk.sk l=uk ;;a;ajhla hgf;a jqj o jeo.;alu fjkia fkdjk ld¾hhka md:ñl
ld¾hhla nj" WoaOukh wjOuk ldÍ ;;ajhka ys§ o tu ld¾hhka ld¾hlaIuj isÿ flf¾'
ldßfhys jeo.;alu msßySug ,la fkdfõ '

• úksuh udOHla f,i

• jákdlu uekSfï ñïula f,i

oaù;Sl ld¾hhka

wd¾:slfha WoaOuk wjOukh ;;a;ajhkays§ ld¾hfhys jeo.;alu msßfyk ld¾hhka njhs' hï

hï ;;ajhka yuqfõ jeo.;alu msßfyk ld¾hhkah'

• ú,ïNS; f.jqï udOHhla f,i

• jákdlfï ikakê
s hla f,i

uqo,a Ndú;fha jeo.;alu

• wjYH;d bgqlr .ekSu jvd;a fyd¢ka isÿùu

• oaúl iudmd;hl wjYH;dj we;s fkdùu
• jákdlu uekSfï yelshdj ,eîu
• wkd.;h fjkqfjka /ia lsÍfï yelshdj ,eîu
• Y%u úNdckh yd úfYaISlrKh uekúka Ndú;d l< yels ùu

167
 • Kh .kfokq myiq ùu

uqo,a j¾.

jHjydr uqo,a$ ksfhda. uqo,a$ j,x.= uqo,a $wd{dm;s uqo,a

rgl uQ,H wêldßfha ksfhda. u; ksl=;a lrkq ,nk ldis yd fkdaÜgq jHjydr uqo,a f,i i,lkq
,nhs' Y%S ,xldfõ uy nexl=j úiska ksl=;a lrkq ,nk ldis yd fkdaÜgq újdy uqo,a fõ' ta wkqj Y%S
,xldfõ jHjydr uqo,a tallh remsh,a fõ' j,x.= uqo,a f,i y÷kajkafka o jHjydr uqo,a h

mQ¾K o%jYS,;djhla "ffk;sl j,x.=;djla we;'b;d by< fmdÿ ms<s.ekSula we;'

jHjydr uqo,a m%fNao folls

✓ iSudiys; j,x.= uqo,a

✓ iSud rys; j,x.= uqo,a

wm rfÜ remsh,a tllg jvd wvq ks, w.hla we;s Y; 1"2"5"10"25"50 hk ldis iSudiys;
j,x.= uqo,a f,i ie,fla' f.ùï mshùï§ iSud we;s uqo,a Y; 1" 2" 5 ;=,ska remsh, olajd;a Y;
10"25 "50 uÕska yd remsh,a 5 olajd;a f.ùï lrhs'

remsh, yd Bg jeä ks, w.hla we;s ldis yd fkdaÜgq iSudrys; j,x.= uqo,a f,i ie,fla' ´kEu
uqo,a m%udKhla fuu.ska f.ùug kS;sfhka wjir ;sfí' tkï f.ùï mshùfï§ iSudjlska f;drj
Ndú; jk uqo,a h'

nexl= uqo,a $b,a¨ï ;ekam;= uqo,a

jdKsc nexl= mj;ajdf.k hk b,a¨ï ;ekam;= fyj;a cx.u .sKqïj, fYaI" nexl= uqo,a f,i
y÷kajkq ,efí'

cx.u .sKqïj, fYaI .kqfokq i|yd Ndú;d lrkafka fplam;a ksl=;a lsÍfuks 'fplam;a jHjydr
uqo,a fiau 100% l o%jYS,;djhla ke;;a b;d by< o%jYS,;djhla we;s uqo,a f,i ms<s.efka'
fplam;a yd ia:djr ksfhda. u.ska fuu uqo,a .kqfokq i|yd fhdod .kS'

wdikak uqo,a

jHjydr uqo,a fuka 100%%%% l o%jYS,;djhla fkdue;s jqjo uqo,a j,g wdikak o%jYS,;djhla
mj;sk myiqfjka yd blaukska uqo,a njg m;alr .; yelshs o%jYS, j;alï yd wdikak uqo,a
f,i ye¢kafõ'

168
nexl= yd uQ,H wdh;k j, uyckhd i;= b;sßlsÍï yd ia:djr ;ekam;= fYaI;a NdKavd.dr
ì,am;a" úksuh ì,am;a ì,a m;a" rcfha iqrl=ïm;a "jdKsc m;%sld hkd§ wdikak uqo,a fõ'
o%jYS,;djh ;rula wvq uqo,a úfYaIhls'

uqo,a wdfoaYl

jákdlfï ikakê
s hla f,i l%shd fkdlrk tfy;a ;djld,slj yqjudre udOHhla f,i l%shd
lrk Khldâ yd yrm;a ldâ úfYaIh uqo,a wdfoaYl f,i y÷kajhs'

WodyrK( Khm;a" yrm;a

mQ¾K uqo,a$ m%dudKsl uqo,a

uqyqK; w.h g iudk iudk o%jHuh w.hla we;s ldis" mQ¾K uqo,a f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'
ffki¾.sl jákdlula we;s ߧ ldis rkaldis jeks f,day ldis fuf,i Ndú;d lr we;' fïjd hï
lsis f,ilska .kqfokqj, § ms<s fkd.ekqK;a" tys o%jHuh jákdlula fõ' tu w.hg tajd úlsKsh
yel'

ksfhdacH uqo,a

ksYaÑ; f,day m%udKhla b,aÆ úfgl f.jk njg fmdfrdkaÿ fjñka ksl=;a lrk ,o iy;sl"
.kqfokq i|yd yqjudre fj,d udOH f,i mßyrKh flßKs' taj ksfhdacH uqo,a f,io ye¢kafõ'
tu iy;slfha jákdlu ksYaÑ; f,day ^r;a;%ka& m%udKhlska iy;sl lrkq ,eìKs' f,day ldis
fjkqjg tu iy;sl .kqfokq i|yd Ndú;d úh'

hï f,dayuh m%udKhl jákdlu ,sÅ;j i|yka l< m;%sld úfYaIhls'

úoHq;a uqo,a

f;dr;=re yd äðg,a ;dlaIKh m%;sM,hla f,i ìysù we;s foaYSh fukau cd;Hka;r .Kqfokq
j,§ f.ùï lsÍu i|yd fhdod .kq ,nk ´kEu uDÿldx. ksIamdokhla fyda ma,diaála ldâ
úfYaIhla úoHq;a uqo,a f,i ye¢kafõ '

úoHq;a uqof,a m%fNao f,i

• Kh ldâm;a
• yr ldâm;a
• fmrf.jqï ldâm;a
• iaud¾Ü ldâm;a
• úoHq;a uqo,a miqïì
• iDcq yr mejreï

169
 • iDcq ner mejreï

Kh uqo,a

NdKav yd fiajd w;am;a w;am;a lr .ekSfï n,h hï mqoa.,hl= fj; ,nd foñka fjk;a
mqoa.,hl= fyda wdh;khla úiska ksl=;a lrkq ,nk ´kEu hula Kh uqo,hs'

NdKav yd fiajd ñ,g .ekSug Ndú;d l< yels mqoa.,fhl=f.ka fyda jHdmdr tallhlska
,nd.ekSug ysñlula we;s ´kEu fohla Kh uqo,la f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh'

úl< uqo,a

ydkshg m;aùu ksid Ndú;hg .; fkdyels uqo,a fjka l< uqo,a f,i y÷kajkq ,nhs' bÍfuka
"fnd|ùfuka fyda m¿ÿ ùfuka uqo,a úl, uqo,a njg m;afõ'

jHjydr uqo,a yd nexl= uqo,a w;r fjkialï my; mßÈ y÷kd .; yel
jHjydr uqo,a nexl= uqo,a

f.ùï lsÍug fl,skau fhdod .; yel
o%jYS,;djhla we;
hï ksYaÑ; n,dêldrhla úiska ksl=;a lrhs
ffk;sl j,x.=;djla we;
fmdÿ ms<s.ekSu idfmalaIj jeäh
f.ùï mshùï wdrlaIdj wvqh
fplam;a ia:djr ksfhda. jeks udOHhka
Wmfhda.S lr.; hq;=h
o%jYS,;djh ;rula wvqh
úúO jdKsc nexl=j úiska ksl=;a lrhs
ffk;sl
j,x.=;djla ke;
fmdÿ ms<s.ekSu idfmalaIj wvqhs
f.ùï mshùï wdrlaIdj jeähs.

jHjydr uqo,a yd úoHq;a uqo,a w;r we;s fjkialï lsysmhla o bÈßm;a l< yel
jHjydr uqo, úoHq;a uqo,
• o%jYS,;djh 100% ls' • o%jYS,;djh ;rula wvqhs
• uy nexl=fjka ksl=;a lrhs • uy nexl=j yer uQ,H wdh;k úiska
• ffk;sl j,x.=;djla we; ksl=;a lrhs
• w;sk; mejßh yel • w;sk; mejßh fkdyel
• wj,x.= lrk f;la h,a mekSula ke; • l,a bl=;a ùu isÿfõ'
• wdrlaIdldÍj f.ùï mshùug • wdrlaIdldÍj f.ùï mshjhs
fkdyel

170
jHjydr uqo,a Ndú;h ;=< jdis fukau wjdis;a we;

jdis

➢ mßyrKh myiq ùu
➢ fmdÿ ms<s.ekSula ;sîu
➢ myiqfjka y÷kd.; yels ùu
➢ l=vd fldgiaj,g fn§u myiq ùu
➢ ffk;sl j,x.=;djla we;sùu

wjdis

➢ uqo%Kh lsÍug msßjehla jeh ùu

➢ by< jákdlulska .kqfokq mshùug lrorldÍ ùu
➢ tla ;ekl isg ;j;a ;eklg m%jdykh lsÍu wjodkï iys; ùu
➢ .nvd lr ;eîug yd wdrlaId lsÍug by< msßjehla oeßh hq;= ùu
➢ jxpksl f,i uqo%Khg fm<Uúï

uqof,a ffk;sl j,x.=;djh

f.ùula mshùfï § jHjydr uqo,a Ndr .ekSu m%;slafIam l< fkdyels njhs' tkï ldis yd
fkdÜgq Ndr .ekSu m%;slafIam l< fkdyels njhs'

uqo,a .kqfokqj,§ ms<s.ekSu m%;slafIam l< fkdyels ùu ñka woyia fõ'

uqo,a fkdaÜgqjl g w;aika ;eîu

uqo,a wud;Hjrhd

uy nexl=fõ wêm;sjrhd

uqo,a b,a¨u$ o%jYS,;djrKh

j;alï f,i uqo,a fYaI ;nd ;nd .ekSug mqoa.,hka ;=< we;s leue;a; uqo,a b,a¨u nj" uqo,a
fYaI ,. ;nd .ekSug mqoa.,hka fm<Uùuhs'

uqo,a b,a¨u ;SrKh ùu flfrys idOl ;=kla Ndú; fjhs

✓ .kqfokq fÉ;kdj
171
 ✓ wdrlaIK fÉ;kdj
✓ iufmalaIK fÉ;kdj

.kqfokq fÉ;kdj

bÈßfha§ NdKav yd fiajd ñ,§ .ekSfï wfmalaIdfjka uqo,a fYaI r|jd .ekSuhs'

ksoiqk(a ffoksl wdydr we÷ï jeks oE ñ,§ .ekSu i|yd uqo,a <Õ ;nd .ekSu

wdrlaIK fÉ;kdj

wkfmalaIs; ;;a;ajhkays§ úhoï lsÍfï wfmalaIdfjka uqo,a fYaI ,Õ ;uka r|jd .ekSuhs'

ksoiqk(a yÈis f,v frda. yÈis úm;a hkdÈhg uqyqK §u i|yd uqo,a ,nd <Õ ;nd.ekS

iufmalaIK fÉ;kdj

wkd.;fha§ újD; jk wdfhdack wjia:d ;=< ;=< wdfhdackh lsÍfï wfmalaIdfjka uqo,a fYaI
<Õ r|jd .ekSuhs'

WodyrK (ms<skm;aj, ñ, wkd.;fha§ wvq ù hehs wfmalaIdfjka tfia wvq ñ,g "ñ,g .ekSug
uqo,a <Õ ;nd .ekSu'

uqof,a w.h

uqo,a tallhlg ñ,§ .; yels NdKav yd fiajd m%udKh uqof,a w.h fõ'

tkï uqof,a i;H w.hhs ke;fyd;a ñ,§ .ekSfï yelshdjhs' fuh wd¾:slfha mj;akd idudkH
ñ, uÜgu u; r|d mj;S' tkï idukH ñ, uÜgu by< hk úg uQ¾; w.h jeä fõ 'th uekSu
i|yd ñ, o¾Yl Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs'

WoaOukh
wd¾:slfha fmdÿ ñ, uÜgu wLKavj by< hdu Woa.ukh fõ' uqof,a l%h Yla;sh fkdlvjd my<
hduhs'

WoaOukh uekSu i|yd ñ, o¾Yl Ndú;d lrhs'

kj fld<U mdßfNda.l
s ñ, o¾Ylh

WoaOukhg fya;=

✓ b,a¨u jeäùu
✓ uqo,a iemhqu jeäùu
✓ rcfha úhoï jeäùu
✓ rcfha jl% nÿ mekùu

172
 ✓ ksIamdok idOl ñ, .Kka by< hdu ^jegqma&

uqo,a iemhqu$ uQ,H iuia;h

úúO ud¾.j,ska rfÜ uqo,a fj<|fmd<g .,df.k tk uq¿ uqo,a m%jdyh uqo,a iemhqu f,i
y÷kajkq ,efí'

ksYaÑ; ld, ksIaÑ; ld, mßÉf–ohla ;=,§ rfÜ ck;dj w;r ixirKh jk uqo,a f;d.hhs

uqo,a iemhqfï m%fNao

✓ mgq uqo,a iemhqu

✓ mq¿,a uqo,a iemhqu
✓ taldnoaO mq¿,a uqo,a iemhqu
✓ jvd;a mq¿,a uqo,a iemhqu

uqo,a úYqoaêlrKh

l¿ uqo,a kej; idudkH kS;Hdkql+, ixirKhg we;=<;a lr .ekSug rchka úúO mshjrla yd
Wml%u Ndú;d lrkq ,efí 'th uqo,a úYqoaêlrKh f,i y÷kajhs

l¿ uqo,a kej; uqo,a iemhqug we;=,;a we;=<;a lr .ekSu i|yd wkq.ukh lrk úêu;a
l%shdj,shhs'

;eïm;= iy;sl l%uh y÷kajd§u ";ekam;= i|yd wxls; .sKï

q l%uh weröu" úúO kS;s Í;s
y÷kajd §u hk l%u uqo,a úYqoaêlrKh ;=, Ndú;d lrhs '

úksuh wkqmd;h

hï rgl jHjydr uqo,a tallhla ;j;a rgl jHjydr uqo,a tallhla iu. yqjudre jk wkqmd;h
úksuh wkqmd;h fõ'foaYSh uqo,a tallhla úfoaYSh uqo,a tallhla iuÕ yqjudre jk wkqmd;hhs

fuh m%ldY lrk wdldr folls'

✓ úfoaY úksuh .ekqï ñ,

✓ úfoaY úksuh úl=Kqï ñ,

úksuh wkqmd;sl l%u

✓ ia:djr úksuh wkqmd;slh

✓ mQ¾K mdfjk úksuh wkqmd;slh
✓ md,s; mdfjk úksuh wkqmd;slh

173
úksuh wkqmd; tys fjkiaùï uekSu i|yd mq¿,aj Ndú;d jk o¾Yl folls

- kdñl iM, úksuh wkqmd;slh

- uQ¾; iM, úksuh wkqmd;slh

b;sß lsÍu yd wdfhdack

b;sß lsÍu

mdßfNda.l
s wdodhfuka j¾;udk mdßfNdackh i|yd jeh fkdfldg wkd.; mßfNdackh i|yd
fjka lrk m%udKh" b;sß lsÍu nj 'b;sßlsÍu mdßfNdackfha úreoaO me;a;hs'

b;sß lsÍug fya;= f,i

- wkd.; Wjukd yd iqrlaIs;;djh i|yd

- yÈis wjYH;d j,g uqyqK §u i|yd
- flá ld,Sk yd È.= ld,Sk b,lal i|yd

wdfhdack

b;sß lsÍï" wdodhï bmehSu ioyd fhoùu wdfhdackh fõ

wdfhdack wdodhï bmhSu wdfhdaclhdf.a wfmalaIdj fjhs'

jHjydr uqo,a fkdjk f.ùï WmlrK

f,aLk mokï lr.;a WmlrK

f.ùï mshùï mshùu i|yd Ndú;d lrkq ,nk lvodis l%u óg we;=<;a fõ''

- fplam;a - fmdfrdkaÿ fkdaÜgq

- úksuh ì,am;a - nexl= wKlr
- f.ùï wekjqï - uqo,a weKjqï

úoHq;a f.ùï WmlrK

- Khm;a - iDcq ner mejreï

- yrm;a - iaud¾Ü ldâ
- fmrf.jqï ldâ - úoHq;a uqo,a miqïì miqïì
- iDcq yr mejreï - fIdmska ldâ

174
Kh m;

lsih
s ï ksYaÑ; jákdlula olajd muKla Khg NdKav yd fiajd ,nd .ekSug nexl= yd fjk;a
n,h,;a uQ,H wdh;k úiska Ndú;d lrkakdf.a kñka ksl=;a lrkq ,nk mß.Kl .; l<
ma,diaála ldâ Kh m;a f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'

ksYaÑ; ld, mßÉfþohla ;=< ksYaÑ; jákdlula olajd NdKav yd fiajd Khg ,nd .ekSug uQ,H
wdh;k úiska y÷kajd § we;s ma,diaála ldâm;a úfYaIhls'

Kh m;l md¾Yj f,i

- ldâm;a y÷kajdÿka uQ,H wdh;k

- ldâm;a ix.uh
- ldâm;a ysñhd
- fjf<| wdh;kh
- fjf<| wdh;khg ldâm;a
- myiqlï y÷kajdÿka nexl=j

Kh m;l l%shdldÍ;aj

- nexl= fyda uQ,H wdfh;a iud.ula úiska ksl=;a lsÍu

- ldâm;a ,nd .;a wh NdKav yd fiajd ,nd f.k fj<÷f.k fj<÷ka fj; bÈßm;a lsÍu
- wjYH fiajd iy myiqlï fj<÷kaf.ka ,nd .ekSu
- fj<÷ka ish whm;a nexl=jg bÈßm;a lsÍu
- nexl=j fyda wdh;k úiska th f.ùu fyda fjf<kaodf.a .sKqug ner lsÍu
- nexl=j úiska wod< .kqfokq úia;rh ldâm;a ysñhdg oekaùu
- ldâm;a ysñhd f.úh hq;= uqo, nexl=jg f.ùu '

Kh m;l uqyqK; i|yka f;dr;=re

- ksl=;a lrk ,o nexl=fõ ,dxPkh

- Khm;a Kh m;a wxlh ^b,lalï 16 lska hqla;hs&
- Khm;a ikakï ,dxPkh
- Kh mf;a j,x.= ld,h
- Khm;a ysñhdf.a ku

Kh m;l msgqmi i|yka jk f;dr;=re f,i

- ldkaoï máh
- w;aika máh

175
 - Kh mf;a wdrlaIs; ixfla;h
- ksl=;= wdh;kfha fldkafoais yd ku
- .kqfokqlre fiajd ÿrl:k wxlh

Khm;a Ndú;fha jdis

.kqfokqlrejkag"

- wf;a uqo,a fkdue;s jqjo Khg NdKav ,nd .; yels ùu

- wkqu; Kh m%udKfhka 50%la fyda hï ksYaÑ; jákdlula uqo,ska ,nd .; yels ùu
- f.ùï l< hq;= kshñ; Èkh jk f;la whlrkq fkd,eîu
- jdßl l%uhg f.ùï l< yels ùu
- Khg .;a NdKav i|yd f.úh hq;= wju uqo, f.ùfuka Kh m; l%shd;aul j
mj;ajdf.k h; yels ùu'

nexl=jg

- fj<|ie,a j,ska úl=Kqï jákdlñka fldñia uqo,la ysñ ùu

- kshñ; Èk blaujQ úg fmd,shla ysñfõ
- jd¾Isl fiajd .dia;=jla ysñfõ
- kshñ; .kqfokqj úoHq;aj iDcqj isÿùu
- nexl= Kh m%udKh jeäùu ksid jeä wdodhï ,nhs
- ,shlshú,s Ndú;h wvq ùu ksid msßjeh wvqh'

jHdmdßlhdg

- fj<| msßjegqu jeäh

- fnd,a Kh wvqfjhs
- jHdmdr wdh;khg m%pdrKhla ,eîu
- jHdmdßlhkag ksYaÑ;j uqo,a ,efí
- uqo,a mßyrKfha wmyiq;djh je<lSu
- ,shlshú,s Ndú;h wvq ùu

Kh m;lska .kqfokq lsÍfï wjdis

- msßjehla ;sîu
- jxpksl l%shd isÿùu
- by< fmd,shla whlsÍu
- ;dlaIKsl fodaI ksid .eg¨ u;=ùu
- mejÍug fkdyels ùu

f,dj ckm%sh Khm;a j¾.

176
ùid udiag¾ wefulaia äialj¾

yrm;a

nexl= .sKqï ysñfhl=g ;u .sKf

q ï we;s uqo,a j,ska NdKav yd fiajd ñ,§ .ekSu i|yd;a
i|yd;a fg,¾ hka;% uÕska imhk fiajd ,nd .ekSug;a ksl=;a lrkq ,nk mß.Kl .; l<
ma,diaála ldâ úfYaIhhs '

yr m;la u.ska .kqfokq lsÍul§ lsÍul § wod< mqoa.,hdg yrm; ksl=;a lrk nexl=fõ fyda fyda
uQ,H wdh;kfha cx.u fyda b;=reï .sKu
q la ;sîu wksjdrH fõ

yr m;l md¾Yj

- ldâm;a y÷kajdÿka nexl=j

- ldâm;a ix.uh
- ldâm;a ysñhd
- fjf<| wdh;kh

uqo,a yd Kh m;a j,g idfmalaIj yr m;a ù jdis f,i

- ;u .skqfï uqo,a ;sfí kï Khm;a ,nd.; fkdyels flfkl=g myiqfjka yr m;la ,nd
.; yels ùu'
- m%udo .dia;= fmd,S ke;
- .kqfokqj .sKqï u.ska mshùu
- ñ,g .kakd wjia:dfõ§ laIKslj Ndú;d l< yels ùu
- ATM j,ska uqo,a ,nd .; yels ùu
- úfoaY .kqfokq i|yd jqjo jqjo fhdod .; yels ùu

yrm;a l%ufha jdis

ksl=;= nexl=jg

- Kh iemhSula lska f;drj .kqfokqlrejkaf.ka yd fj<÷kaf.ka .dia;=jla ,nd .; yels

ùu'
- ljqkagr ;onoh wvq ùu
- Kh tl;= lsÍu fnd,a Kh jeks .eg¨ we;s fkdùu
- ;rÕhg id¾:lj uqyqK Èh yels ùu

fj<÷kag

177
 - wf,úlrk NdKav fjkqfjka tu wjia:dfõ§u ;u .sKu
q g uqo,a ,eîu ksid o%jYS,;djh
hym;a ùu
- uQ,H wdh;k j,g Khm;a §fuka fldñia uqo,a f.ùug isÿ fkdùu
- fj<|ie,a ;=< uqo,a tla/ia fkdùu ksid wdrlaIdj
- laIKslj .sKqï .; ùu
- uqo,a wh lsÍfï § jerÈ yd jxpd wju ùu
- wf,ú m%j¾Ok lghq;a;la f,i fhdod .ekSu

.kqfokqlrejkag

- ,nd .ekSug myiq ùu

- idfmalaI msßjeh wvq ùu
- Ndú;d lsÍfï myiqj
- fplam;a yd Kh m;a Ndr .ekSug iuyr fj<÷ka ue,slula oelajQjo yrm;a mels,Sulska
f;drj ms<s.ekSu
- yrm;a Ndú;d l< fÜ,¾ hka;% u.ska uqo,a wdmiq ,nd .; yels ùu
- uqo,a /f.k hdfuka we;sjk wjodku wvq ùu
- Kh m;g Khm; g idfmalaIj úhoï j, md,khla isÿ ùu

Khm;a yd yrm;a w;r we;s fjkialï

yrm;a
nexl= .sKqï ;sîu wjYH fõ
;udf.a nexl=fõ we;s uqo,a m%udKhg NdKav
yd fiajd ,nd .; yelsh
uqo,a ,nd.ekSfï§ fmd,shla wh fkdlrhs
nexl= .sKqula mokï lr.kS
iajxl%Sh fg,¾ hka;% uÕska uqo,a ,nd.;
yelsh
.sKqï ysñhl= ùu wksjd¾h fõ'
Khm;a
nexl= .sKqul uqo,a ;sîu wjYH fkdfõ
NdKav yd fiajd Khg ,nd .; yelsh
uqo,a ,nd.ekSfï§ fmd,shla whlrhs
nexl= .sKqula mokï lr fkd.kS
fÜ,¾ hka;%hla uÕska uqo,a ,nd.;
fkdyel ,nd .; fkdyel
.sKqï ysñhl= ùu wksjd¾h ke;

fmrf.jqï ldâm;a

jákdlu f.jQ miq fiajdj fyda NdKavh ,nd .ekSu i|yd ksl=;a lrk ma,diaála ldâ m;ls'
ldâ m; Ndú;d lr fyda tys mska wxlh Ndú;d lr NdKavh yd fyda fiajdj ,nd.; yel'

178
úoHq;a uqo,a miqïì

uhsfl%dÑma tlla u.ska lsih

s ï uqo,a jákdlula .nvd lrk ,o úoHq;a uqo,ls' tkï ma,diaála
ldâ m;ls' fuh iaud¾Ü ldâ m;lg iudkfõ' Kh m;la f,i fyda yr m;la f,i Ndú;d l<
yel

iaud¾Ü ldâ m;

fuh úoHq;a uqo,ls' tkï úoHq;a i¾lsÜ tlla iys; ma,diaála ldâ m;ls' fïjd Ñma ldâ f,i o
y÷kajhs' úoHq;a uqo,a miqïìhlg iudk fõ' jákdlu wvqjk úg ldâ m;g jákdlu msrúh
yel'

Pay pass ldâ

Kh ldâm;la f,i Ndú;d lrkq ,nk ma,diaála ldâm;a úfYaIhls' fuu.ska .kqfokq lsÍfï§
w;aika lsÍu fyda mska fh§u wjYH ke;

fmrf.jqï Kh m;a

.kqfokqlre l,a;shd f.jk ,o uqo, fyda ;ekam;=j Ndú;d fldg f.ùï lsÍug nexl=j úiska
ksl=;a lrk ,o ma,diaála ldâ m;ls' Kh ldâm;la f,i i,lkq ,enqjo i;H jYfhkau
Khm;la f,i ms<s.; fkdyel'

iqrlaIs; Khm;

Khm;a ysñhd úiska nexl=fõ újD; lrk ;ekam;a .sKu

q la wem jYfhka r|jdf.k ksl=;alrk
Khm; iqrlaIs; Khm;ls'

iDcq yr mejreï

;u .sKqu yr lrñka hï f.ùula isÿlrk f,ig .sKï

q ysñfhl= úiska úoHq;a udOHla Tiafia
nexl=j fj; ksfhda. lrkq ,nhs'

nexl= .sKqï ysñfhl= ;ud úiska udia m;d wksjd¾hfhka f.úh hq;= úhoï" tkï rlaIK jdßl"
ÿrl:k ì,a" Kh jdßl" úÿ,s ì,am;a" c, ì,am;a" f.ùï isÿ lsÍug ish nexl=j fj; ,nd fok
ksfhda.hls' wod< ksfhdackh wka;¾cd,h" fg,¾ hka;%h jeks úoHq;a udOHhla Ndú;fha ,enqKq
miq nexl=j úiska wod< .sKï
q ysñhdf.a .sKqug f.úh hq;= úhoï iajhxl%Sj yr lrkq ,nhs'

Rcq ner mejreï

;u .sKu
q g hï uqo,la ner lrk f,ig .sKqï ysñfhl= úiska úoHq;a udOHla Tiafia ;u nexl=j
fj; ksfhda. lrkq ,eîuhs'

179
nexl= .sKï
q ysñhd úiska ish nexl=jg ;j;a .sKu
q lska ,eìh hq;= uqo,a Rcqju ish .sKqug ner
lsÍu i|yd ksl=;a lrkq ,nk ksfhda.hls' fuu ksfhda.h fg,¾ hka;%h" wka;¾cd,h jeks úoHq;a
udOHhla Ndú;fhka nexl=j fj; isÿ lrk neúka fuh úoHq;a uqo,a úfYaIhla f,i ie<fla'

.kqfokq l< yels WmlrK

hï md¾Yjhla i;= whs;sh ;j;a md¾Yjhla fj; mejßh yels uqyqK; jákdlula i|yka
f,aLk" .kqfokq l< yels WmlrK kï fõ'

yqÿ Ndr§fuka fyda msgika lr Ndr §fuka tla mqoa.,fhl=f.ka ;j;a mqoa.,fhl=g whs;sh mejßh
yels ,shú,a," .kqfokq l< yels WmlrK nj

fuu fhÿfuys we;=<;a ˜ .kqfokq l< yels˜ hkafkys w¾:h jkafka Ndr§fuka mejßh yels njhs'
˜WmlrK˜ $ ˜,shú,s˜ hk mofhka ,sÅ; ,shú,a, hk w¾:h f.k foa'

.kqfokq l< yels ,shú,s iïnkaO kS;suh rduqj bÈßm;a flfrkafka 1927 wxl 25 orK úksuh
ì,a wd{d mK; u.sks'

.kqfokq l< yels WmlrK j, ,laIK

• mejßh yels nj
• mejreï,dNshdg jvd jeä whs;shla ,efnk nj
• mejreï,dNshdf.a kñka kvq mejßh yels nj
• mQ¾j kshuhka mj;sk nj

myiqfjka$ksoyfia mejßh yels nj

yqÿ ndr §fuka fyda msgika lsÍfuka whs;sh mejßh yels ùuhs

mejreï,dNshd g mQ¾K ksYaÑ; ysñlula ,eîu mejreï$ mejreï,dNshdg jvd fyd| whs;shla
,eîu'

mjrkakd f.a ysñlu iïnkaOfhka mej;s ljr fyda fodaIhl n,mEfuka f;drj mejreï,dNshdg
,shú,af,a uqyqK; jákdlfuys kS;Hdkql+, whs;sh ysñ ùuhs'

mejreï,dNshdg ;ud kñka kvq mejßh yels ùu$ mejreï,dNshdg f.jQ uqo, wdjrKh lr.;
yels ùu

,shú,a,g wod, jákdlu ,nd .ekSu i|yd óg fmr ,shú,a, oerE whg úreoaOj mejreï,dNshg
;u kñka kvq mejÍug yels ùuhs'

mQ¾j kshuhka

180
j,x.= Èkh"j,x.= ld,h"msgika lsÍfï Í;s"j¾;udk Odrlhd"w.re ùul§ Bg úfrdaOh mEug
wjYH idOl hkd§ kshuhka bgqúh hq;= njhs'

.kqfokq l<yels WmlrK j¾.SlrKh

kS;sh u.ska yÿkajd ÿka .kqfokq l<yels WmlrK mj;S' tajd úksuh m;% wd{dmk; u.ska
yÿkajd ÿka tajdh' tajdg ffk;sluh ;;a;ajhla ysñ ù we;' kuq;a kS;sh u.ska yÿkajd fkdÿkako
Ndú;h yd iïm%odh u; ks¾udKh jQ .kqfokq l<yels WmlrKo mj;S'

• kS;sh u.ska yÿkajd ÿka WmlrK

• kS;sh u.ska yÿkajd fkdÿka WmlrK

.kqfokq l<yels WmlrK

kS;sh u.ska yÿkajd fkdÿka

^iïm%odh u; &
kS;sh u.ska yÿkajd ÿka ,dNdxY n,m;%
^ffk;sl ;;a;ajh u;&
fldgia n,m;%
fplam;a
Odrl Khlr
úksuh ì,am;a
jd‚c m;%sld
fmdfrdkaÿ fkdaÜgq
fk!Ndrm;a
nexl= wKlr

.kqfokq l<fkdyels WmlrK

we;eï ,shú,s u.ska .kqfokq mshúh yels jqj;a tkï"uqo,a fma%IKhg fhdod .; yels jqj;a
.kqfokq l<fkdyels WmlrK f,i i<lKq ,nkafk whs;sh mejÍug fkdyels ksidh'

• uqo,a weKjqï
• úÿ,s uqo,a weKjqï
• ixpdrl fplam;a
• Khjr ,sms

fplam;a

b,aÆ úg f.jk f,ig cx.u .sKqï ysñfhl= úiska ;u jd‚c nexl=j fj; ksfhda. lrk úOdk
m;%sldj fplam;la fõ'

181
cx.u .sKqï ysñfhl= úiska tys ioyka uqo,"ku ioyka mqoa.,hdg fyda /f.k tk wfhl=g
f.jk f,i jd‚c nexl=jlg lrkq ,nk fldkafoais úrys; ,sÅ; ksfhda.h "fplam;a nj"

nexl= lrefjl= fj; wK flreKq b,aÆ úg f.úh hq;= úksuh ì,"fplam;ls'

fplam;l md¾Yj

• wKlre
• wK,ÿ
• wdodhlhd
• Odrlhd

wKlre

fplam; ,shd w;aika lrkq ,nk mqoa.,hd h' fudyq jd‚c nexl=jl cx.u .sKï
q ysñfhls'

wK,oaod

wKlref.a cx.u .sKu

q mj;akd jd‚c nexl=j fjhs' ke;fyd;a wKlref.a nexl=lre h'

wdodhlhd

fplamf;ys ioyka uqo, ,eìh hq;= mqoa.,hd jYfhka kï lr we;s ;eke;a;d h' fplamf;ys
f.jkq ;Srfha ku ioyka ;eke;a;d h'

Odrlhd

fplam;lska f.ùï ,eîug ysñlula we;s fplam; ord isák ´kEu wfhl='

^wKlre úiska ,shd w;aika l<fplam;la <Õ ;ndf.k isákakd&

fplam;l wdlD;sh

my; mßÈ fplam;l ir, wdlD;shla bÈßm;a l<yel'tu.ska fplam;l mej;sh hq;= lreKq
y÷kd.ekSug yel'

182
01 - Èkh 2014'04'08

02 - wdodhlhdf.a ku wdf,dald yß;lS

03 - wKlref.a w;aik kSfrdaO ukyr

04 - jákdlu b,lalfuka re'480"000

05 - jákdlu wl=frka ydr,laI wiQoyihs

06 - wK,;a nexl=fõ yd nexl= YdLdfõ ku PABC .ïmy YdLdj

07 - Odrl j.ka;sh fyda /f.k tkakdg

08 - ˜f.jkq˜ hk ksfhda.h f.jkq

09 - MICR

• fplam;a wxlh 809643

• nexl=fõ yd YdLdfõ wxlh 7311 011
• cx.u .sKqfï wxlh 0375730111 55

ms,sm;

fplamf;ys wka;¾.; lrkq ,nk m%Odk f;dr;=re idrdxY fldg ,shd ;eîu i|yd fplamf;ys
bv i,id we;s fldgi"ms,sm; fõ'

Èkh"wdodhlhd"jákdlu"fplam;a wxlh hk wd§ uQ,sl lreKq fuys we;=<;a jk w;r isysjgk

fldgila f,i Ndú;d lrhs'

183
fplam;a j¾.

fplam;a j¾. m%Odk jYfhka folls' fplam;a j¾. lrkafka tu fplam;a mejÍfï ksoyi mokï
lr.ksñks' we;eï fplam;a mejÍfï § yqÿ Ndr§fuka mejßh yel' tfy;a ;j;a fplam;a
mejÍfï§ tajd yqÿ Ndr§fuka mejßh fkdyel'

• Odrl fplam;a
• úOdk fplam;a

Odrl $ ydrl fplam;a

mejÍfï mQ¾K ksoyi iys;j fplam;a ordisák ´kEu wfhl=g wh ,nd.; yels mßÈ ,shk ,o
fplam;la Odrl fplam;la fõ'

úfYaI;ajh (- fplam; mejÍug mQ¾K ksoyila mej;Su'

fplam;la"Odrl fplam;la njg m;a lsÍfï§ "

• ˜fyda $ /f.k tkakdg˜ hk moh ksremøs;j mej;Su'

• wdodhlhdf.a ku fjkqjg uqo,a f,i ,shd ;sîu
• ysia msgikla fhdod ;sîu

hk ljr fyda uQ,sldx.hla Ndú;d ù ;sìh hq;=h'

úOdk $ weKjqï fplam;a

wdodhlhdg fyda Tyqf.a úOdkhg muKla wh ,nd.; yels mßÈ ,shk ,o fplam;la"úOdk
fplam;a fõ'

úfYaI;ajh (- úOdk fplam;a mejÍfï mQ¾K ksoyi fkdue;' tkï fplam; ord isák ´kEu
wfhl=g wh ,nd.; fkdyel' wdodhlhdg fyda Tyqf.a úOdkhg muKla wh ,nd.; yel'

úOdk fplam;la mejÍu

úOdk fplam;a mejßh yel' ta i|yd wdodhlhd úiska msgika l<hq;=h'

Odrl fplam;a yd úOdk fplam;a iei£u

wiudk;d

úOdk fplam; Odrl fplam;a

184
iq,N fkdjk ;;ajhls' iq,N ;;ajhls'

wdodhlhdg fyda Tyqf.a úOdkhg muKla wh ´kEu wfhl=g wh ,nd.; yel'

,nd.; yels ùu'

mejÍfï mQ¾K ksoyi fkdue;s ùu' mQ¾K ksoyi we;'

msgika lr mejÍug yels ùu' yqÿ Ndr§fuka mejßh yel'

idfmalaIj ,efnk wdrlaIdj jeä ùu' idfmalaIj wdrlaIdj wvqh'

fyda $ /f.k tkakdg hk j.ka;sh bj;a lr bj;a lr fkdue;'

;sîu'

iudk;d

• Odrl fukau úOdk fplam;a mejßh yel'

fplam;a mejÍu

• yqÿ Ndr§fuka mejÍu'

• msgika lr Ndr§fuka mejÍu'

yqÿ Ndr§fuka mejÍu - msgika fkdlr mejÍuhs' tf,i mejßh yels jkafka Odrl fplam;ah'

msgika lr mejÍu - fplam;la msgika lr mjrkq ,eîuls' tf,i msgika lr mejßh hq;af;a
úOdk fyj;a weKjqï fplam;ah'

msgika lsÍu

fplamf;a uqyqK; i|yka mßÈ " wdodhlhd úiska fplam; msgqmi ;u ku i|yka lrkq ,eîu
msgika lsÍula f,i ye¢kafõ' wdodhlhdf.a ku Tyq úiska fplam; msgqmi ,sùuhs'

msgika lsÍfï m%;sM,h jkafka"

whs;sh mejÍu hs' tkï whs;sh w;yeÍuhs' ks¾jHdc mejÍula nj ;yjqre lsÍuhs'

msgika j¾.

185
 • ysia msgik
• úfYaI msgik
• iSudldÍ msgik

ysia msgik

wdodhlhdf.a ku muKla i|yka lrñka msgika lsÍuhs'

wjidk msgik ysia msgikla kï tu fplam; Odrl fplam;la fõ' ;jÿrg;a mjrhs kï h,s
msgika lsÍula wjYH ke;'

úfYaI msgik

mejreï ,dNsfhl=f.a ku i|yka lrñka msgika lsÍuhs'

úfYaI msgik iys; fplam;la ;j ÿrg;a mejßh yel' ta i|yd kej; msgika l< hq;=h'

iSudldÍ msgik

;jÿrg;a mejßh fkdyels mßÈ msgika lsÍuhs'

fuu msgik wdrlaIdldÍ núka jeäh' ñka bÈßhg fplam; mejßh fkdyels ksid ;jÿrg;a
.kqfokq lsÍu je<fla'

msgika lrkq ,nk wjia:d

fplam;a msgika lsÍfï yelshdj ,nk m<uq md¾Yjh tys wdodhlhd fõ' wk;=rej fplam;
Odrlfhl=go tu fplam; msgika l< yel'

• úOdk fplam;la mejÍfï §

• fplam;g nexl= ljqkg
a rfhka wh ,nd .ekSfï§
• fplam; .sKu
q l ;ekam;a lrk úg

fplam;l f¾Lkh

fplam;la u;=mg
s ir, iudka;r f¾Ld 02la we£u fyda nexl=jl ku i|yka lsÍu fplam;a
f¾Lkh hs'

ir, iudka;r f¾Ld we£fuka fyda nexl=jl ku i|yka lsÍfuka fyda tu uQ,sldx. folu
talnoaO lsÍfuka f¾Lkh isÿjk nj'

186
f¾Å; fplam;lg wh ,nd.ekSu"

f¾Çh fplam;la i|yd nexl= ljqkg

a rfhka uqo,a ,nd.; fkdyels w;r cx.u .sKu
q l ;ekam;a
lsÍfuka uqo,a ,nd.; yelsh' ta wkqj f¾Lk fplam;lg uqo,a ,nd .ekSfï§ cx.u .sKu
q l
;ekam;a lsÍu w;HdjYH lreKls' úfYaI wjia:d, b;sß lsÍfï .sKï
q ;=<o ;ekam;a l< yel'

f¾Lkfha uQ,sl wfmalaIdj

fplam; i|yd wdrlaIdjla ,nd§u'

f¾Lkfha § Ndú;d lrk iïu; fhÿï

fplam;la f¾Lkfha § m%Odk jYfhka iïu; fhÿï fyj;a j.ka;s oaú;ajhla fhdod .kS'

• .kqfokq l< fkdyel'

• wdodhlhdf.a .sKqug muKhs'

.kqfokq l< fkdyel

fplam;la mejÍfï§ mjrkakdg we;s whs;sh blaujQ whs;shla mejreï,dNshdg ysñ fkdjk nj
ñka woyia fõ' fplam; w;ska w; mejÍug fuu f¾Lkfhka ndOdjla ke;' fuh mjrkakdf.a
ysñlu ms<sn|j m%fõYï ùug mejreï,dNshdg lrk wk;=re weÕùuls'

mejreï,dNshdg jvd jeä whs;shla ,eîu hk idudkH .=Kdx.h wNsfhda.hg ,la lr we;'

mejreïlreg we;s whs;shg iudk whs;shla mejreï,dNshdg ysñfõ'

wdodhlhdf.a .sKqug muKhs

fplam;la tys ku i|yka wdodhlhdf.a cx.u .sKu

q ;=< muKla wh ,nd .ekSu ms‚i ;ekam;a
l< yels nj ñka woyia fõ' .sKu
q la fkdue;s wfhl=g fujeks fplam;la ,enqKq úg uqo,a ,nd
.ekSu i|yd wKlre ,jd f¾Lkh wj,x.= lr .ekSu idudkHfhka l< hq;=h'

.kqfokq l< yels ,shú,a,la i;= mejÍug we;s yelshdj kï jQ .=Kdx.h wNsfhda.hg ,la lr
we;'

wdodhlhdf.a .sKqu ;=< muKla ;ekam;a l< yels neúka mejÍu i|yd yelshdjla ke;'

f¾Lk j¾.

f¾Lk j¾. folls'

• idudkH f¾Lkh
• úfYaI f¾Lkh

187
idudkH f¾Lkh

fplam;la u;=msg ir, iudka;r f¾Ld 02la we£uhs'fuys§ jd‚c nexl=jl kula yer fjk;a
´kEu iïu; fhÿula" m%ldYhla fhÈh yel'

idudkH f¾Lkfha m%fNao

• ´kEu jd‚c nexl=jl ´kEu wfhl=f.a cx.u .sKqul ;ekam;a l< yels nj

• ´kEu jd‚c nexl=jl we;s wdodhlhdf.a cx.u .sKu

q ;=< muKla ;eïm;a l< yels nj
• mejreï lsÍug wjia:dla fkdue;s nj

• mejreï,dNshdg" mejreïlreg jvd jeä whs;shla ysñ fkdjk nj mjihs

• mejreïlreg we;s whs;shu mejreï,dNshdg ysñùu'

• fplamf;ys jákdlu re'5"000la fkdblauúh hq;= nj'

- Wmßu w.hla i|yka l< úg tu w.h blaujd fplam; ,súh fkdyels nj

188
úfYaI f¾Lkh

fplam;la u;=mg
s jd‚c nexl=jl ku i|yka lsÍuhs'

úfYaI f¾Lkhl ;sìh hq;= w;HdjYHu wx.h jkafka nexl=jl ku i|yka lr ;sîuhs' fuys§
nexl=jl ku iuÕ ´kEu iïu; m%ldYhla fhÈh yel' uqo,a ,nd.ekSfï § f¾Lkfha ku i|yka
nexl=fõ muKla fplam; ;ekam;a l< yel'

úfYaI f¾Lkfha m%fNao

• ,xld nexl=fõ ´kEu wfhl=f.a cx.u .sKqula ;=< fplam; ;ekam;a l< yels nj'

• uyck nexl= ´kEu wfhl=f.a cx.u .sKqula ;=< fplam; ;ekam;a l< yels nj'
• uyck nexl= wdodhlhdf.a cx.u .sKu
q ;=< muKla ;ekam;a l< yels nj' mejÍugo
yelshdjla fkdue;s w;r wdodhlhdf.a .sKqfï muKla ;ekam;a l< yel'

• mejreï,dNshdg mejreïlreg jvd jeä whs;shla ysñ fkdjk nj;a uyck nexl=fõ
cx.u .sKqul ;eïm;a l< hq;= nj;ah'

• fplamf;ys jákdlu re'5"000 la fkdblauúh hq;= nj;a ,xld nexl= cx.u .sKqul
;eïm;a l< hq;= nj;ah'

189
fplam;la f¾Lkh l< yels md¾Yj

• wKlre
• wdodhlhd
• wK,ÿ
• Odrlhd

m%Odk md¾Yjhlg wu;rj fplam;la yd iïnkaO ´kEu md¾Yjhlg f¾Lkh l< yel'

f¾Lkh wj,x.= lsÍu

fplam;la ´kEu wfhl=g f¾Lkh l< yel' tfukau f¾Lkhg w¨;a wx.hla tla l< yel' kuq;a
f¾Lkh wj,x.= l< yelafla tla wfhl=g mu‚' Tyq fplamf;a wKlre fõ'

f¾Å; fplam;lska .kqfokq lsÍu

f¾Å; fplam;la ,enqfjl=g my; i|yka ´kEu l%shdud¾.hla wkq.ukh l< yel'

• ;u cx.u .sKqfï ;ekam;a lr uqo,a ,nd .ekSu

• myiqlï ie,iS we;akï f.ùula mshùug fhdod .ekSu
• myiqlï wef;d;a fjk;a wfhl=g mjrd fyda fjk;a wfhl=f.a cx.u .sKu
q l ;eïm;a lr
uqo,a ,nd .ekSu
• ;udg cx.u .sKqula fkdue;s kï f¾Lkh wj,x.= lrjd.ekSug l%shdlsÍu

kuq;a wdodhlhdf.a .sKqug muKhs hk j.ka;sh iys; f¾Å; fplam;la ,o úg cx.u .sKqula
fkdue;s wfhl=g l< yelafla f¾Lkh wj,x.= lrjd.ekSu muKls'

fplam;g Wmßu wdrlaIdjla ,nd§u

wdodhlhdf.a .sKqug muKhs hk j.ka;sh iys;j úfYaI f¾Lkh lrkq ,efí'

190
fplam;a ksIaldYkh

fplam;a ksIaldYkh fplam;a meyeÿï l%uh f,io y÷kajk w;r wka;¾ nexl= fplam;a
yqjudrej fyj;a ;=,kh fplam;a ksIaldYkh f,i ye¢kafõ'

fplam; ksl=;= nexl=j yd fplam; /ialrk nexl=j w;r fplam;a yqjudre lr .ekSfï úêu;a
l%shdj,sh fplam;a ksIaldYkh kï fõ'

j¾;udkfha fplam;a ksIaldYkh lrkqfha Pdhd.; ms<sônq fplam;a ksIaldYk l%uh hgf;ah' tu
ksIaldIKh ,xld la,sh¾ ^fm!oa& iud.u úiska isÿlrkq ,nhs'

fplam;la yd iïnkaO nexl= folls'

fplam; ksl=;= nexl=j

fplam; i|yd uqo,a f.ùug j.lSfuka ne£isák nexl=j ksl=;= nexl=j fõ' wKlref.a cx.u
.sKu
q mj;ajdf.k hk jd‚c nexl=jhs'

fplam;a /ialrk nexl=j

wh ,nd .ekSu i|yd wdodhlhd fyda Odrlhd úiska fplam; ;ekam;a lrk ,o nexl=j /ialrk
nexl=jhs'

fplam;la w.re ùu $ wjkïnq ùu'

wKlrefjl= úiska ksl=;a l, fplam;la f.ùu i|yd bÈßm;a l< úg nexl=j úiska f.ùu
m%;slafIam lsÍu fplam;la w.re ùu kï fõ'

nexl=lref.a ueÈy;aùu ksid fyda nexl=lreg ,efnk Wmfoila ksid fyda fplam;lg uqo,a
fkdf.jk wjia:djka fplam;a w.re ùuls'

fplam;la w.re ùug fya;=

• .sKf
q ï m%udKj;a uqo,a fkdue;s ùu'
• fplamf;a ysñlu m¨ÿùu'
• jHdc fplam;la ùu'
• fplam;g ydks isÿù ;sîu'
• wKlref.a w;aifkys fodaI ;sîu'
• msgik wmeyeÈ,s ùu'
• wKlre isysúl,a ùu" nqkj
a ;a ùu" urKhg m;aùu'
• .sKu
q jid ;sîu'
• fplam; l,a bl=;a ù ;sîu'

191
 • .dksIs ksfhda.hla ,eîu'
• fplam; ,sùfï fodaI mej;Su'

w.re fplam;a ksfõokh

;ekam;a l< fplam;la w.rejQ úg ta nj oekqï foñka ,xld la,sh¾ ^fm!oa & iud.u fplamf;a
;ekam;alre fj; tjkq ,nk ,shú,a, w.re fplam;a ksfõokh fõ'

w.re fplam;a ksfõokh A,B,C hk fldgia j,ska ilia ù we;'

A fldgi - fplam; ms<sn| f;dr;=re

B fldgi - ksYaldIKh ms<sn| f;dr;=re

C fldgi - fplamf;ys Pdhd.; ms<sônqj

w.re fplam;a ksfõokhla ,dNsfhl=g .; yels l%shdud¾.

• kej; ksIaldYkh i|yd fhduq lsÍu'

• wKlre fj; bÈßm;a lsÍu
• kS;suh mshjr .ekSu i|yd fhdod .ekSu

kej; nexl=jg bÈßm;a l< yels njg jQ j.ka;s

• wdodhlhdf.a msgik wjYH fõ'

• nerm; ;yjqre lr fkdue;
• u;= od;ï fplam;ls'
• wdodhlhdf.a msgik wmeyeÈ,sh'
• whm;a Wm,íê ù fkdue;

kej; nexl=jg bÈßm;a l< fkdyels njg jQ j.ka;s

• wKlref.a w;aik wdo¾Yhg fjkiah'

• fplam; l,a bl=;a ù we;'
• .sKu
q jid we;'
• fplam; wúêu;a f,i ksl=;a lr we;'
• j,x.= ld,h bl=;a ù we;'
• fplam; wiïmQ¾Kh'

192
w.re igyka j¾. iy tajdfha w¾:hka

wKlre úuikq

fplam;g f.ùï lsÍug m%udKj;a uqo,la .sKqfï fkdue;s yd wKlre whsrd myiqlï ,nd
fkdue;s wjia:dj,§ fhdohs'

wKlref.a w;aik wjYHh'

wKlre úiska w;aika fkdl, fplam;a f.ùï i|yd bÈßm;a l< úgl'

wKlref.a w;aik wdo¾Yfhka fjkiah'

fplam;g fhdod ;sfnk w;aik nexl=jg ,ndÿka wdo¾Y w;aikg jvd fjkia jk úg

wKlre f.ùu w;a ysgqjd we;'

wKlre ;ud ksl=;a l, fplam;g f.ùï isÿ fkdlrk f,ig nexl=jg Wmfoia ,nd § we;s úgl'

whm;a Wm,íê ù fkdue;

.sKu
q g ner lsÍu i|yd we;s fplam;a fuf;la .sKu
q g ner fkdjQ wjia:dj,§ f.ùï i|yd hï
fplam;la bÈßm;a jQ úg yd ta i|yd .sKqfï m%udKj;a uqo,la fkdue;s jQ úg fhdok w.re
igykhs'

nerm;a ;yjqre lr fkdue;'

nexl= jev j¾ckhla mej;Su jeks idudkH nexl= lghq;= wvmKù we;s úfYaI wjia:djl
fplam;g f.ùu lsÍu i|yd .sKf
q ï fYaIh m%udKj;a fkdjk úfgl" tfukau Wm,íê fkdjQ
whm;a ;sfío keoao hkak fidhd ne,Sug wmyiq jk úg fhdok w.re igyk fõ'

wruqo,a ud¾.ia:h'

rcfha fplam;a i|yd f.ùï lsÍug wjYH uqo,a ;ju;a .sKu

q g nerù fkdue;s úg fhdokq ,nk
w.reigk fõ'

l,a bl=;a jQ$h,a mSkQ fplam;a

fplam; ,shk ,o Èkfha isg udi 6 lg miqjf.ùu i|yd bÈßm;a l< fplam;la ioyd Ndú;d
lrk w.re igykh'

wruqo,a nkaOkh lr we;'

193
fplam;g f.ùï l< fkdyels jk mßÈ ;ykï ksfhda.hla u.ska .sKqfï uqo,a ;ykï lrkq
,eîuhs

fjkia lsÍu i|yd wKlref.a ;yjqrej wjYH fõ'

fplam;a ;=< ixfYdaOkhka lr ;snqko wKlre th ;yjqre lsÍug w;aika lr fkd;sîuhs'

wKlref.a wNskf
s hda.h l%shd;aul fõ'

f.ùu i|yd fplam; bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk wjia:dj jk úg jia;= Nx.;ajhg fyda udkisl
ÿ¾j,;djlg wKlre m;aú we;s úg fhdohs'

m%;sìïnh wmeyeÈ,sh

fplamf;a Pdhd ms<sônqj y÷kd.; fkdyels f,i bÈßm;a lrk úg'

fplam; wiïmQ¾Khs

fplamf;ys w;HdjYH wx. wiïmQ¾Kj mej;Su fya;=fjka fhdohs'

j,x.= ld,h bl=;a ù we;

j,x.= ld,h Èk 30la 60la hkdÈ jYfhka iSudlrk ,o fplam;a ld,h wjika jQ miqj f.ùï
,nd .ekSug bÈßm;a lsÍfï §

u;= od;ï fplam;ls

u;= od;u fh¥ fplam;la uqo,a ,nd .ekSug nexl=j fj; bÈßm;a l< úgl

úl, fplam;ls'

bß ;e,S" fmdä ù ydks jQ fplam;la nexl=jg bÈßm;a l< úg '

msgik wjYH fõ'

úOdk fplam;la msgik rys;j mjrd we;s úgl'

fplam; nexl= lsysmhlg f¾Lkh lr we;

lsih
s ï fplam;la nexl= foll fyda lsysmhlg f¾Lkh lrkq ,en we;s úg fhdokq ,nhs'

fplam;lska f.úh yels Wmßu uqo,

ksIaldYk l%shdj,shg fhduqjk úgl b,lalï oyhlska hq;= jákdlula Wmßu jákdlu f,i
i<ld f.úh yel' kuq;a ksYaldIK l%shdj,sh fj; fhduq fkdjk úgl ´kEu jákdlula
we;=<;a lr fplam;la ,shd f.ùï l< yel'

194
b,lalï 10 l Wmßu jákdlula

iajhxl%Sh ksYaldIK myiqlï hgf;a b,lalï 10 l w.hla olajd fplam;a meyeÿï l, yelsh'
tuksid b,lalï 10 ka hq;a Wmßu jákdlulg fplam;a ,súh yelsh'

Wod (- 99999999 99

´kEu jákdlula

iajhxl%Sh ksYaldIK l%shdj,shg fhduq fkdù w;ayqre l%uhg ksYaldIKh jk úgl by<
jákdlula tla l< yelsh' iSudjlska f;drj ´kEu jákdlula tla l< yel'

Wod (- 999999999999''''

fplam;l j,x.= ld,h yd kS;Hdkql+, ld,h

fpla m;l ,shQ Èkfha isg wh ,nd .ekSu i|yd nexl=jg bÈßm;a l< yels ld,h j,x.= ld,h
fõ'

ksYaÑ;j i|yka lr fkdue;s úg j,x.= ld,h udi 6 ls' kuq;a úfYaIfhka i|yka l< úg th
Èk 30 l g muKla iSud fõ' kS;Hkql+, ld,h fyj;a kS;sh u.ska lghq;= l< yels ld,h jir 6
ls'

fplam; h,a mekSu

j,x.= ld,h bl=;a ùu' tkï j,x.= ld,h ;=< nexl=jg bÈßm;a lr fkd ;sîu fplam;la h,a
mekSuls' úfYaIfhka i|yka lr ke;s úg udi yh blaujd ;sîu' ksYaÑ;j i|yka lr we;s úg
fplamf;ys i|yka Èk 30l ld,h blaujd ;sîuhs'

;ud i;= fplam;la h, mek f.dia we;s úg tys wdodhlhdg fyda Odrlhd g wkq.ukh l< yels
l%shd ud¾. folls'

1'wKlre ud¾.fhka Èkh ixfYdaOkh lr .ekSu'

2' wKlre ,jd kj fplam;la ,shd .ekSu'

fplam;l fodaIhla ksjerÈ lsÍu

fpla m;l fodaIhla ksjerÈ l< yelafla tu fplamf;ys wKlreg muKs' tys § jro ;ks brlska
lmd yer tu ia:dkfha u ksjerÈ lr i|yka lrhs' th ;yjqre lsÍug wKlref.a w;aik fhdohs'

fplam;lg f.ùï w;aysgq ùu

195
wK lrk ,o fplam;lg f.ùï w;aysgq ùu l< yelafla tys wKlreg muKs' wdrïNfha §
ÿrl:k weu;=ula ,nd Èh h yels w;r" wk;=rej ,sÅ; j ta nj ikd: l< hq;= h'

➢ fplam;la wia:dk.; jQ úgl fyda jxpdjlg f.dÿre jQ úfgl wdodhlhd úiska

fyda tys Odrlhd úisk"a

fplam; wia:dk.; jQ njg wKlrej oekqj;a lr Tyqf.a ud¾.fhka fplam; i|yd f.ùï
w;aysgq ùug lghq;= lsÍuhs'

fplam;a ñ, § .ekSu

nexl=j úiska fplam;la ksIaldYkhg m%:u ;u .kqfokq lreg Bg wod< uqo,a m%udKh fldñia
uqo,la wvq lr f.jkq ,eîu" fpla m;a ñ, § .ekSu fõ' wKlre iud.ula fyda rdcH wdh;khla
fyda fpla m;la ñ, § .ekSug nexl= úiska jeä leue;a;la olajhs fuh úYajdijka;
.kqfokqlrejkag i,ik fiajdjls'

fplam;lg ydks isÿùu

fplam;lg ydks isÿ jQ úg th úl, fplam;ls' úl, fplam;la iïnkaOj wkq.ukh l< yels
l%shdud¾.h wKlre ,jd kj fpla m;la ,shd .ekSuhs'

fplam;la wj,x.= ùu

wK lrk ,o fplam;la ioyd nexl=j úiska uqo,a f.ùfuka miq tu fplam; wj,x.= fplam;la
f,i i,lkq ,nhs'

úúO fplam;a j¾.

u;= od;u fh¥ fplam;a – -Dated Cheques

fuf;la t<U ke;s bÈß Èkhla fhdod ,shk ,o fplam;a fplam;a úfYaIh u;= od;u fplam;a
f,i ye¢kafõ' tkï fuf;la t<U ke;s b;sß Èkhla fplam;la ,shQ Èkh f,i i,lhs' fplam;a
ioyd f.ùu m%udo lsÍu wfmalaId lrñka u;= od;u hq;= fplam;a ,shkq ,nhs '

wfmalaId

• nexl=fõ uqo,a ner lrk f;la f.ùï mud lsÍu'

• Kh .kqfokq j, § Bg iqrlaIs;Ndjhla we;sùu'

• bÈß Èkhla jk ;=re f.ùï ,nkakdg uqo,a ,eîu m%udo lsÍu'

• wruqo,a iïmdokh lr .ekSu'

196
uqo,a fplam;a -Cash Cheques

´kEu wfhl=g wh ,nd.; yels mßÈ mßÈ wdodhlhdf.a ku fjkqjg uqo,a hk j.ka;sh fhdokq
,nk fplam;la uqo,a fplam;la f,i ye¢kafõ'

wúêu;a fplam;a – -Informal Cheques

uqo,a fpla m;l" fyda /f.k tkakdg’" hk j.ka;sh lmd yßk ,o fplam;a wúêu;a fplam;a
f,i yeÈkafõ'

úl, fplam;a – -Damage Cheques

ydkshg ,la jQ fplam;a úl,a fplam;a fõ' tkï Ndú;hg .; fkd yels mßÈ ydkshg ydkshg
,la ù we;'

ysia fplam;a - Blank Cheques

jákdlu i|yka fkd l< tfy;a wKlre f.a w;aik fhdod we;s fplam;a h' leu;s jákdlula
,shd .ekSfï wjia:dj ie,iS we;'

Pdhd .; ms<sìUq fplam;a - Image Cheques

Pdhd .; ms<sìUq fplam;a ksIaldYk l%shdj,shg WÑ; jk mßÈ yÿkajd fok ,o fplam;a
úfYaIhhs'

fplam;a ksIaldYk l%shdj,sh ioyd fN!;slj fplam;a heùu fjkqjg mß.Kl ;dlaIKh
fhdod .ksñka fplam; bÈßmi yd msgqmi Pdhd .; lrk ,o ms<sìUqj heúh yels mßÈ ilia
lr we;s fplam;a Pdhd ms<sìUq fplam;a fplam;a fõ'

,laIK

- fplamf;ys u;=msg miq;,h yd is;a;ï ,d mdáka uqo%Kh lr ;sîu'

- Èkh cd;Hka;r l%uhg ,shd ;sîu'
- MICR jeks jeo.;a jQ lreKq oelafjk ia:dk j, rEm i,l=Kq we;=<;a lsÍfuka
je<lSu'
- fplam;a j, m%udKh tl iudk ùu'
- ish¨u fplam;a j, f;dr;=re ksYaÑ; ia:dkhla ;=< muKla ;sîu'

197
Pdhd .; ms<ì
s Uq fplam;a ksIaldYk l%shdj,sh

fN!;slj fplam;a ksIaldYkh i|yd fhduq lrkjd fjkqjg fpla m;l uqyqK; yd msgqmi olajk
Pdhd .; ms<sìUqj ksIaldYkh i|yd fhdod .kq ,nk l%uh nj'

Pdhd.; ms<sìUq fplam;a ksIaldYk l%shdj,sfha jdis

nexl= lrejkag

- ksIaldYk l%shdj,sh ld¾hlaIu isÿùu'

- fpla m; m%jdyk lghq;= myiq ùu yd m%jdykh i|yd f.úh hq;= úhou wju fõ'
- fplam;aj, Pdhd ms<sìUq nexl=j, fkdfhl=;a ld¾hd, lghq;= i|yd myiq ùu'
- ksIaldYk l%shdj,shg iïnkaO jk mqoa.,hska ixLHdj wvq ùu'

.kqfokqlrejkag

- fplam;a Ndú;fha we;s wjodku wju ùu'

- uqo,a ,nd.ekSu ,nd .ekSu ld¾hlaIu ùu'
- fplam;a u.ska blaukska uqo,a ,nd.; yels neúka fmd,shg uqo,a ,nd.ekSug wjYH
fkdùu'
- w.re ksfõokh u.ska w.re fplam; ms<sn| fpla m; ms,sno jeä f;dr;=re m%udKhla
,nd.; yels ùu'

úksuh ì,am;a -Bills Of Exchange

hï ksYaÑ; uqo,la hï ksYaÑ; Èklg fyda Bg fmr Èkl § ;udg fyda ;ud úiska kï úiska kï
l< mqoa.,hl=g fyda f.jk f,i Kh ysñfhl= úiska Kh.e;sfhl= fj; ksfhda. lrk fldkafoais
úrys; úOdk m;%sldj"úksuh ì,am;la fõ'

uqo,a f.jk f,ig Khysñfhl= úiska Kh.e;sfhl=g ksfhda. lsÍug fhdod .kq ,nk fldkafoais
úrys; úOdk m;%sldjls' th foaYSh jYfhka fyda úfoaYSh jYfhka Ndú;d l< yel'

fmdfrdkaÿ fkdaÜgqj - Promising Note

hï uqo,la ,nd.;a nj;a tu uqo, Bg wod< fmd,sh iu. .súi .;a Èkl § f.jk nj;a i|yka
lr Kh.e;shd Kh ysñhdg fmdfrdkaÿ fjñ ksl=;a lrk ,shú,a, fõ '

fuh fmdfrdkaÿ m;%sldjls'mejßh yel'kuq;a b;d iq,Nj mejÍula olakg fkd yel'

198
 nexl= wKlrh - Banka Draft

;u .Kqfokq lre fjkqfjka Tyq kï l< md¾Yjhlg uqo,a f.jk f,i nexl=jla ;j;a nexl=jla
fj; ,nd fok talaYak wkla nexl= wKlrhla f,i ye¢kafõ' fplam;lg idfmalaIj
úYajdijka; f.ùï mshúh yels WmlrKhls' uqo,a hjkakd úiska heùug wjYH uqo, yd fldñia
uqo, nexl=jg f.ùfuka wk;=rej nexl=j úiska nexl= wKlrh ksl=;a lrhs'f.ùug uqo,a fkdue;s
ùu hk idOlh u; nexl= wKlrhla w.re fkdfõ'

jdKsc m;%sld - Commercial Papers

úYd, iud.ï j,g by< jákdlulska hq;a jákdlulska flá flá ld,Sk Kh ,nd .ekSu i|yd
ioyd ksl=;a lrk iq/l=ïm;a úfYaIh jdKsc m;%sldfõ' fndfyda ÿrg ks, ,ehsi;
a =.; iud.ï
;u flá ld,Sk wruqo,a wjYH;d imqrd imqrd .ekSug Ndú;d lrhs'

ixpdrl fplam;a - Travelers Cheques

úfoaY ixpdrhl § ixpdrlhkag ixpdrlhkag wjYH lrkq ,nk uqo,a myiqfjka yd wdrlaIs; j
f.k hdu i|yd jdKsc jdKsc nexl=j fyda n,h,;a uQ,H wdh;k úiska ksl=;a flfrk fplam;a
úfYaIh ixpdrl fplam;a fõ'

fï .kqfokq l< yels ,shú,a,la fkdfõ'jdKsc nexl=j yd n,h,;a ksfhdað; wdh;k ixpdrl
ixpdrl fplam;a ksl=;a lrkq ,nhs'

uQ,H wdh;k - Financial Institutions

uQ,H moaO;sfha tla uQ,sldx.hla f,i uQ,H wdh;k lghq;= lrhs'

uQ,H moaO;sh - Financial System

tys wka;¾.;h f,i"

o uQ,H fj<|m<
o uQ,H wdh;k
o uQ,H WmlrK
o uQ,H há;, há;, myiqlï
o uQ,H wëlaIK yd kshduk wdh;k".; yel'

uQ,H fjf<|fmd<- Financial Market

flá ld,Sk yd È.= ld,Sk uQ,H WmlrK .kqfokq jk fjf<|fmd< uQ,H fjf<|fmd<
fjf<|fmd< fõ';jo flá ld,Sk yd È.= ld,Sk wruqo,a b,a¨ï lrejka yd iemhqïlrejka
iïnkaO lrk ´kEu wjia:djla uQ,H fjf<|fmd< fõ'

199
uQ,H wdh;k
uQ,H fjf<|fmd< ;=< lghq;= lrk nexl= yd nexl= fkdjk wdh;khka uQ,H wdh;k wdh;k
fõ'

uQ,H wdh;k j¾.SlrKh

1' Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j

2' nexl= wxYh

o n,m;%,dNs jdKsc nexl=

o n,m;%,dNs úfYaIs; nexl=

3' ;ekam;= Ndr .kakd wfkl=;a wdh;k

- ,shdmÈxÑ uQ,H iud.ï

- iuqmldr .%dóh nexl=
- iliqrejï yd Kh .kqfokq iuqmldr iñ;s

4' úfYaI;
s uQ,H wdh;k

- l,anÿ iud.ï
- tallNdr
- m%d:ñl fjf<÷ka
- jKsla nexl=
- Kh fYaK.
s ; lsÍfï wdh;k
- fldgia ;e/õldr iud.ï
- jHjidh m%d.aOk m%d.aOk iud.ï

5'.súiqï .; b;=reï

- rlaIK iud.ï
- fiajl Ndrldr wruqo,
- fiajl w¾: idOl wruqo,

Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j bÈßm;a l< uQ,H wdh;k j¾.SlrKh

1' Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j

2' uy nexl=fõ kshdukhg kshdukhg ,la jk uQ,H wdh;k

✓ ;ekam;= Ndr .kakd uQ,H wdh;k

200
 - n,m;%,dNs jdKsc
- n,m;%,dNs úfYaIs; nexl=
- ,shdmÈxÑ uQ,H iud.ï

✓ wfkl=;a uQ,H wdh;k

o m%d:ñl fjf<÷ka
o úfYaI;
s l,anÿ iud.ï
o fiajl w¾: idOl wruqo,

3'uy nexl=j u.ska kshdukh fkd lrkq ,nk wdh;k

✓ ;ekam;= Ndr .kakd wdh;k

- iuqmldr .%dóh nexl=
- iliqrejï yd Kh .kqfokq iuqmldr iñ;s
✓ .súiqï .; b;sß lsÍfï wdh;k
- fiajd kshqla;slhkaf.a Ndrldr wruqo,
- fm!oa.,sl w¾: idOl wruqo,a
- rlaIK iud.ï
✓ wfkl=;a uQ,H wdh;k
- jHjidhl;aj m%d.aOk iud.ï
- tall Ndr
- fldgia ;e/õldr iud.ï

Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j

Y%S ,xld uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd rcfha ksfhdað;fhl= f,i l%shd lrkq ,nk
flakao%Sh wdh;kfha jkafka Y%S ,xld uy nexl=jhs'

1949 wxl 58 ork uQ,H mk; hgf;a 1950 wf.dai;

a = 28 Èk Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j wdrïN lr we;'

Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ m%:u wêm;s fcdka talaiag¾ fõ'

Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ j¾;udk wêm;s ví,sõ ã ,laIauka uy;d fõ'

Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ wruqKq f,i"

1'wd¾:sl yd ñ, ia:dhs;dj

foaYSh uqof,a w.h ia:djrj ;nd .ekSu fyj;a iqrlaIs; lsÍu ñ, ia:dhs;dj f,i ie,lsh
ie,lsh yel' tkï"rgl idudkH ñ, uÜgu by< yd my< hdug fkd § ia:djr uÜgul mj;ajd
mj;ajd .ekSu ;=<k
s a WoaOuk wjOukhkaf.ka f;drj wd¾:slh mj;ajd .ekSu fuys wfmalaIdjhs'

201
2' uQ,H l%ufha ia:dhS;dj

uQ,H l%ufha ia:dhS;djh ;=<k

s a ;ekam;= lrejkag fukau wdfhdaclhkag o ys;lr jd;djrKhla
Wod lr foa'uQ,H moaO;sh ì| fkd jeà ia:djr uÜgul mj;ajd .kq .kq ,eîuhs'

Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ l<ukdlrKh

uy nexl= uqo,a uKav,h u.ska Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j l<ukdlrKh lrhs'

Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ l<ukdlrK jHqyh

o uy nexl= wêm;s
o uqo,a wud;HdxYfha f,alï
o úOdhl fkdjk idudðlhska ;sfokd

Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ ld¾hhka

1' m%Odk ld¾hhka

- uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh fufyhùu

- úksuh wkqmd; m%;sm;a;sh fufyhùu
- Y%S ,xldfõ ks, úfoaY ixÑ; l<ukdlrKh
- jHjydr uqo,a ksl=;a lsÍu yd fnodyeÍu
- rcfha wd¾:sl WmfoaYl"nexl= lre iy uQ,H ksfhdað;hd jYfhka lghq;= lsÍu

2' ksfhdacH wdh;k ld¾hhka

- rdcH Kh l<ukdlrKh
- úfoaY úksuh md,kh
- fiajl w¾: idOl wruqo, l<ukdlrKh

n,m;%,dNs jdKsc nexl=

jdKsc nexl= lghq;=j, ksr; ùug Y%S ,xld uy nexl= uqo,a uKav,h u.ska n,m;%hla ,nd
isák uQ,H wdh;k úfYaIhhs'

n,m;%,dNs hkq"

jdKsc nexl= lghq;= j, fh§ug Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fjka n,m;%hla ,nd f.k isàuhs'

n,m;%,dNs jdKsc nexl= m%fNao f,i"

•foaYSh jdKsc nexl=

•úfoaYSh jdKsc nexl=

202
 ✓ foaYSh rdcH jdKsc nexl=
- uyck nexl=j
- ,xld nexl=j
✓ foaYSh rdcH fkdjk jdKsc nexl=
- iïm;a nexl=j
- fi,dka nexl=j
- fldu¾I,a nexl=j
- mEka taIshd nexl=j
- fkaIkaia g%iaÜ nexl=j
- DFCC j¾Ok nexl=j

✓ úfoaYSh jdKsc nexl=

- HSBC
- ICICI nexl=j
- bkaÈhka nexl=j
- iagEkav¾â pdg¾â nexl=j

n,m;%,dNs jdKsc jdKsc nexl=j, ld¾hhka

1'uyck;djf.a ;ekam;= Ndr .ekSu

- cx.u .sKqï
- b;sß lsÍfï .sKï
q
- ia:djr ;ekam;= .sKqï

2' Kh yd w;a;sldrï ,nd §u

- flá ld,Sk Kh
- È.= ld,Sk Kh
- ì,am;a jÜgï lsÍu

3' ksfhdað; fiajd yd wdfhdack nexl= fiajd iemhSu

- .kqfokqlrejkaf.a kñka ,dNdxY yd m%d.aOk ,dN /ia lsÍu

- kj iud.ï j, fldgia whÿïm;a ms<sn| j lghq;= lsÍu

203
4' fmdÿ Wmfhda.S;d fiajd iemhSu

- nexl= wKlr ksl=;a lsÍu

- Khjr ,sms ksl=;a lsÍu
- Kh m;a ksl=;a lsÍu
- iqrlaIs;d.dr myiqlï iemhSu
- uqo,a fma%IK lghq;=
- Wlia fiajd iemhSu
- úoHq;a nexl= lrKh

n,m;%,dNs jdKsc nexl=j, m%jK;d

- úoHq;a nexl= lrKh

- rd;%s nexl= fiajd jHdma;sh
- flakao% .; nexl= cd, wdrïN lsÍu
- úúO wdl¾IKSh b;sß lsÍfï .sKï
q j¾Okh ùu
- läkï l,anÿ fiajd
- iajhxl%Sh nexl= fiajd myiqlï
- nexl=j .kqfokqlre fj; meñK fiajd iemhSu

n,m;%,dNs jdKsc nexl=jla wdrïN lsÍu

- n,m;%,dNs jdKsc nexl=jla wdrïN lsÍfï § iïmQ¾K l< hq;= kS;suh wjYH;d lsysmhls'
- uy nexl=fõ uqo,a uKav,fhka n,m;%hla ,nd.; hq;= ùu'
- iud.ï mk; hgf;a iSñ; fmdÿ iud.ula f,i fyda md¾,sfïka;= mk;la hgf;a msysgqjk
,o wdh;khla ùu'
- m%ldYs; m%d.aOkh remsh,a ñ,shk 30 g fkdwvq úu'
- idx.ñl jHjia:dj,sfha uQ,sl mrud¾:h f,i nexl= jHdmdrhla mj;ajd f.k hdu i|yka
ùu'

úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a nexl= tall FCBU

úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a yd iïnkaO .kqfokq j, ksr; ùug jdKsc nexl= úiska mj;ajd f.k hk
iajdëk wxYhla FCBU fõ'

wkqu; úfoaY jHjydr uqo,ska ;ekam;= Ndr .ekSu;a tajd Kh jYfhka iemhSu;a fuu tallh
úiska isÿ lrhs'

FCBU ys .sKqï mj;ajd f.k hd yels md¾Yj

- uy nexl=j úiska wkqu; mqoa.,hskg

a
- Y%S ,xld wdfhdack uKav,h u.ska wkqu; mqoa.,hskg
a
204
 - úfoaYSh rgl ´kEu jD;a;shl ksr; jk mqoa.,hskg
a
- NdKav wmkhklrejkag
- wOHdmksl yd ffjoH m%;sldr i|yd Y%S ,xldfjka neyer jk mqoa.,hskag

n,m;%,dNs úfYaIs; nexl=

úfYaI nexl= lghq;= j, ksr; ùu i|yd Y%S ,xld uy nexl= uqo,a uKav,h u.ska n,m;%hla ,nd
isysk uQ,H wdh;k úfYaIhhs'

úfYaI;
s nexl= lghq;= hkq"

b,a¨ï ;ekam;= Ndr .ekSu yd úfoaY úksuh lghq;= j, fh§u yer fiiq nexl= lghq;='b;sß
lsÍfï nexl= yd ixj¾Ok nexl= we;=<;a fjhs'

n,m;%,dNs úfYaIs; nexl= f,i"

- cd;sl b;sß lsÍfï nexl=j

- rdcH Wlia yd wdfhdack wdfhdack nexl=j
- m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Ok ixj¾Ok nexl=j
- DFCC nexl=j

n,m;%,dNs úfYaIs; nexl=jla weröu

- uy nexl=fõ uqo,a uKav,fhka n,m;%hla n,m;%hla ,nd.ekSu'
- iud.ï mk; hgf;a iSñ; fmdÿ fmdÿ iud.ula f,i ixia:dmkh lsÍu fyda md¾,sfïka;=
mk;la hgf;a ia:dms; lsÍu'
- m%ldYs; m%d.aOkh remsh,a ì,shk 2g wvq fkdùu'

jHdmdr nexl=$jKsla nexl=

;ekam;= Ndr .ekSula isÿ fkd lrk jHdmdr hkag wjYH uQ,H"wf,ú l<ukdlrK myiqlï
we;=¿ WmfoaYk fiajd imhk uQ,H wdh;k úfYaIhhs'

ld¾hhka

- wdfhdack yd l<ukdlrK WmfoaYk fiajd iemhSu'

- l,anÿ myiqlï iemhSu'
- jHdmD;s jd¾;d ilia lr §u'
- rlaIK ;e/õldr fiajd iemhSu'

jHjidh m%d.aOk iud.ï

ñ, l< iud.ï fkdjk"ksIamdok yd wmkhk wxYhkays kshq;= iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdr
i|yd m%d.aOk imhk uQ,H wdh;k fõ'

205
kj jHdmdr wdrïN lsÍu" mj;sk jHdmdr ixj¾Okh lsÍu" jHdmdr mjrd .ekSu jeks lghq;=
j, § wvq fmd,shg fmd,shg wruqo,a iemhSu'

Kh idOHlrk iud.ï

Kh .e;shka mjrd f.k uqo,a ,nd fok iud.ï fõ' idOHlrkh hkq jHdmdrhlg ,eìh hq;=
Kh fjk;a wdh;khlg mjrd uqo,a ,nd ,nd.ekSuhs'

,shdmÈxÑ uQ,H iud.ï

b,a¨ï ;ekam;= yer uyck;djf.a ;ekam;= Ndr .kq ,nk"úúO uQ,H myiqlï i,ik uy
nexl=fõ ,shdmÈxÑ ù isák uQ,H wdh;k úfYaIhhs'

• *skEkaio
a iud.u
- fikag%,a *skEkaia iud.u
- t,a î *skEkaia iud.u

ld¾hhka

- l=,S msg .ekqï myiqlï iemhSu

- l,anÿ uQ,HlrKh
- ld,Sk" b;=reï ;ekam;= .sKqï mj;ajd f.k hdu
- rka NdKav Wlia .ekSfï myiqlï iemhSu

,shdmÈxÑ uQ,H iud.ula weröu

- uy nexl=fõ uqo,a uKav,fhka n,m;%hla ,nd.ekSu
- iSñ; fmdÿ iud.ula f,i iud.ï mk; hgf;a ,shdmÈxÑ lsßu
- m%ldYs; m%d.aOkh remsh,a ñ,shk 200 g wvq fkdùu

úfYaIs; l,anÿ uQ,HlrK iud.ï

l,anÿ uQ,HlrK fiajdj ienúkau m%Odk ld¾hh njg m;a lrñka Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ
wëlaIKhg ,la jk uQ,H wdh;k úfYaIhhs'

ld¾hhka

- l,anÿ myiqlï
- fldgia m%drlaIKh
- iaj¾KdNrK Wlig .ekSu

m%d:ñl wf,úlrejka

rcfha iq/l=ïm;a fjf<|fmd< ;=< w;rueÈhd f,i lghq;= lsÍug Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fjka
wjirh ,nd isák uQ,H wdh;k úfYaIhhs'

m%d:ñl wf,úlrejka f,i lghq;= lrkafka"

206
 - n,m;%,dNs jdKsc nexl=
- m%d:ñl fj<| iud.ï

Y%S ,xld Kh f;dr;=re ld¾hdxYh

idudðl uQ,H wdh;kj,ska Kh ,nd.;a md¾Yjhka yd tu Kh .kqfokq ms<sn| f;dr;=re

mj;ajdf.khdu" idudðlhskg
a wjYH úg f;dr;=re iemhSu isÿ lrk wdh;kh Y%S ,xld Kh
f;dr;=re ld¾hdxYh nj'

fuu wdh;khkays ld¾hNdrhla f,i'

• wod< Kh fok wdh;k j,ska Kh .;a md¾Yj ms<sn| f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu" iei£u yd
úYaf,aIKh lsÍu'

• wod< wdh;kj, b,a,Su u; tu md¾Yj ms<sn| Kh yd uQ,H f;dr;=re iemhSu'

fuys idudðlhka f,i"

• Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j

• n,m;% ,dNS jd‚c nexl=

• n,m;%,dNS úfYaIs; nexl=

• ,shdmÈxÑ uQ,H iud.ï

• úfYaI;
s l,anÿ uQ,HlrK iud.ï

Kh fYa‚.; lsÍfï wdh;k'

Kh fYa‚.; lsÍu lghq;af;a ksr;j isák wdh;k úfYaIh" Kh fYa‚.; lsÍfï wdh;kh
f,i i,lk nj'

• hï mqoa.,hl=g" wdh;khlg fyda rglg Kh uqo,la ,nd ,nd .ekSug we;s fhda.ah;djh
ke;skï Kh oeÍfï yelshdj ;lafire lsÍu" Kh fYa‚.; lsÍu nj'

Kh fYa‚.; lsÍfï iy;slhla ,nd.ekSfï ,nd .ekSfï jeo.;a f,i"

1 Kh ord ord.ekSfï yelshdj ms<sn| ;yjqrejla ,eîu'

2 myiqfjka Kh ,nd .ekSfï yelshdj ,eîu'

207
3 wvq fmd,shla hgf;a Kh ,nd.; yelsùu'

4 ,sys,a fldkafoais hgf;a Kh ,nd .ekSfï yelshdj ,eîu'

5 ;ekam;= Ndr .kakd wdh;khla kï myiqfjka ;ekam;= /ia lr.; yels ùu yelsùu'

6 fnd,a Kh we;sùu j<lajd .; yels ùu'

iS$i ,xld la,sh¾ ^fm!oa.,sl& iud.u

Y%S ,xldj ;=< ksIaldYk lghq;=j, ksr;j isák wdh;kh'iS$i ,xld la,sh¾ ^fm!oa.,sl& iud.u
nj'

ld¾hNdrh"

• fplam;a ksYaldIK moaO;sh" l%shd;aul lsÍu

• Y%S ,xld wka;¾ nexl= f.ùï moaO;s l%shd;aul lsÍu

idudðlhska f,i"

• Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j

• foaYSh n,m;%,dNs jd‚c nexl=

Èúke.=u ixj¾Ok nexl=

m%cduQ, nexl=jla f,i lghq;= lsÍug Èú Èúke.=u ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;= mk; hgf;a iuDoaê
nexl= ix.ï talrdYs lr msysgqjd we;s n,m;%,dNs úfYaYs; nexl=jls'

Èú ÈúkeÕ=u ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;= mk; hgf;a Èú ke.=u ixj¾Ok nexl=j werö we; Èú
ke.=u m%cd igk mokï fyda laIqø uQ,H nexl=j f,i fuu nexl=j werö we;' iuq¾È nexl= YdLd
1074 iyNd.s;ajfhka werö we;' fuh m%cd uQ, nexl=jls'

;ekam;= j¾.

• b,a¨ï ;ekam;=

• b;sß b;sßlsÍfï ;ekam;=

• ld,Sk yd ia:djr ;ekam;=

208
b,a¨ï ;ekam;=$ cx.u .sKqu

fplam;a u.ska .sKqfï we;s uqo,a .kqfokq i|yd fhoùug yelshdj ,efnk fmd,S rys; .sKqï
úfYaIhls' .sKqfï we;s uqo,a b,aÆ ´kEu úfgl wdmiq .ekSug fyda wfkfll=g mejÍug yelshdj
we;' fï i|yd fplam;a ,sùu" ia:djr ksfhda.hla ,nd §u fyda isÿ lrhs isÿlrhs' jd‚c nexl=
muKla fuu .sKï
q mj;ajdf.k hhs' b,aÆ úg uqo,a wdmiq .; yels neúka b,a¨ï ;ekam;= f,io
ye¢kafõ'

cx.u .skï
q j¾. folla we;'

• mqoa., cx.u .sKu

q
• jHdmdßl cx.u .sKqu Px.u

cx.u .sKqï ysñfhl=g ,nd.; yels m%fhdack"

• fplam;a ksl=;a l< yels ùu

• fplam;a ;ekam;a l< yels ùu

• nexl= whsrd myiqlï ,nd ,nd .; yels ùu

• ia:djr ksfhda. l%shd;aul lrjd .; yels ù

• nexl= .sKqï úia;r ,nd .; ùu'

• fplam;a u.ska uqo,a tla/ia lr .; yels '

cx.u .sKqu ;ekam;a l< yels foa"

• uqo,a
• fplam;a

• nexl= wKlr
• ,dNdxY n,m;%

• ;ekam;= iy;sl
cx.u .sKqul uqo,a mejÍ yels wdldr f,i"

• fplam;a u.ska
• ia:djr ksfhda. uÕska
• iDcq yr mejreï u.ska

209
b;sß lsÍfï .sKqu

wjYH ´kEu úgl uqo,a ;ekam;a l< yels yd uqo,a wdmiq ,nd .; yels fmd,S iys; .sKu
q la
b;sß lsÍfï .sKu
q ls' ´kEu jákdlulska uqo,a ;ekam;a l< yels w;r" uqo,a wdmiq ,nd .ekSfï§
mdiafmd; ysñfõ' iajhxl%Sh fÜ,¾ ldâ m;la u.ska jqjo wdmiq uqo,a ,nd.; yel' uqo,a b;sß
lsÍfï mrud¾:fhka y÷kajd fok ,o .sKu
q ls' úfYaI wjia:d j,§ fplam;a jqjo ;ekam;a l<
yel'

ia:djr ;ekam;= $ ld,Sk ;ekam;

ksYaÑ; ld,hla i|yd uqo,a tljr ;ekam;a lrkq ,nk .súi.;a ld,h wjidkfha§ .súi.;a
ksYaÑ; fmd,sh ysñjk .sKï
q úfYaIhhs' ,efnk fmd,S m%;sY;h idfmalaIj by< jk w;r" l,a
msÍug fmr jqj ;ekam;= bj;a lr .ekSug ndOdjla ke;' túg idudkH fmd<S m%;sY;hla ,efí'
ysñlï iy;slhla u.ska ;ekam;= ;yjqre lrhs tu ysñlï iy;slh ˜ia:djr ;ekam;=
iy;slhla˜ f,i y÷kd.; yel' fuu ;ekam;= ld,Sk ;ekam;= f,i o y÷kd .;a f,io
y÷kd.kq ,nhs'

úfYaI .sKqï j¾.

rkais .sKqu

wkqu; foaYSh wdfhdack j, fhoùu i|yd wfkajdisl Y%S ,dxlslhkag furg jd‚c nexl=j,
remsh,a j,ska wdrïN l< yels .sKï
q úfYaIhhs'

wfkajdisl Y%S ,xld ,dxlslhka úiska wdrïn lrhs' wkqu; foaYSh wdfhdack j, uqo,a fhoùu
wfmalaId wfmalaIdjhs'

ishrd .sKqu

fldgia fj<|m< ;=, .kqfokq lsÍu i|yd ^fldgia j, wdfhdackhg& úfoaY wdfhdaclhkag
furg jd‚c nexl=j, remsh,a j,ska wdrïN l< yels bf.kqï úfYaIhhs'

úfoaYslhka úiska wdrïn lrhs' fldgia fj<|m< ;=< wdfhdackh lsÍu wfmalaIdjhs'

áhrd .sKqu

NdKavd.dr ne÷ïlrj, wdfhdackh lsÍu i|yd úfoaY wdfhdaclhkag furg jd‚c nexl=j,
remsh,a j,ska wdrïN l< yels .sKï
q úfYaIhhs'

• úfoaY wdfhdaclhka úiska wdrïN lrhs'

210
• NdKavd.dr ne÷ïlrj, wdfhdackh lsÍu wfmalaIdjhs'

wfkajdisl úfoaY uqo,a .sKqu Ka¾FC

oekg úfoaY.;j isák Y%S ,dxlslhkag fydaúfoaYSh /lshdfjka miq furgg meñ‚ Y%S
,dxlslhkag wkqu; úfoaY uqo,ska werôh yels b;=re$ ia:djr ;ekam;a .sKquls'

mj;ajdf.k hk md¾Yj f,i"

• úfoaY rgl fiajd kshqla;s Y%S ,dxlslhka'

• fiajd kshqla; j isg furg meñ‚ furg meñ‚ Y%S ,dxlslhka'

fkajdisl úfoaYSh jHjydr uqo,a .sKqu

ish¨ Y%S ,dxlsl mqrjeishkag wefußldkq wfußldkq fvd,¾ 100 l wju ;ekam;= wdrïN l<
yels b;=reï $ ia:djr ;ekam;= .sKqula nj'

mj;ajdf.k hk md¾Yj f,i"

Y%S ,xldj ;=< jdih lrk úfoaY uqo,a Wmhk ´kEu whl='

Ka¾FC .sKï
q ysñhkag ,efnk jdis"

• Wmhk úfoaY uqo,a iqrlaIs; ùu'

• ;ekam;= i|yd fmd,sh ysñùu'

• úfoaY uqo,a j,ska Kh ,nd .; yels ùu'

• úúO wjia:dj, ysñjk jrm%ido N=la;s ú¢h yels ùu'

¾FC yd Ka¾FC .sKï

q j,ska Y%S ,dxlsl wd¾Ólh ,nk jdis"
• úfoaY úksuh ,eîu'

• úfoaY úksuh ixÑ; by< hdu'

• úfoaY iïm;a jeä jeäùu ;=<ska rcq rchg ,nd.; yels jrm%ido jeäùu'

• wd¾Ól ia:djr;ajh we;s ùu'

• fuu uqo,a úúO wdfhdackhkays wdfhdackh lsÍfuka nexl=j,g m%;s,dN ,nd .; yels ùu'

211
nexl= Kh

lsih
s ï fmd,S m%;sY;hla hgf;a wod, fmd,sh yd ,nd.;a Kh uqo, wdmiq f.ùug hg;a j
.súi.;a fldkafoais hgf;a fokq ,nk jákdlula nexl= Khls'nexl= Khla È.=ld,Sk jk w;r
nexl=j b,a,d isák wem iq/l=ï o /|úh hq;=h'

Kh m%Odk jYfhka fldgia folls"

1' úl=Kqï Kh

uqo,a fjkqjg Khm;a u.ska ,ndfok Kh" úl=Kqï Kh fõ'

2' uqo,a Kh

uQ,H wdh;k úiska .kqfokqlrejkag iDcqju uqo,a Khg iemhSu uqo,a Kh f,i y÷kajhs

nexl= Khla ,nd §fï§ i,ld n,k idOl 06

1' wjYH;dj yd jákdlu

Kh uqo,a wjYHj we;af;a l=ula i|yd o@ wdfhdackh lrkq ,nkafka lskï jHdmdrhlo@ th
id¾:l fhdod .kafka flfiao @ hkd§ fuys§ we.hSug ,lafjhs ,lafõ'

2' Kh wdmiq f.ùfï yelshdj

Kh wdmiq f.ùfï uQ,Huh yelshdj ms<sn|j ie,ls,a,g .efka'

3' b,a¨ïlref.a uQ,H jákdlu' b,a¨ïlref. uQ,Huh jákdlï ms<sn|j we.hSug ,la lrhs'
fuys§ b,a¨ïlrejka f. ksYap, yd pxp, foam, wdfhdack hkdÈh ms<sn|j ie,ls,a,g .kq ,nhs'

4'b,a¨ïlref.a uQ,H fm!oa.,sl;ajh

fuys Èkqï lrejkaf.a uQ,H fm!oa.,sl;ajh ms<sn|j we.hSug ,la flf¾' fï hgf;a
b,a¨ïlrejkag ia:djr wdodhï ud¾.hla ;sfí o @ /lshd olaI;d" uQ,H uQ,H j.lSï oeÍug we;s
yelshdj" nexl= .sKqu f;dr;=re hkd§ ms<sn|j i,l nef,'

5' j;alï wem ;eîu

Kh fjkqfjka wem f,i ;eîug yels ksrjq,a j;alï ms<sn|j fidhd nef,a'

212
6' Kh wdjrKh

Kh fkdf.ùfï j.lSu" f;jk md¾Yjhlg mejÍfï yelshdj fidhd nef,a'

nexl= whsrd

ish cx.u .sKqu mokï lrf.k ksl=;a lrkq ,nk flá ld,Sk ld,Sk Kh úfYaIhls' cx.u
.skqfï ner fYaIh blaujd hïlsis ksYaÑ; uqo,a m%udKhla olajd fplam;a wK lsÍug ,nd§ we;s
whs;sh nexl= whsrdjls'

nexl= whsrd fldgia folls"

• ;djld,sl whsrd

fláld,Sk fíreï l< hq;=h' flá oekqï §ulska iy wem ;eîulska f;drj ,nd .ekSug
yelshdj we;'

• ia:djr whsrd

idudkHfhka j¾Ihla jeks ld,hlska mshúh yels idfmalaIj fmd,sh wvq" wem ;eîula yd .sKqï
ysñhdf.a ,sÅ; b,a,Sula u; ksl=;a lrkq ,nk whsrd úfYaIhhs'

ia:djr yd ;djld,sl w;r we;s wiudk;d f,i"

ia:djr whsrd ;djld,sl whsrd

• È.= ld,Sk fõ'

• wem iq/l=ï wjYH lrhs'

• fmd,sh wvq w.hls'

• b,aÆ úg muKla ,nd fohs'

• wem iq/l=ï wjYH fkdfõ'

• fmd,sh jeä w.hls'
• b,a¨ï fkdl< o fkdl<o ,ndfoa'

213
úoHq;a nexl=lrKh

nexl=lrkh úoHq;a uy;a;hd odkh isÿ l< ish¨u nexl= lghq;= úoHq;a nexl=lrkh nj' úoHq;a
nexl=lrkh hgf;a úoHq;a uqo,a yqjudrej isÿfõ'

úfYaI;ajh jkafka úoHq;a udOH wdOdrfhka nexl= lghq;= lsÍuhs'

úoHq;a nexl=lrkh m%fNao f,i"

• iajhxl%Sh nexl= fiajd 'weGaM

• úl=Kqï ia:dkfha§u f.ùï moaO;s' fMdbkaÜ T*a if, iahaif

a gï'

• .Dyia: nexl=lrKh HTfu nkalska.a

• ÿrl:k nexl= fiajd fGf, nkalsk.

a a

• rEmjdysks nexl= fiajd GaV nkalsk.

a a

iajhxl%Sh nexl= fiajd

iajhxl%Sh fÜ,¾ hka;% u.ska ;u .kqfokqlrejka fj; i,ikq ,nk fiajd myiqlu" iajhxl%Sh
nexl= fiajd fj' nexl=fõ .sKï
q ysñhkag ;u nexl=fjka ,nd § we;s nexl=fõ ,nd§ we;s
myiqlïls fndfyduhla nexl=jg fkdf.dia ojfia ´kEu fj,djl ,nd.ekSug y÷kajd § we;s
myiqluls' nexl= YdLd wdY%s;j msysgqjd we;s fg,¾ hka;% u.ska .kqfokqlrejkag ojfia meh 24
mqrd mqrdu .sKqï fufyhùfï yelshdj ,nd § we;

• mqoa., ye÷kqïm;a wxlhlaa wdOdrfhka Ndú;d ùu'

• ,ndfok fiajd myiqlï f,i"

1' .sKf
q ï fYaYh oek .ekSu'

2 uqo,a ,nd .ekSu'

3 .sKqulska ;j;a .sKqulg uqo,a udrelsÍu'

4 f.ùu i|yd Wmfoia ,nd §u'

214
5' uqo,a ;ekam;a lsÍu lsÍu'

iajhxl%Sh nexl=fiajd ;=<ska ysñ jk jdiS"

• .kqfokqlrejkag meh 24 mqrd mqrdu .kqfokq l< yels ùu'

• nexl= ljqkg
a rh fj; fhduqùug wjYH fkdùu'

• .kqfokqlrejkaf.a ld,h b;sßùu'

• meh 24 mqrdu .kqfokqlrejkag fiajh l< yels ùu'

• ljqkagrj, ;onoh wju lr.; yels ùu'

• nexl= fiajlhska wvqfjka fhdod .; yels ùu'

• nexl= lghq;= ld¾hlaIu ùu'

• .kqfokq iajhxl%Shj .sKqï .; ùu'

úl=Kqï wjia:dfõ § f.ùï moaO;s

fj<| .kqfokqjlska miq yr ldâ m;a lshùu i|yd fj<|ie,aj, iúlr we;s úoHq;a nexl=
cd,hg iïnkaO bf,lafg%dksla WmlrKhla nj'

yr m;a lshùu i|yd fjf<| i,aj, mj;sk úoHq;a nexl= cd,hg iïnkaO úoHq;a WmlrKhls'
ldâ mf;a we;s ldkaoï máh fu u.ska lshúh yel'NdKav úl=Kk wjia:dfõ§u úl=KQ jákdlu
fj<|ie,a ysñhd .sKu
q g ner ù nerù yrm;a ysñhdf.a .sKqï .sKf
q ï .sKu
q g yr fjhs' fï
wjia:dfõ§ úoHq;a uqo,a mejreï l%uh f,i y÷kajk nj'

. .Dyia: nexl=lrK

wka;¾cd,h Tiafia ;u .kqfokqlrejka fj; i,id we;s nexl= myiqlu .Dyia: nexl=lrKh
nj'

wka;¾cd,h Tiafia nexl=fõ fjí wvúh fj; msúi ;u .sKï

q mokï lr.ksñka wjYH
l%shdldrlï j, ksr; ùfu myiqluhs' fï i|yd w.=,a moh Miaif
a jd¾â fyda Mෛ Ka Ndú;d
lrhs'

215
• ux.; nexl= myiqlï wka;¾cd, nexl= myiqlï hk kïj,ska o y÷kajk nj'

.Dyia: nexl=lrK fiajd f,i"

• .kqfokqlrejkag fuu.ska ish .sKqfï f.ùï lsÍu'

• uqo,a .sKu
q lska ;j;a .sKu
q lg udre lsÍu'

• fYaIh msßlaiSu'

• . .sKqï w;r msßlaiu

S '

ÿrl:k nexl= myiqlï

. .sKqula újD; lr ryia wxlhla wjirhla iys;j ÿrl:k u.ska .kqfokq lrk l%uh" ÿrl:k
nexl= myiqlï nj'tkï .kqfokqlrejkag nexl= fj; fkdf.dia ÿrl:kh ÿrl;kh Ndú;fhka
jd‚c nexl= fiajd bgqlr .ekSfï yelshdj we;s lsÍuhs'

,nd.; yels fiajd f,i"

• . .sKqï fYaIh msßlaiSu'

• . .sKqï w;r uqo,a udrelsÍu'

• Kh ldâm;a wdY%s; fiajd'

• úksuh wkqmd;slhka oek.ekSu'

• úúO ì,am;a i|yd f.ùï lsÍug Wmfoia §u'

• fplam;a ioyd f.ùï bgq ùu w;a ysgqùu

rEmjdysks nexl=lrKh

rEmjdyskS kd,sld Tiafia .kqfokqlrejka fj; i,ik y÷kd.;a we;eï nexl= fiajdjka rEmjdyskS
nexl=lrKhhs'

úoHq;a nexl=lrkh m%;s,dN

• meh 24 mqrd nexl= fiajd myiqlï ,nd .; yels ùu'

216
• ld,h b;sßùu'

• isák ia:dkfha isg j, fhÈh yels ùu'

• wkjYH f,i uqo,a <Õ ;nd .ekSug wjYH fkdùu'

• úúO f.ùï il%Sh l< yels ùu'

• .sKqï ms<sn| f;dr;=re laI‚l j , l yelsùu'

• wdlD;s m;% msrùu msrùug wjYH fkdùu'

• úfoaY .kqfokq myiq ùu'

nexl=j,g

• mq¿,aj yd iemmyiq nexl= YdLd yd r:.d,a mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd jeh jk msßjeh wvq l<
yels ùu'

• wvq fiajl ixLHdj fya;=fjka fiajl kv;a;= msßjeh wvqùu'

• mdßfNda.l
s hkag w;HjYH f;dr;=re fukau nexl=jg wjYH m‚jqv o fjí wvú yryd
laI‚lj ,nd.; yelsùu'

• ,sms øjH úhoï we;=¿ fmdÿ fmdÿld¾h úhoï l< yels ùu'

• .kqfokqlrejka iu. iÔj f,i wka;¾ l%shd isÿ l< yels ùu'

• meh 24 mqrd läkï fiajd myiqlï iemhsh yels ùu'

jd‚c nexl= imhk fmdÿ Wmfhda.S;d fiajd

• iqrlaIs;d.dr myiqlï Swf*Üha f,dcfl¾ia

mqoa.,hkaf.a rka" ߧ "ue‚la" wdNrK Tmamq jeks jákd NdKav yd jeo.;a ,sh lsú,s wdrlaId lr
§u i|yd msysgj
q d we;s fiamamq fiajdfõ'

217
• ixpdrl fplam;a ksl=;a lsÍu'

foia úfoia ixpdrlhkaf.a .kqfokq myiqfjka yd wdrlaIdldÍj bgqlsÍu i|yd fmdÿfõ ms<s.kakd
uqo,a j¾. j,ska úúO jákdlï hgf;a ksl=;a lrk lrkf;la fplam;h' ksl=;a lsÍfï§ .dia;=
wh lrhs' tjd uQ,H wdh;kfha wdodhu h'

• Wlia fiajd

iaj¾KdNrK wemhg f.k yÈis uqo,a wjYH;d i|yd Kh ,nd§uhs' fmd,shla whlrkq ,nhs'

• Khjr ,sms ksl=;a lsÍu

wdkhklrejkaf.a b,a,Su u; Tyq fjkqfjka uqo,a f.jk njg tlÕ fjñka wmkhklref.a
nexl=j fj; bÈßm;a lrk ,shú,a, Khjr ,smshla jk w;r" tu Khjr ,sms ksl=;a lsÍu lrhs'

• nexl= wKlr

.Kqfokqlrejkaf.a b,a,Su u; jd‚c nexl=jlg fyda YdLdjlg hï f.ùula lsÍug wK lsÍu

nexl= wKlrKhls"nexl= wKlr ksl=;a lsÍu isÿ lrhs'

• ksfhdað; fiajd iemhSu

wjYH wjia:dj,§ ish .kqfokqlrejka fjkqfjka ksfhdað;hl= f,i jd‚c nexl= lghq;= lrhs'
.kqfokqlrejka fjkqfjka f.ùï isÿlsÍu;a" /ialsÍu;a lrhs'

• fldgia m%drlaIKh

iud.ï j, wdrïNl fldgia ksl=;=fõ§ wju iyNd.h f;la fldgia ñ,§ .ekSug tlÕ ùu
fldgia m%drlaIKh jk w;r fldgia m%drlaIKh myiqlï'

• uqo,a fma%IK lghq;=

.sKqïysñhd fjkqfjka Tyqg ,eîug we;s uqo,a Tyqf.a .sKqug /ialsßu uqo,a fma%IK lghq;= nj'
.sKï
q w;r uqo,a udre lsÍu isÿ lrhs'

uQ,H há;, myiqlï

uQ,H l%ufha ukd l%shdldÍ;ajh yd ia:dhs;dj ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd wdOdr jk f.ùï yd mshùfï
moaO;s uQ,H há;, myiqlï f,i y÷kajhs' fuu myiqlï iemhSfï § Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j uq,aj
lghq;= lrhs' kj ;dlaIKh tla lr f.k isá'

218
Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j y÷kajd ÿka uq,a há;, myiqlï f,i"

• ;;ald,sk o< mshjqï moaO;sh

• ks¾f,aLk iq/l=ïm;a mshùfï l%uh

• Y%S ,xld fiÜ ;;a ld,Sk o< mshùï moaO;sh

• ,xld filHq

• ,xld fig,a

;;a ld,Sk o< mshùï moaO;sh

uQ,H wdh;k w;r isÿjk jeä jákdlulska hq;a .kqfokq iy b;d yÈis .kqfokq laI‚lj"
myiqfjka yd úYajdifhka hq;=j isÿ lsÍug Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j y÷kajdÿka kùk úoHq;a f.ùï
yd mshùï moaO;sh'

iyNd.slrejka f,i

• Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j

• n,m;%,dNs jd‚c nexl=

• m%d:ñl wf,úlrejka

• fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,

ks¾f,aLk iq/l=ïm;a mshùfï l%uh

rcfha iq/l=ïm;a jk NdKavd.dr ì,am;a yd NdKavd.dr ne÷ïlr f,aLk rys;j mß.Kl

wkqidrfhka .kqfokq lsÍug uy nexl=j úiska y÷kajdÿka úoah;
q a moaO;sh" ks¾f,aLk iq/l=ïm;a
mshùfï l%uh nj'

rcfha iq/l=ïm;a úlsŒu yd ñ,§ .ekSu isÿ lsÍfï§ úoHq;a l%uhg tu úlsŒu yd ñ,§ .ekSï
igyka lrk úoHq;a l%uhls'

219
ks¾f,aLk iq/l=ïm;a ;ekam;=Ndr l%uh

ks¾f,aLk iq/l=ïm;a ms<sn|j jd¾;d ;nd .ekSug yd iqrlaIs;d.dr myiqlï ie,iSug Y%S ,xld
uy nexl=fõ rdcH Kh fomd¾;fïka;=fõ msysgqjd we;s mß.Kl moaO;sh nj'

fuh mß.Kl moaO;shls' moao;shls uy nexl=fõ uy nexl=fõ rdcH Kh fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska

mj;ajdf.k mj;ajdf.k hhs' ks¾f,aLk iq/l=ïm;a yd iïnkaO .kqfokq jd¾;d lrhs' tu jd¾;d
wdrlaId lrhs'

Y%S ,xld wka;¾ nexl= f.ùï moaO;sh

jd‚c nexl= w;r f.ùï mshùï úoHq;a l%uhg isÿ lsÍug ilia l< moaO;sh nj'

j¾;udkfha jd‚c nexl= w;r isÿjk .kqfokq úoHq;a l%uhg f.ùï mshùï lghq;= isÿlsÍu
wdOdr fõ' fuh ,xld la,sh¾ ^fm!oa& iud.u l%shd;aul lrhs'

,xld filHq

Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j úoHq;a ud¾.fhka rcfha iq/l=ïm;a ,shdmÈxÑ lr ;nd .; yels mß.Kl
l%uhla mj;ajd f.k hk w;r th ,xld filHq nj'

ks¾f,aLk iq/l=ïm;a ;ekam;= Ndr l%uh iy ks¾f,aLk iq/l=ïm;a mshùï moaO;sh hk moaO;s
fol taldnoaO ùfuka fuu moaO;sh ks¾udKh jk nj

ks¾f,aLk iq/l=ïm;a ;ekam;= Ndr l%uh ¬ ks¾f,aLk iq/l=ïm;a mshùfï l%uh

,xld fiÜ,a

;;ald,Sk ;;a ld,Sk o< mshùï moaO;sh yd ks¾f,aLk iq/l=ïm;a ;ekam;= Ndr l%uh tlaj .;
l< th ,xld fiÜ tk nj'

;;ald,Sk o< mshùï moaO;sh ¬ ks¾f,aLk iq/l=ïm;a ;ekam;= ndr l%uh

talSh nexl=

jd‚c nexl=jl YdLd ish,a, mß.Kl cd, f,i taldnoaO lr ´kEu YdLdjlska
.kqfokqlrejkag myiqlï ,nd§ug lghq;= lsÍu" talSh nexl= f,i ye¢kafõ'

úfYaI;ajh

tlu nexl=jl ish¨u YdLdjka tlu cd,hla Tiafia tlsfkl yd iuÕ ne£ mej;Suhs' YdLd
ish,a, cd,.; ù we; '

220
wka;¾ nexl=lrKh

úúO jd‚c nexl= mß.Kl cd,hla u.ska taldnoaO lr ´kEu nexl=jl ´kEu YdLdjlska
.kqfokqlrejkag nexl= myiqlï ie,iSu wka;¾ nexl= lrKh f,i y÷kajhs '

úfYaI;ajh

jd‚c nexl= lSmhla tlu cd,hla Tiafia tlsfkl yd iu. ne£ ;sîu wka;¾ nexl= lrKh
úfYaI;ajhhs '

flakaø.; nexl= cd,h

tlu nexl=jl YdLd fyda nexl= lSmhl YdLdjka mß.Kl cd,hla Tiafia cd,.; ù ;sîuhs'

tlu nexl=jl YdLd w;r fyda úúO nexl= w;r jHdmdr lghq;= lsÍug bv i,id we;s mß.Kl
cd,hla" flakø
a .; nexl= cd,hla f,i yeÈkafõ' fuys§" tlu jd‚c nexl=jlg wh;a Ydl w;r
fyda úúOYdLd w;r fyda úúO jd‚c nexl=j,g wh;a YdLd w;r cd, iïnkaO;djhla f.dv
kef.kq we;'

jdis f,i

•.kqfokqlrejkag ld,h yd msßjeh b;sßùu'

•nexl= l%uh ck;dj w;r ckm%sh ùu'

•nexl= .kqfokq m%udKh by< hdu'

•nexl=lrejka Wlia Wiia fiajdjla ,nd§ug yelsùu' nexl= i|yd ck;dj wdl¾IKh ùu'

c.;a wka;¾ nexl= uQ,H úoHq;a ikaksfõok ix.uh

c.;a wka;¾ nexl= uQ,H úoHq;a ikaksfõok ix.ufha" idudðl nexl= w;r cd;Hka;r jYfhka
uQ,H .kqfokq b;d blauksk"a myiqfjka yd jvd ksjerÈj yqjudre lr .ekSu lr.ekSu ioyd
lr.ekSu ioyd Ndú;d lrk Ndú;d lrk ÿrl:k cd,h" iaú*aÜ f,i i,l=Kq i,l=Kq ,nk nj'

wka;¾cd;sl f,i jd‚c nexl= w;r uQ,H yqjudrej jvd fõ.j;a f,i isÿ lsÍug isÿ myiqlï
ysñ ù we;af;a fuu ix.ufha idudðl;ajh ,eîug jd‚c nexl= úiska lghq;= lr we;s neúks'

idudðl;ajh ork wdh;k j,g f,dj mqrd mj;akd ish¨u uQ,H fj,|fmd,j,a wdjrKh lrk
kùk;u ;dlaIKh u; mokï jQ ikaksfõok fiajdjla iemhSfï l%ufõohls'

221
l,anÿ m%fNao

1&uQ,H l,anÿ
2&fufyhqï l,anÿ

3& úl=kd wdmiq noaog .ekSfï l,anÿ

uQ,H l,anÿ

uQ,H wdh;k úiska nÿlre fj; j;alu noaog .ekSug wjYH uQ,H imhhs' j;alï mdúÉÑ
lsÍug .súi .kakd ld,h ;=< l,a noao jdßl jYfhka f.ùfï l%uhg tl.j"l,anÿ iud.u yd
l,a nÿ .ekqïlre w;r we;sjk .súiqu uQ,H l,a noaÿ fõ'

foam, noaog .ekSug wjYH uQ,H iemhSu isÿlrhs'

fufyhqï l,anÿ

l,anÿ iud.u i;= foam,la fláld,Sk mokula hgf;a Ndú;d lr wdmiq §fï mokug hg;aj
nÿlre fj; noaog iemhSu fufyhqï l,anÿ nj'

l,anÿ iud.u i;= foam, Ndú;d lr wdmiq ,nd .ekSfï moku u; flá ld,Skj noaog imhhs'

úl=Kd wdmiq noaog .ekSfï l,anÿ

hful= i;= j;alula l,anÿ iud.ulg úl=Kd È.=ld,hla i|yd tu j;alu kej; noaog .ekSu
i|yd we;slr.kakd .súiqï úl=Kd wdmiq noaog .ekSfï l,anÿ nj'

flfkl= i;= foam,la fyda j;alula l,anÿ iud.u fj; úl=Khs' kej; noaog .kS'nÿ uqo,a jdß

222
 08 rlaIKh

wkd.;fh§ úh yls wjodkï uqo,ska ;lafiarelr wjodkula jQ úg uQ,Hhu wdjrkhla ie,iSu

ioyd ieliS we;s fiajdj rlaIKhhs' rlaIs;hka úiska f.jk ,nk jdßl uqo,ska rlaIK
wruqo,ieliS we;'lsih
s ï rlaIs;hl= yg ydkshla jqjfyd;a fuu wruqo,ska jkaÈ f.jkq ,fí'

rlaIK .súiqulg wod, md¾Yjhka

1& m,uq md¾Yjh - rlaIs;hd

tkï rlaIK fhdackdj bÈßm;a lrkakd fyj;a rlaIKdjrkh ,nd.kakd md¾Yjhhs'

2& fojk md¾Yjh - rlaIlhd

rlaIK fhdackdj ms<s.kakd m¾Yjhhs'

3& ;=kajk m¾Yjh -

rlaIlhd;a rlaIs;hd;a fkdjk" lsishï jkaÈ wdjrhla ,n.ekSïg iqÿiq m¾Yjhhs'

WoyrK - r:jdyk rlaIKhl wju f;jk mlaI rlaIK Tmamqjlska wdjrKh ie,fikakd'

rlaIKh l, hq;= yels wjodkï yd rlaIKh l, hq;= fkdyls wjodkï'

rlaIKh l, yels wjodkï

• wkak.;fha§ isÿúh yels w,dNh uQ,Huh jYfhka ueksh yelsùu'

• wjodku ksh; fkdúh hq;= ùu'

• iïnkao;djhlska f;dr ùu'- tkï isÿjQ mdvqj fjk;a rlaIs; w,dN yd iïnkao fkdúh hq;=
ùu'

• i;Hdmkh l,yels ùu'- tkï w,dNh isÿjQ Èkh "fõ,dj"ia:dkh yd w,dNfha m%udKh
úYaf,aIKh l,yels ùu'

rlaIKh l, fkdyels wjodkï

by; rlaIKh l, yels wjodkï j, ,laIK yer fjk;a ,laIK iys; ´kEu wjodkula
rlaIKh l, fkdyels wjodkula fõ'

❖ WodyrK - wdorh wysñùu

- h,a mkSu

223
 - jerÈ l<ukdlrK ;SrKh ksid isÿjk w,dN'

- laIh ùu'

- úNdy wiu;a ùu'

rlaIK .súiqula j,x.= ùu ioyd ;sìh hq;= uQ,sl wx.

1' kS;suh ne§ula we;slr.ekSfï woyi

2' kS;suh ne§ula we;slr .ekSug we;s yelshdj'

3' w¾mkh fyj;a fhdackdj

4' m%;s.%ykh fyj;a ms<s.ekSu'

5' uqo,auh w.hla ;sîu

6' kS;shg tl. nj

rlaIK .súiqu yd rlaIK Tmamqj

rlaIs;hd yd rlaIlhd w;r rlaIKh jk foam< fyda Ôú;j,g wkqj we;slr.kakd

tl.;djh rlaIK .súiquhs'fuu .súiqug wkqj rlaIlhd úiska rlaIs;hdg ,ndfok ,shú,a,
fyj;a iy;slh rlaIK Tmamqjhs'

fuu iEu Tmamqjlau uQ,Huh w.hlska hqla; fõ'

rlaIK .súiqul we;=,;a jk lreKq

▪ f.úh hq;= jßlh

▪ jdßl .Kk
▪ fldkafoais
▪ wu;r m%;s,dN
▪ rlaIs;hdg jkaÈ f.jk wjia:d
▪ Tmamqj l,amsÍfï§ l, hq;= hq;= foa

rlaIKfha jeo.;alu
rlaIKh jHdmdrj,g "mqoa.,hskg
a "iudchg yd wd¾Ólhg b;d jeo.;a idohla fõ'

• jHdmdßl wjodkï wdjrKh lrk ksid jHdmr wdrïNlsÍug wdfhdaclhka fm,fí'^

.skafkka"fidri;=rkaf.ka yd wfkl=;a fkdfhla úm;a j,ska isÿjk ydks ioyd wdjrKh ie,iSu'&

224
• wl,a urK "wdndê; nj"wikSm ;;aj j,§ mqoa.,hkag uQ,Huh wdrlaIdj ie,iSu'

• rlaIK iud.ï ;u wruqo,a kej; wdfhdackh lrk ksid rfÜ wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg wjYH
m%d.aOk iïmdokhg iyh ùu'

• uqyqÿ Wjÿre rlaIKh ksi cd;Hka;r fj<odu ;yjqre ùu'

• mqoa.,hkaf. iudÔh wjYH;dj ^bf.kqï"újdy"úfoaY ixpdr hkd§& ioyd rlaIKh i,iSu'

rlaIK uQ,O¾u

• rlaIŒh ysñlu

• Wmßu úYajdih

• ydks mQ¾Kh

• wdikak;u fya;=j

• rlaIŒh ysñlu
hï úIh jia;=jla mj;Sfuka jdishl=;a "th wysñ ùfuka wjdishl=;a we;sjk ´kEu fohla
iïnkaOfhka we;s ysñlu rlaIH ysñluhs'tfiau lsih
s ï foam<l kS;Hdkql+, whs;slreg tu
foam< ms<sn|j mj;sk rlaIŒh whs;sho rlaIH ysñluhs'

- iajñmqreIhl=g iajlSh Ôú;h;a Nd¾hdjf.a Ôú;h;a ms<sn|j rlaIŒh whs;shla we;s

kuq;a iajlSh orejka yd kEoEhska ms,snoj rlaIŒh whs;shla ke;'

▪ Wmßu úYajdih
rlaIlhd yd rlaIs;hd w;r fy,sorõl< hq;= ish¨ ldrkd i;aNdjfhka hq;=j fy<sorõ lrjd.;
hq;=ùu Wmßu úYjifha uQ,O¾uhhs'

▪ ydks mQ¾K uQ,O¾uh

hï rlaIs; foam<lg ydkshla jQ úg tu foam< h:d;;ajhg m;alr.ekSu i|yd m%udKj;a
jkaÈuqo,la f.ùfï uQ,O¾uh ydks mQ¾Kh hs'Ôú; rlaIKhg ydks mQ¾Kh uQ,O¾uh wod,
fkdfõ'

ydks mQ¾K uQ,O¾ufha wkq uQ,O¾u 2 ls'

1'odhl;aj uQ,O¾uh

2'wdfoaYk uQ,O¾uh

225
1' odhl;aj uQ,O¾uh

hï foam<la rlaIK wdh;k lsysmhl rlaIKh lr ;sìh§ tu foam<g hï ydkshla isÿjQ úgl
ksl=;alr we;s ishÆu rlaIK Tmamqj, jákdlfï wkqmd;hg wkqj tlS ishÆu rlaIK iud.ï
odhl ù jkaÈ f.úh hq;=h hk uQ,O¾uh zzodhl;aj uQ,O¾uhzzhs'

WodyrK _ mqoa.,fhla ;u jHdmrh mj;ajdf.k hk f.dvke.s,a, my; whqßka rlaIKh

lr we;ehs is;uQ'

iS$i t,dhkaia } remsh,a 1000 000

iS$i fi,skaflda }remsh,a 800 000

Y%s ,xld rlaIK ixia:dj }remsh,a 600 000

fuu f.dvke.s,a, rlaIK Tmamqfõ ioyka fya;=ju ksid f.dvke.s,af,ka fldgilg ydkshla
isÿù we;ehs is;uq"tu ydksfha m%udKh remsh,a 500 000 kï rlaIK iud.u odhl úhhq;=
m%udKh fufia fõ'

wkqmd;h 10 ( 8( 6 $ 5(4(3 }12

t,dhkaia ^5$12&500 000

fi,skf
a lda^4$12&500 000

Y%S ,xld rlaIK iud.u ^3$12&500 000

2' wdfoaYk uQ,O¾uh

lsih
s ï foam<lg ydkshla isÿjQ úg rlaIlhd jkaÈ f.ùfuka miqj rlaIs; foam< iïnkaofhka
we;s whs;sh rlaIlhd ^rlaIK iud.u & úiska mjrd .ekSfï uQ,O¾uh wdfoaYk uQ,O¾uhhs'

WodyrK - mqoa.,fhla remsh,a 600 000 jákd f.dvd.s,a,a,la ioyd .sks rlaIK Tmamqjla ,nd
we;s úg .skf
a kka hka;%d.drh uq¿uksku
a úkY jQ fha hehs is;uq'fuys§ rlaIlhd f.dvke.s,af,a
uq¨ jákdlu jQ remsh,a 600 000 uu rlaIs;hdg f.jd oeófuka miqj f.dvk.s,af,a iqkn
a qka
fyj;a uqla; wjfYaIhka ys jákdlu rlaIs;hdg whs;s nj fuu uQ,O¾ufhka lshkak fõ' ydks
mQ¾K uQ,O¾uh ikd:lsÍu ioyd fï wjYHh fõ'

▪ wdikak;u fya;=j uQ,O¾uh

rlaIs; foam<lg fyda Ôú;hlg isÿjQ ydkshlg fya;= lSmhla n,mdwe;s úg jkaÈf.ùug kï
ydksh isÿùug n,mE wdikaku fya;=j rlaIK Tmamqfjka wdjrKh úh hq;= nj fuu uQ,O¾ufhka
lshfõ'

226
WodyrK - .sksrlaIKhla ,nf.k we;s f.dvk.s,a,la flda,dy,hla fya;=fjka úkdY ù .sfha
hehs is;uq" túg wdikak;u fya;=j uQ,O¾uh hgf;a f.dvk.s,a,g jkaÈ ysñ fkdfõ'

Ôú;h rlaIKh ioyd fuu uQ,O¾uh wod, fkdjkafka Ôú;hla ydkshg m;a ùfuka isÿjk
ydksh uqo,ska ueksh fkdyels ùu;a yd th h:d;;ajhg m;al, fkdylsùu;a hk lreKq
fya;=fjks'

rlaIK j¾.SlrKh

Ôú; rlaIKh^wdrlaIKh &

urKh "wdndÈ; ùï fyda uy¿ úhg m;aùfï m%;sM,hla f,i hï mqoa.,fhl=g isvqúh yels
ydkshla we,dNhla fjkqfjka wdrlaIdj ie,iSfï wruq‚ka fuh l%shd;aul fõ'

▪ Ôú;h rlaIK Tmamqjlska ,nd.;yels m%;s,dN

▪ urKhla isÿjqjfyd;a hefmkakkag jkaÈ ysñùu'
▪ Kh ,nd.ekSul§ wemhla f,i
▪ orejkaf.a wOHhkh lghq;= ioyd fukau újdy lghq;= ioyd wjYH uqo,a ,nd
.ekSug'
▪ b;=reï l%uhla f,i'

Ôú; rlaIK Tmamqjla wm%dKj;a ùu

rlaIK jdßl f.ùu ioyd ,nfok wkq.%dyl ld,h blalu ù hdu fya;=fjka rlaIK Tmamqjla
wm%dKj;a fõ' ^wkq.%dyl ld,h hkq jdßl uqo,a f.ùug ksgñ; Èkg tu uqo,a f.ùug
wfmdfydi;a jQ úg tu jdßl f.ùu ioyd ,nfok wu;r ld,hhs' & túg rlaIs;fhl=g .;.els
úl,am l%shdud¾. 3 la mj;S'

mjdrK w.hla ,nd.ekSu - tkï rlaIs;hdg ;ud fuf;la f.jdwe;s jdßl uqo,ska hï fldgila
wdmiq ,nd .ekSuhs'fuys§ rlaIK .súiqu wj,ka.= fõ'

f.jdksñ Tmamqjla njg m;alsÍu

fuf;la f.jd we;s uqo, rlaIK Tmamqfõ uqyqK; jákdlu njg m;alr

l,amsreKq miq Tmamqfõ jákdlu ,nd.ekSuhs'tys§o .súiqu wj,x.= fõ'

kej; m%dKj;a lsÍu

• idudkH m%dKj;a lsÍu - tkï ys. uqv, yd tu fmd,sh tljr f.jd m%dKj;a lsÍuhs'

• úfIaY m%dKj;s lsßu - tkï ys. uqo, bÈß jdßl ioyd tl;=lr f.ùuhs'

227
 Ôú; rlaIK Tmamq j¾.

• ld,Sk rlaIKh - urK wjodkula muKla wdjrKh fõ'ksYaÑ; ld, mßÉfÉohla ioyd ksl=;a
lrhs'

• hjÔj rlaIK Tmamqj

- rlaIK jdßlh rlaIs;hd Ôj;aj isák f;la f.ùu isÿlrhs'urKfhka miqj rlaIs; uqo,
hfmkakkag f.jkq ,nhs'

• m%ß;Hd. rlaIKh

• talnoaO Ôú; rlaIKh

• iuQy Ôú; rlaIK Tmamq

Ôú;h rlaIK Tmamqjla ,n.ekSfï l%u

1& iDcq l%uh - tkï rlaIs;hd rlaIlhdg fhdackd m;%hla bÈßm;a lsÍu'

2& ksfhdað; l%uh ^bkafvkaÜ l%uh& - tkï rlaIlhdf.a ksfhdð;hl= yryd fhdackd m;%hla
b;sßm;a lsÍfuka rlaIK Tmamqjla ,n.ekSuhs'

rlaIK jdßlh ;SrKh lsÍfï§ i,ld n,k lreKq

1' /lshdfõ fyda ðú;hg we;s wjodku

2' rlaIs;hdf.a jhi

3' mqoa., wdodhu

4'Tmamqfõ iajNdjh

5' ia;%S mqreI Ndjh

6' mjqf,a miqìu yd b;sydih

7' uQ,H ;;ajh

228
 rlaIKh yd wdrlaIKh w;r fjki

rlaIKh isÿúh ylshehs wfmalaId lrk wjodkula wdjrKh lsÍfï§ hï ydkshla isÿjqjfyd;a
mukla hk ixl,amh u; thg jkaÈ f.ùug muKla w;slr.kak .súiqu rlaIKhhs'

wdrlaIKh hkq ksYaÑ; isoaêla .súi.;a ld,hla ;=,§ isÿjqjfyd;a jkaÈ f.ùug;a tfia
fkdjqjfyd;a fuf;la f.jd we;s jßl uqo,a wdmiq f.ùug;a we;;slr.kakd tl.;djhhs'

idudkH rlaIKh

• .sks rlaIKh - hï ksjilg"f.dvke.s,a,lg^jHdmdßl &"fyda tajdfha wka;¾.; NdKav

j,g fyda hï foam<lg .skafkka fyda ta yd iudk fya;=jla ksid wwe;sjy ydks mQ¾Kh
lrk rlaIK Tmamqjhs' fï hgf;a fidr i;=re lror"iajNdúl úm;a "fudag¾ r:
"fiajdfhdacl j.lSï ''''rlaIKh l, fkdyel'

• wdkqix.sl w,N .sks rlaIK Tmamqj

.sks .ekSu ksid jk wu;r uQ,Huh w,dN ;;ajhka mQrKh lr.ekSu ioyd .sks rlaIK
Tmamqjla hgf;au ,n.;yels rlaIKhhs'fuu.ska jHdmdßl lghq;= wvmK ùu je,fla'

.sks rlaIK Tmamqjla hgf;a ,n.;yels rlaIK Tmamqj¾.'

1& idudkH j.ka;s iys; .sks rlaIK Tmamqj

fï h;f;a wkqmd;sl w.hla u; jkaÈf.ùï lrkq ,nhs'WodyrK } f.dvke.s,a,l fj<o

jákdlu- remsh,a 60"000

rlaIK Tmamqfõ jákdlu-remsh,a 50"000

isÿjQ ydkshla -remsh,a 30"000

jkaÈ uqo,- 50"000$60"000*30"000

remsh,a 25"000

2& idudkH j.ka;s rys; Tmamqj

fï hgf;a isÿ jQ uq¨ w,dNhu jkaÈ jYfhka f.jhs'tkï by; WodyrKhg wkqj
remsh,a 30"000 uu jkaÈ jYfhka ,efí'

229
r: jdyk rlaIKh

r: jdyk wk;=ß fya;=fjka fudag¾ r:hg".uka .kakd md¾Yjhkag yd ndysr md¾Yjhkag isÿúh
yels wk;=re iïnkaofhka jkaÈ ,nd.ekSu ioyd r:jdyk ysñhka yd rlaIK iud.ï iu.
we;slr.kakd tl.;jhhs'

1& úia;SrK fudag¾ r: rlaIKh - fuh iïmQ¾K jlSï rlaIKh f,io yÿkajhs'fuys§ r:hg"tys
.uka.kakd mqoa.,hkag"ndysr md¾Yjhkag fukau foam< j,g isÿjk ish¨u ydks wdjrKh lrhs'

2& wju f;jk md¾Yùh fudag¾ ¾: rlaIKh

fuys§ ndysr md¾Yjhkag yd foam< j,g isÿjk ydkshla ioyd muKla jkaÈ f.ùï isÿ lrhs'

3& f;jk md¾Yùh .sks yd fidrìh rlaIKh

fï hgf;a fidrlï ksid foam< j,g isÿjk ydkshla ioyd fukau ndysr md¾Yajhkag isÿjkydks
ioyd o jkaÈ f.ùï isÿ lrhs'

ks;r ks;r jkaÈ fkdb,a,Su fjkqfjka rlaIK iud.ï úiska fudagr%: ysñhkag m%ido §ukdjla
,nfok w;r th jkaÈ fkdb,Sfï m%ido §ukdj kuq;a fõ'

iuQøSh rlaIKh^ uqyqÿ Wjÿre rlaIKh &

uqyqÿ ud¾.h m%jdykfha§ kejg yd tys§ nvqj,g isÿ úhyels ydks wdjrkh lsÍu fuu.ska isÿ
lrhs'fuh fldgila 2 ls'

1-keõ lo rlaIKh - fuu.ska kejg isÿjk ydks wdjrKh lrhs'fï h;f;a ,n.; yels rlaIK
Tmamq lSmhla we;'

ish¨ wjodkï Tmamqj u.ska kejg isÿjk ish¿u wjodkï wdjrKh lrhs' ^.sks
.ekSï"l=Kdgq"msmqreï"whym;a ld,.=Kh u.ska jk ydks"hdka;%sl fodaI"jrdh ydks'''' wÈh &

• mQ¾K w,dN muKhs Tmamqj - fuu.ska kejla iïmQ¾Kfhkau úkY ùu u; jk w,dN

ioyd jkaÈ f.jhs'fuh fldgila 2 ls'
• ks;H mQ¾K w,dN rlaIK Tmamqj - mQ¾K ydkshla jqj;a kej; ilial, yelsh hk moku
u; ,nd.kak rlaIKhhs'
• w¾:odhS mQ¾K w,dN rlaIK Tmamqj - wdmiq ,nd.ekSu fyda ilialsÍu ksIaM, hehs i,ld
,n.; yels rlaIK Tmamqjhs'
• iSñ; w,dN muKhs rlaIK Tmamqj- fï hgf;a kejg isÿjk w¾O w,dN yd tajdg wod,
wjodkï wdjrKh lrhs'fuh fldgila 2 ls'

230
 ▪ idukH fmdÿ jkaÈ
kej yd kej Ndrh fírd.ekSfï woyiska kejg isÿjk ydks wdjrKh lrhs'

WodyrK - keõ NdKavf;d. uqyqÿn;a lsÍu ksid jk ydksh

▪ úfYaI fmdÿ jkaÈ - iajNdúl fya;=jla ksi kejg yd kej; Ndrhg isÿjk
w,dNhla wdjrKh lrhs'
• f;dgqfmd< Tmamqj
kejla jrdhla ;=< kj;d ;eîfï§ fyda kefjka NdKav nEfï§ yd megùfï§ isÿúh yels
ydkshla wdjrKh lrhs'

• w¿;ajeähd Tmamqj
w¿;ajeähd lghq;= isÿlsÍfï§ isÿúh yels ydks wdjrKh lrhs'

2-'keõ nvq rlaIK Tmamj

q

keõ u.ska NKav wdkhkafha§ yd wmkhkfha§ NdKav f;d.hg isvqjk ydkshla wdjrKh
lsÍug fuh WmldÍ fõ'

fï hgf;a Tmamq j¾. 3 we;'

• we.hQ Tmamqj - tlau j¾.fha NdKav hï ld,iSudjla ;=< fldgia jYfhka wdkhkh fyda
wmkhkh lrkafkl=g uq¨ f;d.fhau jákdlug tljr ,nd.;yels rlaIK wdjrKh hs'
• újD; Tmamqj - keõ.; lsÍug wfmalaIs; f;d. iïnkaofhka jk rlaIK wdjrKhhs'
• wkd.; wdjrK rlaIK Tmamqj - wkd.;fha§ isÿjk kej; .; lsÍulg wod, jákdlula
iïnkao wjodkula hï Wmßuhlg hg;aj wdjrKh lsÍula isÿ lrhs'
uqyqÿ Wjÿre rlaIKfha§ jkaÈ fkdf.jk wjia:d

• kdúl jxpkh - kdúlhka úiska jxpksl wruq‚ka ys;du;d lrk uqyqÿn;a lsÍï yd
wfkl=;a l%shdjka ksid isÿjk ydks ioyd jkaÈ fkdf.jhs'
• kdúl wm.ukh - kejla kshu u. fkdhEu fya;=fjka isÿjk ydkshla ioyd jkaÈ
fkdf.jhs'kuq;a th isÿlf,a hï idOdrK fya;=jla ksid kï túg jkaÈ ysñ
fõ'WodyrK¦bkaOk ,nd .ekSu'
-mqoa., wyUq rlaIK

yÈis wk;=re ksid mqoa.,hkag isÿjk YdÍßl ;=jd, yd urK ksid we;sjk uQ,Huh ydkshla
fuu.ska wdjrKh lrhs'

231
-ud¾.ia: NdKav rlaIKh

f.dvìfuka NdKav m%jdykh lsÍfï§ tu NdKav m%jdyk udOHg NdKav mgjk wjia:dfõ
isg tu NdKav f.dvnEu olajd úh yels ydks wdjrKh lsÍug fuu.ska isÿ lrhs'

-u¾.ia: uqo,a rlaIKh

tla ia:dkhl isg ;j;a ia:dkhlg uqo,a /f.k hdfï§ isÿúh yels ydks fuu.ska
wdjrKh lrhs'

-m%;srlaIKh
rlaIK iud.ula úiska Ndr.kakd rlaIK wjodkula tu rlaIK iud.u úiska ;j;a rlaIK
iud.ul fyda lsysmhl rlaIKh lsßu m%drlaIKh kï fõ'

-oaú;aj rlaIKh
tlu foam<la rlaIK iud.ï 2 l fyda lsysmhl rlaIK lrhs kï th oaú;aj rlaIKh kï fõ'

-m%drlaIKh
úYd, jákdlula iys; foam<la iïnkaOfhka we;s wjodkula rlaIK iud.ï lsysmhla
hgf;a rlaIKh lsÍuhs'WodyrKhla f,i kej yd keõ Ndrh rlaIK iud.ï 2 la úiska rlaIK
lsÍug Ndr.ekSu'

túg iïmQ¾K kejgu ydkshla jQ úg wjOdkï Ndr.;a iud.ï úiska ;uka Ndr.;a wjOdkfï
m%udKhg jkaÈ f.ùu isÿlrhs'

Y%S ,xldfõ rlaIK fjf<|m,

o Y%S ,xld rlaIK uKav,h

o rlaIK iud.ï
o rlaIK ;e/õlrejka
o rlaIK ksfhdað;hka
o m%drlaIlhka
o m%;srlaIlhka
óg wu;rj my; wdh;ko l%shd;aul fõ'

o Y%S ,xld rlaIK iud.u

o Y%S ,xld rlaIK ;e/õlrejkaf.a ika.uh
o Y%S ,xld rlaIK wdh;kh
o rlaIK Tïnqäiaukajrhd

232
 o Y%S ,xld rlaIK kshduk fldñika iNdj
o Y%S ,xld Kh wmkhk rlaIK ixia:dj
o Y%S ,xld f.dúck rlaIK uKav,h

Ôú;h rlaIKh yd wfkl=;a rlaIKhka w;r fjki

Ôú; rlaIKh^wdrlaIKh &

o wjodku ksYaÑ; fõ
o b;=reï lsÍulg iudk fõ
o úIh jia;=j iÔù fõ
o È.= ld,Sk fõ
o ydksmQ¾K uQ,O¾uh wod, fkdfõ
rlaIKh

o wjodkula ksYaÑ; fkdfõ

o ydkshla mQ¾K uQ,O¾uh wod, fõ
o úIh jia;=j wÔù fõ
o fláld,Sk fõ
o ydkshla isÿjQ úg muKla jkaÈysñ fõ

233
 09 ikaksfõokh
ikaksfõokh hkq" tla md¾Yjhla úiska ;j;a md¾Yjhlg fyda mdmd¾Yjhka lsysmhla fj;
f;dr;=re heùu" ,eîu" f;areï .ekSu yd fnodyeÍfï laßhdj,shls'

ikaksfõok laßhdj,sh

ikaksfõokfha uQ,sldx.
❖ hjkakd - m‚úvh hjk md¾Yajhhs'
❖ m‚úvh - hjkakd úiska m‚jqvh ,nkakdg imhk f;dr;=reh'
❖ udèh - m‚jqvh ,nd fokafka flfiao@ ta ioyd fhdod .kakd ikakf
s õok
udèhhls' Wod¦ jdÑl" ,sÅ;
❖ ,nkakd- m‚jqvh mar;s.arykh lrk mqoa.,fhls'
❖ mar;spdrh- m‚jqvh ,nkakd úiska weiqK fyda lshjQ m‚jqvh ms<sn| laßhd lrk
wdldrhhs'
❖ mar;sfmdaIKh- m‚jqvh ,nkakdf.ka m‚jqvh hjkakdg ,efnk mar;spdrh

m‚jqvh ilia lsÍfï§ i,ld n,k lreKq

1' m‚jqvfha iajNdjh

2' ksje/È nj

3' ksYaÑ; nj

4' ixlaIsma; nj

5' wdpdrYS,S nj

6' mQ¾K nj

7' f;areï.; yels nj

234
 M,odhs ikaksfõokh
ksYaÑ; ld,hla ;=< ksYaÑ; wruqKq ,Õd lr .ekSu ioyd f;dr;=re heùu" ,eîu" f;areï
.ekSu yd fnod yeÍuhs'

M,odhs ikaksfõok .=Kdx.

1' ksje/È nj

2'ixlaIsma; nj

3'ksYaÑ; ùu

4'fõ.j;a ùu

5' mQ¾K nj

6'msßjeh wju ùu

ikaksfõok udèh j¾.

1' jdÑl udèh

2' ,sÅ; udèh

3'ix{d yd ixfla; udèh

õhdmdr wdh;khl ikaksfõokh isÿ jk wdldr

1'wNahka;r ikaksfõokh

2'ndysr ikaksfõokh

1'wNahka;r ikakf
s õokh

wdh;khla ;=< úúO md¾Yjhka w;r f;dr;=re yqjudre lr .ekSfï laßhdj,shhs' fuys§"

1'whs;slre yd l<ukdlrejka w;r

2'fiaõhhka yd fiajlhka w;r

3'fomd¾;fïka;= yd fomd¾;fïka;= w;r úúO f;dr;=re yqjudre ùu'

2' ndysr ikakf

s õokh

õhdmdr wdh;khla õhdmdrfhka ndysr md¾Yjhka yd wdh;k iuÕ f;dr;=re yqjudre lr

.ekSuhs' fuys§"

1'õhdmdr - .kqfokqlrejka iuÕ

235
2'õhdmdrh - fjk;a õhdmdr" iemhqïlrejka w;r f;dr;=re yqjudre fõ'

úoahq;a ikaksfõokh
úoahq;a udèhhka wdOdr lr .ksñka isÿ lrkq ,nk ikaksfõokhhs'

úoahq;a ikakf
s õokfha jdis

• msßjeh wvq ùu'

• ld,h b;sß ùu'
• fõ.j;a nj'
• iqrlaIs; nj'
kùk úoahq;a ikaksfõok laru

1'wka;¾cd,h

mq¿,a mrdihla wdjrKh lrk mß.Kl cd,hls' tkï fuh cd,hla fyda cd,h f,i yeÈkaúh
yelsh'

2'úoahq;a ;emE, ^E-maila&

mß.Klhlska mß.Klhlg wka;¾cd,h yryd m‚jqv yqjudre lsÍuhs' fï ioyd hjkakdg

wka;¾cd, myiqlï fukau úoahq;a ;eme,a ,smskhla ;sìh hq;=h'

3'bkaÜrdfkÜ

wka;d¾cd,h mokï lr .ksñka õhdmdr wdh;kh ;=< we;s o;a; j,g <.d ùug i,id we;s
wdh;kuh cd,hls' fuh mqoa.,fhl=f.a fyda wdh;khl md,khg hg;a fõ' fuu.ska wjir,;a
whg muKla fiajd imhhs'

4'yv ;emE,

hjkakd úiska ÿrl:k ud¾.fhka jdÑlj fok ,nk m‚jqvh" cd, ud¾.fhka mrdj¾;kh ù
wdmiq ,nd .ekSu ms‚i ;eáhl .nvd lsÍu fyj;a má.; lsÍfï laßhdj,shhs'

5'*elaia hka;arh

idudkah ÿrl:k moaO;shla u.ska ,sms" Ñ;ar wvx.= ,shú,s laI‚lj heùfï yelshdj we;s
úoahq;a WmlrKhls'

6'bkag¾fkÜ

ÿrl:k cd,hla wdYarfhka wdh;kh ;=< f;dr;=re yqjudre lr .ekSug fm!oa.,sl jYfhka
ia:dmkh lr we;s ÿrl:k cd,hls'

236
 7'cx.u ÿrl:k

pkaoaßld ;dlaIKh Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka úúO õhdmdr lghq;= isÿ lsÍu ioyd cx.u ÿrl:k
Wmfhda.S lr .kS'

8'bkag¾fkÜ

ÿrl:k cd,hla wdYarfhka wdh;khla ;=< f;dr;=re yqjudre lr .ekSug

fm!oa.,sl jYfhka ia:dmkh lrk mß.Kl cd,hls'

9'fufuda m;arh

wdh;kfha úOdhl ks<Odßfhl= úiska ;j;a md¾Yajhlg flá m‚úvhla ,sÅ;j oekqï §ug
Ndú;d lrk m;aßldjls'

10'l=ßh¾ fiajh

,sms yd md¾i,a idudkah ;eme,a laruhg jvd fõ.j;aj heùu ioyd ixúOdkh ù we;s fiajdjls'

õhdmdr lghq;= ioyd ikaksfõokfha jeo.;alu

• ;r.ldÍ õhdmdr iu. lghq;= lsÍug'
• .kqfokqlrejka ;u ksYamdÈ; lrd wdl¾Ykh lr .ekSug
• wf,ú marj¾Ok lghq;= ioyd
• fiaõh fiajl iïnkaO;d mj;ajd .kSug'
• .kqfokq j,§ md¾Yaj w;r woyia yqjudre lr.ekSug'

iudchSh lghq;= ioyd ikaksfõokfha jeo.;alu

• õhdmdr lghq;= ioyd f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug'

• ;dlaI‚l ÈhqKqj;a iu. kj fidhd.ekSï oek .ekSug'
• cd;ahka;r isiÿ
s ùï laI‚lj oek.ekSug'
• foaYSh fukau úfoaYSh jYfhka iudc iïnkaO;d f.dvk.d .ekSug'
• iudchSh jYfhka woyia yd m‚jqv yqjudre lr .ekSug'

úúO ikaksfõok udèhhka

jdÑl udèh wNahka;r bkag¾fldï úoahq;a

237
 iïuqL idlÉPd" úoahq;a fkdjk
iïuka;arK "
wNahka;r /iaùï

ndysr ÿrl:k " cx.u úoahq;a

ÿrl:k" yv;emE,"
,

wvfnr" uyck úoahq;a fkdjk

/iaùï

ලිඛිත මොධ්‍ය wNahka;r úoahq;a oekaùï úoahq;a

mqjre, e-mail

fufuda m;ar" úoahq;a fkdjk

ksfõok" oekaùï
mqjre" jd¾;d

ndysr Fax, e-mail, úoahq;a úoahq;a

oekaùï mqjre, sms
fiajdj

,sms" mqj;am;a" i.rd" úoahq;a fkdjk

nek¾ " fmdaig
a ¾"
.eiÜ m;ar

ංඥො හො ංගේත wNahka;r úÿ,s iSkqj" úoahq;a

මොධ්‍ය wNahka;r wk;=re

238
 we.ùï ix{

iSkj
q " u. ,l=Kq" úoahq;a fkdjk
wdh;k msysàu
oelafjk ie,eiau"
ju ol=K yÿkd
.ekSfï md i,l=Kq

ndysr weiqreï ixfla;" úoahq;a

ÿïßh yd uydud¾.
ix{d

ìysß wh ioyd úoahq;a fkdjk

Ndú;d lrk ix{d"
laÍvd
úksir
q ejrhdf.a
;SrK" r: jdyk
yiqrejkakkaf.a wx.
p,k

úúO ikaksfõok udèh j, jdis

1' jdÑl ikaksfõok udèhfha jdis

• f;dr;=re fokakd yd ,nkakd iïuqL ùu

• laI‚lj yd ryis.;j f;dr;=re bÈßm;a l< yels ùu
• .eg¨jla jvd;a úia;rd;aul j idlÉPd fldg bÈßm;a l< yel
2' ,sÅ; ikaksfõok udèhfha jdis

• o;a; " igyka " j.= wdÈh myiqfjka ikaksfõokh l< yelsh
• f;dr;=re ,nd ÿka njg;a" ,enqKq njg;a idlaYs f,i Ndú;d l< yelsh
• jvd;a úia;rd;aul j f;dr;=re bÈßm;a l< yelsh
3' ix{d yd ixfla; udèhfha jdis

• myiqfjka wjfndaO lr .; yels ùu

239
• ksrjoah;djh by< ùï
• f;dr;=re fláfhka" meyeÈ,s j bÈßm;a l< yels ùu

240
 10' m%jdykh
10'1 jHdmdr j, id¾:l;ajh i|yd m%jdykh iM,odhSj odhl lr.kakd wdldrh'
m%jdykh w¾:oelaùu'
mj;akd NdKav fukau mqo. a ,hka wjYH ia:dk lrd f.khdfï úêu;a l%uh m%jdykh kï fõ'
ñka meyeÈ,s jkafka m%jdykh mqo. a ,hka $NdKav w;r mj;akd N+f.da,h
S mr;rh fukau ld, mr;rh
ke;s lsÍug fhdod .kakd m%Odk fiajhla jk njhs'

m%jdyk moaO;sh
m%jdyk lghq;= lsÍug wksjd¾fhka mej;sh hq;= tlsfklg iïnkaOj l%shd;aul jk idOlhkaf.a tl;=j
m%jdyk moaO;sh kï fõ' ud¾.h" udè"h n,h" m¾hka;h uQ,l s dx. j, tl;=fjka m%jdyk moaO;sh ieliS
;sfí' fuu iEu wxYhlu tl;=fjka m%jdykh l%shd;aul fõ' fï ksid rgl m%jdykh ÈhqKq lsÍug kï
iuia; m%jdyk moaO;shu ÈhqKq l< hq;= fõ'

fndfyda úg Y%S ,xldj jeks rgj, m%jdyk moaO;sh ÈhqKq lsÍu fjkqjg tys wx. lsysmhla
muKla ÈhqKq lrkq oelsh yels fõ' fuh m%jdyk .eg¨ ;jÿrg;a jeä lsÍug fya;= fõ'

m%jdyk moaO;shl uQ,sldx.'

uQ,sl wx. 04la u; m%jdykh l%shd;aul fõ'

01' ud¾.h - m%jdykhg fhdod .kakd udOH ksis f,i Odjkh lsÍug yels wdldrfhka mdrj,a
;sîuhs' ta wkqj m%Odk ud¾. y;rls'
1 uyd ud¾.
2 ÿïßh ud¾.
3 c, ud¾.
4 .=jka ud¾.

02' udOH - m%jdykhg iqÿiq wdldrfha r:jdyk mej;Suhs ' m%jdykhg fhdod .kakd iEu r:
jdykhlau cd;Hka;r m%ñ;Skg
a wkql+,j ks¾udKh ù ;sìh hq;=h'
WodyrK( fudag¾r:"ÿïßh"kdúlhd;%d".=jka hdkd

03' n,h- udOH Odjkh lsÍug wjYH Yla;sh ,nd fok m%Njhka mej;Suhs' m%jdyk msßjehg
fukau mßirhg m%N,j n,mdk uQ,sldx.h n,h fõ'fuys§ úl,am fuka u WÑ; n,Yla;Ska ;sîu
b;d jeo.;a fõ'
WodyrK( Lkscf;,a".,a wÕ=re".Eia "úÿ,sh"iq<x

241
04' m¾hka;h - udOH wjYH mßÈ yeisrùfï kej;=ïfmd< myiqlï ;sîuhs' ´kEu udOHhla
wjYH mßÈ kej;Sfï ksis myiqlï mj;skafka kï wod< md¾Yajhkag ;u m%jdyk wjYH;d ksis
mßÈ bgq lr .ekSug yelsfõ'
WodyrK( r: .d,"ÿïßh ia:dk"jrdh".=jka f;dgqm,

Y%S ,xldfõ m%jdyk moaO;sfha uQ,sldx. iunrj ixj¾Okh fkdùfï m%;sM,hla f,i
ish¨ ckdlS¾K m%foaY m%foaYj, oeä r:jdyk ;onohla oelsh yelsh'

úúO m%jdyk l%u

m%Odk m%jdyk my; mßÈ oelaúh yelsh'
1 f.dvìï - uydud¾." ÿïßh ud¾.
2 c, ud¾. - wNHka;r" ndysr
3 .=jka ud¾. - wNHka;r" ndysr
ñka meyeÈ,s jkafka m%jdyk l%u f,i ie,flkafka cd;sl yd cd;Hka;r jYfhka m%jdyk
l%u bgqlr.; yels úúO wdldrhg jk njhs' ta wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ m%jdyk l%u y;rlg my;
mßÈ fnod oelaúh yelsh'

1'wNHka;r m%jdyk l%u - uydud¾." ÿïßh ud¾.

2' ndysr$cd;Hka;r m%jdyk l%u - kdúl ud¾." .=jka ud¾.

Y%S ,xldj N+f.da,Sh jYfhka l=vd rgla ùu;a rg ;=< ´kEu ia:dkhlg f.dvìfuka hd
yels ùu;a ksid rfÜ m%Odk m%jdyk l%uh njg uydud¾. yd ÿïßh ud¾. m;aj ;sfí' kuq;a uyd
uyd ud¾. moaO;sh rg mqrd jHdma; j ;snqK o ÿïßh ud¾. moaO;sh ksYaÑ; ud¾. lsysmhlg
iSudù we;'
WodyrK(

Wvrg ud¾.h- fld<U" nÿ,a,

uqyqÿnv ud¾.h - fld<U" ud;r
W;=re ud¾.h - fld<U" hdmkh

c, ud¾. yd .=jka ud¾. m%jdykh Y%S ,xldj Ndú;d lrkafka cd;Hka;r m%jdykh
i|ydh' úfYaIfhkau cd;Hka;rj NdKav m%jdykh lsÍug kdúl m%jdykho"u.SkA m%jdykh

242
lsÍug .=jka m%jdykho fhdod .efka'

m%jdyk l%u j, jdis yd iSud

m%jdyk l%u Ndú;fhka w;ajk ys;lr ;;ajhka jdis f,i;a wys;lr ;;ajhka iSud f,i;a
ie,fla'
Y%S ,xldfõ uyd ud¾. m%jdykh yd ÿïßh m%jdykh tlsfklg úl,am l%u jk neúka
fïjdfha jdis yd wjdis tlsfklg wdfoaY fõ' uyd ud¾.fha jdis ÿïßh wjdis nj;a ÿïßh jdis
uyd ud¾.h wjdis njg;a m;afõ'
kdúl yd .=jka m%jdykh úl,am ud¾. f,i cd;Hka;rj Ndú;hg .ekSu ksid jdis wjdis
wdfoaYl fõ' tkï kdúl m%jdyk jdis .=jka m%jdykh wjdis njg;a .=jka m%jdykh jdis kdúl
m%jdyk wjdis njg;a m;afõ'

uyd ud¾. m%jdyk l%ufha jdis(

- wjYH;djg .e<fmk fia udOHhla f;dard .; yels ùu'

- rg mqrd jHdma;j mej;Su'
- wjYH ´kEu úgl uyd ud¾. Ndú;d l< yels ùu'
- fndfyda úg .ukdka;h olajd tlu m%jdyk udOHhla fhdod .; yels ùu'
- flá ÿr .uka i|yd fõ.j;a l%uhla ùu'

uyd ud¾. m%jdyk l%ufhys wjdis(

- úYd, f;d. tljr m%jdykhg wmyiq ùu'
- uyd ud¾. kv;a;=j wmyiq ùu'
- m%udoh yd wk;=re by< hdu'
- ld,.=‚l ;;a;ajh u; ndOd we;sùu'
- idfmalaIj msßjeh jeäùu'

ÿïßh m%jdyk l%ufha mj;sk jdis(

- úYd, NdKav f;d.hla yd NdKav m%udKhla tljr m%jdykh l< yels ùu'
- uyd ud¾. m%jdykh g jvd wdrlaIdldÍ ùu'
- NdKavj, iajNdjh wkqj ueÈß fhdod.; yelsùu'
- fiiq m%jdyk udOH yd iiok l, .dia;= wvqùu'

243
ÿïßh m%jdyk l%uh mj;sk wjdis(
- ÿïßh ud¾. Èjhsk mqrd jHdma;j fkd;eîu'
- wjYH ´kEu fõ,djl § fiajh ,nd.; fkdyelsùu'
- .ukdka;h olajd fhdod .; fkdyels ùu'
- fm!oa.,sl udOH Ndú;d l< fkdyelsùu'

- úÿ,s ix{d wekysàu ÿïßh ud¾. wn,ka ùu wdÈh ksid m%udo we;sùu'

c, ud¾. m%jdyk l%ufha jdis(

- wka;¾cd;sl fj<|du g iydh ùu'
- NdKav úYd, m%udKhla m%udkhla tl jr /f.k hd yels ùu'
- NdKav j¾. j, iajNdjh wkqj hd;%d f;dard.; yels ùu'
- idfmalaIj msßjeh wvqùu'

c, m%jdykfha wjdis(
- keõ fiajh iq,n fkdùu'
- jeä ld,hla .;ùu'
- ks;r wk;=re isÿùu'
- ish¨ rgj, fhdod.; fkdyels ùu'

.=jka m%jdyk l%ufha jdis(

- fõ.j;a nj w;ska by< ùu'
- blaukska úkdi jk NdKav i|yd fhda.H ùu'
- ud¾. kv;a;= msßjehla fkdue;s ùu'
- u.ska m%jdykhg b;d fhda.H ùu'

.=jka m%jdykh wjdis(

- úYd, yd nßka wêl NdKav m%jdykh i|yd fhda.H fkdùu'
- m%jdyk msßjeh wêl ùu'
- wk;=re we;sùug we;s m%jK;djh jeäùu jeä ùu'
- wjYH fj,djg imhd .ekSug fkdyels ùu'

m%jdykh jeo.;alu
m%jdykfhka úúO md¾Yajhg we;sfjk úúO m%;s,dN wkqj m%jdykh we;s jeo.;alu ;yjqre
fõ' ta wkqj md¾Yajhka ;=klg m%jdykh jeo.;a jk nj my; idOl wkqj ;yjqre fõ'

jHdmdßlhkag we;s jeo.;alu(

244
- wjYH øjH myiqfjka ,nd .; yels ùu
- ksñ NdKav fnod yeßh yels ùu
- udkj iïm;a myiqfjka ,nd .; yels ùu
- wmøjH neyer l< yels ùu
- mq¿,a fj<| m,la w;am;a lr.; yels ùu

mdßfNda.slhkag we;s jeo.;alu(

- mqoa., ixj¾Okhla we;slr .; yels ùu
- Wiia mßfNdack wjia:d ysñùu
- /lshd wjia:d mq¿,aùu
- iïnkaO;d j¾Okh ùu yd we;slr we;slr .ekSfï bvlv jeäùu
- .fõIK lghq;= l< yels

cd;sl wd¾Ólhg rchg we;s jeo.;alu(

- cd;sl wdrlaIdj ;yjqre ùu
- ;=,;
s ixj¾Okhla we;s ùu
- cd;sl iïm;a M,odhSj Ndú;d l< yels ùu
- cd;Hka;r iïnkaO;d j¾Okh ùu
- wdfhdack fukau jHdmdr ÈhqKq ùu '

m%jdykhg iïnkaO n,Odß wdh;k

uyd ud¾. m%jdykhg(
- fudag¾ r: m%jdyk fomd¾;fïka;=j
- cd;sl .ukd.uk fldñIka iNdj
- ud¾. wdrlaIdj ms<sn| cd;sl uKav,h
- Tfgda fudnhs,a ix.uh
- m<d;a iNd r:jdyk fmd,sish
- uyd ud¾. ixj¾Ok wêldßh

ÿïßh m%jdykhg( - Y%S ,xld ÿïßh fomd¾;fïka;=j

kdúl m%jdykhg(
- Y%S ,xld keõ ixia:dj
- Y%S ,xld jrdh wêldßh

245
- keõ bvmyiqlï fjka lsÍfï udOH ld¾hdxYh
- fj<| keõ wxYh

.=jka m%jdykhg(
- iSudiys; Y%S ,xlka .=jka iud.u
- iSudiys; ñyska ,xld iud.u
- Y%S ,xld .=jka f;dgqm, yd isú,a .=jka fiajd ix.uh
- f¾.= lghq;= ms<sn| myiqlï lñgqj

m%jdyk ksfhdað;hka
cd;Hka;r jYfhka m%jdyk lghq;=j, fhfok m%jdyk wdh;k fjkqfjka lghq;= bgq lr fok
wdh;khkah'fuys iajrEm folls'

1'.=jka ksfhdað;dh;k
2' kdúl ksfhdað; wdh;k ksfhdað;dh;k cd;Hka;r lghq;= j,§ úh yels wl%ñl;d j<lajd
f.k iïu; wdldrhg lghq;= fufyh ùug Y%S ,xld f¾.= fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska úúO ld¾hhka
bgq lrkq ,nhs '

10'2 wjia:djg WÑ; m%jdyk l%uhla yd udOHhla f;dard .ekSu

iqÿiq m%jdykhla f;dard .ekSu
úúO jQ m%jdyk l%u w;=ßka ;u wfmalaIdjkag jvd;a fhda.H m%jdyk l%uhla f;dard .; yels
kï muKla m%jdykfhka wfmalaIs; wruqKq bgqlr .; yels fõ'
my; idOl j,ska nyq;rhla hym;a hehs yef.k udOHhka iqÿiq m%jdyk udOHhla f,i
f;dard.; hq;=h'

1' NdKavfha$ mqoa.,hkaf.a iajNdjh - m%jdykh lrk øjH fukau mqoa.,hka fjkia jqk úg Bg
.e<fmk udOHhla fjkalr .; hq;=h'
2' wdrlaIdj - ,efnk /ljrKhhS' u.S m%jdykh m%Odku idOlh fuhfõ'

3' msßjeh - fm!oa.,sl l< hq;= jehs lsÍï fukau fmdÿfõ iudchg we;s jk n,mEu o i,ld
ne,Suhs'
4' Odß;djh - f.k hd hq;= m%udKhg iß,k bvlvlska hqla; ùu'
5' ÿr m%udKh - .ukdka;hg we;s ÿrg .e,fmk udOHhla ùu'
6' fõ.h - wfmalaIs; ld, iSudj ;=< .uka lsÍug yels o hkak'

246
7' msúiSfï yelshdj - wod< udOH ,nd .ekSug fukau wfmalaIs; ia:dkhg hdug myiqlï
,eîuhs'
8' iq,N;djh - wjYH mßÈ myiqfjka fhdod .; yels udOHhla ùuhs'
9' kS;Hdkql+, nj - rfÜ mj;akd kshuhkag wkql+, udOHhla ùuhs'
10' m%ñ;s yd wka;¾cd;sl iïu;- m%jdyk l%uhkays mej;sh hq;= uQ,sl wx. ,laIK mej;Su m%ñ;s
f,i;a cd;Hka;r jYfhka we;s lrf.k ;sfnk tlÕ;dj cd;Hka;r iïu; kï fõ' f,dj úúO
rgj, mj;akd m%jdykh w;r fmdÿ njla mj;skf
a ka fuh u;h '

ld¾hlaYu m%jdyk l%uhla y÷kd.ekSu

m%jdyk l%uhl .=Kdx. hym;a f,i mj;sk úg ld¾hlaYu m%jdyk l%uhla f,i ie,fla'
f;dard.kakd m%jdyk l%uh wfmalaIs; wdldrfhkau mj;S kï th ld¾hlaYu m%jdyhla nj
;yjqre fjhs'

WodyrK (wdrlaIs; udOHhla ùu

oeßh yels msßjehlska hqla; ùu
iq,nj udOH mej;Su
wfmalaIs; ;;a;ajfhka wfmalaIs; Odß;djfhka hqla; ùu
wjYH fõ.h mej;Su
.ukdka;hg <Õd úh yels ùu

m%jdykfha kj m%jk;d
m%jdykh iïnkaOfhka f,dj isÿù we;s fjkialï Bg wod< fõ'

1' fouqyqï udOH Ndú;h - n,Yla;Ska lsysmhlska Odjkh jk udOHhka ìysùuhs'

2' úÿ,s ÿïßh$ úÿ,s fudag¾ r: - n,Yla;s m%Njh f,i úÿ,sh fhdod fhdodf.k Odjkh lsÍuhs'

3' k, ud¾. m%jdykh - fmdÿ k< moaO;shla ilia lr tu.ska c,h" "wmøjH"weg j¾." msá j¾.
m%jdykh lsÍuhs'

4' lïì hdkd m%jdykh - Wiaìï hdlr iúlr we;s /yeka u.ska udOH Odjkh lsÍuhs' iajhxl%Sh
yd hdka;%sl jYfhka fuys iajrEm folls'

5' Wux ud¾. - fmdf<dj wNHka;rfhka ud¾. bÈ lr udOH Odjkfha fh§uhs'

247
6' .=jka md,ï - fmdf<djg by<ska ud¾.h bÈlr fudag¾ r: Odjkh lsÍuhs'

7' wêfõ.S ud¾. - r: jdyk fkdkj;ajd Odjkh l< yels ud¾. ;ekSuhs'

8' kS;s m%;sixúOdkh lsÍu - cd;sl fukau cd;Hka;rj n,meje;afjk m%jdyk kS;sÍ;s l%shd;aul
lsÍuhs'

Y%S ,xldfõ u.S m%jdykfha m%jK;d

● fm!oa.,sl m%jdyk l%u Ndú;h mq¿,a ùu

● ,x.u yd fm!oa.,sl nia r: taldnoaO ld,igykla u; Odjkh lsÍu
● iyir kñka fmr f.jqï l%uhla u; u.S m%jdykh l%shd;aul lsÍu
● m<d;a iNd l%shdldÍ f,i u.S m%jdykhg iïnkaOùu
● ÿïßh u.S m%jdyk fiajd mq¿,a lsÍu
● ld,Sk wjYH;d wkqj ÿïßh m%jdykh ld, igyka j, fjkialï we;s lsÍu

uyd ud¾. m%jdykfha § ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq

1' wjYH kS;suh wjir ,nd .ekSu

2' ud¾. kS;s ms<sme§u
3' Odß;dj ms,sn|jh ie,ls,a,g .ekSu
4' fõ. iSud wkqj Odjkh lsÍu'

m%jdyk lafIa;%h wkd.; mqfrdal:k

m%jdyk lafIa;%fha wkd.; mqfrdal;k i|yd my; i|yka ksoiqka oelaúh yelsh'

1' yhsm¾Æma ixl,amh - wkd.; f,dj m%jdyk moaO;sh f,i fhdod .kakd fuh ì%;dkH cd;sl
b*,dka uhslaf.a ixl,amhls'm%Odk jYfhka nghla Èf.a we;slrk ßla;lhla u.skN
a dKav yd
u.ska m%jdykh lrkq ,nhs'

248
2' Walkcar, Air Wheel - mhska .uka lsÍug úl,amhla f,i fhdod .; yels b;d l=vd
WmlrKhls'

10'3' .nvdlrKh
.nvdlrKh hkq"

f;d.hla ñ,§ .;a wjia;dfõ fyda ksYamdokh l, wjia;dfõ isg tajd wf,ú lrk f;la fyda
fnodyßk f;la /ia lr ;nd .ekSfï fyda l,a ;nd .ekSfï l%shdj,shhs'

tu l%shdj,sh my; ioyka mßÈh'

1' f;d. ,eîu'

2' yÿkd .ekSu'

3' mÍlaYd lsÍu'

4' ksjerÈ nj ;yjqre lr .ekSu'

5' .=K;ajh ;yjqre lr .ekSu'

6' mfilska ;eîu'

7' ksl=;a lsÍu ioyd kej;a ,nd .ekSu'

fufia f;d. /ia lsÍug iy l,a ;nd .ekSug Ndú;d lrk ia:dkh .nvdj kï fõ'

.nvdjla ia:dk.; lsÍfï§ i,ld ne,sh hq;= lreKq'

● f.dvke.s,af,a msßh; ie,eiau iy f.dveke.s,a, ;=, p,kh lsÍfï bvlv'

f.dvke.s,a,la ;=< isÿlrk fufyhqï l%shdldrlï tkï .nvdlsÍu" fnodyeÍu melÜ lsÍu"
f,an,a lsÍu hkdÈh flfrys tu f.dvke.s,af,a msßh; ie,eiau tkï fodrj,a j, msysàu" j¾.
m%udKh" f.dvke.s,af, Wi hkdêh jeä f,i n,mdhs'

tfukau th .nvdjg øjH we;=,;a lsÍug iy .nvdfjka øjH ksl=;a lsÍug wod,jo n,mEï
we;s lrhs'

249
 tuksid jHdmdßlhd úiska ;u jevlghq;= yßyeá isÿ lsÍug wjYH bvlv m%udkhla .nvdj
;=< we;so hkak iy ;u øjH tys ;=, p,kh l<yels fld;rïo hkak ms<sno ie,ls,su;a úh
hq;=h'

● øjH Ndú;fha fõ.j;a nj iy .nvdj ;=< l,dm fjka lsÍfï wjYH;dj'

.nvdjla ia:dms; lsÍfï§ ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= ;j;a jeo.;a lreKla jkafka .nvdj ;=<
isÿjk fufyhqï lghq;= ioyd fld;rï fõ.fhka isÿ úh hq;=o hkakhs' øjH .nvd lrkafk
ld,hla tla;eka lr ;nd .ekSugkï wvq fõ.hlska øjH tyd fuyd f.k hd yels ia:dkhla
m%udKj;a fõ' kuq;a oji mqrdu fufyhqï lghq;= isÿ jkafk kï b;d fõ.fhka øjH tyd fuyd
l< yels ia:dkhla .nvdj f,i f;dard.ekSu jeo.;a fõ'

tfukau .nvdfjka msgjk Yío" msglrk øjH j, iajNdjho ie,ls,a,g f.k Bg WÑ;
ia:dkhla f;dard.ekSu jeo.;a h'

● m%Odk iïnkaO;d j,g wdikak nj'

.nvd lr we;s øjH tajd m%jdykhg fhdod.kakd m%Odk;u udOH uq,a lrf.k Bg iqÿiq jk
ia:dkhla f;dard.ekSu isÿl< hq;=h' tfukau mdßfNda.l
s hdg wdikak jk ia:dkhla tkï m%Yia;
fjf<ofmd, fldgila ysñjk ia:dkhla øjH .nvdlrKh ioyd fhdod.ekSfuka NdKavhl
msßjefhka ie,lsj hq;= m%udKhla w;alr.kakd m%jdyk msßjeh wju lr .; yel'

● øjH tyd fuyd lsÍfï yelshdj'

NdKav fukau NdKav tyd fuyd lsÍug fhdod.kakd tiùfï WmlrK" g%la r:" fõÈld hkdÈh
;onohlska f;drj myiqfjka tyd fuyd lsÍfï yelshdj .nvdjla i;= úh hq;=h'

● .nvd lrk øjHfha iajdNdjh'

.nvd lrk øjHfha iajdNdjh wkqj Bg iß,k mßir idOl iys; ia:dkhla ta ioyd
fhdod .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'

● msßjeh'

250
 wuqøjH .nvdj fj; f.k tfï isg .nvdfjka ksñ NdKav fnodyeÍu olajd we;sjk
úúO msßjehka ^.nvd l=,h
s " wem ;ekam;=" rlaIK .dia;=" jdyk kej;=ï bvlv iïnkaO úhoï&
yels;dla wju lr.; yels ia:dkhla f;dard .ekSuo jeo.;a fõ'

.nvdjl NdKav weisÍfï l%u lsysmhls'

1' ;Ügq weiqreï l%uh'

tyd fuyd l, yels NdKav weiqrE ;Ügq .Kkdjla rduqjla ;=< tl u; tl ;eîfuka NdKav
wiqrk l%uhhs' .nvdfõ we;s ´kEu NdKavhla fj; bksux wdOdrfhka fyda g%la r: wdOdrfhka
<.d úh yels neúka fuh b;d myiqu yd ,dNu weiqreï l%uhhs'

2' NdKav f.dvj,a jYfhka weisÍu'

tlu j¾.fha NdKav tl ia:dkhl tl u; tl msysgk f,i fuys§ wiqrkq ,nhs'

Wod(- iy,a" msá

3' tyd fuyd l, yels ;Ügq iys; rduq'

;Ügq .Kkdjlska hq;a mS,s fyda tyd fuyd l< yels má j, NdKav wiqrkq ,eîuhs' msßjeh
wêl YS;d.dr iys; .nvd j,g fuu l%uh jvd;a fhda.H fõ'

4' miqmig ;,a¨ lrk rdlal'

tl ;Ügqjl NdKav weisÍfuka miq tl miqmig ;,a¨ lr bÈßfhka B<. ;Ügqfõ weiqreï
lsÍuhs'

5' ;Ügq folla w;r we;s wu;r ;Ügqj'

by; ioyka ´kEu l%uhlg ;Ügq folla ueo mj;sk wu;r ;Ügqfõ NdKav weisßh yels w;r
th .ívdfõ bvlv fo.=K lrjhs'

6' iajhxl%Sh weiqreï l%uh'

251
 iajhxl%Sh w;la jeks WmlrKhla u.ska weiqreï lsÍu isÿ lrk w;r fuh b;d l=vd whs;u
;sfnk .nvdjlg fyda úYd, m%udKfhka øjH .nvd lr we;s .nvdjlg fhda.H fõ'

.nvdjl NdKav tyd fuyd lsÍug úúO WmlrK j¾;udkfha Ndú;d lrhs'

Wod(-

f*dala,s*aÜ

me,Ü celaia

NdKav tyd fuyd lsÍfï má'

f*dala,s*aÜ g%la

fufia úêu;aj .nvdj ;=< Ndkav weisÍu u.ska yd úúO WmlrK NdKav tyd fuyd lsÍug
Ndú;fhka ,nd .; yels jdis /ils' tkï"

● .nvdj jvd;a ixúOdkd;aul ùu - .nvdj fiajlhskg

a yd whs;slrejkag myiqfjka
kv;a;= lsÍug yd l<ukdlrKh lsÍug yels fõ'

● wdrlaYdldÍ ùu - úêu;a weisÍula yd m%Yia: WmlrK Ndú;h;a ksid fiajh w;r;=r

fiajlhkag wk;=rla isÿ fkdjk w;r ksYamdÈ; o wdrlaYd fõ'

● oeßh hq;= ld,h yd Y%uh wju ùu - úêu;a wdldrhg weisÍu isÿ jk ksid jeh jk
ld,h yd Y%uh wju fõ'

● .nvdfõ bvlv b;sß ùu - ixúOdkd;aul weisÍï lrKh ksid bvlv yßhdldrj

l<ukdlrKh fõ'

10'4' m%jdyk yd iemhqï fiajd jHdmdr id¾:l;ajh ioyd odhl jk wdldrh'

252
m%jdyk yd iemhqï fiajd hkq"

mdßfNda.l
s wjYH;d yd jqjukd ;Dma;su;a lsÍu ioyd NdKav" fiajd yd wod, f;dr;=re
bÈßhg yd miqmig .,dhEu" tys wdrïNfha isg mßfNdack wjia;dj olajdu ldrHlaYuj yd
iM,odhSj ie,iqï lsÍfï yd l%shd;aul lsÍfï l%shdj,sh hs'

m%jdyk yd iemhqï fiajd moaO;shl uQ,sl l%shdj,s folls'

1' wuqøjH fyda ksñ NdKav iemhqïlrejkaf.ka ñ,§ f.k ksYamdokh olajd jQ p,s;hka

2' ksYamdok l%shdj,sh wjidkfha isg ksYamdÈ; fyda wod, f;dr;=re wjika mdßfNda.slhdg
iemhSu olajd jQ p,s;hka

úúO iajrEmfha ksYamdÈ; yd úúO iajrEmfha wdh;k wkqj m%jdyk yd iemhqï fiajd moaO;s
úúO fõ'

● iunr m%jdyk yd iemhqï moaO;s - fuys§ by; oelajQ l%shdj,s tlsfklg iudk fõ'

● ksYamdok l%shdj,sh olajd m%jdyh ixlS¾K jQ moaO;s - ksYamdok l%shdj,sh ixlS¾K jk

kuq;a wf<úlrK l%shdj,sh myiq fõ'
Wod(- .=jka hdkd ksYamdok wdh;k'

● ksYamdokfhka miq wjika mdßfNda.slhd olajd f.k hEfï m%jdyh ixlS¾K moaO;s - tkï
ksYamdokfhka miq .nvdlrKh" weisÍu" m%jdykh wdêh jvd;a ixlS¾K jk moaO;s h'
Wod-( ridhksl øjH iud.ï'

● ksYamdÈ; wf<úfhka miq wdmiq m%jdyh iys; moaO;s'

Wod-( .Eia is,skv
a r mqrjd fjf<odï lrk wdh;k'

m%jdyk yd iemhqï fiajd j, wjYH;djh'

253
 ● ksjerÈ ksYamdÈ;h" ksjerÈ m%udKfhka" ksjerÈ fj,djg" ksjerÈ ;ekg" ksjerÈ ñ,g"
ksjerÈ .=K;ajfhka hq;=j ksjerÈ m%dfNda.slhd fj; iemhSug'
● f;d. md,kh" ksYamdÈ; ie,iqïlrKh" wuqøjH ñ,g .ekSu" m%jdykh yd .nvdlrKh
úêu;aj isÿ lsÍug'
● ish¨u hka;% yd ish¨u jev uOHia;dkj,g wjYH wuqøjH" wjYH m%udKfhka" wjYH
.=K;ajfhka hq;=j" wjYH fj,djg ,efnkjdo hkak ;jjqre lr.ekSug'
● msßjeh wju lr.ekSug yd iemhqï oduh fkdkj;ajd mj;ajdf.k hdug'

m%jdyk yd iemhqï fiajdfõ m%fhdack'

● msßjeh iy ld,h b;sß ùu'

● mdßfNda.l
s úYajdih jeä ÈhqKq ùu'
● l<ukdlrK yelshd j¾Okh ùu'
● ;r.ldÍ;ajhg Yla;su;aj uqyqK Èh yels ùu'
● oeÍug isÿ jk wl%Sh msßjeh wju lr .; yelsùu'
● ksYamdÈ; j, .=K;ajh wdrlaYd lr .; yels ùu'
● wmøjH ksis f,i l<ukdlrKh lsÍu ksid mßirhg wys;lr n,mEï we;sùu wju ùu'

254
 11 fjf<|du
fj<|du

.ekqïlrefjl= yd úl=Kqï lrefjl= w;r lsih

s ï m%;sIaGdjlg ksIamdÈ; NdKav yd fiajd
j, whs;sh yqjudre ùfï l%shdj,sh fj<|du f,i w¾: oelaúh yel'

fj<|du foaYSh fj<odu fj<|du úfoaYSh fj,odu f;d. fj<|du is,a,r fj<odu wmkhk
fj<odu wdkhk fj<|du iq¿ mßudK is,a,r fj<|du uyd mßudK is,a,r

foaYSh fj<|du

hï rgl foaY iSudj ;=< isÿjk fj<|du' fuh m%fNao folls'

o f;d. fj,odu
o is,a,r fj<|du
úfoaY fj,odu

hï rgl fjk;a rgla fyda rgj,a iu. isÿlrk fj<|du' fuh m%fNao folls'

o wdkhk fj<|du
o wmkhk fj<odu
is,a,r fj<odu

wjidk mdßfNda.slhdg NdKav úlsŒu is,a,r fj<|du fjhs' tfia úl=kkakd is,a,r fjf<kaod
f,i ye¢kafõ'

uQ,sl ,laIK

o wjidk mdßfNdackh i|yd NdKav yd fiajd wf,ú lsÍu'

o úúO j¾.fha NdKav /ila w,úh i|yd bÈßm;a lrhs'
o fndfyda úg Kh moku u; NdKav wf,ú lsÍu'
o mdßfNda.l
s hd iuÕ kùk iïnkaO;djhla mj;ajdf.k hdu'
o mdßfNda.l
s hdg wjYH øjH wjYH m%udKfhka wjYH ia:dkfha§ ,nd .ekSug bvlv
i,id ;sîu'

is,a,r fjf<kaodf.ka bgqjk fiajdjka

ksIamdolhdg

o ;u ksIamdÈ; wf,ú lr §u
o mdßfNda.l
s hkaf.a woyia yd f;dr;=re ,nd §u
o ksIamdolhkaf.a Ndkav m%j¾Okh yd wf,úh jeä lr §u

255
f;d. fjf<kaodg

o f;d. fjf<kaod /ialr.;a NdKav wf,ú lr §u

o mdßfNda.l
s woyia ,nd §u
o f;d. fj<o lghq;= m%j¾Okh lr §u
mdßfNda.l
s hdg

o wjYH NdKav l=vd f;d. jYfhka iemhSu

o kj ksIamdÈ; ms<sn|j oekqj;a lsÍu
o wf,úfhka miq fiajdj m%jdykh Wmfoia iemhSu iúlr §u
o Kh mokug NdKav ,nd§u

is,a,r fj<|dfï m%fNao

ගතොරම්බල්කරු
සුළු පරිමොණ්‍ ගපොළින් ගපොළ යන්නො
කරත්තකරු හො බයිසිකල්කරු
ජංගම
වෑන් රථ හො ගල්‍ොරි රථ මගින් ගෙයින් ගෙ යන ගවළඳ නිගයෝජිතතයො
මහො පරිමොණ්‍
කොලීනව ංවිධ්‍ොනය කරන මහො පරිමොණ්‍ ගවළඳ ප්‍රද්‍ර්ශ්‍න
කඩ මැ ේ
සිල්ලර කඩ පිල්‍
වෙවෙන්දා
සුළු පරිමොණ්‍ කඩය/ගග්‍රො රිය/ මහජ්‍න ගපොළ/ ති ගපොල්‍/පහසු භ්‍ොණ්ඩ ගවළඳ ැල්
කුඩො ොප්පුව
ේවයංක්‍රීය ගවළඳ විකුණුම් යන්රය
ස්ථාෙර
නොනොංශ්‍ ගවළඳ ැල්
ආශ්‍යික ගවළඳ ැල්
බැඳී ගවළඳ ැල්
සුපිරි ගවළඳ ැල්
මහො පරිමොණ්‍ විගශ්‍ේෂිත ගවළඳ ැල්
කම්හල් අගල්‍වි ැල්
කැ ගල්‍ොග් අගල්‍වි ැල්
ආර්ික මධ්‍ය ේථොන
ගවළඳ ංකීර්ණ්‍

úoHq;a is,a,r fj<|du

.ekqïlre yd úl=Kqïlre fN!;slj iïnkaO fkdù isÿ isÿlrk fj<|duhs'

fj<|i,a rys; is,a,r fj<|du

NdKav ñ,§ .ekSug mdßfNda.l

s hd fjf<|i,a fj; fkdfydia ÿrl:k wka;¾cd, legf,d.a
Ndú;fhka NdKav wekjqï lr ,nd .ekSuhs'

1' úoHq;a is,a,r fj<|du u.ska w,úh ^ftlauka',ala fjí wvúh&

256
2' iDcq wf,úh ^úYd, hka;%" iQ;% .=jka hdkd&

3' legf,d.a u.ska úlsŒu ^Tß*af,aï ksIamdok wf,úh&

4' cx.u r: uÕska wf,úh ^mdka" fílß ksIamdokh" ud¿&

5' ;eme,a u.ska wf,úh ^fmd;am;a iÕrd&

6' rEmjdyskS kd,sld k,sl ^fg,sik

S a udláka&

7' ÿrl:k u.ska wf,úh ^fKõia wef,¾Üia&

8' f.hska f.g f.dia fj<|du ^t<j¿" m,d j¾.&

fj<|ie,a iys; is,a,r fj<÷ka

1' iqmsß fj<|ie,a

2' kdkdxY fj<|ie,a

3' wdxYsl fj<| ie,a

4' ne£ fj<|ie,a

5' úfYaI;
s fjf<|i,a

6' nÿ rys; fj<|ie,a

7' lïy,a fj<|ie,a

8' legf,d.a fj<|ie,a

9' myiq NdKav fj<|ie,

10' wê iqmsß fj<|ie,a

11' wkd.;fj<|ie,a

12' jÜgï fj<|ie,a

is,a,r fj<|ie,a j¾.

1' kdkdxY$Wmdx. $odu fj<|ie,a

tla ysñldÍ;ajhla hgf;a ksYaÑ; NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla wf,ú lsÍu i|yd ksYaÑ; m%foaYhl
mj;ajdf.k hk fj<|ie,a fõ' WodyrK- .=Kfiak fmd;a idmamq" chr;ak u,aYd,dj

2' wdxYsl$ nyq wxY$ fomd¾;fïka;= fj<|ie,a

257
tla ysñldß;ajhla hgf;a tlu f.dvke.s,a,l úúO wxYj,ska wxY fjkalrñka mdßfNda.slhkag
wjYH ish¨u ishÆu NdKav j¾. tlu ia:dkhlska ,nd .ekSug yels uyd mßudK fj<| ie,a
fõ'

frÈms<s" fi,a,ï nvq" mdjyka" iqj| ú,jqk"a l%Svd NdKav" fnfy;a øjH" u;ameka" .DyNdKav" úÿ,s
WmlrK hkd§ f,i tlu f.dvkeÕs,a,l fjku wxY jYfhka ixúOdkh ù ;sîu fuys we;s
úfYaI;ajhhs' ta wkqj .kqfokqlrejkag ta ta fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska fjk fjku NdKav wf,ú
lsÍfï fiajdj bgq lrhs' WodyrK- OVaE<a" we¾Mෛ CO SUMaE¾ CEKaGaE¾

3' nÿ rys; fj<|ie,a

foia úfoia ixpdrlhskag ;Srenÿ fkdue;sj NdKav yd fiajd ,nd .ekSug ia:dms; lr we;s fj<|
ie,a úfYaIhhs' .=jkaf;dgqm<j,a yd jrdhj,a wdY%s;jo foaYiSudj, o msysgd we;'

4' ne£ fj<|ie,a

lsih
s ï ksIamdolfhda Tyqf.a ksIamdok muKla wf,ú lsÍu i|yd .súiqï .; ù isák fj<|ie,a
fõ'

by< jÜgï ,eîu Kh moku u; NdKav ,eîu wjYH WmlrK ,eîu m%j¾Okhg iydh iydh
ùu hkd§ m%;s,dN ne£ fj<o ie,a ysñhdg ksIamdolhdf.ka ,nd.; yel' WodyrK- iskaf.¾"
Vswf,d.a we¾cwfv

5' iqmsß fj<|ie,a

by< mdßfNda.l
s myiqlï iys;j ish¨ wdydr mdk j¾. ikSmdrlaIl yd mú;%;d NdKav f.a
fodr WmlrK iajhx fiajd l%uhg wf,ú lrk uyd mßudK fj<| ie,a úfYaIhhs'

mdßfNda.l
s hdg fj<|ie, ;=< ießird ksIamdok ,nd .ekSug yels jk whqßka fj<|ie,
ks¾udKh ù ;sfí' WodyrK- Cw¾.s,a,aia f*daâ cbÜha" fÄ,aia f*daâ cbÜha we¾mscT

f;d. fj,odu
kej; úlsŒfï mrud¾:fhka ñ,§ .kakd .ekqïlrejka ksIamdÈ; wf,ú lsÍu yd kej; úlsŒfï
mrud¾:fhka ksIamdok ñ,§ .ekSu f;d. fj<|duhs' tfia ksIamdÈ; wf,úlrkakka f;d.
fjfjf<kaoka fõ'

,laIK

• úYd, f;d. jYfhka NdKav /ia lsÍu

• kej; úlsŒfï wruq‚ka NdKav ñ,g .ekSu

258
• is,a,r fj<÷ka g l=vd f;d. f,i wf,ú lsÍu

• iSñ; NdKav j¾. m%udKhla fj<|dï lsÍu

• fj<| jÜgï ,nd §u

• NdKav f;d. jYfhka .nvd lr m%jdykh lr §u

• Ndkav m%j¾Ok lghq;= isÿlsÍu

• fj<|fmd, ms<sn| m¾fhaIK lsÍu

f;d. fj,odu yd is,a,r fj<|du w;r oelsh yels m%Odk fjkialï'

f;d. fj,odu is,a,r fj<|du
kej; úlsŒfï fÉ;kdfjka ñ,§ ñ,§.kakka wjika mdßfNda.slhska fj; ksIamdÈ;
fj; wf,ú lrhs' wf,ú lrhs

tallhl ñ, wvqh tallhl ñ, jeäh

fndfydaúg jÜgï ysñfõ fndfydaúg jÜgï ysñ fkdfjhs

j¾. lsysmhla úYd, f;d. f,i /ia lrhs j¾. úYd, m%udKhla l=vd f;d. f,i
/ia lrhs

ia:dkh f,i m%jdyk myiqlï yd .nvd mdßfNda.h

s ka ks;ru .ejfik
bvlv myiqlï we;s ia:dkhla f;dard .kshs ckdlS¾K m%foaYhla f;dard .ekSï

úYd, f;d. /ia l< yels mßÈ yd f;d. o¾YŒh yd mdßfNda.sl myiqj
yeisrúh yels mßÈ fj<|ief,a wNHka;rh ie,fik mßÈ fj<| i,a,s wNHka;rh
ie,iqï lrhs ie,iqï lrhs

wjYH wdfhdackh idfmalaIj by<hs wjYH wdfhdackh idfmalaIj wvqhs

msßjegqu idfmalaIj by<hs msßjegqu idfmalaIj wvqhs

259
f;d. fjf<kaodf.ka bgqjk fiajdjka
ksIamdolhdg

o úYd, f;d. f,i ksIamdÈ; ñ,g .ekSu

o ksIamdolhdg wjYH wruqo,a Kh myiqlï jeks je,s iemhSu
o ksIamdÈ; m%j¾Okh lsÍu
o ksIamdokh yd mßfNdackh w;r ld, mr;rh wvq lsÍug iydh ùu
o ksIamdolhkag wjYH fj<|fmd< ms<sn|j f;dr;=re ,nd§u
is,a,r fjf<kaodg

o wjYH l=vd f;d. f,i ksIamdok ,nd §u

o ksIamdÈ; ms<sn| f;dr;=re yd Wmfoia iemhSu
o Kh myiqlï ,nd§u u.ska uQ,H myiqlï iemhSu
o m%jdyk wjYH;d bgqlr§u is,a,r fjf<| ie,g f.kú;a f.keú;a Ndr§u
o weiqreï lsÍu j¾. lsÍu f;aÍu ñ, igyka lsÍu u.ska hï myiqjla we;s lsÍu
mdßfNda.slhdg

o ñ, ia:dhs lr lr§u ñ, úp,kh wju lsÍu

o wLKavj wjYH NdKav wjYH m%udKfhka fj<|fmd,g bÈßm;a lsÍu
o NdKav ms<sn| f;dr;=re ksIamdolhdg ,nd§u u.ska NdKavfha .=K;ajh ÈhqKq lsÍug Woõ
lsÍu
f;d. fjf<kaod fnod yeÍfï l%shdj,sh ixlS¾K;ajh wvq lrhs'

w;rueÈhka fkdue;s jqjfyd;a fnod yeÍfï l%shdj,sh wl%uj;a fõ ksIamdolhdg tla

tlais,a,r fjf<kaod iuÕ iu. Rcq iïnkaO;d mj;ajd .ekSug isÿfõ kï fnodyeÍu fnfyúka
ixlS¾K fõ ksIamdolhd yd mdßfNda.slhd w;r w;rueÈhl= f,i f;d. fjf<kaod lghq;= lsÍu
;=<k
s a ixlS¾K;ajh wvqflf¾'

w;rueÈhd
ksIamdok fnodyeÍfï ud¾.fha ksIamdolhd yd mdßfNda.l
s hd w;r isák fnodyeÍfï l%shdj,shg
iïnkaO jk md¾Yj fõ'

tkï jHdmdr lghq;= i|yd Ndú;hg fyda mdßfNda.l s hkaf.a mdßfNdackhg fyda wjYH NdKav yd
fiajd iq,n lsÍfï N lsÍfï l%shdj,sfha fh§ isák mqoa.,hka fyda ixúOdk fõ'

• is,a,r fjf<kaod

• f;d. fjf<kaod

• ksfhdað;hd

260
is,a,r fjf<kaod
wjidk mdßfNda.slhka fj; ksIamdÈ; wf,ú lrkakd'

f;d. fjf<kaod
kej;o úlskf
S ï fÉ;kdfjka ksIamdÈ; ñ,g .kakka fj; wf,ú lrkakd f;d. fjf<kaod fõ'

ksfhdað;hd
lsih
s ï m%Odksfhl=f.a n,h msg hï ld¾hhl ksr; jkakka

tkï idudðlfhl= fjkqfjka fmkS isáñka lsishï m%;s,dNhla wfmalaIdfjka m%Odkshdf.a

ld¾hhka j, ksr; jkakd ksfhdað;hd f,i ye¢kafõ'

ksfhdað;hka Tjqka imhk fiajd wkqj my; oelafjk wdldrhg j¾. l< yelsh'

• fldñia ksfhdað;

m%Odkshdg jdisodhl jk f,i ;u wNsu;h mßÈ m%Odkshd fjkqfjka NdKav ñ,g .ekSula fyda
úlsŒula isÿ lrñka ta u; fldñia uqo,la ,nd .kakd ksfhdað;hd fõ'

• ;e/õlre

.kqfokqjg wod< .ekqïlre yd úl=Kqïlre iïuqL lrñka .kqfokqj isÿ ùug wjYH f;dr;=re
imhd iuyrúg f.dka úl=Kqïlref.ka o iuyrúg lïlrejkaf.ka f; o iuyrúg
fomd¾Yjhla f.kau f; o ;u fiajh fjkqfjka ;rï .dia;=jla ,nd.kakd ksfhdað;hd fõ'

• idOHlhd

m%Odkshd fjkqfjka fjkqfjka NdKav ñ,§ .ekSfï§ fyda úlsŒfï§ tu . § tu .kqfokq ;u

fm!oa.,sl kñka u isÿ lrkq ,nk ksfhdað;hd fõ'

• lemlre ksfhdað;hd

m%Odkshd fjkqfjka Khg NdKav úlsŒu isÿ lr tu lr tu Kh uqo, wod< md¾Yjhkaf.ka

tl;= lr §ug o lemùfuka lghq;= lrk ksfhdað;hd fõ idudkH fldñia uqo,a j,g wu;rj
lemlre fldñia uqo, o ysñ fõ'

• fjkafoaislre

úl=Kkq ,nk NdKav fjkqfjka újD;j yd jdÑlj by< .Kka bÈßm;a l< .ekqïlrejkag
m%Odkshdf.a NdKav wf,ú lrñka tu lghq;= iïnkaëlrKh lrkq ,nk md¾Yjh fjkafoais lre
fõ' fï i|yd Tyqg fjkafoais .dia;=jla ysñfõ'

261
ksIamdok fnodyeÍu i|yd w;rueÈhka fhdod .ekSfï fhdod.ekSfï jdis wjdis'
jdis

• b;d úYd, fj<| m<la myiqfjka wdjrKh l< yels ùu

• ksIamdÈ; w,úhg w;rueÈhkaf.a úfYaI l=i,;d fhdod.; yelsùu
• ksIamdÈ; fnodyeÍfï lghq;= fõ.j;a ùu
• NdKav y÷kajd §u myiq ùu
• fjf<|m< f;dr;=re myiqfjka ,nd .; yels ùu
wjdis

• fjf<|fmd< ;=< NdKav ñ, .Kka .kka wkjYH f,i by< hd yels ùu

• ksIamdolhdg fj<|fmd< md,khg we;s n,h wvq ùu
• fj<|fmdf,a wkjYH NdKav ysÕhla we;s úh yels ùu

úfoaY fj<|du
hï rgla fjk;a rgla fyda rgj,a iu. isÿlrk fj<|du fjhs fuys m%Odk fldgia folls
wmkhk fj<odu wdkhk fj<|du'

foaYSh fj<|du yd úfoaY fj<odu w;r fjki

foaYSh fj<odu úfoaY fj<odu

rgla ;=, isÿjk fj<|duhs rgla fjk;a rgla fyda rgj,a iu.
isÿlrk fj<|duhs
foaYSh jYfhka l%shd;aul jk kS;sÍ;s wod< wka;¾cd;sl tlÕ;d yd kS;sÍ;s wod< lr
lr .kS .kS

foaYSh uqo,a fhdod .kS wka;¾cd;sl uqo,a úfoaY úksuh úfoaY

úksuh fhdod .kS
fndfydaúg ;Sre nÿ wh fkdlrh fndfydaúg ;Sre nÿ j,g hg;a fj<|du
isÿ fõ

úfoaY fj<|dug mokï jk idOl

• iajNdúl iïm;a fn§ hdfï úIu;dj
• idfmalaI msßjeh jdis
• iuyr ksIamdÈ; iïnkaOj iuyr rg j, kS;suh taldêldrhla ;sîu
• Ndkav m%j¾Okh

262
 • fj<| ndOl wju ùu
• rg ;=< mj;sk w;sßla; ksIamdok i|yd fjf<|fmd< ilid .ekSu
• mqoa.,hkaf.af;dard .ekSfï bvlv iy leue;a; fjkia ùu
wmkhk

lsih
s ï rgla úfoaY rglg fyda rgj,g NdKav yd fiajd heùu wmkhk fj<|du h'

wdkhk

lsih
s ï rgla úfoaY rglska fyda rgj,a j,ska NdKav yd fiajd f.kaùu wdkhk fj<|duhs'

wka;rd, fj<|du

úfoaY rglska wdkhkh lrk ,o øjH rg ;=<g fkdf.k jrdh ;=< kej; ieliSfuka f;drj fyda
ilid kej; fjk;a rgl rglg fyda rgj,a j,g wmkhkh lsÍuhs' ;Sre nÿ wh fkdlrhs'

m%;s wmkhkh

lsih
s ï rglska wdkhkh lrk ,o øjH rg ;=<g f.kú;a fjkilg Ndckh lr fyda fkdlr
fjk;a rglg fyda rgj,g heùuhs' ;Sre nÿwh lrhs'

úfoaY fj<|dfuka rglg ,efnk m%;s,dN

• rg ;=< ksmoúh fkdyels ksIamdok mdßfNdackhg wjia:dj ,eîu
• ÈhqKq ;dlaIKhka rg ;=,g we§ tau
• rfgys w;sßla; ksIamdok i|yd fj<| m,la ìysùu
• wka;¾cd;sl in|;d j¾Okh ùu
• úfoaY úksuh bmhSug yd úfoaY j;alï jeä lr .ekSug yels ùu
• Y%u ixp,kh g bvlv ,eîu ;=<k
s a mqyqKq yd l=i,;d iys; Y%ñlhka ,nd .; yels ùu

wka;¾cd;sl fj<|du ksid rglg w;aúh yels wjdis

• foaYSh <ore l¾udka; úkdY ùu
• wmkhk wdodhug jvd wdkhk úhoï jeä ùfuka .eg¨ we;sùu WodyrK f.jqï fYaI
.eg¿ úfoaY j;alï wvqùu úkuh úkuh wkqmd;h laIh ùu'
• fjk;a rgj,a u; hemSug isÿùu
• jákd foaYSh iïm;a úfoia rgj,a j,g ysñùu yd tu fldkafoais j,g hg;a ùug isÿ ùu
• fjk;a rgj, w¾nqo foaYSh wd¾Ólhg o n,mEu WodyrK f.da,Sh uQ,H w¾nqohg ,la ùu
• wmkhk wd§ wê úfYaISlrKh ùu
• tla tla NdKavhla flf¾ wê úfYaIh lrKh ùu ksid tla NdKavhl wmkhk wdodhu
u; fj<|du /£ mej;Su

263
ksoyia wka;¾ cd;sl fj<|du
lsiÿ
s ndOdjlska f;drj úúO md¾Yajhkag ksoyia NdKav wmkhkh iy wdkhkh lsÍug
wjldYhla mej;Suhs' ^;Sre nÿ yd ;Sre nÿ fkdjk ndOdj,ska f;dr&

wdrlaIKjdoh
ksoyia wka;¾cd;sl fj<|du ;=<k
s a foaYSh l¾udka; wvmK wvmK ùug úu je,elaùug
rch úiska mkjkq ,nk ;Sre nÿ yd ;Sre nÿ fkdjk ndOd fõ'

wka;¾ cd;sl fj<|du rch ueÈy;a ùug n,mdk fya;=

• wdkhk úhoï iSud lsÍu

• foaYSh õhdmdr wdrlaId lr .ekSu
• wmkhk Èßu;a lsÍu
• iajhxfmdaIs; wd¾Ól laruhla f.dv kexùu
• rchg wdodhula ,nd.ekSu
• marmd;kh je,elaùu
cd;ahka;r fj<|dug we;s ndOd

iajNdúl ndOd

• ixialD;suh fjkialï
• kS;suh yd õhjia:dkql+, fjkialï
• NdIduh fjkialï
iajNdúl fkdjk ndOd(

• ;Sre nÿ mekùu
• wd¾Ól iïndOl mekùu
• wdkhk mx.=$fldagd kshu lsÍu
• úksuh md,kh
• f¾.= kS;s Í;s
• marmd;kh
cd;ahka;r ndOd msgq oelSug lghq;= lrk cd;ahka;r wdh;k

• f,dal fj<| ixúOdkh ^WGaO&

• cd;ahka;r uQ,ah wruqo, ^ftMF&
• f,dal nexl=j
wmkhk fj<|du YaÍ ,xldjg jeo.;a ùug fya;=

• wka;¾cd;sl iyfhda.S;djh j¾Okh lr .ekSu'

264
 • úfoaY j;alï w;am;a lr .ekSu'
• f.jqï fYaI ysÕh wju lr .ekSu'
• kj /lshd wjia:d ìys lsÍu'
• úfoaY úksuh Wmhd .ekSu'
wmkhk Èßu;a lsÍu i|yd rch úiska f.k we;s laßhdud¾.

• uQ,ah myiqlï ,nd §u'

• nkaê; .=oï myiqlï ,nd§u'
• ;Srenÿ mar;sodk ,nd §u'
• ;Sre nÿ we;=¿ ;j;a nÿ ksoyia lsÍu'
• úksuh md,k kS;s Í;s ,sys,a lsÍu'
• wmkhk Kh rlaIK myiqlï iemhSu'
• há;, myiqlï ÈhqKq lsÍu'
• úfoaY fj<|m, wjia:d uqK .iajd ,Su'
• wmkhk ixj¾Ok uKav,fha Èß.ekaùï'
• oaú md¾Yaúl yd nyq md¾Yaúl fj<| .súiqï we;s lr .ekSu'
úfoaY fj<|dug marfõY úh yels marOdk ud¾.

1& iDcq laruh

2& ksfhdað;hl= u.ska bkafvkaÜ laruh

wmkhk laßhdmámdáh
1& wmkhk lrefjl= f,i ,shdmÈxÑ ùu'

2& úfoaY .ekqïlrejka ms<sn|j f;dr;=re ,ndf.k iqÿiq .eKqïlrefjl= f;dard .ekSu'

3& wjYah jkafka kï wmkhk n,m;ar ,nd .ekSu'

4& wdkhklre f.ka ,enqKq ñ, úuiqug mar;spdrhla jYfhka ñ, lshqu$kduud;ar bkafjdhsih

s
heùu'

5& bkafvkagqj ,nd .ekSu'

6&NdKav f;d.h keõ.; lsÍu i|yd wjYah bvlv fjka lr .ekSu'

7& wmkhk i|yd NdKav iQodkï lsÍu$keõ.; lsÍug iqÿiq jk wdldrhg NdKav weiqreï lsÍu'

8 wjYah ,shlshú,s ilia lr lr .ekSu fyda ,nd .ekSu' ^marNjia:dk iy;slh ;;a;aj iy;sl
hkdÈh&

265
9& wmkhk NdKav rlaIKh lsÍu'

10& ;Srenÿ iyk ,nd.; yels jkafka kï thg wod< lghq;= lsÍu'

11& NdKav keõ.; lr fk!Ndrm; ,nd .ekSu'

12& uqo,a ,nd .ekSug wod< lghq;= lsÍu$ bkafjdhsis yd uqo,a ,nd ,nd .ekSug wod, ,shú,s
ms<sfh, lsÍu iy uqo,a ,nd.ekSu'

wdkhk laßhdmámdáh
1& úfoaY iemhqïlrejka ms<sn| úia;r ,ndf.k iqÿiq iemhqïlrejl= f;dard .ekSu'

2& ñ, úuiqula heùu$ ñ, úuiqï ,smsh heùu'

3& ñ, lshqula ,eîu miqj NdKav wdkhkh lsÍu ms<sn| iqÿiq ;SrKhlg t<öu'

4& wdkhk n,m;ar ,nd.; hq;= NdKav iïnkaOfhka kï wdkhk n,m;ar ,nd .ekSu yd úfoaY
úksuh fjkalrjd .ekSu'

5& bkafvkagqj úfoaY wmkhklre fj; heùu'

6& wmkhklrejkag f.ùu ms<sn| lghq;= lsÍu" Khjr ,smsh újD; lsÍu'

7& wdkhk NdKav jrdhg meñ‚ miq tajd ksoyia lr .ekSu'

úfoaY fjf<|dfï fh§ug ,shdmÈxÑ úh hq;= wdh;k

• wmkhk ixj¾Ok uKav,h
• foaYSh wdodhï fomd¾;fïka;=j
• f¾.= fomd¾;fïka;=j
wmkhk lrefjl=g úfoaY .ekqïlrejka ms<sn| f;dr;=re ,nd.; yels ud¾.

• fjí wvú
• fj<| iÕrd
• fjf<| kdudj,s
• jd‚c fomd¾;fïka;=j
• fj<| úuiSï
• foaYSh yd úfoaYSh fjf<| i,ams,a iy maro¾Yk
• wmkhk ixj¾Ok uKav,h
• fj<| uKav,
• wmkhk Kh rlaIK ixia:dj
• úfoaY ;dkdm;s ld¾hd,

266
NdKav f;d.hla keõ.; lsÍug fmr wmkhklre úiska bgq l< hq;= marOdk f¾.= lghq;=

• wmkhk n,m;ar bÈßm;a lsÍu'

• wmkhk igykalrh bÈßm;a lsÍu'
• nr marudKh ms<sn| iy;sl yd marñ;s iy;sl bÈßm;a lsÍu'
• wmkhk ;Sre .dia;= f.ùu'

wmkhk fj<|dfï § Ndú; jk ñ, lshqï j¾.

• f,daflda (Loco)
fuys ñ, i|yka jkqfha wmkhklre f.a rfÜ l¾udka;Yd,dfõ ñ,hs bÈß ish¨ úhoï
wdkhklre oeßh hq;=h'

• keõ ;gdlh f;la fkdñf,a (Free on Dock/FOD)

wmkhklre úiska wmkhklref. jrdh f;la oeßh hq;= úhoï muKla we;=<;a ñ,
lshquhs'

• kej f;la fkdñf,a (Free on Board/FOB)

wmkhklre úiska NdKav kejg mgjk f;la ish¨ úhoï we;=<;a lr we;s ñ,
lshquhs'
- NdKavj, ñ,
- marjdyk .dia;=
- jrdh .dia;=
- megùfï .dia;=
• s (C & F)
ñ, iy .e,a l=,h
wmkhklrejka úiska ksIamdÈ;fha ñ, megùfï .dia;= keõ .dia;= we;=<;a lr
we;s ñ, lsÍuhs'
• ñ," rlaIK yd .e,al=,sh (CIF)
wmkhklre úiska ksIamdÈ; ta ñ, megùfï .dia;=" keõ .dia;= iy rlaIK .dia;=
we;=,;a lr we;s ñ, lshquhs'
• *a?kaflda$frkavq$fkdñf,a
wdkhklre f.a .nvdj f;la oeßh hq;= ish¨ úhoï hq;= we;=<;a lr we;s ñ,
lshquhs'

úfoaY fj<|dfï § uqo,a f.ùu i|yd fhdod .kakd laru

• Khjr ,sms
• úfoaY nexl= wKlr
• úfoaY fplam;a

267
 • Khm;a yd yrm;a

kduud;ar bkafjdhsish
wmkhklrefjl= úiska ;ud wmkhk lrkq ,nk NdKav j, ñ, .Kka .Kka$úia;r$;ud
wfmalaId lrk uqo,a j¾.h hkdÈh i|yka lrñka wdkhk lreg hjk ,shú,a,hs'

wdkhklrefjl=g ie,fik marfhdack(

• Khjr ,sms myiqlï ,nd .ekSu i|yd wdkhk lreg nexl=j fj; bÈßm;a lsÍug
yelsùu'
• fj<| .kqfokq i|yd wjYah .súiqï iïmdokh lr.ekSug bjy,a ùu'
• wdkhklre NdKav ñ,g .kafka kï f.ùug isÿjk ñ, l,a;shd oek .ekSug yels ùu'
• wod, wjia:d j,È wdkhk n,m;ar iy úfoaY úksuh fjkalr fjka lr .ekSug fhdod
.; yels ùu'
• wjYah jQ úg ;Sre nÿ .Kkh lsÍu i|yd f¾.=jg bÈßm;a lsÍug yelsùu'
• iemhqï fldkafoais oek .ekSug yels ùu'
fk!Ndrm;

kejg NdKav Ndr .;a njg;a" tu NdKav wod< rfÜ jrdhg f.k f.dia ndr fok njg
iy;sl fjñka keõ iud.u fyda keõm;s úiska ksl=;a lrk ,shú,a,ls'

kejg mgjk ,o NdKav fyd| ;;ajfha mj;sk úg ksl=;a lrk fk!Ndrm; mdßY=oaO fk!Ndrm;
fõ' kejg mgjk hï NdKav fyda uq¿ f;d.h" leãï ì£ï fyda m¿ÿ ùï iys; fõ hehs i|yka
lrñka ksl=;a lrk ,shú,a, ¥Iah fk!Ndrm; fõ'

fk!Ndrm;l wvx.= lreKq

• kefõ ku" keõ iud.fï ku iy ,smskh

• wmkhklref.a ku iy ,smskh
• wdkhklre f.a ku iy ,smskh
• kejg nvq megjQ jrdh iy tajd f.dvndk jrdh
• fk!Ndrfha úia;r ^weiqreï j, ,laIK" marudKh yd jákdlu hkdÈh&
• keõ .dia;= marudKh
• keõm;sf.a w;aik yd Èkh

ydks rlaIK iy;slh

NdKav jrdfhka ksYaldIK$ksoyia lr.ekSug wjYah ,shú,s wdkhklreg ,eî fkdue;s
wjia:djl" Tyq fj; we;s fjk;a ,shú,s idlaIs f,i bÈßm;a lrñka ;u nexl=lre iu.

268
iduQyslj w;aika fldg jrdh fyda f¾.=j yryd keõ iud.u fj; NdKav ksoyia lr .ekSu
i|yd bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk ,shú,a,hs'

ydks rlaIK ,smsh

¥Iah fk!Ndrhla fjkqfjka mdßY=oaO fk!Ndm;la ,nd .ekSu i|yd wmkhklre keõm;s fj;
ksl=;a lrk ,shú,a,hs' fuys§ keõ iud.ug hï mdvqjla isÿ jqjfyd;a tys j.lSu wmkhklre
oeÍug fmdfrdkaÿ fõ'

nkaê; .=oï

;Sre nÿ f.jd NdKav bj;a lr .kakd f;la NdKav jrdh ;=< ;ekam;a lrkq ,nk .nvd
nkaê; .=oï f,i y÷kajhs'

.=oï n,m;arh

.=oul NdKav ;ekam;a l< úg" ta nj i|yka lrñka .=oï wêldßka úiska wdkhklreg
,ndfok ,shú,a,hs'

Khjr ,smsh

wdkhklref.a jd‚c nexl=j úiska wdkhklre fjkqfjka uqo,a f.jk njg fmdfrdkaÿ fjñka
wmkhklref.a jd‚c nexl=jg ksl=;a lrk ,shú,a,hs'

NdKav keõ.; lsÍug wod, ish¿u fldkafoais Khjr ,smsfha we;=<;a fõ' wmkhklre tys
i|yka fldkafoais imqrd we;akï Khjr ,smsfha i|yka uqo, wdkhklre f.a nexl=j Tyqg f.jhs'

Khjr ,smshla u; uqo,a ,nd.kakd wmkhklrefjla nexl=j fj; NdrÈh hq;= ,shú,s

o fk!Ndrm;
o wmkhk bkafjdhsih
s
o rlaIK iy;slh
marNjia:dk iy;slh

NdKav wod< rg ;=< ksmojQ njg iy;sl fjñka ms<s.;a fj<| uKav,hla fyda rdÊh
wdh;khla ksl=;a lrk ,shú,a,la fõ'

wmkhk ùid n,m;arh

hqfrdamd ix.uhg weÕ¨ï wmkhkh lsÍfï§ tajd YaÍ ,xldfõ§u ksmojQ njg iy;sl lrñka
ksl=;a lrk ,shú,a,hs'

269
iksmdrlaIl iy;slh

wmkhkh lrkq ,nk t<j¿ iy m,;=re mßfNdackhg fhda.ah nj iy;sl lrñka lDIsl¾u
fomd¾;fïka;=fõ me,Eá ksfrdaOdhk uèhia:dkh u.ska ksl=;a lrk iy;slhhs'

mQ¾j wmkhk ;;a;aj iy;slh

wmkhkh lrkq ,nk ksIamdÈ; kshñ; marñ;shg mj;sk njg ;yjqre lrñka YaÍ ,xld
marñ;s wdh;kh ksl=;a lrk ,shú,a,hs'

;dkdm;s bkafjdhsih
s

wmkhklre úiska bÈßm;a lrkq ,enQ ñ, .Kka ksjerÈ njg ;yjqre lrñka wdkhklref.a
rg fjkqfjka wmkhklref.a rfÜ isák ;dkdm;s fyda Tyqf.a ksfhdað;fhl= ksl=;a lrk
,shú,a,hs'

fi!Äh iy;slh

wmkhkh lrkq ,nk uia yd ud¿ mßfNdackhg iqÿiq ;;a;ajfha mj;sk njg ;yjqre lrñka
fi!Äh fomd¾;fïka;=j ksl=;a lrk iy;slhhs'

*shqïf.aIka iy;slh

u,a me<Eá" ;," lcq kE jeks Odkah j¾. wmkhkh lsÍfï§ fhda.ah njg ;yjqre lrñka
lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=j ksl=;a lrk iy;slh'

jd‚c bkafjdhsish

wmkhkh lrkq ,nk NdKav ms<sn| úia;r we;=<;a lr wmkhklre úiska wdkhklre fj;
hjk ,shú,a,ls'

*fuys ñ, yd iemhqï fldkafoais i|yka fõ'

fõÈld l=ú;dkaih
s $jdmamarldr l=úka;dish

wod, NdKav f¾.= fomd¾;fïka;=jg Ndr.;a njg i|yka lrñka wmkhklre fj; ksl=;a
lrk ,shú,a,hs'

rlaIK iy;slh

wmkhkh lrkq ,nk NdKav fjkqfjka isÿúh yels ydks wdjrKh lsÍug ,nd .kakd
rlaIKdjrKhhs'

270
nr fyda marudKh ms<sn| iy;slh

wmkhkh lrkq ,nk NdKav j, È." m<," Wi" nr hkdÈh olajñka ms<s.;a jd‚c uKav,hla
u.ska ksl=;a lrk iy;slhhs' fuh lsreï ñkqï iy;slh f,i o y÷kajhs'

bkafvkagqj

wdkhk lrefjl= úiska ;udg wjYah NdKav j¾. j, úia;r i|yka lrñka wmkhklrefjl=
fj; hjkq ,nk ,shú,a,hs'

wdkhk n,m;ar

wod, NdKav wdkhkh lsÍu i|yd wdkhk yd wmkhk md,k fomd¾;fïka;=j uÕska
wdkhlreg ,nd fok ,shú,a,hs'

úksuh n,m;arh

wdkhkh lsßu i|yd wdkhklrejka úiska úfoaY úksuh fjka lr.; hq;=h' fï i|yd YaÍ
,xld uy nexl=fõ úfoaY úksuh fomd¾;fïka;=fjka wjir ,nd.; hq;=h

wdkhk igykalrh

wdkhk lrefjl= úiska wdkhkh lrk ,o ksIamdok j, úia;r i|yka lrñka f¾.=
fomd¾;fïka;=jg bÈßm;a lrk ,shú,a,hs' fuh fk!Ndrm;" bkafjdhsish wdYarfhka ms<sfh<
lrhs'

keõ jd¾;dj

kej jrdhg iïmardma; ù meh 24la we;=<; kefõ ish¨ úia;r i|yka lrñka keõm;s úiska
f¾.= fomd¾;fïka;=jg bÈßm;a l< hq;= ,shú,a,hs'

wjf,dalkm;$oel=ïì,

wdkhk igykalrh ms<sfh, lsÍu i|yd wod, ,shú,s ^bkafjdhsia" fk!Ndrm;a& fkd,eî we;s
wjia:djl wdkhkh igykalrh ms<sfh, lr.ekSug tlalr .ekSug wdkhksl NdKav mßlaId
lsÍug wjir b,a,ñka ilia lrk ,shú,a,ls'

lemn, ,smsh

úksuh ì,la l,a msÍug fmr jÜgï lr uqo,a lr .ekSug wmkhklrejl=g w;miq jQ úg
wmkhkh l< nvq f;d.fha whs;sh nexl=j fj; mejÍug fhdod.kak ,shú,a,hs'

wmkhkh lrkq ,nk NdKav i|yd wjYah iy;sl ,nd.; ,nd.; yels wdh;k

271
• marNjia:dk iy;slh

- ms<s.;a fj<| uKav,

- YaÍ ,xld jd‚c uKav,h
- cd;sl jd‚c uKav,h
- jd‚c fomd¾;fïka;=j
- YaÍ ,xld wdfhdack uKav,h
• ;dkdm;s bkafjdhsih
s

wdkhklref.a rg fjkqfjka furg isák ;dkdm;s ld¾hd,h'

• iksmdrlaIl iy;slh" *shqïf.aIka iy;slh

lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=j hgf;a we;s me<Eá ksfrdaodhk fomd¾;fïka;=j'

• fi!Äh iy;slh

- i;aj ksIamdok yd fi!Äh fomd¾;fïka;=j

- w¨;a ud¿" wêYS; l, ud¿" úh<s u;aih
a " Ôú u;aih
a i|yd fuu iy;sl ksl=;a lrkqfha
ëjr yd c,c iïm;a ixj¾Ok wud;ahdxYfha ëjr yd c,c iïm;a wèhlaIljrhd úisks'
• ;;a;aj iy;sl" marñ;s iy;slh

YaÍ ,xld marñ;s wdh;kh

• nr$marudKh ms<sn| iy;slh

fj<| uKav,hla fyda fjk;a n,h,;a wdh;khla

• wmkhk ùid n,m;arh

YaÍ ,xld wdfhdack uKav,h fyda l¾udka; wud;ahdxYh

wmkhk ÈYdj
lsih
s ï rgla ;ud wmkhk j,ska jeäu marudKhla isÿ lrmq rg fyda l,dmh'

2018- weußldj" hqfrdamd l,dmh

wdkhk ÈYdj
lsih
s ï rgla ;u wdkhk j,ska jeäu marudKhla isÿlrkq rg fyda l,dmh'

2018 - Ökh" bkaÈhdj

272
fj<| fYaIh
ksYaÑ; ld, mßÉfþohla ;=< rgl wmkhk NdKav j, jákdlu yd wdkhk NdKavj,
jákdlu w;r fjki'

f.jqï fYaIh
ksYaÑ; ld, mßÉfþohla ;=< rgl iuia; wmkhk yd wdkhkh w;r fjki'

rgl fjf<| wkqmd;h

wmkhkh lrkq ,nk NdKav tallhla fjkqfjka wdkhk NdKav tall fldmuK marudKhla
,nd .; yelso hkakhs fyda wmkhk tallhl wdkhkh larhYla;shhs'

wdkhk yd wmkhk w;r ;=,s;;djhla mj;ajdf.k hdfï rglg jeo.;alu

- úfoaY j;alï /l .; yels ùu'

- úfoaYSh uQ,ah wdh;kj, fldkafoais j,g hg;a ùug isÿ fkdùu'
- hym;a f.jqï fYaIhla mj;ajd .; yels ùu'
- úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;h ia:djrj mj;ajd .; yels ùu'
- úfoaY rg j, Kh ùug isÿ fkdùu'
wka;¾cd;sl fjf<| lghq;=j,§ lghq;= j, § uqyqK mEug isÿúh yels úksuh wjodkï wvq lr
.ekSu i|yd .; yels laßhdud¾.

- wkd.; úfoaY úksuh .súiqï j,g t<öu'

- wmkhk Kh rlaIK wdjrKhla ,nd .ekSu'
- l,ska úfoaY úksuh ,ndf.k nexl=jl ;ekam;a lsÍu'

úfoaY fj<odfï oelsh yels kj marjK;d

- úoahq;a jd‚Êh iy úoahq;a fj<|du'
- úoahq;a f.ùï laru j¾Okh'
- rgj,a w;r oaúmd¾Yaúl yd nyq md¾Yaúl .súiqï we;s ùu'
- ksoyia fj<|du marj¾Okh'

f.da,Sh fj<|du marj¾Okh Wfoid úúO wdh;k ìysùu'

Y%S ,xld wmkhk ixj¾Ok uKav,h

wmkhkh i|yd Y%S ,dxlsl ksIamdok yd fiajdjka m%j¾Okh yd ixj¾Okh lsÍfï wruq‚ka 1979
wxl 40 orK mk; hgf;a msysgqjd we;s rdcH wdh;khls'

273
fiajdjka

1' wmkhklrejka i|yd wjYH úfoaY fjf<|fmd< f;dr;=re iemhSu

2' kj fj<| fmd<j,a wmkhklrejkag fidhd§u

3' wmkhklrejka úfoaY iïuka;%K yd fj<| i,ams,a j,g iyNd.S lrùu

4' wmkhk NdKav j, .=Kd;aul Ndjh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍug wjYH ;dlaIK wdOdr ,nd§u

5' wka;¾cd, myiqlï ,nd §u

6' wmkhklrejkag uQ,H uQ,H wdOdr §u

úfoaY fj<|du m%j¾Okh i|yd jd‚c fomd¾;fïka;=j (Department of Commerce/ DOC)

1' úfoaY fj<|dfï m%;sm;a;s iïnkaO rchg Wmfoia iemhSu

2' úfoaY fj<|m, fj<|m< ms<sn| f;dr;=re iemhSu

3' oaù md¾Yúl yd nyqmd¾Yúl fj<| .súiqï l%shd;aul lsÍu

4' úfoaY fj<| i,ams,a yd m%o¾Yk j,g wmkhklrejka iyNd.S lrùu

5'wmkhk lrejka.lrejkaf.a meñ‚,s mÍlaId lsÍu yd fj<| wdrjq,a úi£ug lghq;= lsÍu

6' jrŒh ;Sre nÿ iyk ,nd .ekSu i|yd m%Njia:dk iy;sl ksl=;a lsÍu

,xld wmkhk Kh rlaIK ixia:dj (Sri Lanka Export Credit Insurance Corporation /
SLECIC)

wmkhk Èß.ekaùu uq,alrf.k uq,alrf.k 1978 wxl 15 orK ork Y%S ,xld wmkhk Kh
rlaIK ixia:d mk; hgf;a fuu wdh;kh msysgqjk ,§ '

wmkhklrejkag wmkhk uqo,a fkd,eîu fyda uqo,a ,eîï m%udo ùu iïnkaOfhka isÿjk
w,dN fyda mdvq i|yd rlaIKdjrK imhhs'

odhl jk wdldrh

1' NdKav yd fiajd wmkhkh kshe,S jHdmdßlhkag ,eìh hq;= f.ùï fkd,eîu fyda m%udo ùï
iïnkaOfhka isÿjk w,dN wdjrKh i|yd rlaIK Tmamq ksl=;a lsÍu

kso( wmkhk f.ùï rlaIK wem Tmamq

274
2' wmkhk fjf<|dfï§ wjYH Kh myiqlï ,nd .ekSu i|yd wem iy;sl ksl=;a lsÍu

3' wmkhk ixj¾Okh lsÍu i|yd wmkhklrejkag wdOdr iemhSu

4' wmkhklrejkag nexl= yd fjk;a uQ,H wdh;k imhk Kh m%;s uQ,Hkh lsÍu

5' wmkhk ixj¾Okh i|yd wf,ú m¾fhaIK" iïuka;%K ixúOdkh lsÍu

wdkhk yd wmkhk md,k fomd¾;fïka;=j (Department of Imports and Exports Control Sri
Lanka)

1' md,khg hg;a l< NdKav i|yd wdkhk wmkhk n,m;% ksl=;a lsÍu

2'wdkhk yd wmkhk n,m;% .dia;= tl;= lsÍu

3'wdkhk yd wmkhk md,k fr.=,dis W,a,x>kh lsÍïj,g wod< wod< lreKq ms<sn|j f¾.=
wOHlaIl jrhdg iy úksuh md,l md,ljrhdg Wmfoia §u iy iydh ùu

f¾.= fomd¾;fïka;=j (Sri Lanka Customs )

1' wdkhk wmkhk iïnkaOfhka ;Srenÿ yd f¾.= .dia;= wh lsÍu

2'kS;s úfrdaë wdkhk yd wmkhk iïnkaOfhka lghq;= lsÍu

3'wdkhkh yd wmkhkh ;ykï lr we;s NdKav iïnkaOfhka kS;sh l%shd;aul lsÍu

4'fj<| ixLHdf,aLk iïmdokh lsÍu yd ksl=;a lsÍu ^f¾.= jd¾;dj &

f,dal fj<| uOHia:dkh (World Trade Center Colombo Sri Lanka )

foaYSh wmkhk lrejka yd úfoaYSh .ekqïlrejka yuqúh yels myiq ia:dkhla yd

wmkhkdNsuqL NdKav m%o¾Ykhla f,i 1991 j¾Ifha isg Y%S ,xldfõ l%shd;aul jk uOHia:dkhhs'

f,dalfha ish¨ fj<| uOHia:dk taldnoaO lrñka msysgqjd we;s ix.ufhka ix.ufha
idudðl;ajh Y%S ,xld Y%S ,xld f,dal fj<| uOHia:dkh fkao ,ndf.k we;

275
wruqKq

1' f,dal fj<| m<g wmkhklrejka iïnkaO lr,Su

2' úfoaY fj<|du jodu j¾Okh ioyd úfoaY rdcHhka yd m%Odk fmf<a jHdmdßlhkaf.ka
iukaú; jk o iïuka;%K meje;aùu

3' Y%S ,xldfõ wm wm keK ieliqu wmkhk ieliqï l,dm j,g myiqlï iemhSu

4'úfoaY wdfhdack furgg ,nd .ekSug iydh ùu

5' úfoaY fj<|dug iïnkaO Y%S ,dxlsl iud.ï i|yd WmfoaYl fiajd iemhSu

6' Y%S ,dxlsl jHdmdßlhkag f,dal fj<| lafIa;arfha m%uqLhka yuqùug wjia:dj ie,iSu

7'wmkhk NdKav y÷kajd§fï y÷kajd §fï jHdmD;s j,g iïnkaO ùug Y%S ,dxlslhkag wjia:dj
,nd §u

f,dal fj<| uOHia:dkh ;=<ska wmkhklrejkag ,nd.; yels myiqlï

1' kùk iïuka;%K Yd,d yd ;dlaI‚l myiqlï^wka;¾cd, iy fjk;a ;dlaI‚l myiqlï&

2' úfoaY fj<|m<j,a ms<sn|j f;dr;=re iemhSu

3' f,alï fiajd myiqlï iemhSu

4' idmamq uOHia:dk myiqlï iemhSu

wdkhk wmkhk fj<|dfï § uqyqK mEug isÿjk wjodkï wju lr,Su i|yd WmldÍ jk
wdh;k yd tu wdh;k bgqlrk ld¾hh

1'Y%S ,xld wmkhk Kh rlaIK ixia:dj

- wmkhk Kh rlaIKh
- wem iy;sl ksl=;a lsÍu
2' Y%S ,xld wmkhk ixj¾Ok uKav,h

- úYajdijka; .kqfokqlrejka fidhd §u

- uQ,H myiqlï iemhSu
3' rlaIK iud.ï

- NdKav rlaIKh lsÍu

276
4' jd‚c nexl=

- bÈß úksuh myiqlï ,nd§u

- Khjr ,sms myiqlï ,nd§u

fj<| l,dm
rgj,a lsysmhla úiska nÿ" ;Sre .dia;= iy fj<|du ms<sn|j .súiqulg t<ô ksoyia fjf<|
m%foaYhla fjf<| l,dmhla ^G%fv òf,dcla & f,i y÷kajhs '

fj<| l,dm ksoyia fj<| m%foaY ^ f*a% g%fv wf¾ia&" fj<| yjq,a" fjf<| ix.ï hk kï
j,skao y÷kajhs'

ksoiqk(a hqfrdamSh ix.uh ^EU&" wdishdka ix.uh ^weSEweKa&" rgj,a wfÜ lKavdhu

hqfrdamSh ix.uh
European Union (EU)
hqfrdamfha msysá rgj,a 26lska fuh iukaú; ù we;' 1957 § hqfrdamSh rgj,a yhla úiska
w;aika ;nk ,o frdau .súiqu ^G%ග ේ Üha T*a ¾Tfï u.ska msysgj
q k ,o hqfrdamSh wd¾Ól m%cdj
^EWfrdfmaka EcTfkdñc CTïuqkÜ
s ha& fuys uQ,drïNhhs'

fuys idudðl rgj,a fmdÿ fjf<| m%;sm;a;shla" lDIs yd ëjr m%;sm;a;shla" m%dfoaYSh
ixj¾Ok m%;sm;a;shla mj;ajdf.k hk w;r " 1990 kjfha§ EU úiska hQfrda ^EWfrdakñka fmdÿ
uqo,a tallhla y÷kajd § we;'

EU idudðl rgj,a

277
 w.aksÈ. wdishdkq cd;Skf
a .a ixúOdkh ^wdishka ix.uh &
Association of South East Asian Nations
wE; fmrÈ. wdishdfõ rgj,a oyhl foaYmd,ksl yd wd¾Ól iyfhda.s;d ix.uh ls ' 1961
§ ms,smSkh" uef,aishdj" ;dhs,ka;h hk rgj,a ;=k tlaj msysgjQ wE; fmrÈ. wdishd ix.uh
^weiafidcbwáTka fg%dka T*a STW;a EwiaÜ weiswd fuys uQ,drïNhhs' by; rgj,a ;=k 1967§
bkaÿkSih
s dj yd isx.mamQrej iu. tl;=ù weSEweKa ixúOdkh msysgqjk ,§'

rgj,a wfÜ lKavdhu

Group of Eight (G8)
f,dalfha m%Odk fmf<a rgj,a wgla úiska msysgqjd .;a msysgqjd .;a cd;Hka;r ix.uhls' 1973
§ we;s jQ f;,a w¾nqoh" f.da,Sh wd¾Ól m%md;h;a fuu ixi|h ìysùug n,mE w;r" 1974§
weußld tlai;a ckmoh" ngysr c¾uksh" cmdkh iy m%xYh hk rgj,a ñ, fkdjk lKavdhula
jYfhka tla ùu fuys uQ,drïNhhs' 1997§ reishdj ks, jYfhka >a7 iuq¿jg iïnkaO iïnkaO
ùu;a iu. fuh G8 f,i kï flß‚ a

G8 idudðl rgj,a

fj<| .súiqï
rgj,a folla fyda lsysmhla w;r hï ld,mßÉfþohla ;=< fjf<| øjH yqjudre lr
.ekSu i|yd we;slr.kakd tl.;dj fjf<| .súiqï f,i ye¢kafõ' rgj,a folla w;r we;sjk

278
.súiqï ù md¾Yùh .súiqï f,i;a " rgj,a lsysmhla w;r we;sjk .súiqï nyqmd¾Yùh .súiqï
f,i;a ye¢kafõ'

ksoiqk(a

●W;=re weußldkq ksoyia fj<| .súiqu (NAFTA)

●ol=Kq wdishdkq ksoyia fjf<| l,dmh (SAFTA)
●wdishd meismsla fj<| .súiqu (APTA)

W;=re weußldkq ksoyia fjf<| .súiqu

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

weußld tlai;a ckmoh "lekvdj yd fulaisfldaj hk rgj,a ;=k idudðl;ajh ork
fuu .súiqu wdrïN jQfha wdrïNjQfha wdrïN jQfha 1994 ckjdß m<fjksod isghs' fuu rgj,a ;=k
w;r fj<| ndOd bj;a lsÍu ";Sre nÿ bj;a lsÍu " Y%uh yqjudre lr.ekSu iïnkaO fldkafoais
.súiqfuys we;=<;a fõ ' fuu .súiqfï we;s úfYaI ,laIKh jkafka by; rgj,a ;=fkys ksIamdÈ;
j,g muKla .súiqu iSud ùuhs ' fjk;a rgl ksmojq NdKav fuu rgj,a ;=k w;r yqjudre ùfï
§ ;Sre .dia;= l%shd;aul fõ'

ol=Kq wdishdkq ksoyia fjf<| l,dmh

South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA)
idla l,dmSh fj<| iyfhda.S;dj jHdma; lsÍug;" ol=Kq wdishdj ;=< ksoyia fj<| m%foaYhla
we;s lr.ekSug;a" idla l,dmSh rgj, wd¾Ól ms<sfj;a f.da,ShlrKhg wkq.; lsÍug;a
we;slr.;a tl.;djhS' 2004 j¾Ifha bia,dudndoa ys meje;s fodf<diajk Swewe¾C iuq¿fõ§ fuu
.súiqu w;aika lrk ,§'

i*a;d (SAFTA) .súiqug t,öfuka t<eöfuka tu .súiqug t<ô rdcHhka w;r wdkhk i|yd
lsiÿ
s ndOdjlska f;drj ;Sre nÿ bj;a lsÍu" jrdh yd m%jdyk myiqlï we;s lsÍu" fj<|dug
iïnkaO fiajd iemhSu hkdÈh iïnkaOfhka iduQysl tl.;d we;s lr .kakd ,§'

279
wdishd meismsla fjf<| .súiqu
Asia Pasific Trade Agreement (APTA)
1975 j¾Ifha nexfldla .súiqu kñka wdrïN jq fuu .súiqu 2005 fkdjeïn¾ 2 Èk isg wdishd
meismsla fjf<| .súiqu hkqfjka kï lrk ,§' fuys idudðl rgj,a jkqfha
nx.a,dfoaYh"Ökh"bkaÈhdj",d´ih"fudxf.da,shdj"Y%S ,xldj yd ol=Kq fldßhdjhs' wdishd meismsla
meismsla l,dmfha we;s mer‚u jrŒh fj<| .súiqu jkafka fuu .súiquhs' idudðl fkdjk
rgj,ska NdKav yd fiajd wdkhkh lsÍug jvd iykodhS f,i idudðl rgj,ska NdKav yd fiajd
wdkhkh lsÍug yelsjk mßÈ fj<| ndOl yels;dla wju lrñka idudðl rgj,a w;r wd¾Ól
ixj¾Okh fõ.j;a lsÍu fuu .súiqfï wruqK fõ'

cd;Hka;r ixúOdk
úfoaY fj<|dug tfrys jk ;Sre nÿ" úksuh md,k kS;s Í;s" f¾.= kS;s Í;s jeks úúO ndOd
wju lr .ekSug msysgj
q df.k we;s msysgqjd f.k we;s ixúOdk cd;Hka;r ixúOdk f,i
ye¢kafõ'

tjeks cd;Hka;r ixúOdk j,g ksoiqka my; fõ'

●f,dal fj<o ixúOdkh ^WGaO&

●id¾la ixúOdkh ^Swewe¾C&

●wdishdkq ixj¾Ok nexl=j ^weVaò&

●f,dal nexl=j ^ftò¾Va&

●cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo, ^ftMF&

f,dal fj<| ixúOdkh

World Trade Organization (WTO)
cd;Hka;r fj<odu ,sys,a lsÍug yd iqmßlaIKh i|yd ia:dms; lrk ,o cd;Hka;r
ixúOdkhls' 1995 ckjdß 1 jk Èk wdrïN jQ fuu ixúOdkh f.da,Sh uÜgñka cd;Ska w;r
fjf<| kS;s Í;s iïnkaOj lghq;= lrhs' WGaO ys m%Odk ld¾hd,h iaúÜi¾,ka;fha ðkSjd ys
msysgqjd we;' fj<odfï m%j¾Okh i|yd cd;Ska w;r idlÉPd meje;aùug wjldY ie,iSu;a"
fj<| ndOd my; fy<Su;a" idudðl rgj, ck;djf.a iqN idOkh kxjd,Sug;a WGaO j, m%Odk
b,lalhhs'

ol=Kq wdishdkq l,dmSh iyfhda.s;d ix.uh

South Ssian Sssociation for Regional Co-operation (SAARC)

280
 ol=Kq wdishd;sl rgj,a wgl wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,ksl ix.uhls' 1985 foieïn¾ ui 8 jk
Èk 8 jk Èk fuu ixúOdkh ia:dms; lrk ,§' Swewe¾C ixúOdkfha iyfhda.s;d lghq;= lafIa;%
myla hgf;a isÿfõ' tkï¦

● lDIsl¾udka;h yd .%dóh ixj¾Okh

● úÿ,s ixfoaY" úoHdj" ;dlaIKh yd foaY.=‚l úoHdj

● udkj iïm;a ixj¾Okh

● fi!LH yd ck.yk lghq;=

● m%jdykh

SAARC idudðl rgj,a

wdishdkq ixj¾Ok nexl=j

Asian Development Bank (ADB)
1966 foieïn¾ 19 jkod wdishdkq ixj¾Ok nexl=j wdrïN úh' ms,smSkfha ueks,d kqjr fuys
uQ,ia:dkh msysgqjd we;' j¾;udkfha rgj,a 67la fuys idudðl;ajh ,nd we;s w;r bka rgj,a
48la wdishd l,dmfhkao rgj,a 19la meismsla l,dmfhkao j' idudðl rgj, yd iudchSh yd
wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh m%j¾Okh lsÍu fuys wruqK fõ' ta i|yd idudðl rgj,g Kh yd
m%;siïmdok imhñka tu rgj, ÿmam;alu ke;s lsÍug fuu nexl=j lghq;= lrhs'

m%;sixialrKh yd ixj¾Okh ms<sn| cd;Hka;r nexl=j ^f,dal nexl=j&

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka úkdYhg m;ajQ hqfrdamd wd¾Ólh f.dvkexùu Wfoid jQ fn%Üka
jqâia ^U%fÜfgdka W´âia& .súiqu u.ska 1945 foieïn¾ 27 Èk wdrïN úh' ixj¾Okh jk rgj,
ÿmam;a lu md; fy,lu mdGfha ,Sfï wruq‚ka tu rgj, ixj¾Ok jevigyka i|yd Kh
imhk nexl=j f,i fuu nexl=j y÷kajhs' ;srir ixj¾Okh l%shd;aul lsÍu iy ÿmam;alu ;=rka
lsÍu f,dal nexl=fõ m%Odk b,lal fõ'

281
cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo,
International Monetary Fund (IMF)

uQ,H yd ;dlaI‚l wdOdr ,nd §fu;a" úksuh wkqmd; yd f.jqïfYaI ksÍlaIKh lsÍfuka
cd;Hka;r ixúOdkh f,i ftMF ye¢kaúh yelsh' fuys m%Odk ld¾hd,h weußld tlai;a
ckmofha fjdIskagka k.rfha msysgqjd we;' fuh f.da,Sh uQ,ah iyfhda.S;dj ÈhqKq lsÍu" uQ,H
ia:dhs;dj iy;sl lsÍu" cd;Hka;r fj<|dug myiqlï ie,iSu" /lSrlaId mq¿,a lsÍu" ;srir
wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh yd ÿmam;alu wvq lsÍu wruqKq lrf.k wdrïN lr we;' fj<| ix.ï" fj<|
.súiqï yd cd;Hka;r ixúOdk úfoaY fj<|dug úúO n,mEï we;s lrhs'

ksoiqk(a

●ksoyia fj<|dug tfrys ;Sre nÿ yd ;Sre nÿ fkdjk ndOd bj;a ùu

●rgj,a w;r iyfhda.S;dj j¾Okh ùu

●fj<| .súiqï yryd ;u rfÜ ksIamdÈYamdÈ; i|yd iaÒr fj<|m<la ysñ ùu

●iaÒr ñ,la ,eîu ksid ñ, WÉpdjpk j,ska wjdis isÿùu wju ùu

●idudðl iEu rglgu iudk jrm%ido ysñ ùu

úoHq;a jHdmdr
jHdmdrhl iEu lghq;a;lau tkï ksIamdokh" wf,úlrKh" uQ,Hkh" mßmd,kh wka;¾cd,h
fyda ;dlaI‚l l%ufõohla Ndú;fhka isÿ lsÍu úoHq;a jHdmdr fõ'

úoHq;a jHdmdr j, udOH udOH wka;¾cd,hhs'

úoHq;a jd‚cH fjkia jk wdldrh

jHdmdrhl fj<odu iy Wmldrl fiajd wka;¾cd,h yryd isÿlsÍu úoHq;a jd‚c fõ'

úoHq;a jHdmdrhg úoHq;a jd‚c wu;rj Bg bÈßfhka iy msgqmiska we;s ish¨ Ndú;hka we;=<;a
fõ'

úoHq;a jHdmdr wdlD;shla iys; jHdmdrhl oelsh yels úfYaI ,laIK

282
1' fõ.j;a fiajdj

○NdKav yd fiajd .kqfokqlreg blaukska iemhSu

2' myiqfjka .Kqfokq lsÍfï yelshdj

3' .kqfokqlref.a b,a¨ug wkql+,ju iemhSu yelsùu'

○.kqfokqlreg .e,fmk f,i NdKav yd fiajd iemfha' wjYH foa wjYH fj,djg wjYH;dj
wkqj bgq flf¾'

4' ksYamdÈ; i|yd by< jákdlula ìysùu'

NdKav yd fiajd muKla fkdj Bg wod< úúO f;dr;=re ,eîu'

5' fndfyda udOHhka fhdod .; yels ùu'

wka;¾cd,h ;=< ;=< Wodù we;s fjk;a Yla;Ska yd úNj;d fndfydauhls' tkï nyq
udOH"y~"ix.S;"Ñ;%mg"ùäfhda hkd§ myiqlï ,eîu

6' fkdksok jHdmdrhla ùu

meh 24 u .kqfokq l< yels ùu'

úoHq;a jHdmdrj, YS>% jHdma;shg fya;=

1' f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha ÈhqKqj

2'wka;¾cd, myiqlï j¾Okh

3'.Kqfokqlrejkaf.a ;dlaI‚l" mß.Kl"úoahq;a jdksc ms<sn| oekqu j¾Okh

4'mdßfNda.slhd ld¾hnyq, ùu

5'jHdmdr j, oeä ;r.ldÍ;ajh" fjí wvú yryd wf,úh" úoHq;a is,a,r fj<odu y÷kajd§u

6'myiqj"msßjeh wvqùu yd ,shú,s rys; ùu

7'ksIamdÈ; ms<sn|j f;dr;=re úYd, jYfhka ,nd.; ,nd .; yels ùu

8'úoahq;a uqo,a Ndú;h j¾Okh ùu

úoHq;a jd‚cH i|yd wjYH há;, myiqlï

● mß.Klh

● ÿrl:k myiqlï (Phone Line)

283
 ● wka;¾cd, myiqlï

- fudvuh (A modem) fyda rjqgrh ( Router)

- wka;¾cd, fiajd imhkakl= (Internet Service Provider)
- n%õi¾$ wka;¾cd, uDÿldx. (browser)

● Bfï,a ,smskhla iy úoHq;a f.ùï myiqlï

wka;¾cd,h yryd NdKav ñ,§ .ekSfï§ f.ùï lsÍug fhdod .efkk m%Odk udOH¦
úoHq;a uqo,a ^Khm;a" yrm;a &

úoHq;a jd‚cH hgf;a isÿjk .kqfokqj wdrlaIdj i|yd .; yels l%shdud¾.

● ryia mohla$ wxlhla fh§u (Password)
kso( PIN

● wdrlaIs; kula fyda ye÷kqïm;a wxlhla we§u (user name or ID)

● wdrlaIs; .sks jeg (Firewall)

úoHq;a fj<|du fnÈh yels fldgia

1' jHdmdr jHdmdr w;r (Business to Business/ B2B)

wka;¾cd,h Tiafia jHdmdr yd jHdmdr w;r .kqfokq isÿùu

2' jHdmdrhka .kqfokqlreg (business to customer / B2C)

wka;¾cd,h Tiafia jHdmdr u.ska .kqfokqlrejkag NdKav úlsŒuhs' tkï úoHq;a is,a,r
fj<oduhS

3' .kqfokqlref.ka .kqfokqlreg (customer to customer / C2C)

wka;¾cd,h Tiafia .kqfokqlrejka ;j;a .kqfokqlrejl= g iDcqj NdKav yd fiajd úlsŒu
fuhg we;=<;a fõ' fuys§ .ekqïlrejka jkafka;a úl=Kqïlrejka jkafka;a mdßfNda.slhd u h'

ksoiqk(a ebay fjkafoais fjí wvúh

4'jHdmdrfhka rchg (Business to Goverment/ B2G)

wka;¾cd,h yryd jHdmdrh úiska NdKav yd fiajd rdcH ksfhdað; wdh;k fj; wf,ú lsßu

5'rcfhka m%cdjg ^iudchg& (Goverment to Citizen/ G2C)

wka;¾cd,h Tiafia rch úiska uyck;djg úúO fiajd iemhSu

284
úoHq;a fj<|du hgf;a fjf<| .Kqfokqjla isÿ jk wdldrh ^l%shdmámdáh&
1' wka;¾cd, myiqlï iys; mß.Klhla fyda cx.u ÿrl:khla u.ska wka;¾cd,hg m%fõY ùu

2' fijqï hka;%hla yryd wod< fjí wvúh f;dard .ekSu

3' iqÿiq NdKavh f;dard .ekSu ' $ wka;¾cd,h Tiafia .ekqïlre yd úl=Kqïlre iïuqL ùu'

4' weKjqï lsÍu$ fj<| .kqfokq ixúOdkh lr .ekSu' ^ fuys§ úoHq;a ;eme,a .sKu
q la wjYH
fõ&

5' úlsŒu yd ñ,g .ekSfï lghq;= isÿ lsÍu

6' úoHq;a uqo,ska ^Kh m;lsk&a f.ùu$ .kqfokq j,g wod< f.ùï mshùu

7' NdKavh ,eîu

úoHq;a jd‚c u.ska ,efnk m%;,

s dN
jHdmdrhlg(

● b;d mq¿,a fj<|m,la ysñùu

● meh 24 mqrdu .kqfokq l< yels ùu

● fN!;sl fjf<|fmd< ia:dkhla wjYH fkdùu

● ,shlshú,s Ndú;h wju ùu

● úoHq;a uqhq;a uqo,a Ndú;h ksid uqo,a fkd,eîfï wjodku wju ùu

.kqfokqlreg(

● fN!;slj fj<| ie,a j,g .uka lsÍula wjYH fkdùu

● meh 24 mqrdu .kqfokq l< yels ùu

● NdKav f;dard .ekSug mq¿,a bv lvla mej;Su

● f;dr;=re úYd, m%udKhla ,nd .; yels ùu

● weKjqï fõ.j;aj bÈßm;a l< yels ùu

285
úoHq;a jd‚ch oelsh yels ;dlaI‚l yd ;dlaI‚l fkdjk iSud
;dlaI‚l iSud(

● ;dlaI‚l fhojqï YS>%fhka fjkia ùu yd j¾Okh

● mß.Kl moaO;s j, fodaY

● úoHq;a ikaksfõok cd, m%udKj;a fkdùu

● mß.Kl wdrlaIK l%u m%udKj;a fkdùu

;dlaI‚l fkdjk iSud(

● mß.Kl idlaIr;dj fkdue;sùu yd NdIduh .eg¨

● wka;¾cd, Ndú;h úhoïldÍ ùu

● úoahq;a uqo,a Ndú;h ;ju;a m%p,s; ù fkdue;s ùu

● tla tla rgj,a j, fjkia jQ kS;s mej;Su '

286
 12' l,uKdlrKh

jHdmdr l,uKdlrKh
l,uKdlrKh hkak my; mßÈ ks¾jpkh l< yelsh'

.;sl mßirhla ;=< ixúOdkhg wfmalaIs; b,lal iy mrud¾; bgqlr .ekSu i|yd
udkj iïm;a" uQ,H iïm;a" fN!y;sl iïm;a yd f;dr;=re iïm;a ld¾hlaIu yd iM,odhS f,i
ie,iqï lsÍu" ixúOdkh lsÍu" fufyhùu yd md,kh lsÍfï l%shdj,sh l,uKdlrKhhs'

ke;fyd;a"

ksjerÈ foa ksjerÈ wdldrhg bgqlsÍu l,uKdlrKehhs'

l,uKdlrKh hkak"

• oekqï lhla"
• iúOdkh l< lghq;= id¾:lj lrf.k hkafka flfiao hkak ms<sn| úi÷ï ,ndfok
f;dr;=re iuqÉphla"
• ixúOdkhg u. fmkajk yd th fufyhjk ;a;shla f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh'
l<uKdlrKfha mshd" F.W ' fÜ,¾ uy;d h'

l,ukKdlrKh ms<n
s |j m%p,s;j mj;akd ks¾jpk
—wka wh ,jd jev lrjd .ekSfï l,dj l<ukd l<ukdlrKhhs'˜

~ මේරි ෆාකර්

—ixúOdkhl wfmalaIs; b,lal bgqlr .ekSu i|yd udkj iy fN!;sl iïm;a ie,iqï lsÍï"
ixúOdkh lsÍï" fufyhùu yd md,kh lsÍfï l%uh l<ukdlrKhhs'˜

සමටෝනර්, ෆ්‍රීමන්, ගිල්බට්

—jev mqfrdal:kh lsÍu" ie,iqï lsÍu" ixúOdkh lsÍu" úOdkh §u yd iïnkaëlrKh yd

md,kh lsÍfï l%uh l,uKdlrKhhs'˜

මෙන්රි මෆේම ාල්

287
 l<uKdlrK l%shdj,shg wh;a ld¾hhka

o ie,iqïlrKh
o ixúOdklrKh
o fufyhùu
o md,kh
l,uKdlrK l%shdj,sh hgf;a wjOdrkh lrk ixl,am

1' ixúOdkh

2' b,lal iy mrud¾:

3' iïm;a

4' ld¾hlaIu;djh

5' iM, odhl;ajh

6' M,odhl;ajh

ixúOdkh

fmdÿ wruqKla bgqlr.ekSu i|yd tlaj jev lrk mqoa.,hkaf.a tl;=jla ixúOdkhla fõ'

W. රිචඩ් සමකාච්

ksYaÑ;a b,lalhla fyda b,lal iuQyhla bgqlr.ekSu i|yd mqoa.,hka fofofkl= fyda Bg jeä
msßila jHqy.;j lghq;= lsÍu ixúOdkhls'

Wod( iud.ï
▪ mdi,

▪ iEu ixúOdkhlgu fmdÿ jQ m%Odk uQ,sldka.h jkqfha fmdoa wruqKla ;sîuhs'

▪ l,uKdlrKfha flakaøia:dkh jkqfha ixúOdkhhs' ta wkqj ixúOdkhl oelsh yels m%Odk
,laIK 3ls'
1'fmdÿ wruqKla ;sîu

2'mqoa.,hskaf.ka iukaú; ùu

3'úêu;a jHqyhla mej;Su

288
b,lal
mqoa.,slj idlaId;a lr.ekSug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk wfmalaId b,lal fõ'

mrud¾:
fláld,Skj idlaId;a lr.ekSug n,dfmdre;a;=õk wfmalaId mrud¾: fj'

b,lal jHdma;j we;s md¾Yj wkqj m%Odk fldgi 4lÜ j¾. lrhs'

1' whs;slrejka i|yd jQ b,lal

▪ ,dNh Wmßu lsÍu

▪ úl=kqï Wmßu lsÍu
▪ fj<|fmd< ;=< /£ isàu
▪ jHdmdrfha j¾Okh
2' fiajlhska i|yd jQ b,lal

▪ by< jegqma yd fõ;k f.ùu

▪ /lshd iqrlaIs;ndjh ;yjqre lsÍu
▪ Wiiaùï ,nd§u yd /lshdfõ ixj¾Okh
▪ ys;lr fiajd mßirhla we;slsÍu
3'.Kqfokqlrejka i|ya jQ b,lal

▪ .=Kd;aul NdKav yd fiajd iemhSu

▪ idOdrK ñ,la wh lsÍu
▪ wdpdrYS,Snj yd Wiia fiajd myiqlï ie,iSu
4'iudch i|yd jQ b,lal

▪ mßirh iq/lSu
▪ /lshd wjia:d ie,iSu
▪ iudc iqNidokh
▪ ks;s Í;s yd wdpdr O¾u j,g wkqj lghq;= lsÍu

iïm;a
NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh i|yd ioyd fhdod .kq ,nk ksIamdok idOl fyj;a fhojqï
iïm;a f,i ye¢kafõ' iïm;a wdldr lsysmhlg j¾.SlrKh l< yelsh'

289
m<uq l%uh

▪ N+ñh
▪ Y%uh
▪ m%d.aOkh
▪ jHjidhl;ajh
▪ oekqu
▪ ld,h
▪ f;dr;=re
fojk l%uh

▪ udkj iïm;a
▪ uQ,H iïm;a
▪ f;dr;=re iïm;a
▪ fN!;sl iïm;a
;=kajk l%uh

▪ uqo,a
▪ øjH
▪ hka;%
▪ l%u
▪ Y%uh
y;rjk l%uh

▪ uqo,a
▪ øjH hka;%
▪ l%u
▪ Y%uh
▪ ld,h
▪ f;dr;=re
▪ ld¾hlaIu;djh
ksjerÈ wdldrhg lsÍu ke;fyd;a lghq;= ksjerÈj lsÍu ld¾hlaIu;djh f,i mSg¾ v%l¾
úiska ks¾jpkh lr we;' ld¾hlaIu;dj hkq i|yd my; i|yka ks¾jpkhka bÈßm;a l<
yelsh'

290
 iïm;a kdia;sh lska f;drj yd wju msßjehlska Ndú;d lsÍu ld¾hlaIu;djhhs'tfia;a
ke;fyd;a b,lal iy mrud¾: ,Õdlr .ekSu i|yd iïm;a ksis wdldrfhka Ndú;d lsÍu
ke;fyd;a m%Yia; whqßka fhdojd .ekSuhs'

ld¾hlaIu;djh my; wdldrhkaf.ka uek ne,sh yelsh

1'tlu ksujqula ,nd .ekSu .ekSu i|yd wjia:d foll § Ndú;d l, iïm;a m%udKh w;r
fjki iei£u

2' wod, l¾udka;fha fmdÿ m%ñ;Ska iu. iei£u

3'i;H jYfhka Ndú;d l< iïm;a m%udKh iy weia;fïka;=.; iïm;a m%udKh w;r fjki
iei£u

iM,odhl;ajh
ksjerÈ foa lsÍu iM, odhl;ajh f,i mSg¾ v%l¾ m%ldY lr we;'thska woyia jkafka
ixúOdkhl wfmalaIs; b,lal kshñ; ld, ld, iSudj ;=< wfmalaIs; wdldrfhka bgq lrjd
.ekSuhs

i;H ksujqu" wfmalaIs; ksuejqfuka fnod iM,odhl;ajh uek ne,sh yelsh'

wdh;khla lghq;= lsÍfï § ld¾hlaIu;djh iy iM, iM,odhl;ajh hk fol ms<sn|j u jeä

wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍu jeo.;a fõ' Bg fya;=j jkafka wdh;khla ld¾hlaYu fkdù jqjo iM,odhS
úh yels kuq;a tkï msßjeh .ek fkd;ld jeä msßjehla orñka b,lal bgqlr .; yels
hkakhs'tuksid ld¾hlaIu;djh iy iM, odhl;ajh hk folu flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu
jHdmdrhlg b;du;a jeo.;a fõ'tkï kshñ; ld, iSudj ;=< wfmalaIs; b,lal iïm;a
kdia;shlska f;drj wju msßjehlska bgq lr.; hq;=hs hkakhs'

M,odhl;ajh
lsih
s ï ld, mßÉfþohl mßÉfþohla ;=< wdh;khl fhojqï yd ksujqï w;r we;s wkqmd;sl
iïnkaO;djh m< odhl;ajhhs'

wdh;khl M,odhs;djh by< kxjd .ekSug ld¾hlaIu;djh by< kxjd .; hq;= w;r
ld¾hlaIu;djfha § wju msßjehlska jeä ksujqula ,nd .ekSug yelsfõ' túg wd.ekSug yelsfõ'
túg wdh;kh M,odhS fõ' fuh M,odhl;ajh yd ld¾hlaIu;djh w;r we;s iïnkaOh fõ'

l<ukdlre
ixúOdkhl wfmalaIs; wruqKq yd b,lal bgqlr .ekSu i|yd iSñ; iïm;a ld¾hlaIu iy
M,odhs f,i M,odhs f,i Wmfhdackh lrkakd l<ukdlrefjla f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh'

l<ukdlrKfha wjYH;djh yd jeo.;alu

▪ iïm;a j, mj;sk oeä iSñ; nj

▪ ;r.ldÍ;ajh j¾Okh ùu

291
 ▪ oekqu mokï lr.;a wd¾Ólhlg fhduq ù ;sîu
▪ fiajl úúO;ajh by< hdu ksid tajdg wkqj yev yev .eish hq;=ùu
▪ iudc j.lSu iy wdpdr O¾u flfrys we;s keUqrej Èfkka Èk by< hdu

l<ukdlrK uÜgï
l<ukdlrejkag ysñù we;s n,;, iy j.lSï wkqj m%Odk uÜgï ;=klg j¾. lr oelaúh
yelsh'

1' w.% fyj;a by< l<ukdlrK uÜgu

▪ iuia;h wdh;kh iïnk wdh;kh iïnkaOfhka u j.lSu ork l<ukdlrejka fuu

uÜgu hg;g wh;a fõ'
▪ Tjqka ish ixúOdkfha b,lal fudkjdo mrud¾: fudkjdo iy Wmdh ud¾. fudkjdo hkak
;SrKh lrhs'
▪ uOHu l<ukdlrejkaf.a lghq;= wëlaIKh lsÍu o fudjqka úiska isÿlrkq ,nhs'
▪ ixúOdk OQrdj,sh by<sku
a isák jqka fudjqka WmdhYS,S l<ukdlrejka f,i y÷kajhs'
WodyrK ( m%Odk úOdhl ks,OdÍka

2' uOHu l<ukdlrK uÜgu

▪ wdh;kfha m%Odk wxY ke;fyd;a fomd¾;fïka;= Ndrj lghq;= lrk l<ukdlrejka

jkafka Tjqkah'
▪ fudjqka w.% l<ukdlrejka fj; jd¾;d lrk w;r Tjqka úiska ixj¾Okh lrk ,o
Wml%u iy ie,iqï l%shd;aul lrkq ,nhs'
▪ my< l<ukdlrejka ykaÈh laYkh iy md,kh isÿ lrkafka Tjqka úisk's
WodyrK ( fufyhqï l<ukdlre jQ uQ,H l,ukdlre wf,ú l<ukdlre

3' my, fyj;a m<uq fm< l<ukdlrK uÜgu

▪ l<ukdlrK fkdjk fiajlhska f.a lghq;= wëlaIKh iy md,kh isÿ lrk w;r tu
fiajlhska yd uOHu l<ukdlrejka w;r iïnkaëlrKh lrk l<ukdlrejka jkafka
Tjqkh
a '
▪ wdh;kfhka ffoksl lghq;= iqug iqugj mj;ajdf.k hdu iy uOHu l<ukdlrejkaf.a
;SrK l%shd;aul lsÍu isÿ lrhs'
WodyrK( m%Odk ,smslre jev uQ,sl iqmÍlaIl

ixúOdk OQrdj,sh
l<ukdlrK uÜgï idïm%odhsl l<ukdlrejka úiska msróvhl wdldrhg bÈßm;a lr we;'
Bg fya;=j jkqfha idudkHfhka yd wdh;khl by< l<ukdlrejkag jvd my< l<ukdlrejka
isàuhs'

292
 ඉහළ
කළමනාක
රණ මට්ටම

මධ්‍යම කළමනාකරණ
මට්ටම

පෙල කළමනාකරණ
මට්ටම

l<ukdlrejka j¾.SlrKh l< yels mokï

1' n,;, fyj;a wêldßh wkqj

▪ w.% l<ukdlrejka
▪ uOHu l<ukdlrejka
▪ my, l<ukdlrejka

2' úfYaI{ fYaIG

a h fyj;a úIh m:h wkqj

▪ wf,ú l<ukdlre
▪ uQ,H l,ukdlre
▪ udkj iïm;a l<ukdlre
▪ fufyhqï l<ukdlre
▪ m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok l<ukdlre
▪ wfkl=;a lafIa;% j, l<ukdlrejka
WodyrK( uyck iïnkaO;d l<ukdlre yd f;dr;=re l<ukdlre

3' lghq;= j, iajNdjh wkqj

f¾Çh l,ukdlre

wdh;kfha m%d:ñl lghq;= tfyu;a m%Odk odu ta lghq;= j, ksr; l<ukdlrejka h'iïm;a
fyj;a fhojqï ñ,g .ekSu ksIamdokh wf,úh hk wd§ ld¾hhkag fudjqka iïnkaO fõ '

udKav,sl l<ukdlre
úfYaI{ lafIa;%j, l<ukdlrejkag iydh i|yd isák l<ukdlrejka h' .sKï
q lrKh udkj
iïm;a" m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok"m%pdrKh iy m%j¾Okh yd ;;a;aj md,kh hk hkd§ lghq;=
j,g fudjqka iïnkaO fõ'

293
jvd fyd| l<ukdlrejl= ùu i|yd ;sìh hq;= iqÿiqlï

ld¾hlaIu iy iM, odhs l<ukdlrejl= jvd fyd| l<ukdlrejl= fõ' tjekafkla ;=< ;sìh hq;=
m%Odk iqÿiqlï ;=kls' fïjd 3HS f,i y÷kajhs'

oekqu

oekqu

o l< hq;= foa ms<sn| oekqu

o l< hq;= wdldrh ms<sn| oekqu
l=i,;d

• idudkH l=i,;d
1'ufkdaNdjd;aul l=i,;d

2' udkj l=i,;d

3';dlaI‚l l=i,;d

• úfYaI l=i,;d
1'f.da,Sh l=i,;d

2 'ld, l=i,;d

3'ikaksfõok l=i,;d

4';SrK .ekSfï l=i,;d

5'NdIdj ms<sn| l=i,;d

6'yUd hdu ms<sn| l=i,;d

7'úu¾Ykh ms<sn| l=i,;d

8'iyfhda.S;djh ms<sn| l=i,;d

9'bÈßm;a ùu ms<sn| l=i,;d

• Okd;aul wdl,am
1';ud ms<sn| Okd;aul wdl,am

2 'mqoa.,hka ms<sn|

3'ld¾hh ms<sn|

294
 4'mßirh ms<sn|

oekqu

wOHdmkh fyda m<mqreoao ;=<k

s a mqoa.,hl= ,nd we;s wjfndaOh oekqu f,i ye¢kafõ
'l<ukdlrejl=g l< hq;= foa ms<sn| yd l< hq;= wdldrh ms<sn| oekqula ;sìh hq;=h '

l=i,;d

lsih
s ï ld¾hhla lsÍug l<ukdlrejl= i;= yelshdjhs '

Okd;aul wdl,am

lsih
s ï ld¾hhla l< yelsh yelsh hk wdl,amfhka hq;=j lghq;= lsÍuhs'

l<ukdlrejl= úiska m%.=K l< hq;= idudkH l=i,;d

frdnÜ t,a' l¾Üia úiska l<uKdlrefjl= m%.=K l< hq;= idudkH l=i,;d ;=kla y÷kajd § we;'

1'ufkdaNdjd;aul l=i,;d fyj;a ixl,amkd;aul l=i,;d

l<ukdlrejl=g l<ukdlrK lghq;= j, j,§ ;SlaIKj is;Sfï yelshdj ñka woyia fõ'
wNHka;r yd ndysr mßirh ms<sn| we;s wjfndaOh .eg¨ y÷kd .ekSfï yd úi£fï yelshdj"
¥ro¾YSNdjh" ;SrK .ekSu jeks .eUqßka is;Sfï yelshdj óg wh;a fõ'

2'udkj l=i,;d fyj;a wka;¾ mqoa., l=i,;d

wka wh iu. wka wh wjfndaO lr .ksñka Tjqka iuÕ jev lsÍug;a Tjqka ,jd jev lrjd
.ekSug we;s yelshdjhs'

3';dlaI‚l l=i,;d

lsih
s ï ld¾ñl .Kfha l%shdjla lsÍug l<ukdlrejl= i;= yelshdjhs'tkï isàug fkdj
lsih
s ï úIh lafIa;%hlg wod, ld¾hhla lsÍug l<ukdlrejl= i;= yelshdjhs'

l<ukdlrK uÜgï wkqj l<ukdlrK l<ukdlrK l=i,;djhkaf.a jeo.;alu

by< l<ukdlrejkag jeä jYfhka ufkdaNdjd;aul l=i,;d wjYH jk w;r my<
l<ukdlrejkag ;dlaI‚l l=i,;d wjYH fõ' tfukau uOHu l<ukdlrejkag ufkdaNdjd;aul
yd ;dlaI‚l l=i,;d hï m%udKhlska wjYH fõ'iEu l<uKdlrk uÜgulgu tl yd iudkj
udkj l=i,;d wjYH fõ'

295
iEu l<uKdlrk uÜgulgu udkj l=i,;d tl yd iudkj jeo.;a ùug fya;=j
iEu uÜgulu l<ukdlrejka l<ukdlrejkag mqoa.,hka iu. lghq;= lsÍug isÿfõ'Tjqka
iuÕ iïnkaO;d f.dvkÕd .ekSug isÿfõ'tneúka iEu uÜgulgu tl yd iudkj udkj
l=i,;d jeo.;a fõ '

by< l<ukdlrejka

uOHu l<ukdlrejka

my, l<ukdlrejka

l<ukdlrK fkdjk fiajlhska

.kqfokqlrejka

l<ukdlrejl=g udkj l=i,;d j¾Okh lr.; yels wdldr

• yels iEu úgu lKavdhï f.dvk.kakl= njg m;aùu'
• wka wh iuÕ lghq;= lsÍfï§ tlÕ fkdùu msgqoelSu'
• wka whg fyd¢ka weyqïlka §u'
• wkak ta ;ud fj; keUqre lrjd .ekSug lghq;= lsÍu'
• .egqï ukd f,i l<ukdlrKh lsÍu'
• ;u n,;, mq¿,a lr .ekSu'

.egqï l<ukdlrKh lsÍu i|yd jvd u fhda.H Wml%uh jkafka KINDa Wml%uhhs'

K – Kind- ldre‚l jkak

I- Information- f;dr;=re /ia lrkak

N- New-kj úi÷ula ,nd fokak

D-Definite- iaÓr úi÷ula ,nd fokak

296
l<ukdlrejkaf.a ld,h wmf;a hdug n,mdk idOl
• wkjYH ÿrl:k weu;=ï
• úoHq;a ;emE,
• wkjYH ,shlshú,s jev
• ld,h ksis f,i ie,iqï fkdlsÍu
• ms<sfj,lg jev lsÍfï mqreoaola fkdue;s ùu
• ÿ¾j, ikaksfõokh
• wmyeÈ,s b,lal
• wkjYH úfõl .ekSu
.eg¨j

wfmalaIs; ;;a;ajh yd i;H ;;a;ajh w;r fjkila mj;S kï th .eg¿jls .eg¿jls tkï
wfmalaIs; wdldrhg jvd fjkia wdldrhlg lghq;= isÿ ùuhs'

;SrKh
úl,am úi÷ula ;SrKhla fõ'

;SrK .ekSu

úl,am úi÷ï w;=ßka jvd;a fhda.H;u úl,amh f;dard .ekSuhs'

;SrK .ekSfï l%shdj,sh

1' .eg¨j y÷kd.ekSu

2' úl,am y÷kd.ekSu

3' úl,am we.hSu

4' iqÿiq úl,amh f;dard .ekSu

5' úl,amh l%shd;aul lsÍu

6' id¾:l;ajh uek ne,Su

l<ukdlrejl= ;=< ;=< ;sìh hq;= .;s ,laIK

• idOdrK ùu
• ldhsl udkisl fi!LH
• idudkH wjfndaOh
• wruqKq ms<sn| meyeÈ,s wjfndaOh
• WmdhYS,S ùu
• m%ikak fmkqu yd ukd fm!reI;ajh

297
 • ldre‚l ùu
ie,iqïlrKh (Planning)
ixúOdkhl wfmalaIs; wkd.; b,lal yd mrud¾: ;SrKh lsÍu yd tu b,lal iy mrud¾:
mrud¾: ,Õd lr .ekSug wjYH Wmdh ud¾. ;SrKh lsÍfï l%shdj,sh ie,iqïlrKhhs '

• wkd.; b,lal iy mrud¾: ;SrKh lsÍu yd tajd <Õd lr.ekSug wjYH Wmdh ud¾.
;SrKh lsÍu ie,iqïlrKh wruqKhs'
• l<ukdlrKfha yr ld¾hh ie,iqïlrKhhs'
• ixúOdkhl ;SrK .ekSfï l%shdj,sfha flakø
a ia:dkh ie,iqïlrKhhs'
• fiiq l<ukdlrK l<ukdlrK ld¾hkag u. fmkajk m%d:ñl l<ukdlrK ld¾hh o
fuhhs'
• j¾;udkfha isg wkd.;h iïnkaOfhka ;SrK .ekSu;a ie,iqï lrKfha § isÿfõ'
• ixúOdkhl j¾;udkfha iy wkd.;fha hdlrk md,ulg fuh iudk l< yelsh'
• ixúOdkhl wkd.;h yd iïnkaOj bÈß ;SrK .ekSug Wkkaÿ lrjk ixl,amhla f,i
ie,iqïlrKh ye¢kaúh yelsh'

ie,iqïlrKh yd fiiq l<ukdlrK ld¾hhka w;r we;s iïnkaOh

l,ukdlrkfha yr ld¾hh jkafka ie,iqïlrKhhs' wfkl=;a l<ukdlrK ld¾hhka
wdrïN jkqfha ie,iqïlrKfhka miqjhs' l<uKdlrk úoaj;=ka ie,iqïlrKh hkak
ixúOdklrkh" fufyhùu iy md,kh hk ÿïßh ueÈß f.k hk ÿïßh tkaðulg iudk lr
we;' ta wkqj ie,iqïlrKhg wkql+,j fiiq l<uKdlrK ld¾hhka bgq lrhs'

ie,iqïlrKh yd mqfrdal;kh
wkd.; isÿùï yd m%jK;d ms<sn| l,a;shd wkdjels m< lsÍu mqfrdal;kh hs' tkï bÈßfha §
we;súh yels m%;sM,h kHdhd;aul mokula ug ksjerÈj m%ldY lsÍuhs' tfia m%ldY l< wkd.;
isÿùï i|yd fmr iQodkï ùu ie,iqïlrKhhs' ie,iqïlrKh i|yd wjYH wkd.; f;dr;=re
tla/ia lr §u mqfrdal;kh u.ska isÿfõ' ta wkqj mqfrdal:kh ie,iqïlrKfha § Ndú;d lrk
tla úoHd;aul Ys,am l%uhls'

ie,eiau (Planning)
wkd.;fha <Õdlr .ekSug wfmalaId lrkafka l=ulao" flfiao" <Õdlr .kafka ljodo" ljqreka
úisko
a hk wd§ m%Yak j,g úi÷ï we;=<;a lrñka ,sÅ;j ilia lrkq ,nk l%shdldrlï iuQyhls'
tkï ie,iqïlrKfha ,sÅ; m%;sM,h jkafka ie,eiauhs'

298
ie,eiaula ;=<ska ms<s;=re ,nd.; yels m%Yak

• wkd.;fha <Õdlr .ekSug wfmalaId lrkafka l=ulao @

• <Õd lr .kafka flfiao @
• ljqreka úisko
a @
• <Õdlr .kafka ljodo @
• b,lal iy mrud¾: l%shdjg kxjkafka fldyso @

ie,iqïlrKh yd ie,eiau w;r we;s iïnkaOh

ie,iqïlrKh mq¿,a l%shdj,shls' ie,iqïlrKfha m%;sM,h ie,eiauhs' ie,iqïlrKfha §
b,lal" mrud¾:" Wmdh ud¾." m%;sm;a;s hkdÈh ;SrKh lrk w;r tajd ,sÅ;j bÈßm;a lsÍu
ie,eiaula ;=<ska isÿfõ'

ie,iqïlrKfha m%Odk ld¾hhka

1' b,lal iy mrud¾: ;SrKh lsÍu'

2' b,lal <Õd lr lr.ekSug wjYH Wmdh ud¾. ;SrKh lsÍu'

3' b,lal" mrud¾: iy Wmdh ud¾. ,sÅ;j bÈßm;a lsÍu'

ie,iqïlrK l%shdj,sfha mshjr

1' mßir úYaf,aIKh

2' Yla;Sk"a ÿ¾j,;d" wjia:d" ;¾ck úYaf,aIKh

3' oelau" fufyjr" b,lal iy mrud¾: ;SrKh lsÍu

4' Wmdh ud¾. y÷kd .ekSu

5' ie,iqï l%shd;aul lsÍu

6' id¾:l;ajh uek ne,Su

iafgdak¾ iy *%Suka úiska y÷kajd § we;s ie,iqïlrK l%shdj,sfha mshjr 9ls'

1' b,lal y÷kd.ekSu

2' mrud¾: iy Wmdh ud¾. y÷kd .ekSu

3' mßir úYaf,aIKh

4' iïm;a úYaf,aIKh

5' wjia:d iy ;¾ck úYaf,aIKh

6' mrdi úYaf,aIKh

299
7' Wmdhud¾.sl ;SrK .ekSu

8' Wmdh ud¾. l%shd;aul lsÍu

9' id¾:l;ajh uek ne,Su iy md,kh

ie,iqïlrK uQ,O¾u
• m%uqL;ajh
fiiq l<ukdlrK ld¾hhkag l,ska ie<iqï ilia l< hq;= ùu iy wfkl=;a ld¾hhka iu.
iïnkaO l< yels jk wdldrhg ie<iqï ilia l< hq;= ùuhs'

• ld¾hlaIu;djh
ie,iqï ilia lsÍug jehjk msßjeh g jvd jeä m%;s,dNhla th l%shd;aul lsÍfuka ,eîuhs'

• ir, nj
ie,eiau iEu mqoa.,hl=gu mqoa.,hl=g u wjfndaO lr.; yels jk wdldrhg ilia l, hq;=
ùuhs'

• kuHYS,S nj
ie,iqï wjia:dj wkqj fjkia l< yels úh hq;= ùuhs'

• m%dfhda.sl nj
ie,iqï m%dfhda.slj l%shd;aul l< yels ùuhs'

• iyNd.s;ajh
ie,iqï i|yd iEu uÜgulu l<ukdlrejka odhl úh hq;= ùu iy ish¨ fokd fj;
ikaksfõokh úh hq;= ùuhs'

→ b,lal yd mrud¾: u; mokï ùu

→ ksYaÑ; ld, iSudjla iïnkaO ùu

ie,iqï j¾.SlrKh
1' mq¿,a nj wkqj

→ Wmdh ud¾.sl ie,iqï

iuia; ixúOdkh fjkqfjka wdh;kfha iuia; b,lal iy mrud¾: ;SrKh lsÍu we;=<;a ie,iqï
h' fïjd by< l<ukdlrejka úiska ilia lrk w;r idfmalaIj È.= ld,Sk fõ'

→ fufyhqï ie,iqï fyj;a l%shdldÍ ie,iqï

300
b,lal iy mrud¾: mrud¾: <Õd lr.kakd lr.kakd wdldrh fyj;a l%u ms<sn|j ksYaÑ;
jYfhka meyeÈ,s flfrk ie,iqï h' fufyhqï l<ukdlrejka úiska fïjd ilia lrk w;r
idfmalaIj fláld,Sk fõ'

2' ksYaÑ;;djh wkqj

→ ksYaÑ; ie,iqï
mrud¾: ksYaÑ; jYfhka úia;r lrk ie,iqï h'

WodyrK( bÈß j¾Ih ;=< ,dNh 10] lska jeä lsÍfï b,lal iys; ie,iqï

→ WoafoaYsl ie,iqï
idudkH fyj;a fmdÿ ud¾f.damfoaYhla iys; ie,iqï h' fïjdfha mrud¾: we;=<;a jqjo tajd
ksYaÑ;j i|yka fkdflf¾'

WodyrK( bÈß jir my we;=,; ,dNh ishhg 10 lska fyda 20] lska jeä lsÍfï b,lal iys;
ie,iqï

3'Ndú; mrdih wkqj

→ ia:djr Ndú; ie,iqï

wdh;kfhys iuia; ld¾hNdrh i|yd jk u. fmkaùug l%shd;aul fjñka mj;akd ie,iqï h'
fïjd kej; kej; Ndú;d lrhs'

→ tal, Ndù ie,iqï

tla jrla muKla m%fhdackhg .kakd ie,iqï h' lsih
s ï iqúfYaIS ;;ajhlg uqyqK §u i|yd
úfYaIfhka fïjd ilia lrhs'

4' ld, rduqj wkqj

→ È.=ld,Sk ie,iqï
jirlg jvd jeä ld, iSudjla i|yd jQ ie,iqï h'

→ flá ld,Sk ie,iqï

jirlg jvd wvq ld, iSudjla i|yd jQ ie,iqï h'

ie,iqïlrKfha we;s jeo.;alï

• b,lal iy mrud¾: ;SrKh l< yels ùu'
• Wmdhud¾. ;SrKh l< yels ùu'
• wkd.; wúksYaÑ;;d wju l< yels ùu'
• md,khg moku jeàu'
• ld, l<ukdlrKh myiq ùu'

301
 • fiiq l<uKdlrk ld¾hkag u.fmkaùu'

ie,iqïlrKfha § mek k.sk .eg¿$ ie,iqï wid¾:l ùug fya;=

• ksjerÈ yd m%udKj;a f;dr;=re fkdue;sùu'
• h,a mek.sh o;a; u; mokï ùu'
• ie,iqï ta wdldrfhkau id¾:l fõ hehs Wml,amkh lsÍu'
• ksrka;rfhka fidhd fkdne,Su'
• wfmalaIs; iïm;a fkd,eîu'
• ld, l<ukdlrKh wid¾:l ùu'

ixúOdklrKh
ixúOdkfha b,lal yd mrud¾: ld¾hlaYu yd M,odhS f,i ,xldj lr .ekSu i|yd
ixúOdkfha idudðlhska w;r jev fn§u" iïm;a fn§u yd n,;, fnod §fï laßhdj,sh
ixúOdklrKhhs' ld¾hhka bgq lsÍu i|yd udkj yd fiiq iïm;a fnodyeÍu ixúOdklrkh
wruqKhs

ixúOdklrk laßhdj,shl mshjr$wÈhr

1'ld¾hhka y÷kd .ekSu

ixúOdkfha b,lal <Õd lr lr .ekSug l< hq;= ld¾hhka y÷kd .ekSu iy /lshd
ks¾udKh lsÍu'

2'jev fn§u

tla tla fiajlhdg myiqfjka bgq l< yels wdldrhg iuia; ld¾hNdrh l=vd yd ir,
fldgiaj,g fjka lsÍuhs'

3'fomd¾;fïka;=lrKh

wdh;khl ld¾hhka ;=< oelsh yels fmdÿ ,laIK Wmfhda.S lrf.k /lshd ldKav .;
lsÍuhs'

4'n,;, yd j.lSï mejÍu

mjrk ,o ld¾hhka id¾:lj bgq lsÍug iylrejkag úêu;a wêldßh mejÍu yd

j.lSï ,nd §uhs'

5'úêu;alrKh

jev lsÍfï laßhdmámdáh iy kS;sÍ;s ieliSuhs'tkï l=ula flfia ljod l< hq;=o hkak
,sÅ;j oelaùuhs'

302
6'iïm;a fnod §u

7'iudfhdackh

ixúOdkfha b,lal bgqlsÍug bgq lsÍug fjka fjka jQ jev tallj, ld¾hhka yd mrud¾:
ifudaodksl lsÍfï laßhdj,shhs'

ixúOdklrKh hgf;a wjOdrKh flfrk ixl,am

1' ksfhda. §fï oduh

ixúOdkhl by< l<ukdlrK uÜgfï isg my< l<ukdlrK uÜgu olajd wêldßh
^n,;,& fkdleã wLKavj .,d hduhs' tkï n,;, by< isg my<g oï je,la fia fkdleã
.,d hduhs'

ke;fyd;a

wdh;kfhka ish¨u fiajlhska we;=<;a flfrk fkdlevqKq wêldß ud¾.h meyeÈ,sj

.,dhduhs'

2' úOdk §fï talSh;djh

tla fiajlfhla tla iqmÍlaIlfhl=g muKla j.lsj hq;= nj hkakhs' tkï tla
m%Odksfhl=f.ka muKla wK ,eîuhs'

3' ixúOdk OQrdj,sh

n,;, mejÍu ksid l<uKdlrk ;k;=rej, fYa‚.; lsÍula isÿfõ' by< uÜgfï
l<ukdlrejkag jeä n,;, ysñjk w;r idfmalaIj uOHu yd my, l<ukdlrejkag ysñjk
n,;, m%udKh wvqfõ' fuf,i my, isg by,g n,;, .,d hk ksid tkï l%ufhka jeä jk
ksid th Oqrdj,shla f,i ye¢kafõ'

4' md,k wjldYh

hï l<ukdlrefjl= iDcqju wëlaIKh lrkq ,nk fiajlfhl= ixLHdj'hs tkï hï

l<ukdlrefjl=g iDcqju jd¾;d lrkq ,nk fiajlhskaf.a ixLHdjhs'

fuys m%Odk wx. folls'

➢ mq¿,a md,k wjldYh

lsih
s ï l<ukdlrefjl=g iDcqju jd¾;d lrk ,o fiajlhskf
a .a ixLHdj by< uÜgul
isàuhs' mq¿,a md,k wjldYfha m%;sM,hla f,i me;,s ixúOdk jHqyhla ìysjk w;r fiajlhska
,sys,a md,khg hg;a fõ' ixúOdkfha OQrdj,s uÜgï ixLHdj wvq w.hla .kS'

mq¿,a md,k wjldYfha jdis

• mßmd,k úhoï wju ùu

303
 • fiajl wNsfmarKh by< hdu
• fiajl Wkkaÿj jeä ùu
wjdis

• mqyqKqj wmyiq ùu
• md,kh wmyiq ùu
• iqmÍlaIKh wmyiqùu
• ud¾f.damfoaYkh wmyiqùu

➢ mgq md,k wjldYh

tla l<ukdlrefjl= úiska iDcqju wëlaIKh lrkq ,nk fiajlhskf
a .a ixLHdj my<
uÜgul isáSuhs' mgq md,k wjldYhl m%;sM,hla f,i Wi ixúOdk jHqyhla ìys jk w;r
fiajlhska oeä md,khlg hg;afõ' fuys§ ixúOdk OQrdj,s uÜgï ixLHdj jeä w.hla .kS'

mgq md,k wjldYfha jdis

• iqmÍlaIKh myiqùu
• fiajl md,kh myiq ùu
• mqyqKqj myiqùu
wjdis

• fiajl mßmd,k úhoï wêlùu

• fiajl ksoyi wvqùu
• ;SrK .ekSï wmyiq ùu
• fiajlhskaf.a ks¾udKYS,S;ajh wvqùu
5'uOH.;lrKh

ixúOdkhl wKlsÍï odufhys by< l<ukdlrK uÜgï iómfhys ;SrK .ekSfï

n,;, r|jd ;sîuhs'

6'úuOH.;lrKh

wKlsÍï odufha my< l<ukdlrK uÜgï fj; ;SrK .ekSfï n,;, talrdYS ù ;sîuhsS'

7 n,;,

ixúOdkfha b,lal idlaId;a lr .ekSu i|yd ;SrK .ekSïg ksfhda. ksl=;a lsÍïg iïm;a
fnod fjka lsÍïg ;u ;k;=re u; ysñjk kS;Hdkql+, n,hhs'

8'j.lSï

304
 fiajlhskag mejreKq ld¾hhka bgq lrñka ta yd ne÷Kq b,lal yd mrud¾: ,Õdlr
.ekSu fyda ne¢hdjhs' tkï n,;, u; mjrk ,o ld¾hhka bgq lsÍug we;s ne¢hdjhs' j.lSu
wka whl=g mejßh fkdyel'

9'j.ùu

;u lghq;= j, m%;sm, iïnkaOfhka ;udg by<ska isák l<ukdlreg fyda iqmÍlaIlg

jd¾;d lsÍï yd hï wvq wvq mdvqjla isÿù we;akï ta ms<sn|j idOdrŒlrKh lsÍuhs' tkï
wKlsÍï odufha ;udg by<ska isák ks,Odßhdg ish lghq;= ms<sno jd¾;d lsÍï yd
idOdrŒlrKh lsÍuhs'

10' ixúOdk jHqyhh

ixúOdkhl ldrHhka ;k;=re n,;, j.lSu j.ùu hkdÈh fn§ f.dia we;s wdldrh yd
iudfhdackh ù we;s wdldrhhs' ke;fyd;a ixúOdkhl fomd¾;fïka;= fn§ f.dia we;s wdldrh
ldrHhka fn§ f.dia we;s wdldrh md,k wjldYh ikaksfõokh .,dhk wdldrh úêu;a jd¾;d
lsÍfï iïnkaO;d hkdÈh fmkakï
q lrk rduqjhs'

kdhl;ajh
ixúOdkhl b,lal iy mrud¾: ,Õdlr .ekSu i|yd mqoa.,hkahska yd lKavdhï j, p¾hdj
flfrys n,mEï lsÍug we;s yelshdj kdhl;ajhhs' fjkila y÷kajd§u kdhl;ajfha wruqKhs'

➢ kdhlhd
ixúOdkhl b,lal iy mrud¾: <Õd lr .ekSu i|yd mqoa.,hskaf.a fyda lKavdhulf.a
p¾hdjg n,mEï lrkakdh'

ixúOdkhlg kdhl;ajhf we;s jeo.;alu

ixúOdkhl id¾:l;ajh flfrys n,mdk m%n, idOlhls kdhl;ajh'fldmuK iïm;a

meje;sh;a ksis kdhl;ajhla fkdue;s kï b,lal lrd <Õd úh fkdyel' tneúka wdh;khl
id¾:l;ajfha h;=r kdhl;ajhhs'

• kdhlhdg oelaula we;

• wkd.; wúksYaÑ;;d j,g id¾:lj uqyqK Èh yel
• jHdmdr lghq;= md,kh l, yel
• iïm;aj,ska Wmßu m%fhdack .; yel
• kjH;d iïmdokhg jeo.;a ùu

kdhl;aj ffY,Ska
fiajlhska fufyhùu i|yd ish wêldßh m%fhdackhg .kakd wdldr kdhl;aj ffY,Ska
fõ' kdhl;ajh ffY,Ska m%Odk fldgia follg j¾. lrhs'

1' kdhlhd lghq;= lrk wdldrh wkqj

305
 ❖ taldêm;s kdhlhd
;SrK .ekSfï§ wka whf.a woyia ie,ls,a,g .kakd kdhlhdh'

❖ m%cd;ka;%jd§ kdhlhd
;SrK .ekSu i|yd wka whf.a iyNd.s;ajh ,nd .kakd kdhlhdh' fuys m%Odk wdldr
folls'

wka whf.a woyia ie,ls,a,g f.k ;SrK .ekSu

;ukaf.a ;SrKh f.k wka whf.a woyia ie,ls,a,g .ekSu

❖ ks¾ndOjd§ kdhlhd
;SrK .ekSug uq¿uksku
a fiajlhskag wjldY i,id fok kdhlhdh

❖ ks,OdÍjd§ kdhlhd
mj;sk kS;s Í;s wkqj wl=rg lg lghq;= lrk kdhlhdh

❖ mS;DuQ,sl kdhlhd
fiajl iqNidOkhg uq,a ;ekla fokq ,nk kdhlhdh' ;SrK .ekSu ;ud úiska isÿ lrkq
,enqjo fiajlhskg
a mshl= fuka i,lhs'

❖ iudk;aj kdhlhd
fiajlhskag tl yd iudk f,i i,lk kdhlhdh'

2' p¾hd;aul rgdj wkqj

❖ ld¾h keUqre kdhlhd

fiajlhskaf.a ld¾hhka bgqlr .ekSu i|yd jeä keUqrejla olajk kdhlhdh'

❖ fiajl keUqre kdhlhd

fiajlhska flfrys jeä ie,ls,a,la olajk kdhlhd'

id¾:l kdhlhl= ;=< ;sìh hq;= ,laIK

• m%shckl nj
• nqoaêu;anj
• lemùu
• wêIaGdkh
• idudkH wjfndaOh

306
mqoa.,fhl= kdhlfhl= ùu ioyd bgqúh hq;= wfmalaId
• wkq.dñlhska isà
• wkq.dñlhska Tyqj kdhlhl= f,i ms<s.ekSu
• wkq.dñlhska kdhlhdg lrk n,mEug jvd jeä n,mEula kdhlhdg l< yels ùu
• wkq.dñlhska f.a p¾hdj flfrys n,mEï l< yels ùu

ikaksfõokh
úêu;a ixúOdk jHqyhla u.ska ikakf
s õok m; lsysmhla y÷kd.; yel'

➢ isria ikaksfõokh
wdh;khl úIu uÜgfï l<ukdlrejka iy fiajlhka w;r isÿjk ikakf
s õokhhs'
fuys m%Odk fldgia folls'

❖ my<g .,d hk ikaksfõokh

ixúOdk Oqrdj,sfha by< uÜgïj, isák l<ukdlrejkaf.a isg my< fiajlhska olajd
isÿjk ikakf
s õokhhs'

❖ by,g .,d hk ikaksfõok

ixúOdk OQrdj,sh my< uÜgïj, isg by< l<ukdlrejka olajd isÿjk
ikaksfõokhhs'

➢ ;sria ikaksfõokh
wdh;khl lghq;= iïnkaëlrKh fukau .eg¨ úi£fï § úúO jev lKavdhï
fomd¾;fïka;= w;r iudk uÜgï fiajlhska ;=< isÿjk ikakf
s õokhhs'

wNsfma%rKh
ixúOdkhl fiajlhskaf.a Wmßu odhl;ajhla iajleue;af;ka iy ixúOdkfhka
bgqlr.ekSu fm<Uùu wNsfmarKhhs' tkï ish leue;af;ka u wod< ld¾hhka isÿlsÍu i|yd
fiajlhska fm<Uùuhs' ke;fyd;a ksYaÑ; b,lalhla ,Õdlr .ekSu i|yd fiajlhska Woa§mkh
lsÍfï l%shdj,shhs '

fiajl wNsfma%rK l%u

❖ uQ,ahuh wNsfmark l%u
• by< jegqma f.ùu
• m%ido §ukd
• ,dNhg iyNd.sùu
• jeäÿr wOHdmkh i|yd mdGud,d .dia;= f.ùu
• fldgia ysñldÍ;ajh
• ffjoH úhoï m%;smQrKh lsÍï

307
 ❖ uQ,Huh fkdjk wNsfmark l%u
• Wiiaùï ,nd§u
• ksjdi myiqlï
• ksjdvq myiqlï
• úfkdao pdßld ixúOdkh
• wdydr §ukd wOHdmk myiqlï fiajl mqyqKqj yd ixj¾Okh
wNsfmarK we;s jeo.;alu

• fiajl M,odhs;djh by< hdu

• Y%u msßjegqï wju ùu
• fiajl m%jdis;djh wju ùu
• lS¾;skduh j¾Okh ùu
• ;rÕldÍ;ajh id¾:lj uqyqK Èh yels ùu
• fyd| fiajh fiajl iïnkaO;djhla f.dvk.d.; yels ùu
fiajl wNsfma%rKfha ,laIK

• fiajlhdf.a wNHka;rfhka mek k.skakla ùu

• fiajl wjYH;d bgq ùu iy wNsfmarKh w;r wkqf,dau iïnkaO;djhla mej;Su
• ufkda úoHd;aul ixl,amhla ùu

md,kh
i;H m%;sM, ie,iqï.; m%;sM, iuÕ ii|d úp,ahhka isÿù we;akï tajd ksjerÈ lsÍug
wjYH l%shdud¾. .ekSu md,khhs' ie,iqïj,g wkql+,j m%;sM, ,efnk nj ;yjqre lr.ekSu
md,kfha wruqKhs' wjYH úg ksjerÈ lsÍfï l%shdud¾. .ekSu md,khf w;HjYHu wx.hhs'

md,k l%shdj,sfha mshjrhka

o ld¾h idOk m%ñ;s ia:dms; lsÍu
wkd.; Èkhl§ i;H m%;sM, iuÕ iei£u i|yd ks¾Kdhl fyj;a b,lal ia:dms;
lsÍuhs

o i;H ld¾hidOk uek ne,Su

i;H jYfhka isÿjk ld¾h idOk uek ne,Su fuys§ isÿfõ

o m%ñ;s iuÕ i;H ld¾h idOk iei£u

m%ñ;s iuÕ i;H ld¾h idOk iei£u ;=<k
s a úp,ahhka y÷kd .ekSu'

yd ksjerÈ lsÍu r;sM, yd m%ñ;s w;r úp,ahhka ika isÿù we;akï tajd y÷kdf.k ksjerÈ
lsÍug wjYH l%shdud¾. .ekSuhs

fï hgf;a my; l%shdud¾. .kshs

308
 • úp,ahhka ksjerÈ lsÍu
• m%ñ;s fjkia lsÍu
• wjYH ;;ajh tf,iu mj;ajdf.k hdu

md,k j¾.
fufyhqï md,kh

fhojqï ksuejqï njg m;alrk l%shdj,sh w;r;=r isÿ lrkq ,nk md,khhs

jHqyuh md,kh

ixúOdk jHqyfha ksYaÑ; b,lal lr odhl jkafka flfiao hkak ms<sn|j isÿ lrkq ,nk
md,khhs

Wml%ñl md,kh

ixúOdk mßirfha § mj;akd ;;a;ajh f;areï .ekSug;a tajdg m%;spdr oelaùug;a

fhdod .kakd md,khhs

md,k WmlrK
➢ fufyhqï md,k WmlrK
• f;d. md,k WmlrK
• wd¾Ól weKjqï m%udKh
• Wmßu f;d. uÜgu
• wju f;d. uÜgu
• h,s wekjqï uÜgu
• ;;aj md,k WmlrK
• mq¾K ;;a;aj l<ukdlrKh
• ;;a;aj lj
• ;;a;aj wdrlaIKh

➢ wf,ú md,k WmlrK

• wf,úlrK m¾fhaIKh
• mÍlaIK wf,úh
• wf,úlrK ú.Kkh

309
 ➢ uQ,H md,k WmlrK
• uQ,H m%ldYk ms<sfh, lsÍu
• uQ,H wkqmd; úYaf,aIKh
• iuÉfþo ,laIh
• whjeh f,aLk

➢ udkj iïm;a md,k WmlrK

• ñksia n, ie,eiau
• ld¾hM, we.hSu
• fiajl iqmÍlaIKh

➢ f;dr;=re l<uKdlrk md,k WmlrK

• uqr mo
• wdrlaIs; fiajd
• kdu w.=,a

md,kh jeo.;alu
• b,lal bgq ù we;ao hkak fidhd ne,Sug yels ùu
• ld¾hidOkh uek ne,Sug yels ùu
• mqoa.,hska w;ska isÿjk jerÈ wju ùu
• mßir fjkia ùug id¾:lj uqyqK Èh yels ùu

M,odhs md,k moaO;shl .=Kdx.

• m%dfhda.sl ùu
• ksjerÈ ùu
• Ndú;h myiq ùu
• b,lal iy mrud¾: bgqlr .; yels ùu
• iEu fokdg u f;areï .; yels ùu
• kuHYS,S ùu

310
 fufyhqï l<ukdlrKh (Operation Management)
ixúOdkhl wruqKq yd mrud¾: bgqlr.ekSu ioyd fufyhqï lghq;= ie,iqï lsÍu" ixúOdkh lsÍu"
fufyhùu iy md,khg wod,j l<ukdlrK lghq;= iuQyh fufyhqï l<ukdlrKh kï fõ.

ksIamdok l%shdj,sh ;=< fhojqï$ iïm;a" ksuejqu $ NdKav yd fiajd njg mßj¾;kh lsÍug wod<j
isÿlrk ish¿ lghq;= fufyhqï lghq;= f,i yeÈkafõ'

fufyhqï ixl,amh (Operation Concept)

ksIamdokh yd fufyhqï hk ixl,am w;r fjki

• lsishï fhojqï m%udKhla Ndú; fldg ksuejqula ìyslr .ekSu Wfoid lghq;= lsÍu ksIamdokh
f,i yeÈkafõ'
• fufyhqï lghq;= hkq fhojqï ksujqï njg m;alsÍug wu;rj th ie,iqï lsÍu yd md,kh
we;=,;a iuia: l%shdj,shhs' ta wkqj ksIamdokhg idfmalaIj fufyhqï hkak mq¿,a ixl,amhla
hkak meyeÈ,s fõ'

fufyhqï l<ukdlrKfha uQ,l

s j.lSu fufyhqï l<ukdlrKfha uQ,l
s ld¾hh'

.
wdh;khl wruqKq yd mrud¾: bgqlr iïm;a Wmfhda.S lrf.k by,
.ekSu ioyd odhl ùu .=K;ajfhka hq;= NdKav yd fiajd
ksIamdokh lsÍu

fufyhqï l<ukdlrKfha jeo.;alu

• by, .=K;ajhlska hq;= NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh l<yels ùu'
• fufyhqï l%shdj,sfha ld¾hlaIu;djh yd M,odhS;djh jeälr .; yels ùu'
• ksIamdok msßjeh wju lr.; yels ùu yd ,dNh jeälr .; yels ùu'
• f.da,h
S jHdmdr mßirh ;=, ;r.ldÍ;ajhg id¾:lj uqyqK §ug yels ùu'
• kjH;djfhka hqla;j NdKav yd fiajd yÿkajd Èh yels ùu'
• iudc j.lSï ksisf,i bgq lsÍfuka jHdmdrfha j¾Okhg fukau rfÜ ;sridr ixj¾Okhgo
odhl;ajhla ,nd Èh yels ùu'

311
 mßj¾;k l%shdj,sh (Transformation Process)

ගයද්‍වුම් පරිවර්තන නිමැවුම්

ක්‍රියොවලිය

•භූමිය • ම්පත් ල්‍බො •භ්‍ොණ්ඩ හො ග ව

ේ ො
•ශ්‍රමය ෙැනීම
•ප්‍රොග්ධ්‍නය •නිෂ්‍ේපොද්‍න
ක්‍රියොපටිපොටි
•වයව ොයකත්වය අනුෙමනය කිරීම
•කොල්‍ය •නිෂ්‍ේපොද්‍න ක්‍රම
•ගතොරතුරු තීරණ්‍ය කිරීම
•ද්‍ැනුම •තොේෂ්‍ණික ද්‍ැනුම
ගයොද්‍ො ෙැනීම

tl;=l< w.h (Value Added)

• ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha úúO wjia:d j,§ fhojqï j,g jákdlula tl;= ùfuka wjidk ksIamdÈ;fha
jákdlu jeäjk w;r th tl; =l< w.h f,i yeÈkafõ'

uQ,l
s mßj¾;k l%u

1. úYaf,aIK l%uh (Analytic System)/ ksulsÍfï l%shdj,sh (Process Manufacturing)

úúO wuqo%jH fhdod .ksñka ksIamdokfha fldgia fjk fjku ;kd .ekSu úYaf,aIK l%ufha§ isÿfõ'

2. tl,ia l%uh (Synthetic System)

úYaf,aIK l%ufha§ ;kd.;a fldgia tlg tlalr wjidk ksIamdÈ;h ìys lsÍu tl,ia l%uh f,i yeÈkafõ'

312
 fufyhqï$ ksIamdok fomd¾;fïka;=j (Production Department)

wdh;khl ksIamdok l%shdj,sh mj;ajd .ekSu yd md,kh isÿlsÍu ksIamdok fomd¾;fïka;=j

u.ska isÿfjhs' wdh;kfha b,lal u; ksIamdok fomd¾;fïka;=j ;u ld¾hhka ie,iqï lrhs'

fufyhqï l<ukdlrKfha ld¾hhka (Functions of Operation Management)

1. ksIamdok bxðfkarelrKh (Production Engineering)

2. ksIamdok ie,iqïlrKh (Production Planning)
3. ksIamdok md,kh (Production Control)
4. o%jH ñ,§ .ekSu (Purchasing)
5. m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Okh (research and Development)

නිෂ්‍ේපොද්‍න අංශ්‍ය

නිෂ්‍ේපොද්‍න නිෂ්‍ේපොද්‍න පර්ගේෂ්‍ණ්‍ හො

නිෂ්‍ේපොද්‍න පොල්‍නය ද්‍රවය මිල්‍දී ෙැනීම
ඉංජිතගන්රුකරණ්‍ය ැල්‍සුම්කරණ්‍ය ංවර්ධ්‍නය

නිෂ්‍ේපොද්‍න ක්‍රියොවලිය ගකටිකොලීන නිෂ්‍ේපොද්‍න

යොන්ික පොල්‍නය
තීරණ්‍ය වැඩ හන් ැකසීම

අවශ්‍ය යන්රොෙොර හො දිගුකොලීන නිෂ්‍ේපොද්‍න

තත්ත්ව පොල්‍නය
උපකරණ්‍ තීරණ්‍ය වැඩ හන් ැකසීම

නිෂ්‍ේපොද්‍න කොල්‍ හන
ගතොෙ පොල්‍නය
තීරණ්‍ය

අවශ්‍ය ද්‍රවය ප්‍රමොණ්‍ය හො

ඒවොගේ ගුණ්‍ොත්මක පිරිවැය පොල්‍නය
භ්‍ොවය තීරණ්‍ය

ක්‍රියොකොරීත්ව පොල්‍නය

313
ksIamdok bxðfkarelrKh

• ksIamdok l%shdj,sh" wjYH hka;%d.dr yd hkaf;%damlrK" ksIamdok ld,igyk" wjYH o%jH" o%jH
m%udKh yd .=Kd;aulNdjh ;SrKh lsÍu ksIamdok bxðfkarelrKh fõ'

ksIamdok ie,iqïlrKh

• lsishï ksIamdok wdh;khl ksYaÑk wkd.; ld,Éfþohla ;=< l=uk NdKav yd fiajd flfia
ksIamdokh l, hq;=o " fldmuK ksIamdokh l, hq;=o" ljr Èkl§ ksIamdokh l, hq;=o hkak flá
ld,Skj yd È.= ld,Skj ie,iqï lsÍu ksIamdok ie,iqïlrKh kï fõ'

ksIamdok md,kh

• hdka;%sl md,kh" f;d. md,kh" ;;a;aj md,kh" msßjeh md,kh hkdÈh ksIamdok md,kh f,i
yeÈkafõ'

o%jH ñ,§ .ekSu

• kshñ; o%jH" wjYH m%udKfhka" wjYH wjia:d j,§ wju imhd .ekSu o%jH ñ,§ .ekSu f,i
yeÈkafõ'

m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Okh

• mj;akd ksIamdÈ;h ms<n

s oj;a ksIamdok l%shdj,sh ms<n
s oj;a kj ksIamdok ie,iqï ms<n
s oj;a f;dr;=re
talrdYS lsÍu yd tajd jeäÈhqKq lsÍu m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Okhhs'

m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=jl ldrHhka$ jeo.;a ùug fya;=

1' ksIamdok msßjeh wvq lsÍu'

2' ksIamdokj, .=K;ajh jeä lsÍu'

3' mdßfNda.sl mlaImd;S;ajh Èkd.; yels ùu'

4' fj<ofmd, fldgi jeälr .; yels ùu'

5' ksIamdok úúOdka.SlrKhg fhduql, yels ùu'

6' w;=re ksIamdok ioyd fhduqùu'

314
ksIamdok l%u (The Methods of Production

ksIamdok wdh;khla úiska ksIamdokh isÿlrkq ,nk úúOdldr l%u ksIamdok l%u f,i yeÈkafõ'

1. ld¾h ksIamdokh$weKjqug ksIamdokh (Job Production)

wdrïNfha isg wdikh f;lau .kqfokqlrefjl=f.a ksYaÑ; weKjqula u; j¾;udk b,a¨u u; mokïj tl
whs;uhla ksIamdokh lsÍu ld¾h ksIamdokhhs'

ld¾h ksIamdokfha ,laIK

• by, Y%u l=i,;djh

• hkaf;%damlrK wê Odß;djh
• fj<om, wjYH;djh fkdj .kqfokqlref.a wjYH;djh ms<n
s oj jeä wjOdkh
• by, ñ,

හිතකර ලක්ෂණ අහිතකර ලක්ෂණ

• ෙනුගද්‍නුකරුගග් අවශ්‍යතො හො වුවමනො වල්‍ අනුව

• පිරිවැය ඉහල්‍ වීම
නිපද්‍වීම

• ෑමවි ම කු ල්‍තො හිත ුහුණු ග ේවකයින්

• තෘප්පතිය ඉහල්‍ මට් මක පවත්වො ෙත හැකි වීම
අවශ්‍ය වීම

• ඇණ්‍වුම මත නිපද්‍වන බැවින් අවද්‍ොනමේ • විගශ්‍ේෂිත උපකරණ්‍ හො ගමවල්‍ම් අවශ්‍ය වීම

ගනොමැතිවීම

• ඉහල්‍ මිල්‍ේ අයකර ෙත හැකි වීම • ගවළද්‍ගපොළ මුල් කරගෙන නිෂ්‍ේපොද්‍න සිදු ගනොවීම

315
2. කාණ්ඩ නිෂ්පාදනය (batch Production)

එක වරක එක මොන භ්‍ොණ්ඩ මූහයේ නිෂ්‍ේපොද්‍නය ගකො නැවත අලුතින් අලුත් කොණ්ඩයේ නිෂ්‍ේපොද්‍නය කිරීම
කාණ්ඩ නිෂ්පාදනය ගල්‍ හැදින්ගේ.

හිතකර ලක්ෂණ අහිතකර ලක්‍ෂණ

• විශ්‍ොල්‍ ප්‍රමොණ්‍ගයන් ද්‍රවය මිල්‍දී ෙත හැකිවීම නි ො • ප්‍රවොහ නිෂ්‍ේපොද්‍නය ොගප්පක්‍ෂව ඒකක පිරිවැය වැඩි
වට් ම් ල්‍ැබීම වීම.
• භ්‍ොණ්ඩ කොණ්ඩගයන් කොණ්ඩය නිෂ්‍ේපොදිතගේ • කොණ්ඩගයන් කොණ්ඩය යන්ර හො උපකරණ්‍
නිමොව ගවන ේ කල්‍ හැකි වීම. නැවත ක ේ කිරීම සිදුවීම නි ො පිරිවැය වැඩි වීම.
• ඇණ්‍වුම් නිෂ්‍ේපොද්‍නය ොගප්පක්‍ෂව ඒකක පිරිවැය අඩු • මහො පරිමොණ්‍ පිරිමැසුම් ල්‍ැබිය ගනොහැකි වීම
වීම.
• ොගප්පක්‍ෂව විශ්‍ොල්‍ ගතොෙ වශ්‍ගයන් නිෂ්‍ේපොද්‍නය කල්‍ • ග ේවක අභිගේරණ්‍ය අඩු වීම ඉඩ තිබීම.
හැකි වීම නි ො පිරිවැටුම් ඉහල්‍ යොම

3. m%jdy ksIamdokh (Floe Production)

tlu j¾.hl NdKavhla wLKavj f¾Åhj .,d hk wdldrhg úYd, tall m%udKhlska wkd.; b,a¨u u;
mokïj ksIamdokh lsÍu m%jdy ksIamdokhhs'

හිතකර ලක්ෂණ අහිතකර ලක්‍ෂණ

• මහො පරිමොණ්‍ වොසි නි ො ඒකක පිරිවැය අඩු වීම.
• ගබොගහෝ වි එක ුද්ෙල්‍ගයකු මගින් වුවද්‍
නිෂ්‍ේපොද්‍න ප්‍රවොහය පොල්‍නය කල්‍ හැකි වීම.
• ම ේත ගවළද්‍ගපොල්‍ පිළිබද්‍ අවධ්‍ොනය ගයොමු
කිරීම
• විශ්‍ොල්‍ ආගයෝජ්‍නයේ අවශ්‍ය වීම නි ො මූල්‍ය
දුෂ්‍ේකරතො ඇති වීම
• කලින් තීරණ්‍ය කරන ල්‍ද්‍ අනු පිළිගවල්‍ක අනුව
නිෂ්‍ේපොද්‍නය සිදුවන බැවින් ගවන ේකම් කිරීම
අපහසු වීම.
• ගවළද්‍ගපොල්‍ අවධ්‍ොනම මුහුණ්‍ පෑම සිදුවීම.

• නවීන තොේෂ්‍නය පහසුගවන් ගයොද්‍ොෙත හැකි • ෙනුගද්‍නුකරුවන්ගග් විගශ්‍ේෂ්‍ අවශ්‍යතො ුරො

වීම. ලීම ගනොහැකි වීම.

316
w;sf¾l igyka wxl 01

by; m%Odk ldrHh ldKav" m%jdy ksIamdokhkag wu;rj l%shdj,s ksIamdokh kï ksIamdok l%uhlao oelsh
yelsh' tys§ Ndú;d lrk ;dlaIKsl l%shdj,sh ksuejqu u; ;SrKh lrhs' fuh fndfyda ÿrg m%jdy
ksIamdokhg iudk fõ'

ksIamdok l%u tlsfklska fjkia jk wdldrh

ks¾Kdhl ld¾h ksIamdokh ldKav ksIamdokh m%jdy ksIamdokh

ksuejqï mßudKh b;d my,h uOHu m%udKh fõ b;d úYd,h

ksIamdÈ;h úúOh lsysmhla muKs tlla muKs

l%shdj,sfha kuHYS,s
b;d by,hs idukHhs b;d my,h
nj

ksmoùu weKjqugo weKejqïj,g yd

weKjqulgh f;d. jYfhka
f;d. i|ydo f;d.

ksIamdok l%uhla f;dard .ekSfï§ wjOdkh fhduq l,hq;= lreKq

• ksIamdokfha iajNdjh
• b,a¨fï iajNdjh
• wdh;kfha uQ,H yelshdj
• fhdod.kakd ;dlaIKh
• fj<|fmd, iajNdjh

317
fufyhqï msßh; ie,iqï lsÍu

ld¾hlaIu ksIamdok l%shdj,shla ilia lsÍu fjkqfjka wjYH fN!;sl myiqlï tkï
hkaf;%damlrK" ld¾h uOHia:dk" o%jH" fiajd hkdÈh i,iqï lsÍu ගම් kñka ye¢kafõ'

fufyhqï msßh; j¾.

• l%shdj,s msßh;

• ksIamdÈ; msßh;

• ia:djr ia;dkSh msßh;

• l=á msßh;

fufyhqï msßh; ie,iqï jeo.;a ùug fya;=

• o%jH yd hka;% Ndú;d lsÍfï ld¾hlaIu;dj jeäùu

• o%jH Ndú;d lsÍfï msßjeh wvqlr.; yelsùu

• wk;=re wju ùu'

• iSñ; bvlv j,ska Wmßu m%fhdack .; yelsùu'

• ikaksfõokh" iudfhdackh myiq ùu'

fufyhqï l%shdj,sh ;=, oelsh yels msßh; ie,iqï

❖ l%shdj,s msßh;

ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha tla wÈhrla iïmQ¾K lsÍug wjYH ish¿ foa tla ia:dkhl isÿjk
wdldrhg msßh; ms<sfh, lsÍu'

318
❖ ksIamdÈ; msßh;$tl,ia lsÍfï msßh;

iuia; ksIamdok l%shdj,sh tla ld¾h ia:dkhlska ;j;a ld¾h ia:dkhlg f¾Çhj .,dhk
wdldrhg msßh; ie,iqï lsÍu

❖ ia:djr ia;dkSh msßh;

wuqo%jH" Y%uh" WmlrK wd§ fhojqï ksIamdokh isÿlrk ia:dkhgu f.kú;a ksIamdokh lsÍu
i|yd ms<sfh, lrk msßfh; ie,iqï

319
❖ l=á msßh;

ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha tl iudk hka;% yd úIu hka;% fjk fjku l=áj, iúlr ksIamdok
lghq;= .,dhk wdldrhg msßfh; ie<iqï lsÍu

iuÉfþok ,laI ú.%yh (BEP)

ksIamdokfha§ oeÍug isÿjk úúO msßjeh j¾. i,ld n,d ksIamdokh l, hq;= m%udKh .Kkh
lsÍu i|yd iuÉfþok ,laIh Ndú;d lrhs' fuys§ .Kkh lrkq ,nk iuÉfþok ,laIh hkq
ksIamdokhg wod, ,dN fyda w,dN fkd,nk ;;a;ajhhs' tys§ wdh;kfha uq¿ wdodhu uq¿ úhoug
iudk fõ'

iuÉfþo ,laIh = uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh (F)

tallhl odhlh (C)

odhlh = tallhl úl=Kqï ñ, - tallhl úp,H msßjeh

320
❖ uq¿ wdodhu

hï ksYaÑ; ld,mßÉfþohl ksIamdok wf,úfhka ,nk wdodhu uq¿ wdodhu fõ'

(TR = P * Q)

❖ uq¿ msßjeh

ksIamdÈ;hla fjkqfjka orkq ,nk ia:djr yd úp,H msßjeh j, tl;=j fõ'

(TC = FC + VC)

iuÉfþo ,laIfha§ i,ld n,kq ,nk msßjeh j¾.

• ia:djr msßjeh

wdh;kfha ksIamdok tall ixLHdjg wod,j fjkia fkdjk msßjehhs' ksIamdok l%shdj,sh l,d
fyda fkdl,d fuu msßjeh oeÍug isÿfõ'

WodyrK > uqrlre jegqma

• úp,H msßjeh

wdh;kfha ksIamdok tall ixLHdjg iu.dóu oeÍug isÿjk msßjehhs' tall .Kk jeäjk
úg msßjeh jeäjk w;r wvqjk úg msßjeho wvqfõ'

WodyrK > ÿrl;k .diaතු

• odhlh

ksIamdÈ;hl úl=Kqï j,ska tys úp,H msßjeh wvql, úg odhlh ,efí

• ,dNdka;slh

lsih
s ï ksIamdÈ;hlg wod,j msßjehg ,dNh jYfhka tl;= lrk wkqmd;slh fukñka
y÷kajhs'

321
iuÉfþo ,laIh j.=jlska fmkakqï lrk wdldrh
ඒකක ගණන ඒකකයක මුලු ස්ථාෙර විචලය මුලු
මිල ආදායම පිරිෙැය පිරිෙැය පිරිෙැය
100 10 1000 3000 500 3500
200 10 2000 3000 1000 4000
300 10 3000 3000 1500 4500
400 10 4000 3000 2000 5000
500 10 5000 3000 2500 5500
600 10 6000 3000 3000 6000
700 10 7000 3000 3500 6500
800 10 8000 3000 4000 7000

iuÉfþo ,laIh m%ia;drhlska fmkakqï lrk wdldrh

Break Even Point

$9,000
$8,000
$7,000
$6,000
$5,000
Sales

$4,000
$3,000
$2,000
$1,000
$-
sales fixed total BEU aprox. =600
$- $200 $400 Units $600 $800 $1,000

Wod( jHdmdr wdh;khl uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh re' 1 000 000 ls' tallhl úl=Kqï ñ, re' 2000 ls'
tallhl úp,H msßjeh re' 1000la kï iuÉග ේo ,laIh .kKh lrkak'

odhlh = tallhl úl=Kqï ñ, - tallhl úp,H msßjeh

322
2000 – 1000 = 1000

iuÉfþo ,laIh = 1 000 000/ 1000

= 1000

fílß ksIamdok ksmojk wdh;khl uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh re' 800 000 la jQ w;r tallhl úl=Kqï
ñ, re' 2100 ls' tallhl úp,H msßjeh re' 500la kï iuÉග ේo ,laIh .kKh lrkak'

odhlh = 2100 – 500 = 1600

iuÉfþo ,laIh = 800 000/ 1600

= 500

iuÉfþo ,laI ú.%yh fhdod .ekSfï m%;s,dN

• jHdmdr lghq;= ie,iqï lsÍfï§ msßjeh ,dNh iy m%udKh md,kh lsÍfï WmlrKhla
f,i jeo.;a ùu'
• ñ, ;SrKh lsÍfï § m%fhdackj;a ùu'
• jHdmdr wdodhu msßjeh iy ñ, hk wxY j, we;sjk fjkiaùï ú.%y l< yels ùu'
• ksuejqfï fyda wf,úfha úúO uÜgï j, ,dNh fyda w,dNh .Kkh l< yels ùu'

iuÉfþo ,laI ú.%yfha iSud

• iuÉfþo ,laI ú.%yh flá ld,fha§ ;SrK .ekSug jeo.;a idOlhla jqjo È.=ld,Sk
;SrK .ekSfï§ fhdod.ekSu id¾:l fkdùu'
• iuÉfþo ,laI ú.%yfha § we;s lr.kakd Wml,amk u.ska we;s lrk iSud'

o%jH ñ,§ .ekSu

ksIamdok l%shdj,sh ;=< úúO oE ñ,§ .ekSug isÿ jk w;r tajd o%jH fyda fiajdjka jYfhka ñ,§
.ekSu isÿ lrhs' uyd mßudK jHdmdr fjku fomd¾;fïka;=jla mj;ajdf.k hk w;r
l<ukdlrefjl= o m;a lrhs' th uOH.;lrKh fyda úuOH.;lrKh l< yelsh' ish¨u ñ,§
.ekSï tlu ia:dkhla yryd isÿlrkafka isÿ lrkafka kï th uOH.;lrKh f,i ye¢kaúh
yelsh ia:dk lsysmhla yryd ñ,§ .ekSu isÿ lrhs kï th úuOH.;lrKh f,i ye¢kaúh
yelsh'

323
jHdmdrhl úúO ñ,§ .ekSï

❖ ksIamdok lghq;= i|yd wjYH o%jH

❖ mßyrKh i|yd wjYH o%jH
❖ fiajd ñ,§ .ekSï

ñ,§.ekSfï l%shdj,sh

• ñ,§ .ekSfï fomd¾;fïka;=jg o%jH wjYH;djh oekqï§u

• iemhqïlrejl= fidhd.ekSu
• weKjqï lsÍu
• NdKav ,eîu
• uqo,a f.ùu

o%jH ñ,§ .ekSfï§ ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq

• ñ,
• .=K;ajh
• fmdfrd;a;= ld,h
• f.ùfï fldkafoais
• ksIamdÈ; msßú;rh
• iemhqïlref.a úYajdijka;Ndjh

f;d. md,kh

ksIamdok l%shdj,sh wLKavj mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd m%Yia; uÜgfuka yd wju msßjehlska f;d.
mj;ajdf.k hdu f;d. md,kh f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh'

m%Yia; f;d. uÜgu

W!k fyda w;sßla; f;d. we;s fkdjk wdldrhg f;d. mj;ajdf.k hduhs'

f;d. md,kh jeo.;alu

➢ jHdmdrfha ksIamdok yd wf,ú lghq;= wLKavj mj;ajdf.k hdug

➢ jHdmdr iïm;aj,ska Wmßu m%fhdackh iïm;a j,ska Wmßu m%fhdack .ekSug
➢ W!k fyda w;sßla; f;d. mj;ajdf.k hdfuka we;sjk we;s jk úhou md,khg

324
f;d. md,k l%u

• ABC úYaf,aIKh
• oaú;aj Ndck l%uh
• f;d. uÜgï l%uh
• mß.Kl jevigyka
• f;d. f,crh
• rdlal m;a

ABC úYaf,aIKh

fuys§ jHdmdrh úiska f;d. A B C f,i ldKav ;=klg fjka lr .kS'

A - b;d jákd iy wvq m%udKhla we;s f;d.

B - jákdlfuka uOHia: f;d.

C - jákdlñka b;d wvq iy jeä m%udKhla we;s f;d.

ABC úYaf,aIKfha jdis

)01 f;d. md,kh myiq ùu

)02 f;d. md,k msßjeh wju wju lr.; yels ùu

)03 jákdlu wkqj f;d. ms<n

s | wjOdkh fhduq l< yelsùu

oaú;aj md,k l%uh

fuu l%ufha§ úYd, Ndckhla yd l=vd Ndckhla jYfhka folla mj;ajd .kakd w;r úYd, Ndckfha
f;d.h Ndú;d lrhs'úYd, Ndckh wjika jQ miq f;d. wekjqï lrk w;r th wekjqï ,efnk f;la l=vd
Ndckh ;=< we;s f;d.h Ndú;d lrhs 'wekjqï l< f;d.h ,o miq kej; Ndckh mqrjd fmr mßÈ Ndú;d
lrhs'

mß.Kl jevigyka l%uh

fuu l%ufha§ f;d. md,kh i|yd mß.Kl uDÿldx. Ndú;d lrhs'f;d. ,eîï yd ksl=;a lsÍfï ms<n
s |j
ish¨ f;dr;=re mß.Kl .; lsÍu fuys§ isÿjk nj oelsh yel '

mß.Kl jevigyka l%ufhka wdh;khla ,nk jdis(

)01 f;d. md,kh myiq ùu

)02 f;d. md,k f;dr;=re hdj;ald,Sk ùu

325
)03 ´kEu fj,djl f;d. md,k jd¾;d ,nd .; yels ùu

)04 tla mqo.

a ,fhla u.ska jqjo f;d. md,kh l< yels ùu'

rdlal m;a l%uh

fuys§ tla tla f;d.h fjkqfjka tu f;d.h mj;ajd .kakd rdlal wi,u rdlal m;a mj;ajdf.k f;d.h
ms<n
s | úia;r tys tys i|yka lrñka f;d. md,kh lrhs'

f;d. f,cr l%uh

f;d. f,cr l%ufha§ f;d.h fjkqfjka .sKqï we;=,;a fjku f,crhla mj;ajd .ekSu isÿ lrhs'

f;d. uÜgï l%uh

fuys§ f;d. uÜgï ms<n

s | wjOdkh fhduq lrñka f;d.h md,kh lrhs'

ksYaÑ; fj,djg l%uh$ksis l,a fj,djg l%uh$wjYH fõ,djg l%uh (JIT)

wuqo%jH iy ksñ NdKav f;d. YqkH f,i mj;ajd .ksñka .nvd msßjeh wju lr .ekSug lr .ekSug
Ndú;d lrk Wm l%uhls'fuys§ .Kqfokq lre f.ka wekjqu ,o ú.i iemhqïlre f.ka wuqo%jH ,ndf.k
ksIamdokh lr iemhSu isÿlrhs'

JIT l%ufh jdis:

01 ..nvd bvlv wjYH fkdùu

02 .nvd msßjeh wju ùu

03 .=K;ajfhka Wiia wuqo%jH ,eîu

04 ksIamdÈ; .=K;ajh by< hdu

JIT l%ufha wjdis:

01 wdrlaIl f;d. fkdue;sùu

02 wkfmalaIs; ;;a;ajhkag uqyK

q §u wmyiq ùu

03 jßka jr ñ,§ .kakd ksid msßjeh by< hdu

04 jßka jr ñ,§ .ekSfï§ .=K;ajh fjkiaùu

f;d. uÜgï

326
jHdmdr wdh;k úiska ;u fufyhqï l%shdj,sh ;=< by<u wjOdkhla fhduq l< hq;= idOlhla f,i f;d.
uÜgï y÷kajd Èh yel tys§,

• ld,Éfþohg wod, o%jH mßfNdackh

• h,s wekjqï m%udKh
• h,s wekjqï ld,h a g .; hq;=h.
jeks lreKq ie,ls,,
o%jH mßfNdackh

Èkla i;shla udihla wd§ jYfhka lsishï ksYaÑ; ld,Éfþoh l ksIamdok lghq;= i|yd fyda wod<
lghq;= i|yd Ndú;d lrk o%jH m%udKh ld,Éfþohg wod< o%jH mßfNdackh f,i ye¢kafõ.

h,s wekjqï ld,h

o%jH wekjqï l< wjia:dfõ isg tu o%jH .nvdjg ,eîu f;la ,eîu f;la .;jk ld,h h,s wekjqï ld,
uÜgï ye¢kafõ'

h,s wekjqï m%udKh$wd¾:sl wekjqï m%udKh

f;d. mj;ajd .ekSfï msßjeh iy f;d. wekjqï lsÍfï msßjeh wju jk mßÈ weKjqul we;=<;a tall
ixLHdj wd¾:sl wd¾:sl wekjqï m%udKh f,i ye¢kafõ'

h,s wekjqï uÜgu

wekjqula bÈßm;a lsÍug wdh;kh bÈßm;a jk f;d. uÜgï h,s wekjqï uÜgu f,i ye¢kafjhs '

• h,s wekjqï uÜgu= Wmßu Ndú;h × Wmßu wekjqï ld,h

fyda
wdrlaIs; f;d. = fmdfrd;a;= ld, mßfNdackh
• Wmßu wekjqï ld,h= wekjqï ld,h + Ndr §fï ld,h + mßlaId lsÍfï ld,h yd .nvd lsÍfï
ld,h

wNHdih

jHdmdr wdh;khl Ndú; m%udKh uilg tall 1000hs' Wmßu mud ld,h i;s 3ls' h<s weKjqï
uÜgu .kKh lrkak'

h<s weKjqï uÜgu = Wmßu mßfNdackh X Wmßu weKjqï ld,h

327
 =1000 X 3

=3000

wju f;d. uÜgu$ wdrlaIs; f;d.h

o%jH f;d.h hï uÜgulg jvd wvqùug jHdmdr wdh;kh úiska bv fkdyÍo" tu uÜgu wju f;d.
uÜgu f,i ye¢kafõ'

wju f;d. uÜgu = h<s weKjqï uÜgu - ^idudkH f;d. Ndú;h * idudkH weKjqï ld,h&

wju f;d. uÜgug jvd f;d. my, .sh úg w;ajk wys;lr m%;súmdl

01' ksIamdok l%shdj,sh wekysàu

02' hka;%" Y%uh wd§ iïm;a j,ska lsis m%fhdackhla ,nd .; fkdyels ùu

03' weKjqu ksis mßÈ iïmQ¾K lsÍug fkdyels ùu'

04' .kqfokqlrejka l,lsÍfuka fj<|fmd< wysñ ùu'

wNHdih

lu,af.a jHdmdrfha h<s weKjqï uÜgu tall 5000ls' Wmßu Ndú;h tall 2000ls' wju Ndú;h
tall 1000ls' Wmßu mud ld,h i;s 3ls' wju mud ld,h i;s 1ls' wju f;d. uÜgu .Kkh
lrkak'

wju f;d. uÜgu = h<s weKjqï uÜgu - ^idudkH f;d. Ndú;h * idudkH weKjqï ld,h&

= 5000-((2000+1000÷2) × (3+1÷2))

=5000-(1500×2)

=5000-3000

=2000

328
Wmßu f;d. uÜgu
wdh;kfha o%jHhlg wod< f;d.h hï uÜgulg jvd jeä ùug bv fkdyßkafkao@ tu f;d.
uÜgu Wmßu f;d. uÜgu f,i yE¢kafõ'

Wmßu f;d. uÜgu = h<s weKjqï uÜgu - ^ wju Ndú;h × wju weKjqï ld,h& + h<s

weKjqï m%udKh

wNHdih

lu,af.a jHdmdrfha h<s weKjqï uÜgu tall 5000ls' Wmßu Ndú;h tall 2000ls' wju Ndú;h
tall 1000ls' Wmßu mud ld,h i;s 3ls' wju mud ld,h i;s 1ls' h<s weKjqï uÜgu tall
3800 la kï" Wmßu f;d. uÜgu .kKh lrkak'

Wmßu f;d. uÜgu = h<s weKjqï m%uKh + h<s weKjqï uÜgu - ^wju Ndú;h × wju weKjqï
ld,h&

=3800+5000-(1000×1)

=8800-1000

=7800

329
úúO f;d. uÜgï ^m%ia:dßlj&

o%jH weKjqï l< wjia:dfõ isg tu o%jH iemhqïlrejkaf.ka ,efnk wjia:dj olajd jQ
ld,mßÉfþoh fmdfrd;a;= ld,h f,i ye¢kafõ'

jHdmdr wdh;khla ;u f;d. mj;ajdf.k hdfï§ úúO msßjeh j¾. oeÍug isÿfõ' fuys tu
msßjeh wju jk mßÈ jrlg lrkq ,nk weKjqï m%udKh wd¾:sl weKjqï m%udKh fõ'

ආයතනය විසින් පවත්වගෙන යන ගතොෙ

1. wuqo%jH f;d.$ fkdksñ f;d.

ksIamdok l%shj,sh ;=, ksIamdÈ;h ìyslsÍu Wfoid fhojqï jYfhka Ndú;d lsÍug wuqo%jH f;d.
yd fkdksñ f;d. mj;ajdf.k hhs'

2. ksñ NdKav

ksIamdok l%shdj,sh wjika jQ miq tu ksIamdÈ;h wf,ú jk f;la jHdmdrh ;=, mj;ajdf.k hk
f;d.h hs'

330
3. mßfNdack o%jH

jHdmdr l%shdj,sh ;=, úúO wjYH;d i|yd fhdod .ekSu fjkqfjka mßfNdack o%jH mj;ajf.k
hduo oelsh yel.

f;d. msßjeh j¾.

1. f;d. ,nd.ekSfï$ weKjqï lsÍfï msßjeh

f;d. weKjqï l< wjia:dfõ isg .nvdjg ,eîu f;la oeÍug isÿ jk .eKqï ñ," weKjqï
ms<sfh, lsÍfï úhoï" o%jH mÍlaId lsÍfï úhoï" o%jH f.k tafï úhoï hkd§ úhoï j,
tl;=j f;d. weKjqï lsÍfï msßjeh f,i ye¢kafõ'

2. f;d. ,nd .ekSfï$ mj;ajdf.k hdfï msßjeh

.nvdjg f;d. ,enQ wjia:dfõ isg ksIamdokhg fyda wf,úhg .nvdfjka f;d. ksl=;a lrk f;la
oeÍug isÿ jk .nvd úhoï" úÿ,s .dia;=" .nvd rlaIK .dia;=" f;d. ydks ùu hkd§ úhoïj,
tl;=j f;d. mj;ajd f.k hdfï msßjeh f,i ye¢kafõ'

wd¾:sl weKjqï m%uKh

wdh;khl f;d. iïnkaO jk uq¨ msßjeh wju jk mßÈ jrlg weKjqï l, hq;= tall m%udKh
wd¾:sl weKjqï m%udKh f,i ye¢kafõ' tys§ wdh;kfha f;d. weKjqï lsÍfï msßjeh;a f;d.
mj;ajd f.k hdfï msßjeh;a tlsfklg iudk úh hq;=h'

.=K;aj md,kh
ගුK;ajh

.=K;ajh ke;fyd;a ;;a;ajh hkqfjka woyia flfrkafka mdßfNda.sl wjYH;d yd jqjukd

;Dma;su;a lsÍug NdKavhlg fyda fiajdjl we;s yelshdjhs'

ගුK;aj පොල්‍නය
ksIamdok wdh;khla úiska ia:dms; flfrk m%ñ;sj,g wkql+,j ksIamdokh isÿjkafkao hkak;a wju
ffk;sl wjYH;d j,g wkqj ksIamdokh isÿ lrkq ,nkafka o hkak;a ;yjqre lr .ekSfï l%shdj,sh
;;a;aj md,kh fyj;a .=K;aj md,kh hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'

ගුK;ajfha wxf.damdx.-:

• ukd l%shdldÍ;ajh
• l,a meje;au
• úYajdijka; nj
• m%ñ;shg wkql+, ùu

331
 • WÑ; nj
• wdrlaIs; nj

ගුK;aj md,kfha jeo.;alu

• kshñ; .=K;ajfhka hq;= NdKav iemhsh yels ùu'

• ydks ùï yd m¿ÿùï wvqlr .ekSug yelsùu ksid wmf;a hdu wvqlr.; yelsùu'
• ;r.ldÍ;ajhg id¾:lj uqyqK §ug yd wLKavj fj<|fmd, ;=< /£ isàug yels ùu'
• mdßfNda.sl ;Dma;sh Wmßu ùu ksid mdßfNda.sl mlaImd;S;ajh j¾Okh ùu'
• ffk;sl ;;ajhka wkqj lghq;= l< yels ùu'
• ,dNodhs;ajh j¾Okh ùu yd jHdmdrh meje;au ia:djr ùu'
• wdh;kfha iuia; msßjeh wju ùu'
• fj<|fmd<g myiqfjka msúish yels ùu'

.1 ;;a;aj lj (Quality circles)

tlu ld¾hhl kshef,k fiajlhska l=vd lKavdhï jYfhka tla ù idlÉPd lsÍu u.ska Tjqka uqyqKmdk
.eg¨ ^/lshdj yd ld¾hh iïnkaO& y÷kdf.k ta i|yd úi÷ï bÈßm;a lsÍu ;;a;aj lj u.ska isÿfõ'

.2 YqkH fodaI )Zero defects)

iEu ksIamdÈ;hla u fodaIj,ska f;dr j ksIamdokh lrk nj iy;sl lsÍu fuys§ isÿfõ' ta wkqj hï jrola
je<elaúh fkdyels hehs ms<.
s ekSug jvd m%:u j;djg u ksjerÈj lsÍug j. n,d .ekSu YqkH fodaI Ys,m
a
l%uh u.ska isÿfõ.

.3 ;;a;aj wdrlaIKh )Quality assurance)

ksIamdÈ;fha .=K;ajh ;yjqre lr.ekSu i|yd ksIamdok l%shdj,sh iEu wÈhrhla u úêu;a mÍlaIdjlska
hq;=j isÿ lsÍug .kq ,nk l%shd ms<f
s j;a ;;a;aj wdrlaIKh f,i ye¢kafõ' fuys wruqK jkafka .eg¿
fiùug jvd .eg¿ isÿùu je,elaùuhs'

.4 ගුK;aj m%ñ;s (Quality standards)

cd;sl fyda wka;¾cd;sl m%ñ;s j,g wkqj ksIamdok lghq;= isÿlsÍu .=K;aj m%ñ;s l%ufhka isÿfõ'

5. ixLHdkuh l%shdj,s md,kh )Statistical process control)

ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha ld¾h idOkh ms<n

s |j o;a; /ialr tajd rEm igyka" j.= yd m%ia;dr uÕska wod<
md¾Yj fj; ikakf
s õokh lsÍu ixLHdkuh ;;a;aj md,kfha § isÿfõ'

332
M,odhS;djh
ksYaÑ; ld, iSudjla ;=< wdh;khl fhojqï yd ksujqï w;r mj;sk wkqmd;sl iïnkaO;djh
M,odhs;djh f,i ye¢kaúh yel' fuh ksIamdokfha ld¾hlaIu;djh uekSu ioyd ñkqï oKavla
f,i Ndú;d lrhs'

M,odhS;djh uksk wdldr

පූර්ණ්‍ ඵල්‍ද්‍ොයීතොවය = නිමැවුම

ගයද්‍වුම්

අමුද්‍රවය ඵල්‍ද්‍ොයීතොවය = නිමැවුම

අමුද්‍රවය

ශ්‍රම ඵල්‍ද්‍ොයීතොවය = නිමැවුම

ශ්‍රම පැය ෙණ්‍න

යන්රසූර ඵල්‍ද්‍ොයීතොවය = නිමැවුම

යන්ර සූර ගයද්‍වුම්

M,odhS;djh jHdmdrhlg jeo.;a ùug fya;=

• jHdmdrfha iïm;a fnodyeÍu ms<n

s |j ;SrK .ekSug
• jHdmdrh mq¿,a lsÍu ms<n
s | ;SrK .ekSug
• fiiq iudk wdh;k iuÕ M,odhS;djh ixikaokh lsÍug
• iuia; wdh;kfha m%.;sh ksÍlaIKh lsÍug

M,odhs;djh j¾Okh lr.; yels l%u

• fhojqï ia:djr j ;ndf.k ksuejqï jeä lsÍu'

• ksuejqï ia:djrj ;nd f.k fhojqï wvq lsÍu'
• fhojqï wvq lsÍu yd ksuejqï jeä lsÍu'
• fhojqï wvq lrkjdg jvd wvq fõ.hlska ksuejqï wvq lsÍu'
• fhojqï jeä lrkjdg jvd jeä fõ.hlska ksuejqï jeä lsÍu'

o%jH M,odhs;dj j¾Okh lr.; yels wdldr

• by, ;;ajhlska hq;a wuqo%jH fhdod .ekSu'

• wm;h yd kdia;sh wju lr.ekSu'
• m%Yia; wdldrfhka o%jH f;d. mj;ajdf.k hdu'
• o%jH kej; kej; Ndú;hg .ekSu yd m%;spl%SlrKh'

333
hka;% M,odhS;djh j¾Okh lr.; yels wdldr

• ÈhqKq ;dlaIKsl WmlrK iys; hka;% fhdod .ekSu'

• wn,ka fkdjQ hka;% fhdod .ekSu'
• ksis mßÈ kv;a;= lsÍu'

Y%u M,odhS;djh j¾Okh lr.; yels wdldrh

• mqyqKq fiajlhka fhdod.ekSu'

• fiajlhka mqyqKq lsÍu'
• uQ,H yd uQ,H fkdjk fiajl Èß.ekaùï fhdod .ekSu'
• ukd fiajl iïnkaO;d mj;ajd .ekSu'
• ;;a;aj lj fhdod.ekSu'

M,odhS;djh j¾Okh lr.; yels kj ksIamdok ;dlaIK Ys,m

a l%u

1'hdka;%SlrKh

bf,lafg%dak fyda mß.Kl cd, Ndú;d lsÍfuka tkaï kùk;u ÈhqKq hka;% WmlrK Ndú;fhka ksIamdok
lghq;= isÿ lsÍuhs'

2 mß.Kl ;dlaIKh

ksIamdok l%shdj,sh i|yd kùk mß.Kl ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSu fuys§ isÿ fõ'

mß.Kl ;dlaIKh fhdod .kakd lafIa;%:-

➢ පරිෙණ්‍ක ආධ්‍ොරක නිර්මොණ්‍කරණ්‍ය)Computer Aided Design -CAD)

mß.Kl rE igyka fhdod .ksñka ksIamdÈ; ie,iqï lsÍu mß.Kl wdOdrl ks¾udKlrKh f,i
ye¢kafõ' fuys§ mß.Kl ks¾udK Ys,m
a h
s d úiska wod, mß.Kl jev igyk Wmfhda.S lr.ksñka NdKav
fudaia;r ieliSu lrkq ,nhs

➢ mß.Kl wdOdrl ksIamdokh )Computer Aided Manufacturing -CAM)

ksIamdok l%shdj,s l<ukdlrKhg mß.Kl jevigyka fhdod .ekSfï l%uhhs' m%jdy ksIamdok l%ufha§
fuh fndfyda f,i Ndú;d fõ'

➢ mß.Kl ifudaOdksl ksIamdokh)Computer Integrated Manufacturing -CIM)

ksIamdok l%shdj,sh i|yd fhdod .kakd ish¨u hka;% mß.Kl ;dlaIKh yryd ifudaOdks; lsÍu ñka
woyia fõ'

334
 ➢ mß.Kl wxls; md,kh)Computerized Numerical Control -CNC)

mß.Kl ;dlaIKh iy ixLHdk o;a; fhdodf.k ksIamdok l%shdj,sh md,kh lsÍu ñka woyia fõ .

fufyhqï lghq;= j,g kj ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSfï m%;s,dN

• kdia;sh wju ùu'

• ksIamdÈ;j, .=K;ajh by< hdu'
• ld¾hlaIu;djh by< hdu'
• fiajlhka wvq m%udKhla fhdod .ekSug yelsùu'
• kj ksIamdÈ; fjf<| fmd<g y÷kajd §ug yelsùu'
• ys;lr jev mßirhla ks¾udKh ùu'
• ksIamdok Odß;djh jeä ùu'
• uyd mßudK ksIamdok msßueiqï ,nd.; yelsùu'

fufyhqï lghq;= j,g kj ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSfï .eg¿

• mqyqKq Y%ñlhka fkdue;s ùu iy mqyqKq lsÍug wêl msßjehla oeÍug isÿùu'

• ;dlaIKh iS>%fhka fjkia ùu'
• yÈis ;dlaIK ì|jeàï yd fodaI we;s ùu ksid ksIamdok l%shdj,sh u wvd, ùu'
• úYd, wdfhdackhla wjYH ùu'
• mßir ¥IKh u.ska we;s lrk .eg¿

335
 wf,úlrKh

wf,úlrKh w¾: oelaùu

mqoa.,hska f.a wjYH;d yd jqjukd ;Dma;su;a lsÍu i|yd fhduq jQ idudÔh yd l<ukdlrK
l%shdj,sh wf,úlrK ahhs

fyda

ksIamdÈ; ìys lsÍu" ñ, lsÍu m%j¾Okh yd fnodyeÍu ;=<ska ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd ;Dma;su;a
lsÍu wf,úlrKhhs'

wf,úlrKfha jeo.;alu

jHdmdßlhdg

1' .kqfokqlrejd ks¾udKh lr lr .ekSug yd Tjqka r|jd .ekSug yelshdj ,eîu

2' whs;slrejkaf.a yd fiajlhskaf.a ;Dma;sh j¾Okh ùu

3' wdh;kfha id¾:l;ajh r|jd ;nd .ekSug yelshdj ,eîu

4' ;r.ldÍ;ajhg id¾:lj uqyqK§ug uqyqK §ug yelshdj ,eîu

5' fjf<|fmd< fldgi mq¿,a lr .ekSug wjia:dj ,eîu

mdßfNda.l
s hdg

1' ;ud úhoï lrk uqo,g Wmßu id OdrKhla ,eîu

2' fj<|fmd, ms<sn| oekqu mq¿,a ùu

3' myiqfjka NdKav yd fiajd ,nd .; yels ùu

4' úúO NdKav mßfNdackh ;=<k

s a Ôjk ;;a;ajh by< kxjd .ekSug yelsùu

rfÜ wd¾Ólhg

1' fiajd kshqla;sh by< hdu ksIamdok úúOdx.SlrKh we;sùu

2' rfÜ iuia; wd¾Ólh ixj¾Okh we;sùu

3' NdKav yd fiajd mrdih mq¿,a ùu

336
yr wf,úlrK ixl,am
wf,úlrK l%shdj,sh mokï ù we;s uQ,sl ixl,am ñka woyia fjhs' wf,úlrKh uQ,sl jYfhka
r|d mj;skafka yr ixl,am u;h' wf,úlrK l%shdj,sfha wdrïNfha isg wjidkh olajd fuu
uQ,sl ixl,am wkqms<sfj,ska tlsfklg iïnkaOj mj;S'

wf,úlrK yr ixl,am w¾: oelaùu

• fjf<|fmd<

.ekqïlre yd úl=Kqïlre yuqjk yd iïnkaO;d mj;ajk ´kEu wdldrhls'

• wjYH;d

ñksid úiska wksjd¾hfhkau imqrd .; hq;= ldhsl yd udkisl ;;a;ajhkah'

• Wjukd

wjYH;d imqrd .ekSug leue;a;la olajk úúOdldrhka h'

• b,a¨u

ñ,§ .ekSu i|yd we;s yelshdj iy ñ,§ .ekSfï iQodkula iys;j hï ksIamdÈ;hla m,d
mqoa.,hl= ;=< we;sjk leue;a;hs'

• ksIamdÈ;

ñksia wjYH;d iy jqjukd ;Dma;su;a lrk úlsŒu i|yd fj<|m,g bÈßm;a lrk ´kEu fohla
ksIamdÈ;hls'

• jákdlu

mdßfNda.l
s wjYH;d bgq lsÍug ksIamdÈ;hg we;s yelshdj ms<sn| mdßfNda.slhd u.ska lrk
,nk weia;fïka;=j'

• ;Dma;sh

mdßfNda.l
s hd wfmalaId lrk wdldrhg ksIamdÈ;h ks¾udKh lsÍu u.ska we;sjk udkisl
úkaokhhs' tkï wjYH;djh imqrd iïmQ¾K ùu ksid mqoa.,hd ;=< we;sjk udkisl i;=g'

• .=K;ajh

mdßfNda.l
s wjYH;d yd jqjukd ;Dma;su;a lsÍug ksIamdÈ;hl g we;s yelshdjhs

337
• yqjudrej

jákdlula we;s fohla oaúmd¾Yùh tlÕ;djla u; tu fomd¾Yjh w;r .kqfokq ùuhs'

• .kqfokqj

md¾Yj folla fyda lsysmhla w;r jákdlu yqjudre ùuhs '

• iïnkaO;d

jHdmdr wdh;k iuÕ iïnkaO jk m%Odk md¾Yj jk .kqfokqlrejka" iemhqïlrejka"

fnodyßkakka we;=¿ wfkl=;a md¾Yaj w;r È.=ld,Sk iïnkaO;d fukau wfkHdakH jYfhka
;Dma;su;a yd ,dNodhS iïnkaO;d f.dvkexùu ñka woyia fõ'

wf,úlrK o¾Yk j, úldYkh

jHdmdr wdh;k wkq.ukh lrk úl,am wf,úlrK úldYkhka ;sfí 'jHdmdßl wruqKq bgqlr
.ekSu i|yd wf,úlrK ixl,am fhdod .efkk w;r tajd ld,d ld,dkqrEmSj fjkia fjñka
mj;S' jHdmdßlhdf.a mdßfNda.slhdf.a iy iuia; iudch wfmalaId bgq lsÍug ljr wdldrfha
o¾Ykhla wkq.ukh lsÍu fhda.H fõ o hkak u; úúO wf,úlrK ixl,am ìys ù we; 'ta wkqj
wf,úlrK o¾Ykfha úldYkh my; mßÈ oelaúh yel '

• ksIamdok ixl,amh

• ksIamdÈ; ixl,amh

• úl=Kqï ixl,amh

• wf,úlrK ixl,amh

• idudÔh wf,úlrK ixl,amh

• .Kqfokq lre ixl,amh

• idl,Hjd§ ixl,amh

ksIamdok ixl,amh
NdKav ksIamdokh lr idOdrK ñ,lg fj<|fmd, ;=< iq,n l<fyd;a mdßfNda.slhd ñ,§ .kS
hehs hk is;=ú,a, ksIamdok ixl,amh f,i oelaúh yelsh '

338
fuys§ mdßfNda.l
s wjYH;d yd jqjukd ms<sn|j wjOdkh fhduq fkdl< w;r ksIamdolhdf.a
leue;a;g m%uqLia:dkh ysñúh '

ksIamdÈ; ixl,amh '

Wiia .=Kd;aul NdKav ksmojd idOdrK ñ,lg fj<|m,g iemhSu u.ska tajdg b,a¨ula we;s fõ
hk is;=ú,a, ksIamdÈ; ixl,amh f,i oelaúh yelsh 'idOdrK ñ,lg úúO NdKav Ndkav fj<o
fmd,g ;=<g ;=<g meñŒu;a iu. mdßfNda.l
s hka .=K;ajfhka hq;a l%shdldÍ;ajfhka hq;a kj yd
is;a is;a.kakd ,laIKj,ska hq;a ksIamdok f;dard .ekSug fm<Uq‚'fï wkqj jHdmdßlfhda
jHdmdßlfhdah ksIamdokfha jHdmdßlfhda ish ksIamdokfha .=Kd;aulNdjh j¾Okh lsÍug fhduq
jQy '

úl=Kqï ixl,amh
NdKav ksmojd tajd úlsŒug oeä m%j¾Okhla fkdl<fyd;a tajd ñ,§ .ekSug mdßfNda.slhd
fm<fUkafka ke;ehs hk is;=ú,a, úl=Kqï ixl,amhhs 'ksIamdok yd ksIamdÈ; ixl,am j,
m%;sM,hla f,i ksIamdÈ; iemhqu iS>%fhka jeä ù ;rÕldÍ;ajh j¾Okh úh 'fï ksid
wf,úlrejkag ish ksIamdÈ; úlsŒu i|yd oeä m%h;akhla oeÍug isÿúh '

wf,úlrK ixl,amh
b,lal fj<|fmdf,a wjYH;d yd jqjukd y÷kdf.k Bg wkql+,j NdKav yd fiajd ks¾udKh l<
hq;= nj;a ta ;=<k
s a mdßfNda.sl ;Dma;sh <Õd lr §u uq,alr.;a ixl,amh wf,úlrK ixl,amh hs
';r.ldÍ fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajhkag uqyqK§ug wf,ú wf,úlrK m%j¾Ok Wmdh ud¾. muKla
m%udKj;a fkdjk nj ksIamdolhkag wjfndaO ùu;a iu.u fuu ixl,amhg m%fõY úh fï
mdßfNda.l
s wms uqL ixl,amhls 'ksIamdÈ;hg jvd mdßfNda.l
s wjYH;d yd Wjukd j,g uq,a;ek
§u fuys§ isÿ fõ '

iudchSh wf,úlrK ixl,amh

mdßfNda.l
s yd idudÔh yd meje;au wdrlaId jk fyda fyda jeäÈhqKq jk mßÈ b,lal fj<omf<a
wjYH;d yd jqjukd ;Dma;su;a lsÍu ñka woyia fõ 'wf,úlrK ixl,amfhka .kqfokqlref.a
;Dma;sh yd jHdmdßl wruqKq bgqlr .ekSu b,lal l< o l<o wf,úlrKhg ta ta m%udKj;a
fkdjk nj;a iuia; iudch wjYH;do ;Dma;su;a l< hq;= nj;a ms<s.eks‚ '

339
.kqfokqlre ixl,amh
tla tla .kqfokqlre b,lal fldg Tjqkaf.a iqúfYaIS Wjukd uekúka y÷kdf.k tajd ;Dma;su;a
lr ,Sug m%h;akhla oeÍu fuu ixl,amfhka woyia fjhs 'jHdmdr wdh;k úiska ish b,lal
.kqfokqlrejka ;Dma;su;a lsÍu ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï m%;sM,hla jYfhka .kqfokqlre
ixl,amh ìysúh 'wf,úlrK ixl,amfha§ fmdÿfõ .kqfokqlrejka uq,a lrf.k lghq;= lrk
neúka th fuu ixl,amfhka fjkia fõ '

idl,Hjd§ wf,úlrK ixl,amh

jHdmdrfha ish¨u md¾Yjhka tlu wruq‚ka hqla;j lghq;= lsÍu jeo.;a hehs wjOdrKh
flfrk wf,úlrK m%fõYhhs 'iïnkaO;d wf,úlrKh ifudaOdks; wf,úlrKh wNHka;r
wf,úlrKh yd ld¾h idOk wf,úlrKh ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a ùfuka ksIamdÈ; fj<|fmd,g
bÈßm;a lsÍfï woyi fmroeß lr.;a ixl,amhhs ';r.ldÍ jHdmdr mßirhg jvd;a fhda.H
jkafka mßmQ¾K taldnoaO m%fõYhla iys; idl,Hjd§ wf,úlrK ixl,amh hs '

idl,Hjd§ wf,úlrK ixl,amfha m%Odk úp,Hhka my; oelafõ

wNHka;r wf,úlrKh

jHdmdr wdh;kfha kshqla; ish¨u fiajlhska .kqfokqlrejka i|yd l%shd l< hq;= nj fuhska
lshfjhs 'ta yd iu.u fiajlhskaf.a ;Dma;sh o jeo.;a jk nj fuhska fmkakqï lrhs ';Dma;su;a
fiajlhska msßila fkdue;sj .kqfokqlrejka ;Dma;su;a lsÍu l< fkdyels nj fuhska fmkakï
q
lrhs '

ifudaOdks; wf,úlrKh

wf,úlrK ñY%h ish¨u úp,ahhka b,lal .kqfokqlrejka ;Dma;su;a lsÍu b,lal lrf.k
l%shd;aul úh hq;= nj fuhska fmkakï
q lrhs 'ke;fyd;a jHdmdr wdh;kfha ish¿u
l<uKdlrejkaf.a yd fiajlhskaf.a ld¾hhka wf,úlrK wf,úlrK ld¾h iuÕ iudfhdackh
úh hq;= nj fuhska m%ldY flfrhs '

340
ld¾h idOk wf,úlrKh

iuia;hla f,i jHdmdrh ld¾hM,h by< kexùug lghq;= lsÍu fuhska woyia fõ 'úl=Kqï
wdodhu j¾Okh ikakï kdu ckm%sh lsÍu .kqfokqlre ysñldÍ;ajh f.dvkexùu tfiau iudc
j.lSu yd wdpdr O¾u ms<sn| wjYH;djh o fuu.ska fmkakqï lrhs '

iïnkaO;d wf,úlrKh

we,aue;s md¾Yjhka g m%;s,dN ,nd ,nd§u i|yd wf,úlrK lghq;= ixúOdkh lsÍuhs 'tkï
m%Odk we,aue;s md¾Yjhka w;r È.=ld,Sk iïnkaO;d fukau wfkHdakH jYfhka ;Dma;su;a yd
,dNodhS iïnkaO;d f.dv kexùfï l%shdj,sh fuhska woyia fõ '

mdßfNda.sl ldKavh ;SrKh lsÍu

b,lal wf,úlrKh
iuia; fjf<|fmd< u wdjrKh fkdlr ;udg fyd¢ka u fiajh l< yels fjf<|fmd< fldgila
f;dard .ksñka Bg fhda. ksIamdÈ; ixj¾Okh lr ñ, lr m%j¾Okh lr fnodyeÍu b,lal
wf,úlrK hhs 'fuys m%Odk fldgia ;=kls '

• fj<|m, LKavkh

úúO úNj .;s ,laIK ,laIK j,ska hqla; iuia; fj,o fmd, iucd;sh .;s ,laIK j,ska hqla;
jQ lKavdhï j,g fnod fjka lsÍu fj<|m, LKavkh '

WodyrK" frÈms<s fj<ofmd, ia;%S mqreI "<ore <ud ;reK "hd¨fjka mqoa., .;s ,laIK j,g
wkqj fldgiaj,g fnod fjka lr yel'

• fj<|m, b,lallrKh

fj<|m, LKavk we.hSug ,la lrñka jvd;a ,lalrñka jvd;au wdl¾YkSh fj<|m, fldgi
f;dard .ekSuhs '

• fjf<|fmd< ia:dkSh lrKh $msysgqùu

;r.ldÍ ksIamdÈ; j,g idfmalaIj ish ksIamdÈ;h i|yd mdßfNda.sl uki ;=< lsishï ia:dkhla
fyda Okd;aul yeÕSula f.dvkÕd .ekSu f.dvkÕd .ekSu ia:dkSh lrk f,i yeÈkafõ 'fuys§
tu ksIamdÈ;h jeo.;a wx. ,laIK mdßfNda.slhdg wjOdrKh flf¾ '

341
WodyrK (ika,hsÜ inka §ma;su;a t<shla f.k fok fia§u i|yd jQ mú;% ldrlhla '

fjf<|fmd< LKavkfha m%;s,dN

jHdmdßlhdg ,efnk m%;s,dN

1' fjf<|fmd< úYaf,aIKhg Ndckh flfrk ksid fjf<|fmd< ms<sn|j ksis wjfndaOhla
,eîu '

2' WÑ; yd ld,Sk fj<|m, wjia:d y÷kd.; yels ùu '

3' wdh;kh i;= iSñ; iïm;a ld¾hlaIuj yd iM,odhS f,i fhdod fhdod.ekSug yelsùu '

4' wdh;khg fj<|m< ms<sn|j we;s wjodku wju lr .ekSug lr .ekSug yels ùu '

5' wf,úlrK jevigyka id¾:lj l< yels ùu '

mdßfNda.l
s hdg ,efnk m%;s,dN

1' mdßfNda.l
s wjYH;d yd jqjukd wkqj NdKav yd fiajd ,nd .; yels ùu '

2' ;Dma;sh j¾Okh ùu '

3' mdßfNda.l
s myiqjka jeä ÈhqKq ùu '

M,odhs fj<|m, LKavkhla ioyd mej;sh hq;= wjYH;d

• ueksh yels ùu

fj<|m, LKavkhla i|yd mokï lr.kakd úp,ahka g wkqj LKavkfha m%udKh iy ñ, §

.ekSfï yelshdj hkdÈh uekshyels úh hq;=h '

• <Õd úh yels nj

f;dard.;a fj<|m, LKavkh lrd myiqfjka ,.d <Õd ùug f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug;a yels úh
hq;=h '

• m%udKj;a nj

f;dard.kq ,nk fj<|m, LKavkh ;=<ska jHdmdr wdh;khg m%udKj;a ,dNhla ,dNhla bmhsh
yels úh hq;=h '

342
• fjkafldg yÿkd .; yels nj

ta ta fj<|m, LKavkfha fjkialï meyeÈ,sj y÷kd .; yels úh hq;=h '

• l%shd;aul l< yels nj

fj<|m, LKavkh wl¾IKh lr.ekSug yd fiajh ie,iSug wjYH wf,úlrK jevigyka

ms<sfh< l< yels úh hq;=h '

mdßfNda.sl fj,o fmd, LKavkfha mokï

• N+f.da,Sh moku

fuys Wm úp,Hhka f,i m<d;a ""Èia;%slal k.r "ck >k;ajh" foaY.=Kh hkdÈh ie,lsh yel '

• m%cd idOl

fuys Wm úp,ahka f,i jhi ia;%S mqreI Ndjh mjqf,a m%udKh Ôjk rgdj wdodhu jD;a;sh
wOHdmkh wd.u ck j¾.h hkdÈh ie,lsh yel '

• ufkda úoHd;aul idOl

fuys§ Ôjk ffY,sh fm!reI;ajh iudc mka;s hkdÈh Wm úp,Hhka f,i ie,lsh yel

• p¾hd;aul idOl

fuys§ Wm úIhhka f,i ñ,§ .kakd wjia:dj m%;s,dN Ndú;d lrk m%udKh Ndú;d Ndú;d
lrkakdf.a ;;a;ajh mlaImd;S;ajh ñ,§ .ekSfï iQodku hkdÈh ie,lsh yel '

wf,úlrK ñY%h
wf,úlrK ñY%h jHdmdßlhdf.a oDIaáfldaKfhka iy .Kqfokqlref.a oDIaáfldaKfhka

wf,úlrK ñY%h 4 ps bÈßm;a lr we;af;a úl=Kqïlref.a oDIaáfhka hs 'tuÕska wfmalaId

lrkafka .eKqïlrejka yd fj<÷ka fmd<Ujd .ekSuhs'.ekqïlref.a oDIaáfhka neÆ úg 4ps j,ska
.kqfokqlreg ,efnk m%;s,dN oelsh yelsh 'th wf,ú wf,úlrK ñY%h wf,ú lrk ñY%fha 4cs
f,i oelaúh yelsh '

4PS- ksIamdÈ;h product

m%j¾Okh (promotion)

343
 ñ, (price)

ia:dkh (place)

4 CS - mdßfNda.l
s wjYH;d yd Wjukd ( customer needs and wants )

ikaksfõokh (communication)

msßjeh (cost)

myiqj (convenience)

fiajd i|yd wf,úlrK ñY%h

idïm%odhsl wf,úlrK ñY%h NdKav wf,ú lsÍu i|yd fyd¢ka l%shd;aul jqjo fiajd wf,ú
lsÍfï § th muKla m%udKj;a fkdfõ fkdfjhs ta i|yd ;j;a úp,ahhka ;=kla wjYH fjhs '

tajd kï"

• wf,ú fiajlhd $ñksiqka

• l%shdj,sh

• fN!;sl jgmsgdj $mßirh

ksIamdÈ;

ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd ;Dma;su;a lrk úlsŒu i|yd fj<|fmd<g bÈßm;a lrk ´kEu
fohla ksIamdÈ;hls'

ksIamdÈ; j¾.SlrKh

1' NdKav

ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd imqrd,kq ,nk weig fmfkk tfukau fN!;slj iam¾Y l< yels oE
NdKav fjhs'

WodyrK (mEk" mß.Klh

344
2' fiajd

tla md¾Yjhlska ;j;a md¾Yajhla fj; bÈßm;a l< yels l%shdldrlï fõ'

WodyrK( rlaIKh" m%jdykh

3' woyia

mqoa.,fhl=f.a fyda ixúOdkhl wjYH;djhla fyda Wjukdjla bgq l< yels jHjidhlhl= ;=<
we;sjk is;=ú,a, woyia f,i ye¢kafõ'fïjd wf,ú l< l, yels jHdmdr ixl,am fjhs '

WodyrK (uèhu mßir wêldßh uOHu mßir wêldßh mßirh iqrlsuq hk woyi ,ndfohs '

4' l%shdldrlï

mqoa.,hska talrdYS lsÍu" úúO wjia:d fyda jevigyka h'tkï ld,h yd iïnkaO lrñka
ixúOdkh flfrk úúO jevigyka h'

WodyrK (T,sïmsla l%Svd Wf<, ix.S; ixo¾Yk

5' mqoa.,hska

iqúfYaIS yelshd ;=<k

s a ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd ;Dma;su;a lrk mqoa.,hka ñka woyia fõ'

WodyrK (.dhl .dhsldjka w¿ ks<shka l%Svl l%Säldjka

6' ia:dk

mqoa.,hska wdl¾IKh lr.; yels f,i ie,iqï flfrk uqo,a f.ùfuka krUk ;eka ia:dk f,i
ye¢kafõ '

WodyrK (iS.sßh iS.sßh f,daldka;h fmardfo‚h WoaNs; WoHdkh '

7' w;aoelSï

È.= ld,hla hula lsÍu ;=,k

s a ,nd.;a mkakrhhs

WodyrK (olaI l%Svlfhl= mqyqKqlre f,i lghq;= lrk l%Svd l|jqre

345
8' ixúOdk

fmdÿ wruqKla bgqlr .ekSu i|yd talrdYS ù isák mqoa., lKavdhulska lKavdhu lska ieÿï,;a
iudc tallhls'

WodyrK (l%Svd iudc" isxy iudch '

9' f;dr;=re

hï wjika mßYS,lfhl=g f;areï .; yels yd m%fhdackhg .; yels jk wdldrhg ilia lrk

,o o;a; f;dr;=re f,i ye¢kafjhs'

WodyrK (mqj;am;a jd¾;d" m¾fhaIK jd¾;d

10' foam,

whs;sh m%ldY lrñka yqjudre jk ,shlshú,s j¾. ñka woyia fõ '

WodyrK (idudkH fldgia" NdKavd.dr ì,am;a

ksIamdÈ;hl uÜgï
j¾;udkfha wf,úlrefjda .kqfokqlrejkag jeä jákdlula ,nd§u i|yd ish ksIamdÈ; úúO
uÜgï hgf;a fjf<| fmd<g bÈßm;a lr;s'fufia bÈßm;a flfrk ksIamdÈ; jk uÜgï myla
oelsh yels w;r oelaúh yels w;r tajd wkqms<sfj<ska my; oelafõ'

• yr ksIamdÈ;h

lsih
s ï ksIamdÈ;h lska mdßfNda.l
s hd n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk uQ,slu m%;s,dN hhs ke;fyd;a i;H
jYfhkau .kqfokqlre ñ,g .ekSfï m%;s,dN hhs '

WodyrK (jdykhlska m%jdykh

• uQ,sl ksIamdÈ;h

yr m;s,dN ,efnk mßÈ uQ,sl wjYH;d j,ska iukaú; ksIamdÈ;h bÈßm;a lsÍuhs' fuys§
isÿjkafka yr m%;s,dNhg wu;rj ;j;a y÷kd.;a m%fhdack we;=<;a lr NdKavh ks¾udKh
lsÍuhs'

WodyrK( jdykfha n| fldgi tkaðu gh¾ hkd§h

346
• wfmalaIs; ksIamdÈ;h

.ekqïlrejka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk wdldrhg ksIamdÈ;hla bÈßm;a lsÍuhs'tkï .ekqïlre

wdl¾IKh lr lr .ekSug yels jk fia wfmalaIs; wdldrhg wjfYaI wx.j,ska wx. j,ska
hqla;j wx. j,ska hqla;j ksIamdÈ; bÈßm;a lsÍuhs'fï wkqj ksIamdokh g we;=<;a l< hq;= wx.
".=K;ajh "fudai;
a rh" ikaku "oejgqu hkd§ ,laIK flf¾o wjOdkh fhduq lrkq ,efí '

WodyrK( iqj myiqj iqjmyiqj fõ.h wdrlaIdj hkdÈh

• j¾ê; ksIamdÈ;h

.kqfokqlre wfmalaId lrk uÜgug;a jvd Tíng NdKavh ixj¾Okh lr bÈßm;a lsÍuhs'ñka
.kqfokqlre wukaodkkaohg m;a fjhs'

WodyrK( jdhqiólrKh ßjia leurd

• úNj ksIamdÈ;h

ish¨ ixj¾Ok uÜgï yd fjkiaùï iys;j wkd.; fj<|m,g msúiSfï uÜguhs 'tkï
wkd.;fha § úNj ksIamdÈ;hla ixj¾Okh ùu h'

WodyrK (ßheÿfrl= fkdue;sj mß.Kl wdOdrfhka jdykh meoùu '

NdKavhl wkkaHh;dj
lsih
s ï NdKavhla fiiq NdKav j,ska fjka fldg olajk iqúfYaIS;djh tys wkkH;djh f,i
ye¢kafõ'th m%Odk wx. follska hqla; fõ '

• ikaku
• weiqreu

ikaku

347
ikaku hkq fj<|mf,a ;rÕldÍ ikakï w;=ßka lsih
s ï ksIamdÈ;hla fjkalr y÷kd .ekSu i|yd
Ndú;d lrk mohla ,dxPkhla fyda tajdfha ixl,khls ' ikaku ;=< ikakï kduh ikakï ,l=K
hk m%Odk fldgia folla wka;¾.; fõ '

ikakï kduh

jkakul we;s WÉpdrKh WÉPdrKhpdrKh l< yels fldgihs tkï ksIamdÈ;hla y÷kd.ekSu
i|yd fhdod.kq ,nk moHla ikakï kduhla f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh '

ikakï ,l=K

ksYamdÈ;hla y÷kd.; yels tfy;a WÉpdrKh l< fkdyels mkug wdfõ‚l jQ ,dxPkhhs'tkï
j¾K rEm ixfla; hkdÈhhs '

ikakï wdrlaId lr .ekSu

2003 wxl 36 ork nqoaêuh foam< mk; hgf;a fjf<| ,l=Kla f,i ,shd mÈxÑ lsÍfï ika kug
Wmßu wdrlaIdj ,efí'túg th fjk;a wfhl=g Ndú;d l< fkdyel'

fj<| ,l=K

nqoaêuh foam, mk; hgf;a ,shdmÈxÑ l< ikaku fj<| ,l=Kla f,i ye¢kafõ'fuys ,shd mÈxÑ
nj oelaùu i|yd fndfydaúg fj<| ,l=Kq iuÕ R fyda TM hk ixfla; o Ndú;d lrhs '

fyd| ikakï kduh l ;sìh hq;= .=Kdx.

• flá yd ir, ùu

• WÉpdrKh myiq ùu

• y÷kd .ekSug myiq ùu

• u;l ;nd .ekSug myiq ùu

• NdKavfha uQ,sl .=Kdx. yd m%fhdack ;djh ms,sn| ms<sn|j woyila weÕùu

348
• ;r.lrejkaf.a ikakï j,g jvd fjkia ùu

• lsih
s ï ixialD;shla ksfhdackh ùu

• jerÈ w¾: f.k fkd§u

• ldf,daÑ; ùu

• m%sh ukdm ùu

• ljr fyda m%pdrK udOHhl fhdod .; yels ùu

ikakï j¾.

• NdKav ikaku
yßhl úúO ksIamdÈYamdÈ; i|yd fjka fjkaj ikakï kdu Ndú;d lrkafka kï th NdKav
ikakula f,i ye¢kafõ '

WodyrK (fidavd

• mjq,a ikaku
hï jHdmdrhla tlu ikaku hgf;a NdKav fm<la bÈßm;a lsÍuhs'

WodyrK( yßiapkaø

• fm!oa.,sl ikaku
ksYamdolhd úiska ksIamdÈ; fjf<÷kag wf,ú l< miqj fjf<÷ka úiska tu ksYamdÈ; i|yd
ks¾udKh lr.kakd ikakuhs'

WodyrK( ksmqk iy,a

• cd;sl ikaku
hï ksIamdolfhla ish ksIamdÈ; iajlSh kduh hgf;a fjf<| fmd<g bÈßm;a lrhs kï ta cd;sl
ikakuhs '

WodyrK (fldldflda,d

ika kulska ,efnk m%fhdack

jHdmdßlhdg

349
1' wfkl=;a ;r.ldÍ ika kïj,ska ;u wdh;kfha ikaku fjkafldg y÷kd.; fjkafldg
y÷kd.; yels ùu ;=<ska ;u wkkH;djh /l .ekSug yelsùu'

2' weKjqï ,nd .ekSfï§ myiq ùu

3' kS;suh wdrlaIdj ,nd .; yels ùu

4' mdßfNda.slhka w;r ikakï mlaImd;S;ajh mlaImd;S;ajhla we;slr .; yels ùu

5' wdh;kfha iuia; m%;srEmh jeä lr .ekSug yels ùu

6' ñ, ;r.hg ;r.hg uqyqK§ug yels ùu

7' m%j¾Okhg myiq ùu

.kqfokqlreg

1' NdKav myiqfjka f;dard .ekSug yels ùu NdKav f;dard .ekSug yelsùu

2' jHdc NdKav j,ska wdrlaId úh yels ùu

3' ;ukag wjYH NdKavh meyeÈ,sj kï lr ,nd.; ,nd.; yelsùu

4' meñ‚,s bÈßm;a lsÍu myiq ùu

5' ñ,§ .ekSug .;jk ld,h b;sß lr .; yels ùu

6' ckm%sh yd fyd| ;;ajfha ;;a;ajfha NdKav ñ,§ .ekSug myiq ùu

weiqreïlrKh

weiqreï lrKh hkq NdKavhla i|yd ojgkhla ks¾udKh lsÍfï yd ksmoùfï ld¾hh hs'
weiqreu hkq ksIamdÈ;hl wka;¾.; ojgk hhs'

weiqreï j¾.

• m%d:ñl weiqreu

ksIamdÈ;hl wdrlaIdj ie,fik whqßka ksIamdÈ;hg iómju mj;sk weiqreuhs'

350
fuh w;HjYH weiqreula f,i oelaúh yelshs 'NdKavfha yevh yd iajNdjh wkqj weiqreu fjkia
fõ'

WodyrK (oka;df,am wka;¾.; áhqnh'

• oaú;Sl weiqreu

m%d:ñl weiqre ug msg;ska we;s fjk;a weiqreulS' fuh w;HdjYH fkdfõ ' fuh m%j¾Ok
Wml%uhla f,i Ndú;d lrhs 'fuhska NdKav ms<sn| f;dr;=re ,nd fohs'

WodyrK (oka;df,am áhqnh wka;¾.; ldâfndaâ weiqreu

• m%jdyk weiqreu

m%d:ñl weiqreu yd oaú;Sl weiqreu iys; ksIamdÈ; f;d.hla m%jdykh lsÍu i|yd Ndú;d lrk
úYd, weiqreu fõ'

WodyrK (keõ fyda fjk;a m%jdyk l%uhla i|yd Ndú;d lsÍug ilid we;s úYd, hlv fyda
ldâfndaâ fmÜá '

weiqreulska ,efnk m%;s,dN

jHdmdßlhdg ,efnk m%;s,dN

1' ksIamdÈ;hg wdrlaIdjla ,eîu

krla ùu" jdIamSlrKh "m¨ÿ ùu j<lajd NdKavh wdrlaId ùu yd jxpd wju ùu

2' NdKavh ms<sn| wkkH;djla ,eîu ksid weiqre fuka y÷kd.ekSug yelsùu

3' ksIamdÈ;h ms<sn| f;dr;=re iemhSu

l,a bl=;ajk Èkh" wka;¾.; øjH" ñ," ikaku" ksIamdolhd "ksIamdokh l< rg hkd§ NdKav
ms<sn| úia;r uqøKh l< yels ùu

4' m%j¾Ok WmlrKhla f,i Ndú;d l< yels ùu

351
weiqreu yqfola m%pdrKh f,iska fhdod .; yelsh

5' ksIamdÈ;hg wdl¾IŒh fmkqula ,nd§u

6' .nvdlrKh g" m%jdykhg" r|jd ;nd .ekSug" fj<|ief,a m%o¾Ykhg myiqjla we;s
lsÍu

7' ksIamdÈ;hg w;sf¾l jákdlula ,nd§u

.kqfokqlreg ,efnk m%;s,dN

1' wdrlaIdj

.=Kd;aulNdjh wdrlaId ù jxpksl l%shdj,sfhka l%shd j,ska wdrlaId úh yel'

2' myiqj

mßyrKhg" f;dard.ekSug "f.k hdug ".nvd lsÍug we;s myiqj

3' oekqu

NdKavh ms,sn| f;dr;=re ,nd .; yels ùu l,a bl=;ajk Èkh mdúÉÑ lrk ms<sfj< .nvd l<
hq;= wdldrh hkd§ oekqu ,nd§u

4' weiqreu fjk;a m%fhdack i|yd fhdod .; yels ùu

5' wr msßueiaula ,eîu

weiqreula ilia lsÍfï§ ie,lsh hq;= lreKq

1' ksIamdokfha iajNdjh

352
øj >k >K øjH ìfËk øjH fmd,s;Ska lvodis fnda;,a ma,diaála hkd§ weiqreï

2' weiqrefï ksIamdÈ;hg ,efnk m%fhdack

WodyrK f,i wdrlaIdj myiqj hkdÈh

3' ;dlaI‚l fhda.H;dj

fi!LHdrlaIs; nj l,a ;nd .; yels nj

4' weiqrefï wx. È. m<, yevh nr hkdÈh

5' wdl¾IŒh nj úúO PdhdrEm we;=<;a lsÍu

6' fjf<kaodg yd mdßfNda.slhdg we;s myiqj

7' msßjeh wvq úhoï iys; weiqreï

8' m%udKh úúO m%udKhkaf.ka bÈßm;a lsÍu

9' kS;suh wjYH;d

10' miq m%fhdack yelshdj

f,an,alrKh

f,an,alrKh hkq NdKav ms<sn|j" mdúÉÑh ms<sn|j fyda mdßfNda.slhka wdl¾IKh i|yd fyda
weiqre lrkq ,nk f;dr;=re uqøKhhs'

f,an,h hkq NdKavh mßyrKhg wjYH f;dr;=re we;=,;a lrk weiqrefï fldgils' iuyr
NdKav i|yd f,an,h wksjd¾h lr we;' NdKavhla f,an,fhka y÷kd.; yel'

f,an,hl we;=<;a f;dr;=re

353
• ksIamdokh iïnkaO f;dr;=re

• NdKavh fyda ikaku

• ñ, $Wmßu is,a,r ñ,

• wvx.= øjH

• ksIamdÈ; Èkh

• l,a bl=;ajk Èkh

• .nvd lsÍug yd m%jdykhg Wmfoia

• wk;=re weÕùï wjjdo

• mßudj

• ;;a;aj iy;slhla ,nd ;sfío hkak

• ksIamdok ldKav wxlh

• rEmuh wjjdo

ñ, ñY%h

ñ, hkq NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla ,nd .ekSu fyda Ndú;d lsÍu ;=<k
s a mdßfNda.slhd ,nk
m%;s,dNh yd ;Dma;sh fjkqfjka yqjudre lr.ekSug leu;s jákdluhs' tkï NdKavhla fyda
fiajdjla fjkqfjka whlrkq ,nk uqo,a m%udKhhs ' ke;skï lsih
s ï NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla ñ,§
.ekSug mdßfNda.l
s mdßfNda.slhd f.ùug leu;s uqo,a m%udKhhs'

ñ, y÷kajk úúO kï

• f.dvke.s,s i|yd f.jk ñ, nÿ l=,S

• .=jka ÿïßh nia r: i|yd f.jk ñ, .uka .dia;=

• Y%uh i|yd f.jk ñ, jegqma yd fõ;k

• rlaIKh i|yd f.jk ñ, jdßlh

• Kh i|yd f.jk ñ, Kh fmd,S

354
• Wmldrl mka;s i|yd f.jk ñ, áhqIka

wf,ú ñY%h ;=< ñ, lsÍfï úp,H jHdmdßlfhl=g we;s jeo.;alu

• wf,úlrK ñY%h ;=< wdodhï Wmhk tlu úp,H jkafka ñ,hs'

• ,dNh ñ, u; ;SrKh ùu

• b,a¨u flfrys ñ, n,mEï lsÍu

• ;rÕhg uqyqK §ug

ñ, lsÍfï wruqKq mrud¾:

• fjf<|fmd< ;=< /£ isàu

fjf<|fmd< ;rÕldÍ;ajh ;=< jHdmdrh wLKavj mj;ajdf.k hdu fyj;a /£ isàuhs

• ,dN Wmßu lsÍu

b,a¨u yd msßjeh weia;fïka;= lr ta wkqj jvd;a ,dN odhl;ajhla we;sjk wdldrhg ñ,

;SrKh lsÍuhs

• fjf<|fmd< fldgi j¾Okh lr.ekSu

fjf<|fmd< fldgi jeä lsÍu i|yd wvq ñ,la kshu lsÍuhs

• fjf<|fmd< idrh Wrd .ekSu fyj;a w;am;a lr .ekSu

fuys§ by< ñ,la kshu lr ta u.ska jeä ,dNhla wfmalaId lrhs

• ksIamdÈ; .=K;aj kdhl;ajh ,nd§u

fj<|fmf<a by< .=K;ajfhka hq;a NdKav iïnkaOfhka ;rÕlrejka wNsnjd hduhs

355
ñ, lsÍfï l%u
1' ,l=Kq l< ñ, l%uh fyj;a msßjehg ,dNdka;slh tl;= l< ñ,

ksIamdÈ;fha msßjehg iïu; ,dN m%;sY;hla tl;= lr ñ, ;SrKh lsÍuhs '

WodyrK¦ is,a,r NdKav ;E.s NdKav

2' b,lal bmehqï ñ, l%uh

wdfhdackh u; ,nd .; hq;= ,dN m%;sY;h ;SrKh lr tu ,dNh bmhk mßÈ ñ, ;SrKh
lsÍuhs'

WodyrK ¦.=jkaúÿ,s "mß.Kl" ÿrl:k jeks NdKav

3' ixcdkkSh jákdlï u; ñ, l%uh

.ekqïlre ksIamdÈ;h ms<sn|j wfmalaId lrk jákdlu mokï lrf.k ñ, lsÍuhs' NdKavh
flfrys .kqfokqlref.a wdl,amh" fnodyeÍfï ud¾.h "j.lSu" .=K;ajh "wu;r fiajd"
ksIamdolhdf.a lS¾;skduh" ksYamdolhd ms<sn| jQ úYajdih yd .re;ajh hkd§ idOl wkqj
.ekqïlre wfmalaId lrk jákdlu jeä fõ

WodyrK¦ fudag¾ r: iud.u úiska jdhqiólrK stereo WmlrK j.lSï ld,iSudj hkdÈh i|yd
jákdlï we;=<;a lrñka lrk ñ, lsÍu '

4' jákdlï ñ,lrKh

jHdmdrhg mlaImd;S .kqfokqlrejka Èkd .ekSu i|yd Wiia .=K;ajfhka hq;a NdKav i|yd
idOdrK wvq ñ,la kshu lsÍuhs WodyrK rka NdKav idß jeks ksIamdÈ; ñ, lsÍu

5' mj;akd ñ, l%uh

wf,úlrefjl= ish ksIamdÈ;h i|yd fj<|mf,a mj;akd ;r.ldÍ ksIamdÈ; j, ñ, ie,ls,a,g

f.k ñ, kshu lsÍfï l%uhhs'

356
 WodyrK¦ mqj;am;a fj<|mf,a wfkl=;a mqj;am;a j,g iudk mqj;am;a ñ,la ks¾udKh lsÍuhs'

6' fjkafoais ñ, l%uh

by< fyda my, ,kaiq ñ, kshu lsÍuhs'

WodyrK¦ ue‚la fyda rn¾ fla mdúÉÑ l< WmlrK

7' uqød ;enQ ñ, l%uh

fgkav¾ l%uj,§ iS,a ;enQ ljr u.ska ;r.ldÍ f,i ryis.;j lrk ñ, lsÍuhs'

WodyrK ¦fldka;%d;a ñ, lsÍu

ñ, lsÍfï l%uhla f;dard .ekSu

ñ, lsÍfï fmdÿ msúiqu wkqj ñ, ;SrKh lsÍfï§ m%Odk idOl ;=kla i,ld nef,a'

1' .kqfokqlref.a b,a¨u

ñ, yd b,a¨u w;r m%;súreoaO iïnkaO;djla mj;sk neúka úfYaIfhka ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;d úuid
ne,sh hq;=h '

2' ksIamdÈ;fha msßjeh

úp,H msßjeh" ia:djr msßjeh" uq¿ msßjeh" idudkH msßjeh "fjka fjka jYfhka y÷kd .ekSuhs'

3' ;r.lrejkaf.a ñ,

b;d ióm ;rÕlrejkaf.a ñ, yd msßjeh úuis,a,g .ekSu yd jHdmdrh úiska ks.ukh lrk
ñ,g ;r.lrejka m%;sl%shd olajk wdldrh ie,ls,a,g .ekSuhs'

óg wu;rj i,ld n,k idOl

4' wdh;kfha mrud¾:

5' wf,úlrK ñY%fha wfkl=;a idOl

357
6' rcfha kS;sÍ;s

7' wfmalaIs; ,dNh

8' lS¾;s kduh

9' .eKqïlrejkaf.a wdodhu

10' wfmalaIs; fj<| msßjegqu

11' NdKavfha iajdNdjh

12' rfÜ wd¾Ól ;;a;ajh

13' m%j¾Okh i|yd oeßh hq;= msßjeh

ia:dk fnodyeÍfï ñY%h

fnodyeÍu hkq ksIamdok b,lal .kqfokqlrejka fj; id¾:lj <Õd lr §fï l%shdj,sh fnod
yeÍuhs' tkï NdKav yd fiajd mdßfNda.slhdg ,nd fok wdldrhhs '

fnodyeÍfï ud¾.hla hkq ksIamdolhdf.a isg mdßfNda.slhd olajd ksIamdÈ; ,nd fok ,ndfok
wdldrhhs'

wf,úlrK ñY%h úp,Hhla jk ia:dkh fyj;a fnodyeÍfï we;s jeo.;alu

1' mdßfNda.l
s hd fj; u NdKavhla ,nd§ug kï fj<|fmf<a NdKavh iq,N l< hq;=h' ta
i|yd l,g fõ,djg wjYH ia:dk lrd fnodyeÍu jeo.;a fõ'

2' wf,úlrK ñY%h wfkl=;a idOl id¾:lj l%shd;aul jqjo" fnodyeÍu wid¾:l kï
wf,úlrK l%shdj,sh wid¾:l fõ '

358
 úúO fnodyeÍfï ud¾.
mdßfNda.l
s NdKav fnodyeÍfï ud¾.

ld¾ñl fyj;a jHdmdßl NdKav fnodyeÍfï ud¾.

fiajd fnodyeÍfï ud¾.

NdKav fnodyeÍu myiq jqjo fiajd fnod yeÍu b;d ixlS¾K fõ fiajd iemhqïlrejl= ish
fiajdj fnod yeÍu i|yd Ndú;d lrk ud¾. lsysmhls

1' iDcq fnodyeÍu

fiajd iemhqïlre mdßfNda.slhd iu. iïuqL ù fiajdj ie,iSu

WodyrK ¦ffjoH fiajh

2' úoHq;a udOH yryd fnod yeÍu

WodyrK ¦wka;¾cd,h rEmjdyskS kd,sld hkdÈh

3' ksfhdað;hka yryd fnodyeÍu

WodyrK¦ rlaIKh

WÑ; fnodyeÍfï ud¾.hla ;SrKh lsÍu

wdh;khla ;u ksIamdÈ; fnod yeÍug iqÿiq fnodyeÍfï ud¾.hla f;dard .ekSfï§ ie,lsh hq;=
idOl lsysmhls tajd kï

• oeßh hq;= msßjeh

w;rueÈhkaf.a msßjeh jÜgï wdÈh

• NdKavh iajNdjh
mdßfNda.l
s NdKav o o ld¾ñl NdKav o l,a mj;sk NdKav o blaukska krlaj jkjdo hkak
i,ld ne,Su'

359
 • fj<|mf,a iajNdjh
m%dfoaYSh o "cd;sl o "wka;¾cd;sl o "jrlg iemhSh hq;= m%udKh hkd§h'

• ksIamdolhdf.a Yla;Ska
• ;r.lrejkaf.a fnodyeÍfï ud¾.
• kS;suh ;;ajhka
• fnodyeÍug .;jk ld,h

m%j¾Ok ñY%h

ksIamdÈ;h ms<sn| we,aula olajk .kqfokqlrejkag ikakf

s õokh lsÍu ;=<k
s a Tjqka ñ,§ .ekSug
Wkkaÿ lrùu m%j¾Okh f,i ye¢kafõ' wf,úlrK ikaksfõok ñY%h f,i f,io ye¢kafõ'

jHdmdßlfhl=g m%j¾Okfha jeo.;alu

• ksIamdÈ; ms<sn| úNj .kqfokqlrejkag ikaksfõokh lsÍu

• Tjqka ñ,§ .ekSug fm<Uùu

• wf,úh j¾Okh lsÍu

• wdh;kfha m%;srEmh by< kexùu

• ;rÕhg uqyqK §u

m%j¾Okh jHdmdrhg wjYH jk wjia:d

• kj NdKav y÷kajd§fï§

• ;rÕfha by< wjia:dj,§

• wf,úh myg my; jeà we;s

• mdßfNda.l
s u;lh .s,syS hk úg

• jHdmdrh ms,sn| jerÈ u; ksjerÈ l< hq;= úg§

360
m%j¾Ok ñY%h m%Odk WmlrK wglska iukaú; fjhs

1' m%pdrKh

y÷kd.;a tfukau f.ùula iys; wkq.%dylfhl= u.ska NdKav fiajd fyda woyia wfm!oa.,slj
bÈßm;a lsÍu yd m%j¾Okh m%pdrKhhs '

WodyrK ¦mqj;am;a oekaùï rEmjdyskS oekaùï fmdaig

a ¾ w;am;a úld m%pdrl oekaùï mqjre

m%pdrKfha wruqKq

• oekqï§u
NdKavh fj<|m,g bÈßm;a lr we;s nj mdßfNda.slhdg oekqï §uhs' fuys§ kj NdKav m%;s,dN
ñ, fjkia ùï ,nd .; yels fiajd ms<sn|j oekqï fohs '

• fm<Uùu
NdKavh ñ,§ .ekSug mdßfNda.l
s hd ;=< we,aula we;s lsÍuhs '

• isysm;a lsÍu
úl,am NdKav mj;sk neúka tajd ñ,g .ekSu je<elaùu i|yd wod, NdKavh ms<sn| u;la
lsÍuhs'

• ;yjqre lsÍu
wdh;kfha ksYamdÈ; ksjerÈ tajd nj ;yjqre lsÍu iy j¾;udk .ekqïlrejd ksjrÈ ñ,§
.ekSula lrk nj ta;a;= .ekaùuhs '

m%pdrKfha oelsh yels uQ,sl .=Kdx.

• fmdÿ bÈßm;a lsÍu

• me;sÍu

• w,xldr f,i úia;r lsÍu

361
m%pdrK udOHhla f;dard f;dard .ekSfï§ ie,lsh hq;= idOl

• msßjeh

• b,lal fjf<| fmd<g <Õd úh yels nj

• udOHfha wdl¾IŒh nj

• m%pdrKh l< hq;= jdr .kak

• ;r.lrejka wkq.ukh lrk m%ldY prK udOHhka

• m‚jqvfha iNdjh

• .Kqfokqlrejkaf.a udOH mqreÿ

• fõ.j;a nj

• udOH ld,h ksIamdÈ;fha iajNdjh

2' úl=kqï m%j¾Okh

NdKav fyda fiajd ñ,§ .ekSfï§ fmd<Ujkakd jQ flá fláld,Sk Èß .ekaùfï l%u úl=Kqï
úl=kqï m%j¾Okh f,i ye¢kafjhs' úl=kqï m%j¾Okh úúOdx.SlrKh jQ fláld,Sk Èß.ekaùfï
WmlrK rdYshlska hqla; fõ' ñ,§ .ekSug fya;= m%pdrKfhka bÈßm;a lrhs' ñ,g .ekSu Èßu;a
lsÍu úl=kqï m%j¾Okh isÿlrhs '

WodyrK¦ l=im;a we§u u.ska ;Hd. msßkeóu " idïm,a "j.lSï iy;sl" fj<| jÜgï fkdñf,a
NdKav

úl=Kqï m%j¾Okh j¾.SlrKh

1' mdßfNda.l
s m%j¾Okh

mdßfNda.l
s hka jHdmdßlhska jeks ñ,§ ñ,§ .kakka Èßu;a lsÍu i|yd lrkq ,nk m%j¾Okh hs'

WodyrK ¦fia,a meje;aùu "´mka ,nd§u "jdßl l%u " j.lSï iy;sl ,nd§u "idïm,a fnodyeÍu

362
2' fj<| m%j¾Okh

f;d. iy is,a,r jeks w;rueÈ fj<÷ka Èßu;a lsÍu i|yd lrkq ,nk m%j¾Okh ñka woyia fõ'

WodyrK¦fj<| §ukd wvq ñ,g NdKav ,nd§u" fj<| jÜgï ,nd §u" fkdñf,a WmlrK ,nd§u

3' fjf<| fiajl m%j¾Okh

NdKav úlsŒu i|yd úl=Kqï fiajlhka fm<Uùu i|yd lrkq ,nk m%j¾Okh ñka woyia flf¾'

WodyrK¦ úl=Kqï fldñia ;r. wf,úh u; wu;r §ukd ,nd§u" úfkdao pdßld" iïudk
msßkeóu'

úl=Kqï m%j¾Okfha jdis iy wjdis iSud

jdis

1' mdßfNda.l
s hd ksIamdÈ; ñ,g .ekSug fláld,Skj fm<Uùu

2' msßjegqï j¾Okh ùu

3' ksIamdÈ; f;d. wjika lr .ekSu

4' .kqfokqlreg wu;rj m%;s,dNhla jákdlula tl;= lsÍu

5' ikaksfõokh ñ,§ .ekSug Èß.ekaùu iy ñ,§ .ekSug wdrdOkdjla tljr l< yels ùu

6' .Kqfokqlrejkaf.a by< iyNd.s;ajhla mej;Su

7' úl=Kqï fiajlhka Èßu;a ùu

8' l%shd;aul lsÍu myiq ùu

iSud

1' kjH WmlrK ks;r y÷kajd §ug isÿ ùu

2' by< msßjehla oeÍug isÿùu

3' ;r.lrejka fõ.fhka wkqlrKh

3' mqoa.,sl wf,úh

363
ksIamdÈ; wf,úlr .ekSu yd úl=Kqï jeä lr .ekSu wrNhd .kqfokqlrejka iuÕ fm!oa.,sl
uqyqKg uqyqK ,d woyia yqjudre lr .ksñka ukd iïnkaO;d f.dvk.d NdKav wf,ú lsÍu
fm!oa.,sl wf,ú hhs '

WodyrK¦ úl=Kqï bÈßm;a lsÍï" úl=Kqï /ialsÍï" i,ams,a yd m%o¾Yk wf,ú Èß.ekaùï
jevigyka'

m%j¾Ok l%uhla f,i fm!oa.,sl wf,úfha we;s jdis iy wjdis

jdis

1' mdßfNda.l
s hdg iDcqju Wmfoia §u ;=<k
s a Tyq fj; jerÈ Wmfoia .,dhdu je<lsh yels
ùu

2' .ekqïlref.a wjYH;d yd Wjukd j,g .e,fmk mßÈ úl=Kqïlre g ;u úl=Kqu bÈßm;a
l< yels ùu

3' ksYaÑ; úl=Kqï l%uhla iïnkaOfhka .ekqïlref.a m%;spdrh foi n,d wjYH fjkialï
laI‚l j l< yels ùuhs

4' fm!oa.,sl úl=Kqï fndfyda úg i;H úl=Kqï njg m;a lr.; yels ùu

5' fm!oa.,sl iïnkaO;d j¾Okh ùu ksid úl=Kqï jeäùu

wjdis

1' msßjeh wêl ùu

2' fï i|yd úfYaIfhka mqyqKq l< msßia fhdod .ekSug isÿ ùu

4' uyck iïnkaO;d

wdh;kfha m%;srEmh yd tys ksIamdÈ;h j¾Okh lsÍu fyda wdrlaId lr .ekSu i|yd ie,iqï lr
we;s úúO jevigyka ñka woyia fõ '

È.=ld,Skj jHdmdrh meje;aug yd id¾:l;ajhg tjeks iïnkaO;d WmldÍ fjhs' j¾;udkfha

fndfyda iud.ï uyck iïnkaO;d" wf,úlrK uyck iïnkaO;d f,i ye¢kaùug o fm<ö
we; '

364
uyck iïnkaO;d j, jdis iy iSud

jdis

1' jHdmdrh ms<sn| fyd| m%;srEmhla f.dv ke.Su

2' .kqfokqlrejka myiqfjka ,nd .ekSu

3' m%n, m%j¾Ok udOHhla ùu

4' b,lal mdßfNda.sl lKavdhug iDcqj <Õdùu

iSud

1' ie,iqï.; oeä m%h;akhla oeßh hq;= ùu

2' È.= ld,hla .;ùu

WodyrK ¦l%Svd W;aij i|yd wkq.%dyl;ajh ,nd ,nd §u "m%jD;a;s iïnkaO;d idlÉPd lsÍu"
WmfoaYkh uyck fiajd lghq;=

5' iDcq yd o;a; iuqodh wf,úlrKh

b,lal mdßfNda.slhka iu. iDcqj ikaksfõokhla mj;ajd .ksñka Tjqka ksIamdÈ; ñ,§ .ekSu
i|yd fm<Uùu iDcq wf,úlrKh hs

WodyrK¦ f.hska f.g f.dia NdKav wf,ú lsÍu iDcq ;emE, ÿrl:k u.ska wf,úh '

iDcq wf,úlrKh isÿlrk wdldr

• iDcq ;emE,

NdKav weKjqï heùug oekqj;a lsÍug isysm;a lsÍug iDcq ;emE, fhdod .ekSuhs '

• uqyqKg uqyqK ,d lrk úl=Kqï

úl=Kqï fiajlhka fyda ksfhdað;hka iDcqju .kqfokqlrejka uqK.eiS f;dr;=re imhd weKjqu
,nd .kS fuys § f.hska f.g hdug isÿfõ'

365
• legf,d.a u.ska wf,úh

NdKav ms<sn|j iïmQ¾K úia;r iys; iys;j uqøKh lr legf,d.a" b,lal .kqfokqlrejkag
imhd tu.ska weKjqu ,nd .kS '

• ÿrl:k u.ska wf,úh

• rEmjdyskS kd,sld u.ska wf,úh fg,súIka kd,sld Tiafia f;dr;=re m%isoaO lr wekjqï
,ndf.k NdKav wf,ú lsÍuhs fiajd kï kd,sldj Tiafia iDcqj fnod yeÍuhs

• m%o¾Yk meje;aùu

• úoHq;a wf,úlrKh fyj;a wka;¾cd, wf,úlrKh

iDcqj wf,úlrKfha

jdis

1' úYd, úl=Kqï fiajl msßila wjYH fkdùu

2' úYd, fj<| Yd,d bvlv wjYH fkdùu

3' .kqfokqlreg wjYH wkaoug NdKav yd fiajd iemhSu l, yels ùu

4' .kqfokqlrejka iu. jvd fyd| iïnkaO;djla mj;ajd .; yels ùu

wjdis

1' .kqfokqlrejkag wjYH fiajd iemhSug fkdyels ùu

2' wf,ú lghq;= ixlS¾K ùu

3' w;rueÈhkaf.a úfYaI olaI;d j,ska m%fhdack ,nd .; yels ùu

366
6' biõ yd w;aoelSï

wdh;kfha wkq.%yfhka biõ l%shdldrlï iy jevigyka ks¾udKh lrñka ffoksl yd úfYaI;

s
wfkHdakH m%;spdr ikaksfõok jevigyka ñka woyia fõ '

WodyrK¦ l%Svd úfkdaodiajdo W;aij l,d lghq;= mdGud,d wdh;k" pdßld wdh;kfha
fl!;=ld.dr "ùÈ kdgH

m%j¾Okh l%uhla f,i biõ yd w;aoelSï ixúOdkh lsÍfï jdis

1' b,lal fj<|m, y÷kd.ekSug yd mqoa., Ôjk rgdjka y÷kd .ekSug myiq ùu

2' wdh;kfha ms<sn|j fyda ikaku ms<sn|j oekqj;a oekqj;anj by< kexùug yels ùu

3' wdh;kh ms<sn| mdßfNda.sl m%;srEmh ;yjqre lsÍu myiq ùu

4' m%cd fyda iudchSh l%shdjka i|yd we;s lemùu fmkakï

q lsÍug wjia:dj ,eîu

wjdis

1' by< ixúOdk Yla;shla wjYH ùu

2' by< msßjehla jeh ùu

7' ud¾..; yd iudc fjí wvú u.ska wf,úlrKh

wka;¾cd,h yd iudc fjí wvú yryd mdßfNda.l

s hka iïnkaO ùug isÿ lrk jevigyka h '

WodyrK ¦fjí wvú "Bfï,a "f*ianqla Üúg¾"uefikac¾

8' cx.u wf,úlrKh

mdßfNda.l
s hkaf.a ÿrl:k "iaud¾Üf*daka ""geí mß.Kl yryd ikakf
s õokh isÿ lrñka isÿ
flfrk m%j¾Okh hs '

WodyrK ¦flá m‚úv

367
 15 uq,H l,ukdlrKh'

uQ,H l<ukdlrKh hkq"

jHdmdr wdh;khlg ;u jHdmdr lghq;= M,odhSj mj;ajdf.k hdug wruqo,a w;hdjYh

fõ'tneúka jHdmdr wdh;kh j,g wjYH wruqo,a fhda.H ud¾. j,ska imhd .ekSu yd tu
wruqo,a M,odhs f,i jHdmdr lghq;=j, wdfhdack lrñka whs;slrejkaf.a ,dnh Wmßu lsÍfï
ish¨ lghq;= uQ,H l<ukdlrKh f,i yeÈkafõ'

uQ,H l<ukdlrKfha mrud¾:'

uQ,H l<ukdlrKfha uQ,sl mrud¾:'

jHdmdrfha ysñlrejkaf.a jHdmdrh yd ine¢ w.h Wmßu lsÍuhs'

WodyrK (

• iud.ul whs;slrejka jkafka tys isák fldgialrejkah' tkï iud.ul w.h ke;fyd;a
jákdlu jeäjk úg tu iud.fï fldgia j, ñ, by< hhs'ta wkqj iud.ul fldgiaj, ñ,
by< hdfuka fmkakï
q lrkafka whs;slrejkaf.a okh by< hduhs'

• flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrhl w.h ke;fyd;a okh by, hdu hkqfjka fmkaúh yelafla tu
jHdmdrh by< jákdlulg wf,ú l< yels njh'

uQ,H l<ukdlrKfha fiiq mrud¾:'

by; ioyka l, uQ,sl mrud¾: j,g wu;rj uQ,H l<uKdrKfha fiiq mrud¾: olakg ,efí'

• ,dnh Wmßu lsÍu

jHdmdrfha wdodhu yd msßjeh w;r mr;rh Wmßu lsÍuhs'

• fldgil bmhSu Wmßu lsÍu

idudkH fldgia fjkqfjka Wmhk ,o uqo, yels muK Wmßu lsÍuhs'

368
• È.=ld,Sk uQ,H ia:djr;ajh ;yjqre lsÍu'

• uqo,a ndú;h wju lsÍu '

• uQ,H wjodku md,kh

uQ,H l<ukdlrKfhka jeo.;a ;SrK follg t<ìh yelsh'

• wdfhdack ;SrK

• uQ,Hk ;SrK

wdfhdack ;SrK

wruqo,a cx.u yd ia:djr j;alï j, fhoùu ms,sn|j .kq ,nk ;SrK'

È.=ld,Sk

• jHdmdrh kùlrKh ms,sn| ;SrK

• kej; ia:dmkh lsÍu ms,sn| ;SrK

• jHdmdr jeäÈhqKq lsÍu ms,sn|

• jHdmdr úúOdx.SlrKh ms,sn|

fláld,Sk

• fjf<| f;d. ms,sn| ;SrK

• Kh.e;shka ms,sn| ;SrK

• uqo,a l<ukdlrKh ms,sn| ;SrK

• fjk;a fláld,Sk ;SrK ms,sn|

uQ,Hk ;SrK
cx.u yd ia:djr j;alï j, wdfhdackh lsÍu ioyd wjYH wruqo,a imhd.kafka flfiao hkak
ms,sn|j .kq ,nk ;SrKhka fõ'fuh fYaI m;%fha j;alï me;a; ;=<k
s a fmkakqï lrkq ,efí'

369
È.=ld,Sk

m%d.aOk jHqyh

• Kh m%d.aOkh ,nd .ekSu ms,sn| ;SrK

• ysñlï m%d.aOk /ia lr.ekSu ms,sn| ;SrK

• Kh yd ysñlï m%d.aOk wkqmd; ms,sn|

,dndxY ms,sn|j

• rojd.ekSï ms,sn|

• ,dndxY únckh ms,sn| ;SrK

fláld,Sk

• fjf<| Khysñhka ms,sn|

• nexl= whsrd yd wfkl=;a fláld,Sk nexl= Kh ms,sn| ;SrK'

• WmÑ; úhoï ms,sn| ;SrK

uQ,H ie,iqïlrKh yd md,kh '

jHdmdrhl uQ,H l<ukdlrK ;SrK l%shd;aul lsÍfï§ isÿ lrk ,nk ldrHhka folla jkafka"

1' uQ,H ie,iqïlrKh

2' uQ,H md,kh

ta wkqj uQ,H ie,iqïlrKh ioyd uqo,a whjeh f,aLkh iy m%d.aOk whjehlrKh;a "uQ,h
md,kh ioyd uqo,a m%jdy m%ldY;a Wmfhda.S lr.kq ,efí'

uqo,a whjeh f,aLkh

wfmalaIs; wkd.; ld,mßÉfþohlska uqo,a ,eîï yd uqo,a f.ùï ie,ls,a,g f.k ms<sfh, lrkq
,nk f,aLkh uqo,a whjeh f,aLkh fõ'

ie,iqïlrKfha§ yd ;SrK .ekSfï§ ndú;hg .kq ,nk wnHka;r uQ,H weia;fïka;=jla f,i
uqo,a whjeh f,aLkh yÿkajdÈh yel' fuys wfmalaIs; uqo,a ,eîï ud¾.o" wfmalaIs; uqo,a f.ùï
ud¾.o ioyka lrkq ,nhs'

WodyrK ( wfmalaIs; uqo,a ,eîï ud¾.

• w;smsg úl=Kqï

• j;alï úl=Kqï

• Kh.e;s ,eîï

370
 wfmalaIs; uqo,a f.ùï

• f;d. ñ,g .ekSu

• jegqma yd fõ;k f.ùï

• Khysñ f.ùï

• cx.u fkdjk j;alï ñ,g .ekSï

uqo,a whjeh f,aLkhla ms<sfh, lsÍu ;=,k

s a jHdmdrhg ,efnk m%;s,dN

• wkd.;fha§ uqo,a w;sß;a;hla fõkï th l,a;nd oek.; yelsùfuka tu uqo,a M,odhSj

wdfhdackh l, yels ùu'

• wkd.;fha§ uqo,a W!K;djhla fõ kï th l,a;nd oekf.k thg uqyqK §ug yels ùu'

• i;H uqo,a l%shdldÍ;ajh yd iei§u u.ska uqo,a ms,sn| ie,iqïlrKh yd md,kh myiq
ùu'

m%d.aOk whjehlrKh
bÈß wkd.;fha§ m%;s,dN bjhSfï wruqkska jHdmdr wdh;khla i;=j mj;sk j¾;udk wruqo,a
jvd;a M,odhs f,i È.=ld,Sk j;alï j, fyda È.=ld,Sk jHdmD;s j, wdfhdack lsÍug ie,iqï
lsÍu m%d.aOk whjehlrKh kï fõ'

uQ,H l<ukdlrKh .kq ,nk m%d.aOk whjehlrK ;SrK È.=ld,Sk wdfhdack ;SrK f,i
yeÈkafõ'

WodyrK (

• jHdmdr lghq;= j¾okh ioyd kj f.dvke.s,a,la bÈ lsÍu

• kj hka;%hla ñ,g .ekSu

• m%pdrk jevigyka ioyd jehlrk È.=ld,Sk úhoï

uqo,a m%jdy m%ldYh

wdh;khlg uqo,a .,d tau isÿ jQ wdldrh yd twu uqo,a .,d hdu isÿ jQ wdldrh úYaf,aIKh lr
oelaùu uqo,a m%jdy m%ldYhls' fuys uqo,a Trjdyh kï uqo,a ,eîï yd f.ùï ud¾.hls'

jHdmdrhl wruqo,a wjYH;d

jHdmdrhl wruqo,a wjYH;d m%odk fldgia folls'

1' fláld,Sk uQ,H wjYH;d

2' È.=ld,Sk uQ,H wjYH;d

371
1' fláld,Sk uQ,H wjYH;d

ldgl m%d.aOk wjYH;d

tÈfkod jHdmdr lghq;= mj;sjdf.k hdu ioyd wjYH jk wruqo,a ldrl m%d.aOk wjYH;d fõ'
fuys m%odk iajrEm folls'

1' o< ldrl m%d.aOk

fuh jHdmdrfha uq¨ cx.u j;alï j, jákdlu fõ'

2' YqoO ldrl m%d.aOkh

fuh cx.u j;alï yd cx.u j.lSï w;r fjki fõ'

tkï"

YqoO ldrl m%d.aOk = cx.u j;alï ) cx.u j.lSï

wjYH ldrl m%d.aOk m%udKh ;SrKh lrk idol'

• jHdmdrfha m%udKh yd iajNdjh

• jHdmdrfha rojd .;hq;= f;d. uÜgï

• l%shd;aul lsÍug woyia lr we;s m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s'

• jHdmdrh ioyd fhdod.kakd ;dlaIKh

• iemhqïlrejkaf.a Kh fldkafoais

• .Kqfokqlrejkag Kh ,nd §fï§ l%shd;aul lrk Kh fldkafoais

• b,a¨fï iajNdjh

m%udKj;a ldrl m%d.aOkhla fkdue;s ùfuka uqyqkmEug isÿjk .eg¨

• jHdmdrfha j¾Okh weK ysàu

• ie,iqï l%shd;aul l, fkdyels ùu

• ia:djr j;alï Ndú;hg .; fkdyels ùu

• wdl¾IKSh Kh ,nd .ekSfï wjia:d weysÍ hdu

• fláld,Sk j.lSï fíreï lsÍug fkdyels ùfuka lS¾;skduh m¨ÿ ùu

372
ldrl m%d.aOk .eg¨ j,g uqyqk§ug .;hq;= l%shdud¾.

• w;smsg úl=Kqï jeälsÍu

• w;sf¾l f;d. wf,úh

• w;sf¾l ia:djr j;alï wf,úh

• l,anÿ l%uhg wjYH j;alï ,nd.ekSu

• w;HjYH ñ,§ .ekSï mukla isÿ lsÍu

• iemhqïlrejka ,jd Kh iyk ld,h §¾> lrjd .ekSu

o%jYS,;djh yd ,dNodhs;ajh w;r mj;sk iïnkaO;djh'

jHdmdrhl tÈfkod mj;sk j.lSï mshùug uqyqK§ug uqyqK §ug we;s Yla;sh o%jYS,;djh kï
fõ ta i|yd wruqo,a <Õ ;nd .; hq;=h'

iEu jHdmdrhlgu mj;sk uqof,ys msßjeh;a tu msßjeh wdjrKh lr .ekSug kï w.ekSug kï

wruqo,a úúO jHdmD;sj, wdfhdackh l< hq;=h ' fï wkqj uQ,H l<ukdlrefjl= ,dN bmhSu
i|yd wruqo,a úúO jHdmD;s j, jHdmD;sj, wdfhdackh l< úg o%jYS,;djh msßfyk w;r u ÿr
o%jYS,;d wdrlaId lr.ekSu i|yd uqo,a <Õ ;nd .;a úg ,dN fkdue;s fõ'

tfiau wruqo,a wdfhdackh lsÍfï§ o uQ,H l<ukdlrefjl=g uqyqK§ug isÿfjk .eg¨jla

jkafka"o%jYS,;djh wvq j;alïj, ,dNodhs;d jeäùu;a "o%jYs,;d jeä j;alï j, ,dNodhs;ajh
wvq ùu;ah

2' È.= ld,Sk uQ,H wjYH;d

jHdmdrhl úúO ;snQ È.=ld,Sk jHdmD;s ke;fyd;a ia:djr j;alï j;alñ Èùu i|yd wjYH ùu
È.=ld,Sk wruqo,a wjYH;d kï fõ '

WodyrK(

bvï yd f.dvke.s,s

hkaf;%damlrK

r: jdyk

ldrHd, WmlrK ñ,§ .ekSu i|yd

373
jHdmdrhl uq,sl uQ,H wjYH;d

jHdmdrhl ldrl m%d.aOk wjYH;d yd È.=ld,Sk uqo,a wjYH;djka hk folu ie,ls,a,g f.k
uQ,sl jYfhka wruqo,a wjYH jk wjia:d myla fmkaúh yelsh'

1' wdrïN lghq;= i|yd

úhdmdrhla uQ,sl jYfhka ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu we;=¿ wdrïN lsÍfï§ jeh jeh jk j;alï ñ,§
.ekSu i|yd wjYH jk wruqo,a ñka woyia fõ '

2' ldrl m%d.aOk wjYH;d

3' j¾Okh i|yd

jHdmdrhla wdrïN fldg mj;ajdf.k hdfï§ ;jÿrg;a j¾Okh lr,Sug w;sf¾l wruqo,a wjYH
jk wjia:d we;'

4' jHdmdr wjmd; j,g uqyqK §ug'

jHdmdrhla mj;ajdf.k hdfï§ w,dN ,nk ;;a;ajhka yels úh yels w;r"tu ;;a;ajhkaf.ka
ñ§ ,dN ,nk ;;a;ajhg mßj¾;kh ùug w;sf¾l wruqo,a wjYH fõ'

5' w;am;a lr .ekSu fyda ñ,§ .ekSu i|yd '

jHdmdr w;r ;r.ldÍ;ajh oeäj mj;sk úg"tys ;r.ldÍ jHdmdr ñ,§ .ekSu ;=<k
s a fj<|fmd<
;=< iajdëk;ajh we;slr .ekSug wruqo,a wjYH ùuhs'

jHdmdrhl wruqo,a iïmdok ud¾.'

jHdmdrhl wruqo,a iïmdok ud¾. rdYshla mj;sk w;r tajd uQ,sl jYfhka mokï y;rla hgf;a
fnod fjkalr yelsh '

• m%Njh $uQ,dY%h wkqj

• ld,h wkqj

• m%jdyk wkqj

• ysñldÍ;ajh wkqj

374
m%Njh $uQ,dY%h wkqj iïmdok ud¾.'

jHdmdrhlg wruqo,a ckkh jQ wdldrh wkqj m%Njh fyj;a uQ,dY%h wkqj iïmdok ud¾. m%Odk
fldgia folls'

1' wNHka;r iïmdok ud¾.

2' ndysr iïmdok ud¾.

wNHka;r iïmdok ud¾.'

jHdmdr wdh;kh ;=<ska wjYH wruqo,a iïmdokh lr .ekSu wNHka;r iïmdok ud¾. fõ '

WodyrK(

• r|jd.;a ,dN'

• laIh fjkalsÍï

• j;alï w,ú lsÍu

• wdfhdack Wm,íÈ lsÍu

wNHka;r iïmdok ud¾. j, jdis

• myiqfjka wruqo,a /ialr /ia lr.; yels ùu

• wruqo,a iïmdokh lr .ekSfï msßjehla fkdue;sùu

• wdmiq fíreï lsÍu ms<sn|j ms<sn|j ne¢hdjla fkdue;sùu

375
wNHka;r iïmdok ud¾. j, wjdis

• jeä uqo,la /ialr .; fkdyels ùu

• j;alï úlsKSu jeks l%shdud¾. ;=<k

s a ;=<k
s a jHdmdrh meje;aug wys;lr f,i n,mEï
lsÍu

ndysr iïmdok ud¾.

jHdmdrh msgia;r jQ ud¾.hkaf.ka wruqo,a iïmdokh lr .ekSu ndysr iïmdok ud¾. fõ'

WodyrK(

• fldgia ksl=;=j

• Khlr ksl=;=j

• nexl= Kh

• l=,S msg .ekqï

• jdKsc m;%sld

ndysr iïmdok ud¾. j, jdis

• wruqo,a iïmdok ud¾. rdYshla ;sîu '

• jeä uqo,la /ialr .; yels ùu

• wjYH;djh u; fhda.H iïmdok ud¾.hla f;dard .; yels ùu'

ndysr iïmdok ud¾. j, wjdis

• iïmdokh lr .ekSfï l%shdj,sh ixlS¾K ùu

• wem iq/l=ïm;a bÈßm;a l< hq;= ùu

• wdmiq fíreï lsßu ms<sn| ne¢hdjla mej;Su

• jHdmdrh j;alï yd foafmd, foam< wem iqrlaIs; lsÍug isÿùu

• mj;ajdf.k hdfï§ wruqo,a iïmdokh lr .ekSfï§ msßjehla oeÍu

376
ld,h wkqj iïmdok ud¾.'

ld,h wkqj ie,ls,a,g f.k wruqo,a iïmdok ud¾. fldgia folls'

1' fláld,Sk iïmdok ud¾.

2' È.=ld,Sk iïmdok ud¾.

fláld,Sk iïmdok ud¾.

jirlg jvd wvq ld, mßÉfþohla i|yd wjYH wruqo,a iïmdokh lr .ekSu fõ'

WodyrK(

• jdKsc m;%sld

• nexl= whsrd

• fj<| Kh

• f.úh hq;= úhoï iSud lsÍu'

È.=ld,Sk iïmdok ud¾.

jirlg jvd jeä ld, ld, mßÉfþohla fjkqfjka wruqo,a iïmdokh lr .ekSu fõ'

WodyrK(

• fldgia ksl=;=j

• Khlr ksl=;=j

• le|jd.;a ,dN

• laIh fjkalsÍï

• l,anÿ myiqlï

• nexl=j Kh

377
m%jdyh wkqj iïmdok ud¾.'

jHdmdrhlg wruqo,a .,d hEfï iajNdjh mokï lr.ekSu m%jdyh wkqj iïmdok ud¾. kï fõ
'

ta wkqj m%Odk fldgia folla olakg ,efí'

1' iDcq ud¾.'

2' jl% ud¾.

iDcq ud¾.

uQ,H w;rueÈhka iïnkaO lr fkdf.k jHdmdrh úiska u úiska u wjYH wruqo,a iïmdokh lr
.ekSu fõ'

• r|jd.;a ,dN

• laIh i|yd fjka lsÍï

• fldgia ksl=;=j

• Khlr ksl=;=j

• jdKsc m;%sld

jl% ud¾.'

uQ,H w;rueÈhka iïnkaO fjñka wruqo,a iïmdokh lsÍu jl% ud¾. fõ 'tys§ wdfhdaclhd iy
Kh ,nkakd iDcqju iïuqL fkdfõ '

• l,anÿ

• nexl= whsrdj

• l=,m
S sg .ekqï

• nexl= Kh

• fj<| Kh

ysñldÍ;ajh wkqj iïmdok ud¾.'

wruqo,a iïmdok ud¾.fha mj;sk whs;sh mokï lrf.k wruqo,a iïmdok ud¾. j,g fnod
fjka lsÍu ñka woyia flf¾'

fï wkqj m%Odk jYfhka wruqo,a iïmdok ud¾. folla oelsh yelsh'

378
• ysñldr;aj uQ,Hkh

• Kh uQ,Hkh

ysñldr;aj uQ,Hkh

whs;slrejkaf.a m%d.aOkh jeälr .ekSu ;=<k

s a wjYH wruqo,a iïmdokh lr .ekSu ysñldr;aj
uQ,Hkh hs'

WodyrK (

• idudkH fldgia

• r|jd.;a ,dN

Kh uQ,Hkh

jHdmdrfhka msgia;r ndysr ud¾.hkaf.ka wruqo,a iïmdokh lr .ekSuhs'

• jrKSh fldgia

• Khlr

• È.=ld,Sk nexl= Kh

fouqyqï uQ,Hkh'

ysñlrejkaf.a m%d.aOk ,laIK yd Kh m%d.aOk ,laIK folu iys; uQ,H iïmdok ud¾. kï fõ
'

WodyrK (

mßj¾;H Kh'

uQ,H wjYH;d imqrd .ekSu .ekSfï§ ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq '

• wjYH wruqo,a m%udKh

• wruqo,a wjYH jk ld,h

379
• msßjeh

• jHdmdr ixúOdkfha iajNdjh

• ,eìh hq;= wem iqrl=ïm;a ms<sn| ;;a;ajh

• jHdmdrh m%d.aOk jHqyhg fjk n,mEu

• wruqo,a fhdojk jHdmD;sfha iajNdjh iy bka wfmalaIs; m%;s,dN

• jHdmdrfha l<ukdlrKhg jk n,mEu

uQ,H l<ukdlref.a ld¾hNdrh'

• uQ,H wjYH;d mqfrdal;kh

• wjYH m%d.aOkh /ia lr .ekSu

• wruqo,a wdfhdackh lsÍu

• wruqo,a l<ukdlrKh

• wfkl=;a fomd¾;fïka;= iu. iuÕ iïnkaO;d mj;ajdf.k hEu

uQ,H úYaf,aIKh'

uQ,H l,ukdlre jHdmdrfhka uQ,H ;;a;ajh l=uk iajrEmfhka mj;skafka o hkak ms<sn|j
oek.ekSu i|yd isÿlrkq ,nk l%shdj,sh uQ,H úYaf,aIKh kï fõ '

uQ,H úYaf,aIKh ioyd Ndú;d lrk m%Odk Ys,am l%u folla mj;S

1' uQ,H m%ldY

2' uQ,H wkqmd;

uQ,H m%ldYk

uQ,H l<ukdlrKfha § wjYH jk f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu i|yd ,nd .ekSu i|yd uQ,H uQ,ah
marldY fyj;a uQ,H jd¾;d Wmfhda.S lr .kS'ta wkqj ms<sfh, lrk ,nk uQ,H jd¾;d ;=kla
mj;S'

1' wdodhï m%ldYh

380
2' fYaI m;%h

3' uqo,a m%jdy m%ldYh

uQ,H jd¾;d ieliSfuka jHdmdrhlg we;s m%;s,dN'

• jHdmdrh ;;a;ajh ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu'

• jHdmdrhg m%d.aOkh iem hd .ekSfï§ .ekSfï§ wod< mqoa.,hkag yd wdh;k j,g

bÈßm;a lsÍu '

• wdodhï nÿ ld¾hh i|yd nÿ jd¾;d ieliSug '

• wdh;kh ;=< fyda iudk jHdmdr f;dr;=re iu. iei£ug '

• kS;suh ;;a;ajhkag wkql+, ùu '

• ú.Kk lghq;= lsÍug

uQ,H wkqmd; '

úp,Hhka folla w;r mj;akd iïnkaO;djh ksrEmKh lrk ms<s.;a l%uhla jYfhka uQ,H
wkqmd; fmkajd Èh yel '

uQ,H wkqmd; .Kkh lsÍfï jdis

• jHdmdrh o%jYS,;djh yd ,dNodhS;ajh ms<sn| blauka wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yelsùu

• fjkia iudk jHdmdrhka iuÕ iei£u myiq ùu

• jHdmdr wkd.; lghq;= ie,iqï lsÍu

• jHdmdrfha j¾;udk yd w;S; ;;a;ajhka iei£u

• jHdmdrh wjdisodhl fjkiaùï yÿkd .; yels ùu

381
uQ,H wkqmd; j¾.

uQ,H l<ukdlrKfha § wkqmd; j¾. /ila fhdod .kakd w;r tajd m%Odk jYfhka mokï y;rla
hgf;a fnod fjka l< yel'

1' o%jYS,;d wkqmd;

2' ,dNodhs;aj wkqmd;

3' l%shdldÍ wkqmd;

4' f;da,k wkqmd;

5' o%jYS,;d wkqmd;

jHdmdrhl flá flá ld,Sk uQ,H ne£ï fkdfyd;a j.lSug uqyqK§ug jHdmdr j,g we;s
yelshdj fuu.ska fmkakqï flf¾'

fï wkqj ms<sfh< lrkq ,nk o%jYS, wkqmd; j¾. jkafka "

• cx.u wkqmd;

• laIKsl wkqmd;

cx.u wkqmd;h

cx.u j;alï yd cx.u j.lSï w;r iïnkaO;djh fmkakï

q lrk wkqmd;h fõ'

tkï cx.u j.lSï j,g uqyqK§u i|yd cx.u j;alï j,g we;s yelshdj fõ'fuh .Kkh
lrkqfha

cx.u wkqmd;h= } cx.u j;alï $cx.u j.lSï

idudkHfhka fuu iólrKh ,o ms<s;=r wju jYfhka folla j;a ;sìh hq;= hehs fmdÿ
ms<s.ekSuhs '

laIKsl wkqmd;h

cx.u j;alï yd o%jYS, j;alï w;r we;s iïnkaOh fmkakï

q lrk wkqmd;h fõ '

382
cx.u j;alï ;=< jeä m%;sY;hla o%jYS,;djh wkqj nvq f;d.h wka;¾.; jk ksid th bj;a
fldg o%jYS, j;alï ;=<k
s a cx.u nerlï j,g uqyqK §ug we;s Yla;sh fuu.ska n,kq we; 'fuh
.Kkh lrkqfha "

laIKsl wkqmd;h= o%jYS, wkqmd;h $cx.u j.lSï

o%jYS, j;alï } cx.u j;alï ) ^ nvq f;d.h+ bÈßhg l< úhoï &

by; iólrKh ;=<ska ,o ms<s;=r wju jYfhka tlla j;a mej;sh hq;= hehs fmdÿ ms<s.ekSu fõ

,dNodhs;aj wkqmd;

j;alï fldgia wdfhdackh yd úl=Kqï u; jHdmdrh Wmhk ,dNh fldmuKo hkak ms<sìUq lsÍu
i|yd ,dNodhs;d wkqmd; Ndú;d flf¾ '

fï wkqj .Kkh lrkq ,nk ,dNodhs;aj wkqmd; y;rla olakg ,efí '

• o< ,dN wkqmd;

• YQoaO ,dN wkqmd;

• wdfhdack u; m%;s,dN wkqmd;h

• ysñlï m%d.aOkh u; m%;s,dN wkqmd;h

o< ,dN wkqmd;h

úl=Kqï j,g wkqj o< ,dNfha m%udKh m%;sY;hla f,i fuu wkqmd;fhka fmkakqï lsÍuhs 'tkï
fuh .Kkh lrkqfha"

o< ,dN wkqmd;h=}^ o< ,dNh $ úl=Kqï&« 100

YqoaO ,dN wkqmd;h

jHdmdrfhys YqoaO ,dNh úl=Kqï j, m%;sY;hla f,i fuu wkqmd;fhka fmkakï

q flf¾ 'fuys
YqoaO ,dNh f,i ie,ls,a,g .kqfha nÿ fmr iqoao ,dNhhs'fuh .Kkh lrkqfha "

383
YqoaO ,dN wkqmd;h= } ^nÿ fmr YqoaO ,dNh$úl=Kqï &«100

iuyr jHdmdrhl o< ,dN wkqmd;h by< w.hla fmkakqï lrkq ,enqjo YqoaO ,dN wkqmd;h
b;d my< w.hla fmkakï
q lrk wjia:d we;'

fuhg fya;=j o< ,dN wkqmd;h .Kkh lsÍfï§ úl=Kqï msßjeh muKla ie,ls,a,g .;a;o YqoaO
,dN wkqmd;h .Kkh lsÍfï§ wdh;k yd mßmd,k"uQ,H yd fjk;a"úl=Kqï yd fnodyeÍfï hk
úhoï wka;¾.; ksidh 'wdh;kfha l<ukdldß;ajh ÿ¾j, j mj;sk wjia:djl YqoaO ,dN
wkqmd;h b;d my< w.hla fmkakqï l< yel'

wdfhdack u; m%;s,dN wkqmd;h

uq¿ wdfhdackhg wkqmd;slj jHdmdrh bmhqï j, iïnkaO;djh m%;sY;hla f,i ñka fmkakï
q
flf¾ '

fuh .Kkh lrkqfha'

wdfhdack u; m%;s,dN wkqmd;h= } ^^ nÿ miq YqoaO ,dNh+ fmd,sh &$ uq¿ j;alï &«100

ysñlï m%d.aOk u; m%;s,dN wkqmd;h

idudkH fldgia ysñhka úiska imhk ,o m%d.aOkh i|yd Wmhk ,o m%;s,dN m%;sY;hla f,i
fuu wkqmd;fhka fmkakïq lsÍuhs'fuh .Kkh lrkqfha'

ysñlï m%d.aOkh u; m%;s,dN wkqmd;h } ^nÿ miq YqoaO ,dNh ) jrKSh ,dNdxY $ ysñlï
m%d.aOkh &«100

ysñlï m%d.aOkh= idudkH fldgia m%d.aOkh+ ixÑ;

l%shdldÍ wkqmd;h

j;alïj, wdfhdackh yd tajdhska .Ks; lrk bmhSï w;r we;s iïnkaO;djh l%shdldÍ wkqmd;h
uÕska fmkakqï flf¾'

fuys§ .Kkh lrk l%shdldÍ wkqmd; j¾. ;=kla we;'

384
1' f;d. msßjegqï wkqmd;h

2' Kh.e;s msßjegqï wkqmd;h

3' uq¿ j;alï msßjegqï wkqmd;h

1' f;d. msßjegqï wkqmd;h'

jHdmdrh nvq f;d.h úl=Kqï njg m;a lsÍfï iS>%;djh m%udKd;aulj oelafjk wkqmd;h fuh
fõ 'fuh .Kkh lrkqfha"

f;d. msßjegqï wkqmd;h } ^ úl=Kqï NdKav j, msßjeh $ idudkH nvq f;d.h &«100

idudkH nvq f;d.h= }^wdrïNl nvq f;d.h + wjidk nvq f;d.h& $ 2

fuu.ska ,efnk ms<s;=frka woyia jkafka j¾Ihla ;=< nvq f;d.hla fldmuK jdr .Kkla
úl=Kqï njg m;ajQfha o hkakhs 'tfia ,efnk jdr.Kk j¾Ihg wod< udi .Kk fod<fyka
fn§fuka ld,h ;SrKh l< yel'

úl=KQ jdr .Kk jeä fjk ;rug .; jk ld, mßÉfþoh wvqjk nj;a õhdmdr ld¾hlaIu;dj
by< by< uÜgul mj;sk nj;a ks.ukh l< yel

2' Kh.e;s msßjegqï wkqmd;h

jHdmdrh fld;rï ld¾hlaYu f,i Kh.e;shka f.ka uqo,a tl;= lr .kafka o hkak fuu
wkqmd;fhka fmkakï
q flf¾ ' fï .Kkh lrkqfha"

Kh.e;s msßjegqï wkqmd;h= }^Khg úl=Kqï $ idudkH Kh.e;sfhda&«100

idudkH Kh.e;sfhda=} ^wdrïNl Kh.e;sfhda+ wjidk Kh.e;sfhda&$2

3' uq¿ j;alï msßjegqï wkqmd;h

jHdmdrfhka uq¿ j;alï yd úl=Kqï w;r we;s iïnkaO;djh ñka fmkakqï flf¾ 'tkï jHdmdrh
i;= uq¿ j;alï fldf;la ÿrg ld¾hlaYu fhdodf.k ;sfí o hkak fmkakïq lsÍuhs' fuh .Kkh
lrkqfha"

385
uq¿ j;alï msßjegqï wkqmd;h } úl=Kqï$ uq¿ j;alï«100

f;da,k wkqmd;h

wdh;kfha whs;slrejkaf.a m%d.aOkh yd Kh m%d.aOkh w;r we;s iïnkaO;djh fmkakï

q lrk
wkqmd;h fuh fõ fuhfõ fuys§ .Kkh lrk f;da,k wkqmd; ;=kls '

1' Kh wkqmd;h

2' Kh ysñldß;aj wkqmd;h

3' fmd,s wdjrK wkqmd;h

1' Kh wkqmd;h'

wdh;kh uq¿ m%d.aOkfhka fldmuK m%udKhla Kh m%d.aOkfhka iukaú; o hkak m%;sY;hla

jYfhka fuu wkqmd;h ;=<ks a fmkakqï flf¾ fuh .Kkh lrkqfha"

Kh wkqmd;h }=^ ia:sr fmd,shla f.jk m%d.aOkh$ uq¿ m%d.aOkh &«100

ia:sr fmd,shla f.jk m%d.aOkh = jrKSh fldgia m%d.aOkh+ Khlr+ È.= ld,Sk Kh

2' Kh ysñldÍ;aj wkqmd;h

ysñlrejkaf.a m%d.aOkfhka ia:sr fmd,S wkqmd;hla f.jk m%d.aOkhla we; we; we;s iïnkaOh
fmkakï
q lrk wkqmd;h Kh ysñldÍ;aj wkqmd;h kï fõ "

fuh .Kkh lrkqfha"

Kh ysñldÍ;aj wkqmd;h } ia:sr fmd,shla f.jk m%d.aOkh $ ysñlï m%d.aOkh «100

386
ysñlï m%d.aOkh =idudkH fldgia + ixÑ;

by; iólrKh ,efnk ms<s;=ßka m%Odk f;da,k wjia:d folla ksrEmKh lrhs'

1' wê f;da,kh

ysñlrejkaf.a m%d.aOkhg jvd Khlrejkaf.a m%d.aOkfha jvd by< w.hla .kakd wjia:djkah '
fujeks ;;a;ajhla jHdmdrhlg jdis fukau wjdis o fõ ' ,dN by< uÜgul mj;sk wjia:djl
Kh i|yd fmd,sh fíreï lsÍfuka miq b;sß jk ,dnh isák ysñlrejka m%udKhla w;f¾ jeä
m%;sY;hlg fnod.; yelsh '

tfiau ,dN wvqfjka mj;sk wjia:djl ,nk ,dNh Kh yd fmd,sh fíreï lsÍug wmyiq ùfuka
wmyiq ùfuka jHdmdrh nqkj
a ;a ùug ùugo bv we; '

2' wj f;da,kh'

ysñlrejkaf.a m%d.aOkhg jvd jeäfhka mj;sk wjia:djla wj;rKh f,i ie,fla tjeks
wjia:djl ,dNh jeä msßila w;r fn§ hdu yd l<ukdlrKh i|yd hï hï n,mEï t,a,
lsÍug o bv we; '

fmd,s wdjrK wkqmd;h'

úhdmdrfh bmhSï j,ska fmd,sh lS jdrhla f.úh hq;= o hkak fuu wkqmd;fhka fmkakqï flf¾
lf<a fuh .Kkh lrkqfha "

fmd,s wdjrK wkqmd;h }fmd,sh yd nÿ fmr ,dNh$ fmd,sh «100

wruqo,a wdfhdackh'

uQ, l<ukdlrejl=g wruqo,a wdfhdackh lsÍu i|yd úl,am ud¾. rdYshla mj;S tu ksid
wdfhdackh ms<sn| ksje/È ;SrKhlg t<eôh hq;=h '

wdfhdack ;SrK hkq cx.u j;alï yd ia:djr j;alï j, mr uqo,a fhoùu iïnkaO ;SrKhka fõ

387
wdfhdack ;SrK j¾.
uQ,H l,ukdlrefjl= wdfhdackh ms<sn| ;SrK follg m%Odk jYfhka t<ôh hq;=h

1' flá ld,Sk wdfhdack ;SrK

ldrl m%d.aOk ;SrK fyj;a flá flá ld,Sk wdfhdack ;SrK ñka woyia flf¾

WodyrK (

• uqo,a

• Kh.e;sfhda

• fj<| f;d.

• fjk;a flá ld,Sk wdfhdack

2' È.=ld,Sk wdfhdack ;SrK

m%d.aOk wdfhdack ;SrK fyj;a È.=ld,Sk wdfhdack fukñka y÷kajhs'

WodyrK(

• jHdmdrh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍfï ;SrK

• jHdmdrh kùlrKh lsÍfï ;SrK

• jHdmdr úúOdx.SlrKh úúOdx.SlrKh lsÍfï ;SrK

by; l=uk wdfhdack j¾.hla f;dard .kq ,enqjo ksjerÈ wdfhdack ;SrK jHdmdr id¾:l;ajhg
u. mdohs tu ksid tuksid fhda.H wdfhdack ud¾.hla f;dard .ekSfï§ i,ld ne,sh hq;= lreKq
rdYshls

wdh;khl wruqo,a wdfhdackh lsÍfï§ i,ld ne,sh hq;= lreKq

wdfhdackfha m%:s,dN'

• wjodku

• wdfhdackfha msßjeh
388
• wdh;kfha wdfhdack m%;súmdl

• wúksYaÑ;;d

• mßir idOl

• kS;suh ;;ajhka

• o%jYS,;djh

• fufyhqï l%shdldÍ;ajhg we;s n,mEu

Y%S ,xldfõ uQ,H moaO;sh'

rgl wd¾:slhl uQ,H ;SrK l%shd;aul lrk uQ,H fj,|fmd,j,a" uQ,H wdh;k" uQ,H WmlrK yd
uQ,H há;, myiqlï hkd§fhka iukaú; moaO;sh uQ,H moaO;sh kï fõ' uQ,H moaO;sh ;=<
isÿjk jeo.;a ld¾hh jkafka uQ,H w;rueÈlrKhhs'

uQ,H moaO;shl ixhq;sh'

• uQ,H wdh;k

• uQ,H WmlrK

• uQ,H há;, myiqlï

• uQ,H fj,|fmd,j,a

• Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j

1' uQ,H há;, myiqlï

uQ,H l%ufha ukd l%shdldÍ;ajh yd ia:dhs;djh ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd f.ùï yd mshùï moaO;sh
uQ,H há;, myiqlï fõ' WodyrK

1' ;;ald,Sk o< mshùï moaO;sh

2' ks¾f,aLK iq/l=ïm;a mshùfï moaO;sh

3' Pdhd.; ms<sìUq fplam;a ksYaldIK moaO;sh

^jdKsc nexl=j, fplam;a j, jákdlï ;=,kh lsÍu i|yd ,xld la,sh¾ mqoa.,sl iud.u úiska
mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk mß.Kl.; ikaksfõok cd,hfõ&

389
2' uQ,H fj,|fmd,j,a'
wruqo,a imhkakka yd wruqo,a b,a¨ï lrkakka iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd mj;akd ixúOdk l%uh uQ,H
fj<|m, kï fõ' tkï wruqo,a w;sßla;;d iys; md¾Yjhka yd wruqo,a W!k;djhla iys;
md¾Yjhka tlsfklg iïnkaO lsÍuhs' fj<|m, ;=, isÿjk m%Odk ld¾hNdrh jkafka uQ,H
j;alï ñ,g .ekSu yd úlsKSuhs'

uQ,H fj<|mf,a ixhq;sh'

Y%S ,xldfõ uQ,H fjf<|fmd< my; Wm fj<om, j,ska iukaú; fõ'

1' wka;¾ nexl= talaIK Kh fj<|m,

2' foaYSh úfoaYSh úksuh fjf<|fmd<

3' rcfha iqrl=ïm;a Khlr fjf<|fmd<

• NdKavd.dr ì,am;a fjf<|fmd<

• NdKavd.dr ne÷ïlr
4' idx.ñl Kh iqrl=ïm;a fj<|m,

• jdKsc m;%sld fj<|m,

• idx.ñl ne÷ïlr fj<|m,
5' fldgia fj<|m,

by; i|yka uQ,H fj<|m, tys lghq;= lrk ld, mßÉfþoh ie,ls,a,g f.k m%Odk jYfhka
j¾. follg fnfoa

1' uqo,a fj<|m<

2' m%d.aOk fj<|m<

uqo,a fjf<|fmd<
jirlg wvq ld, mßÉfþohla |yd wruqo,a wjYH;d iïmdokh lrk fj<|m, fõ' tkï flá
ld,fha wruqo,a w;sßla;;d iys; md¾Yjhka yd wruqo,a W!k;djla mj;sk md¾Yjhka tlsfklg
iïuqL lsßuhs'

uqo,a fjf<|fmd< ;=< l%shd;aul jk WmlrK

• NdKavd.dr ì,am;a

• jdKsc m;%sld

• ;ekam;= iy;sl

390
uqo,a fjf<|fmd< ;=< l%shd;aul jk wdh;k

• Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j

• n,m;% ,dNS jdKsc nexl=

• n,m;%,dNS úfYaIs; nexl=

• ,shdmÈxÑ uQ,H iud.ï

• uqo,a ;e/õldr iud.ï

• uqo,a fjf<|fmd< ;=< l%shd;aul jk Wm fj<|m<j,a

• wka;¾ nexl= talaIK Kh fj<|m,

• foaYSh úfoaYSh úksuh fjf<|fmd<

• NdKavd.dr ì,am;a fj<|m,

• jdKsc m;%sld fj<|m,

wka;¾ nexl= talaIK Kh fjf<|fmd<

o%jYS,;d ysÕfhka fmf<k nexl= ish o%jYS,;d wjYH;d imqrd .ekSug w;sßla; o%jYS,;djh
iys; jdKsc nexl= ;=<k
s 's fláld,Skj uqo,a Khg .ekSu talaIK Kh .kqfokq kï fõ' tu
.kqfokq isÿjk fj<|m, wka;¾ nexl= talaIK Kh fj<om,fia y÷kajhs' tu .kqfokq isÿ jkafka
Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ we;s tu nexl= i;= ixÑ; .sKï
q yryd h'

foaYSh úfoaYSh úksuh fjf<|fmd<

jdKsc nexl=j, úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a .Kqfokq j,g wod,j isÿjk lghq;= foaYSh úfoaYSh úksuh
fjf<|fmd< kï fõ' fuys lghq;= jYfhka úfoaY úksuh ñ,g .ekSu yd úlsKSu" Khg .ekSu
yd úlsKSu" ;ekam;= .sKqï mj;ajdf.k hdu wdÈh isÿfõ'

NdKavd.dr ì,am;a fjf<|fmd<

rchg wjYH fláld,Sk Kh imhd .ekSu i|yd rch fjkqfjka Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j ksl=;a lrk
ks¾f,aLk iq/l=ïm;a fõ' fïjd Èk 91 Èk 182 yd Èk 364 hk ld, iSud i|yd ksl=;a lrkq ,efí'
jÜgï wvq l< l%uh hgf;a fjkafoais l%uhg iq/l=ïm;a wf,ú lrkq ,nhs'

NdKavd.dr ì,am;a fjf<|fmd<

rchg wjYH fláld,Sk Kh ,nd.ekSu i|yd Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j úiska ksl=;a lrkq ,nk uQ,H
WmlrK NdKavd.dr ì,am;a nj;a tu ì,am;a yqjudre jk fjf<|fmd< NdKavd.dr ì,am;a
fjf<|fmd< f,i;a y÷kajhs' fuu fj<om, iajrEm follska hqla;h'

391
1' m%d:ñl fj<|m,

Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ wjir,;a ksfhdað;hka ud¾.fhka idudkH wdfhdaclhkag ì,am;a wf,ú
lsÍu NdKavd.dr ì,am;a m%d:ñl fj<|m, kï fõ'

2' oaú;shl
s fj<|m,

fjf<|fmd< m%d:ñl fjf<| fmdf<ka ñ,g .;a NdKavd.dr ì,am;a l,a msfrk f;la ;nd fkd
f.k wdfhdaclhka w;r .kqfokq lsÍu NdKavd.dr ì,am;a oaú;shsl fj<|m, fõ

NdKavd.dr ì,am;a wdfhdackh jdis

1' by< m%;s,dN

2' by< o%jYS,;dj

3' by< wdrlaIdj

4' nÿ iyk ,eîu

5' l,a msÍug fmr jÜgï lrjd .; yels ùu

6' wem i|yd Ndú; l< yelsùu

jdKsc m;%sld fj<|m,

jdKsc m;%sld

iSudiys; fmdÿ iud.ï úiska fláld,Sk wruqo,a wjYH;d i|yd Ndú;d lrk uQ,H WmlrKhls'
fïjd idfmalaI by< jákdlï j,ska ksl=;a flfrk w;r tajdfha wdmiq f.ùfï yelshdj ksl=;a
lrkq ,nk uQ,H wdh;k úiska iy;sl lr we;'

jdKsc m;%sld fj<|m,

jHdmdr wdh;k ish fláld,Sk wruqo,a iïmdokh lr .ekSu i|yd ksl=;a lrk jdKsc m;%sld
yqjudrejk fj<|m, jdKsc m;%sld fjf<|fmd< kï fõ'

m%d.aOk fj<om,
È.= ld,Sk uQ,H wjYH;d iïmdokh lr .ekSu i|yd l%shdlrk fj<|m, m%d.aOk fjf<|fmd<
kï fõ' tkï È.=ld,Skj wruqo,a w;sßla;;d iys; md¾Yjhka yd W!k;djhka iys; md¾Yjhka
tlsfklg iïuqL lsÍuhs'

fj<|m, ;=< l%shd;aul jk WmlrK

• fldgia

• fldgia n,m;%

392
• Khlr

• NdKavd.dr ne÷ïlr

• remsh,a Kh iqrl=ïm;a

• tallNdr

• ;ekam;= iy;sl

m%d.aOk fj<|m< ;=< l%shd;aul jk wdh;k

• Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j

• n,m;%,dNS jdKsc nexl=

• n,m;%,dNS úfYaIs; nexl=

• rlaIK wdh;k

• l,anÿ iud.ï

• fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,

• fiajl Ndrldr wruqo,

• tallNdr

• l<ukdlrK iud.ï

.aOk fj<|m< ;=< l%shd;aul jk Wm fj<ofmd<j,a

• NdKavd.dr ne÷ïlr fj<|m,

• idx.ñl ne÷ïlr fj<|m,

• fldgia fj<|m,

remsh,a Kh iqrl=ïm;a
rchg wjYH uOH yd È.=ld,Sk Kh ,nd .ekSu i|yd fhdod .kakd uQ,H WmlrK fõ' Kh
uqof,a m%udKh uqyqK; jákdlug iudk jk w;r Kh uqo, wdmiq f.jk Èkh;a Bg wod< fmd,S
wkqmd;slhla iy;sl m;%h i|yka fõ' fïjd ksl=;a lrkafka f,aLk iy;sl m;%hla f,ih'

393
;ekam;= iy;sl

uOHld,Sk wruqo,a ,nd.ekSug jdKsc nexl= úiska ;ekam;= iy;sl ksl=;a flf¾' ;ekam;= lref.a
ku úia;r fuys i|yka fkdlrk w;r kshñ; ld,h wjidkfha iy;slh nexl=j fj; bÈßm;a
lrkakd g uqo,a f.jkq ,efí'

NdKavd.dr ne֕lr

rchg wjYH uOH ld,Sk yd È.= ld,Sk Kh imhd .ekSug rch fjkqfjka Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j
ksl=;a lrk ks¾f,aLk iq/l=ïm;a úfYaIhls' fïjdfha .Kkh lsÍu j¾I 2 isg 20 olajd jQ úúO
ld, iSud hgf;a ksl=;a flf¾' fuys úfYaI;ajh kï fï i|yd jk fmd,sh w¾O jd¾Isl ld¾;=jla
hgf;a fnod yeÍuhs'

NdKavd.dr ne֕lr fj<|m,

rchg wjYH uOH ld,Sk yd È.= ld,Sk Kh ,nd .ekSu i|yd Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j úiska ksl=;a
lrkq ,nk Kh WmlrKhla f,i NdKavd.dr ne÷ïlr ye¢kaúh yel' fuys fjf<|fmd<
iajrEmhka folla oel .; yel'

1' m%d:ñl fj<|m,

Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j úiska m%d:ñl wf,úlrejka yryd wdfhdaclhka fj; ne÷ïlr wf,úlrK
fj<|fmd,hs'

2' oaú;shl
s fj$m,

m%d:ñl fjf<| fmdf<ka ñ,g .;a ne÷ïlr l,a msfrk f;la <Õ ;nd fkdf.k wdfhdaclhka
w;r yqjudrejk fj<|m< hs'

ne֕lr wdfhdackh jdis

1' Wmßu o%jYs,;djh

2' by< m%;s,dN

3' rch iqrl=ï m;la neúka wjodku wvq ùu

4' nÿ j,ska ksoyia ùu

5' wemhla jYfhka ;nd Kh ksoyia l< yels ùu

idx.ñl ne÷ïlr
rdcH ixia:d yd iud.ï úiska uOH ld,Sk yd È.=ld,Sk wruqo,a imhd .ekSu i|yd ksl=;a lrkq
,nk Kh WmlrKh fõ' fuu Khlr ksl=;a lrk wjia:dfõ§u Bg wod< fldkafoais yd ,efnk
fmd,sh igyka lrhs' wod, fmd,sh o nÿ j,ska ksoyia ùu úfYaI;ajh fõ'

394
idx.ñl ne÷ïlr fj<|m,
iud.ï úiska uOH yd È.=ld,Sk wruqo,a wjYH;d i|yd ksl=;a lrkq ,nk fuu Kh WmlrKh
ñ,§ .ekSu yd úlsKSu isÿ lrkq ,nk fj<|m, idx.ñl ne÷ïlr fj<|m, kï fõ'

Khlr j¾.

úúO ,laIK iys; Khlr ksl=;a lrk w;r tu Khlr wod< ,laIKh kñka y÷kajkq ,nhs'

1' rlaIs; Khlr

ksl=;a lrkq ,nk wdh;kfha fN!;sl iïm;a iemhla f,i ;nd ksl=;alrk Khlr fõ' iud.u
úiska f.ùug fmdfrdkaÿ jQ fmd<sh yd uqyqK; w.h f.ùug wfmdfydi;a jqjfyd;a wemhg ;nd
we;s j;alï úl=Kd uqo,a ,nd .ekSug Khlr ysñhkag whs;sh ,nd fok Khlr úfYaIhls'

2' iy;sl Khlr

Khlr ksl=;a lrk wdh;khla .súi.;a Khlr fmd,S yd tys uqyqK; w.h f.ùug
wfmdfydi;a jQ úg§ tu j.lSu bgq lrk njg ms<s.;a uQ,H wdh;khla iy;sl jk Khlr
úfYaIhls'

3' le|úh yels Khlr

iud.ula úiska ksl=;a lrk Khlr j, mßK; ld,h bl=;a ùug fmr ksYaÑ; ñ,lg Khlr
ysñhka f.ka tajd wdmiq ñ,g .ekSfï whs;shla we;sj ksl=;a lrkq ,nk Khlr fõ'

4' mßj;H Khlr

wod, Khlr mßK; ùug fmr ksYaÑ; wdh;kfha wkd.; ld, mßÉfþohl § iud.fï ksYaÑ;
idudkH fldgia ixLHdjlg mßj¾;kh lsÍfï whs;h
s Khlr ysñhkag ,ndfok Khlr
úfYaIhls'

5' hg;a Khlr

iud.ula wEjr lsÍfï§ rlaIs; Khlr wkdrlaIs; Khlr yd iuyr fmdÿ Khysñhkag f.ùï
lsÍfuka miqj iud.fï b;sßjk j;alï yd wdodhï j,g whs;shla ,efnk Kh lr hg;a Khlr
fõ'

395
fldgia fjf<|fmd< ^fld<U fldgia yqjudrej &

,ehsi;
a =.; iud.ï j, fldgia ñ,g .ekSu yd úlsKSu mßmd,kh lrkq ,nk wdh;kh fld<U
fldgia yqjudrejhs' fldgia yqjudrej wemfhka iSñ; iud.uls' Y%S ,xldfõ fldgia fj<|m<
f,i lghq;= lsÍfï n,h Y%S ,xld iqrl=ïm;a yd úksuh fldñIka iNdj úiska fld<U fldgia
yqjudrejg ,nd § we;'

fld<U fldgia fj<|m< jeo.;a ùug fya;=

1' mqoa.,hka yd wdh;k wdfhdackh i|yd Èß.ekaùu

2' wdfhdaclhkag fldgia fj<|m< yryd wdfhdackfha úúO m%;s,dN ,nd .; yels ùu

3' iud.ïj,g úYd, m%d.aOkhla /ia lr.; yelsùu

4' rch iq/l=ïm;a wf,ú lsÍu ;=<k

s a rchg wjYH wruqo,a ,nd .; yels ùu

5' úfoaY wdfhdaclhka rgg woaojd .; yels ùu

6' iud.ï j, fldgia j,g jákdlula ks¾udKh ùu

7' iud.ïj, lS¾;s kduh yd m%;srEmh by< hdu

8' iud.ï j, fldgia i|yd oaú;Sl fj<| m<la we;s ùu

fldgia fj<|fmdf,a úúO iajrEm

iud.ul fldgia wf,ú jk wdldrh ie<ls,a,g f.k fj<|m, wjia:d folla y÷kd .; yel'

1' m%d:ñl fj<|m,

wdfhdaclhka úiska fldgia ksl=;a lrk iud.ulska iDcqju fldgia ñ,§ .ekSu fuys§ isÿ fõ'
fuu fj<|m< .kqfokq ;=<k s a iud.ug wjYH wruqo,a iïmdokh lrkq ,nhs'

2' oaú;Shl
s fjf<|fmd<

wdfhdaclhka úiska fld<U fldgia fj<|m< ;=<k

s a fldgia ñ,§ .ekSu oaú;shl
s fjf<|m<ls'

ke;fyd;a m%d:ñl fj<|m, ;=<ks a ñ,È .;a fldgia kej; wdfhdaclhka w;r yqjudre lrk
fj<|m,ls' fuu fj<om, ;=,ks a iud.ulg wjYH wruqo,a iïmdokh fkdlrhs' wruqo,a
iïmdokh lrkqfha wdfhdaclhkag muKs'

iud.ula ñ, l< iud.ula njg ,shdmÈxÑ úh yels wdldr

1' uQ,sl m%isoaO ksl=;=j u.ska

396
iud.ula m<uqjrg fldgia ksl=;a lsÍula u.ska uyckhdg odhl ùug werhqï lr iud.u
fldgia fj<|mf<a ,ehsi;
a =.; lsÍu uQ,sl m%isoaO ksl=;=j u.ska ,shdmÈxÑlsßu kï fõ'

2' úl=Kqï w¾mkhla u.ska

oekgu;a fldgia ksl=;a lr we;s iud.ula uyckhd fj; we;s fldgia fj<|m, úlsKSu ;=<k
s a
,hsi;
a =.; lsÍu úl=Kqï w¾mkhla u.ska ,shdmÈxÑlsßu fõ'

iud.ula ñ, iud.ula njg m;aùfuka w;alr.; yels m%;,

s dN
1' úYd, m%d.aOkhla /ia lr.; yelsùu

2' wruqo,a /ia lsÍug hk msßjeh wvqh

3' jákdlula ks¾udKh ùu

4' iud.fï lS¾;s kduh yd m%;srEmh by< hdu

idudkH fldgia ;=< ,shdmÈxÑ ùug mj;sk mqjre

idudkH fldgia ñ< l< iud.ï j,g ,shdmÈxÑ ùu i|yd mj;ajdf.k hk mqjre folls'

1' m%Odk mqjrej

2' Èß iú mqjrej

m%Odk mqjrefõ idudkH fldgia ,ehsi;

a = .; ùug imqrd,sh hq;= iqÿiqlï

1' iud.fï m%ldYs; m%d.aOkh wju jYfhka remsh,a ñ,shk 500 la úh hq;= ùu

2' wju jYfhka mQ¾j jir ;=kla wLKavj nÿ j,g fmr ,dN Wmhd ;sìh hq;= ùu

3' f,aLk.; lrk fldgia m%udKh wju jYfhka 25% la uyck;djg ksl=;a fldg ;sîu

4' ,ehsi;
a =.; ùug b,a¨ï l< Èk isg jir foll ú.Kkh lrkq ,nk uQ,H jd¾;d ksl=;a fldg
;sîu

Èßiú mqjrefõ ,ehsia;=.; ùug iud.ula úiska imqrd,sh hq;= iqÿiqlï

1' iud.fï m%ldYs; m%d.aOkh remsh,a ñ,shk 100 l g fkdwvq úh hq;=h

2' f,aLk.; lrk fldgia .ïudkfhka wju jYfhka ishhg oyhla uyck;djg ksl=;a fldg
;sîu

3' wju jYfhka jir 01l jHdmdr l%shdldÍ;ajhla fmkakqï lsÍu

4' jirl ú.Kk lrk ,o uQ,H jd¾;d ksl=;a fldg ;sîu

397
lvl< mqjrej

fldgia fj<|mf,ys ,hsi;

a = .; lsÍfï§ kshu lrk ,o fldkafoais lv lrk yd fkdms<smÈk
iud.ï we;=<;a lrkq ,nk mqjrej lvl< mqjrej kï fõ' WodyrK

) Khlr j,g fmd,sh yd m%d.aOkh kshñ; Èk fíreï lsÍug wfmdfydi;aùu

) uQ,H jd¾;d ksis mßÈ bÈßm;a fkdùu

OTC mqjrej

ks, fkdjk iud.fï fldgia j, ñ, lrjd .ekSu i|yd fldgia fj<|m< ;=< mj;ajdf.k hk
mqjrejls' fndfyda ÿrg wkd.;fha § ñ< l< iud.ula njg m;a ùug wfmalaIdfjka isák
iud.ï fuu mqjrefj ys ,shdmÈxÑ jkq we;'

fld<U fldgia yqjudrefõ .kqfokq jk iq/l=ïm;a j¾.

1' id$fld

fuu fldgia ñ,§ .ekSfuka wdfhdaclhd iud.fï whs;slrejl= jk w;r jd¾Isl uyd iNd
/iaùug iyNd.sùug wjia:dj ,efí' fuu fldgia ysñhkag ksYaÑ; ,dNdxY m%;sY;hla ysñ fkd
fõ' úfYaIfhka wjodkï oeÍug yelshdjla ;sîu uÕska wdfhdaclhkag fuu fldgia ,nd .;
yelsfõ'

idudkH fldgia m%fNao folls

1' Pkao n,h iys; fldgia

uyd iNd /iaùï j,g iyNd.s ù ;SrK j,g t<öfï fhdackdj wkqu; lr .ekSu i|yd Pkaoh
Ndú;d lsÍu i|yd yelshdjla ;sfnk fldgia fõ'

2' Pkao n, rys; fldgia

idudkH fldgia j,g ysñ wfkl=;a ish¨u jrm%ido ysñjk tfy;a uyd iNd /iaùï j,§ Pkao
n,h ysñ fkdjk fldgia fõ'

2' jrKSh fldgia

ñY% ,dNdxY m%;sY;hla ysñ iud.u úiska wjia:djl§ m%d.aOkh wdmiq f.jk úg m%uqL;ajh ysñ
jk fldgia jrKSh fldgia fõ' fuu fldgia fldgia ysñhkag iud.u whs;s ysñ fkdfõ'

398
3' fldgia n,m;%

wkd.;fha § ksYaÑ; ñ,lg fldgia ñ,§ .ekSug whs;sh ,nd foñka j¾;udkfha§ iud.ula
úiska ksl=;a lrk ,o ,shú,a,la fõ' n,m;%h fldgia njg m;ajk f;la fjk;a m%;s,dN ,eìh
fkdyel'

4' idx.ñl ne÷ïlr

iud.ulg Kh m%d.aOkh ,nd .ekSu i|yd iud.ula úiska ksl=;a lrkq ,nk iqrl=ïm;a
úfYaIfhls' ,hsi;
a =.; iud.ï úiska ksl=;a lrkq ,nk ,ehsia;=.; Khlr fldgia fj<|mf<a
yqjudre l< yel' Khlr j, wdfhdaclhkag ksYaÑ; fmd,S m%;sY;hla ysñfõ'

5' rdcH Kh iqrl=ïm;a

6' wjDka;dka; wruqo,a

mßK; ld,hla fkdue;s jkakdjQ tall Ndrhla fõ'

fldgia fj<|mf,a yqjudrejk iq/l=ïm;aj, wdfhdackh lsÍfï m%;s,dN

) ,dNdxY wdodhï

) m%d.aOk ,dN

) ysñlï ksl=;=j

) m%ido fldgia ksl=;=j

) úNckh

) fmd,s wdodhï

1' ,dNdxY wdodhï

iud.ula tys jHdmdr lghq;= mj;ajdf.k hdu ;=<k

s a Wmhk YqoaO ,dNfhka iud.fï fldgia
ysñhkag fnodyßk m%udKh ,dNdxY wdodhu fõ' ,dNdxY uQ,Huh f,i fyda fldgia f,i
m%ldYhg m;aflf¾' idudkH yd jrKSh fldgia fjkqfjka fufia ,efnk ,dNdxY iud.ug
fldgia i|yd f.jd ysñ m%d.aOkh u; ysñfõ'

399
2' ixÑ; m%d.aOkS lrKh

fuys§ iud.u i;=j mj;sk ixÑ; fldgia njg m;a lsÍula isÿfõ' fuys§ oekg isák idudkH
fldgia ysñhkag hï wkqmd;hlg wkqj kj fldgia ,eîula isÿ fõ' ixÑ; m%d.aOkS lrKfha§
iud.u iud.fï m%ldYs; m%d.aOkh jeäùula isÿfõ'

3' ysñlï ksl=;=j

iud.fï oekg isák idudkH fldgia ysñhkag lsih s ï wkqmd;hlg wkqj fldgia ,nd §ula
fuys§ isÿfõ' ysñlï ksl=;=j u.ska ,efnk fldgia i|yd fldgia ysñhd úiska iud.ug uqo,a
f.úh hq;=h'

4' m%d.aOk ,dN

fldgil úl=Kqï ñ, tys .ekqï ñ, blaujhs kï fldgiaj, wdfhdaclhkaf.ka w;a lr.kafka

m%d.aOk ,dnhs'

5' úNckh

iud.ula ksl=;a lr we;s fldgia m%udKh ;SrKh l< wkqmd;hg kej;;a fnodyeÍu u.ska
wdfhdaclhdg m%;s,dN ,nd §u fuys§ isÿ fõ' úfYaI;ajhkï m%ldYs; m%d.aOkh jeä fkdjk w;r
ksl=;a lrk fldgia ixLHdj muKla by, hduhs'

6' fmd,S wdodhï

idx.ñl Khlr yd rcfha iq/l=ïm;a i|yd fmd,S wdodhï ysñfõ'

by; i|yka m%Odk m%;s,dNj,g wu;rj iq/l=ïm;aj, wdfhdackh wdfhdaclhkag jk fjk;a

m%;s,dN o we;' tkï"

) idudkH fldgia ysñhkag iud.fï wOHlaIjrhl= njg m;a úh yel

) m%d.aOk ,dN nÿ j,ska ksoyia fõ

) rcfha iq/l=ïm;aj, wdfhdackh wjodku b;d wvq uÜgul mj;shs

) iq/l=ïm;a Kh ,nd .ekSfï§ wem iq/l=ula f,i Ndú;d l< yel

fld<U fldgia yqjudrefõ ixhq;sh

• Y%S ,xld iqrl=ïm;a yd úksuh fldñiu wdfhdaclhska

• Ndrldr nexl=

400
• iSudiys; uOHu ;ekam;= l%uh

• uqo,a wud;HxYh

• ,hsi;
a =.; iud.ï

• fldgia ;e/õldr iud.ï

• iSudiys; fld<U fldgia yqjudre ^wemldr& iud.u

iSudiys; fld<U fldgia yqjudre ^wemldr& iud.u

ñ, l< iud.ï j, iqrl=ïm;a újD;j .kqfokq lsÍu i|yd Y%S ,xldj ;=< msysgj
q d we;s
wdh;khhs'

ysñldÍ;ajh( ;e/õldr iud.ï i;= h

md,kh( fld<U fldgia yqjudrej u.sks

l<ukdlrKh( 09 fokl=f.ka hq;a wOHlaI uKav,hla u.sks

) wOHlaI uKav,fhka miafokl= ;e/õldr iud.ï j, ksfhdað;hl=f.ka o

) y;r fofkl= Y%S ,xld rcfha uqo,a wud;Hjrhd m;a lrhs

wëlaIKh yd iqmÍlaIKh( Y%S ,xld iqrl=ïm;a yd úksuh fldñiu u.ska

ksIaldYkh( iSudiys; uOHu ;ekam;= l%uh u.ska

Ndrldr nexl=

úfoaYlhka fld<Ufldgia fj<|m< .kqfokq j,g iïnkaO jkafka foaYSh nexl= ;=< úfoaY
úksuh ;ekam;= mj;ajdf.k hk ishdrd .sKqï u.skah' fuu ishdrd .sKqï mj;ajdf.k hk nexl=
Ndrldr nexl= kï fõ'

iSñ; uOHu ;ekam;= l%uh

fld<U fldgia yqjudrefõ mQ¾K wkqnoaO wdh;khla f,iska l%shd;aul jk fuu wdh;kh u.ska
fldgia fj<|m< ;=< isÿjk ish¿u .Kqfokq miqld,Skj iajhxl%shj isÿ lsÍu i|yd msysgqjd we;s
wdh;khls'

iSñ; uOHu ;ekam;= l%uh u.ska bgqlrkq ,nk ld¾hhka jkqfha

) .kqfokqlrejka ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu

) fldgia ;ekam;a lsÍu

) fldgia wdmiq .ekSu

) fldgia mejÍu

401
) fldgia ksIaldYkh

) fíreï lsÍu

) ysñlï ksl=;= iïnkaO mYapd;a m%;s,dN w;am;a lr§u

fldgia ;e/õldr iud.ï

iqrl=ïm;a úlsKSfï§ yd ñ,§ .ekSfï§ ish¨u w;rueÈ ld¾hhka isÿlrkq ,nkafka fldgia
;e/õldr iud.u úiskah' ta i|yd fldgia fj<|m< ;=< idudðl;ajh ork ;e/õldr iud.ï
15 g wu;rj ;e/õldr iud.ï rdYshla fï i|yd l%shdlsÍug Y%S ,xld iqrl=ïm;a yd úksuh
fldñiu ;=<ska wkque;sh ,ndf.k we;'

fldgia ;e/õldr iud.ï u.ska bgqlrkq ,nk ld¾hhka jkafka

wdfhdaclhkaf.a .sKqï ,shdmÈxÑlsßu

fjf<|m< f;dr;=re iemhSu

w;rueÈ fiajdjka

m¾fhaIK lghq;=

wdka;sl .kqfokq

Y%S ,xld iqrl=ïm;a yd úksuh fldñIka iNdj

Y%S ,xld iqrl=ïm;a yd úksuh fldñIka iNdj fld<U jHdmdr jia;= yqjudrefõ lghq;=
wëlaIKh lsÍu yd úêu;a lsÍu msKsi md¾,sfïka;= mk;la hgf;a msysgqjd we;s wdh;khls'
fldñifuys md,kh ks, n,fhka m;a jk idudðlhka f.ka yd m;al< idudðlhka f.ka
iukaú;h' WodyrK"

• ks, n,fhka m;a jk jr,;a .KldêldÍ wdh;kfha iNdm;s

• iud.ï frðiagd¾

• uyd NdKavd.drfha ksfhdacH f,alï

wruqKq $ ld¾¾hka
1' iqrl=ïm;a úêu;a yd idOdrK wdldrhg ksl=;a l< yels jQ;a fj<|dï l< yels jQ;a fjf<|
m<la ìys lsÍu yd mj;ajdf.k hdu

2' iq/l=ïm;a fjf<|fmd< úêu;a lsÍu yd tys jD;a;sh m%ñ;Ska mj;ajdf.k hdu

3' wdfhdaclhka wdrlaId lsÍu

4' ;e/õlrejka f.ka wdfhdaclhkag we;s jk widOdrKlï j,ska we;sjk w,dN ;=kS lsÍug
jkaÈ wruqo,la mj;ajdf.k hdu

402
fld<U fldgia yqjudrefõ iq/l=ïm;a .kqfokq jk l%u

fuys§ fjf<| .kqfokq isÿ jk l%u folls'

1' iajhxl%Sh fj<| .kqfokq l%uh ATS

wka;¾cd,h yryd mß.Kl.; lrk ,o idudkH fldgia w,úhg wod<j .kqfokq isÿ flfrk
úoHq;a l%uh fufia yÿkajkq ,efí' tkï .kqfokqj isÿjk fõ,dfõ§ u l%shd;aul jk fodaIj,ska
f;dr ld¾hlaYu úksúo Ndjhla iys; fuu l%uh idudkH fldgia j, oaù;sl fj<| .kqfokq
i|yd l%shd;aul jk l%uhls'

ATS u.ska bgqlrkq ,nk ld¾hhka

) .kqfokq mshùu fõ.j;aj isÿ lsÍu

) ld, m%uqL;dj we;sj ñ, u; wekjqï iïuqL lsßu wf,ú jk fldgia m%udKhka yd ñ, ms<sn|
f;dr;=re iemhSu

) ñ, o¾Yl wka;¾cd,h u.ska bÈßm;a lsÍu iud.ïj, m%ldY

) fmdfrd;a;= weKjqï ms<sn| úia;r

) .kqfokqlrejka ms<sn| f;dr;=re

2' Kh iqrl=ïm;a fj<| l%uh DEX

ixia:dms; iud.ï j, yd rdcH Kh iqrl=ïm;a wf,úh i|yd ks¾udKh lrk ,o iajhxl%Sh

l%uhla nj yd ,ehsia;=.; iud.ï j, ish¨ Khlr .kqfokqo rcfha NdKavd.dr ì,am;a yd
NdKavd.dr ne÷ïlr j, oaú;shl s .kqfokq i|yd dex u.ska myiqlï i,id fokq we;'

DEX u.ska imhkq ,nk fiajdjka

) ndr §ug tfrysj f.ùï mshùï

) wka;¾cd,h yryd h:d ld,fha o%jYS,;d l<ukdlrKh .ekqï yd úl=Kqï .kqfokq i|yd
myiqlï ie,iSu

) wka;¾cd,h yryd fj<|m< f;dr;=re yd mYapd;a fj<| .Kqfokq ms<sn| f;dr;=re iemhSu

) rch iqrl=ïm;a mßK; ùfuka miq tl;=lr.ekSu

fld<U fldgia yqjudrej ;=< iq/l=ïm;aj, ñ, .Kka ;SrKh ùu

403
iq/l=ï m;a j, ñ, ;SrKh jkafka fldgia i|yd we;s b,a¨u yd iemhqu u;h' ta wkqj fldgil
jákdlu ;SrKh ùu flfrys n,mEï lrk m%Odk idOl folla we;'

*wfmalaIs; bmhSu

*wjodku

by; i|yka wfmalaIs; bmhSu yd wjodku w;r m%Odk lreKq ;=kla u; r|d mj;S

* wd¾:sl lreKq

* jHdmdr lafIa;%hg n,mdk lreKq

* iud.ug iqúfYaIS lreKq

wdfhdaclhka fldgia f;dard .ekSfï§ ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq

) ñ, bmhqï wkqmd;h

) wd¾:sl idOl j, wkqmd;

) foaYmd,k ia:djr;ajh

) jHdmdrh lafIa;%fha we;s wdl¾IKh

) jHdmdr lafIa;%fhka iud.ug we;s ia:dkh iud.fï uQ,H f;dr;=re

fldgia fj<|m< ;=< fldgia j, ñ, .Kka yeisÍfï iajrEmh

ñ, .Kka j, yeisÍï iajrEm folls

1' jDIN fj<|m, ^bull market&

fld<U fldgia fj<|m< ;=< fldgia j, ñ, .Kka by< hñka mj;sk fj<|fmd, fõ' tys
lghq;= lrk wdfhdaclhd bull investor kï fõ'

2' j,id fj<om, ^bear market&

fldgia fj<|m< ;=< fldgiaj, ñ, .Kka my< hñka mj;sk fj<|fmd, fõ' fuys lghq;= lrk
wdfhdaclhd bear investor kï fõ'

fldgia fj<|m< l%shdldß;ajh we.hSu

fldgia fj<|mf<a ld¾hidOkh we.hSu i|yd fj<|fmd< o¾Yl Ndú;d lrhs' fï i|yd m%Odk
o¾Yl folla Ndú;d lrhs'

404
1' ish¿ fldgia ñ, o¾Ylh

2' s and p sri lanka 20 o¾Ylh

3' uq¿ m%;s,dN o¾Ylh

4' lafIa;% $wdxYsl o¾Ylh

* ish¨ fldgia o¾Ylh

fldgia fj<|mf<a ,ehsi;

a =.; iud.ï ish,af,ysu idudkH fldgia j, ñ, .kka ys we;sjk
WÉpdjpkhka fmkakï q lrk o¾Ylh iuia; ñ, o¾Ylh kï fõ' ñ, o¾Ylh ieliSfï§ 1985
j¾Ih mdol j¾Ih f,i fhdod .kS' fuh .Kkh lrkqfha"

ish¿ fldgia ñ, o¾Ylh= ^j¾;udk fjf<|fmd< m%d.aOkh$ mdol j¾Ifha fj<|m<

m%d.aOkSlrKh& * 100

* s&p Y%S ,xld 20 o¾Ylh

fuh fld<U jHdmdr jia;= yqjudrefõ tys úYd,;u yd jvd;au o%jYS, iqrl=ïm;a ie,ls,a,g
.ksñka ilid we;' s and p o¾Ylh .Kkh lsÍu i|yd ms<s.;a f.da,Sh l%ufõohka mokï
lr.kS' tu o¾Ylh .Kkh lsÍu i|yd úYd,;u yd jvd;au o%jYS, iud.ï f,i f;dard .kq
,nkafka fldgia jHdmdr jia;= yqjudrefõ ,ehsia;=.; lr we;s ish¨u idudkH fldgia ie,ls,a,g
.ksñks' o¾Ylh .Kkh lsÍfï§ 2004 mdol j¾Ih f,i;a" mdol w.h 1000 f,i;a ie,ls,a,g
.efka' ta wkqj ish¨u jHdmdr lafIa;% ksfhdackh jk wdldrfha iqrl=ï m;a 20 f;dard .ekSfï§
m%Odk ks¾Kdhl lsysmhla ie,ls,a,g .kS'

) iud.fï o%jYS,;djh

) iud.fï úYd,;ajh

) iud.fï uQ,H uÜgu

* lafIa;%$ wdxYsl o¾Ylh

fldgia fj<|m< ;=< l%shd;aul jk jHdmdr lafIa;%h i|yd fjka fjka jYfhka o¾Yl 20la
fjku .Kkh lrk w;r th wxYl ñ, o¾Yl l%uh kï fõ' t;=,ska tla tla jHdmdr lafIa;%
j, l%shdldÍ;ajh we.hSug ,la l< yel'

fld$ fj$m, o¾Yl j, we;s jeo.;alu

1' wd¾:sl l%shdldÍ;ajh ms<sn| hï wjfndaOhla ,eìh yels ùu

2' wd¾:slh ;=< iud.ïj, l%shdldß;ajh ms<sno hï wjfndaOhla ,eìh yels ùu

3' fjk;a rgj, fldgia fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajhka iu. ixikaokh l< yelsùu

4' wdfhdack ;SrK .ekSfï§ wdOdr lr.; yels ùu

405
 16 udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh
1 udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKfha jeo.;alu
j¾;udkfha b;d jeo.;a l<uKdlrk I%s;hla f,i udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh iS>%fhka
j¾Okh fjñka bÈßhg meñK ;sfí' my; i|yka lreKq ta i|yd fya;= jQ nj lsj yelsh

wdh;khl mßmd,k úhoï j,ska jeä m%udKhla jegqma yd fõ;k f.ùï fjkqfjka ksfhdackh
lsÍu'

• jHdmdr wdh;k úYd, fj;au fiajl ixLHdj by< hñka mej;Su'

• fiajlhska wNsfma%rKh lsÍfuka wdh;kfha id¾:l;ajh <Õd lr .ekSug myiq ùu
• fiajlhkaf.a w;aú;Sh ,laIK fyj;a úúO;ajh
• j¾;udk mdßfNda.l
s hka hym;a udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK ms<sfj;a we;s wdh;k flfrys
Okd;aul m%;spdr oelaùu
• jHdmdrh wLKavj mj;ajdf.k hdug;a È.=ld,Skj ;r.ldÍ jd;djrKhla ;=<
id¾:l;ajhg m;a ùug;a fhdod.; yels ;SrKd;aul idOlh udkj iïm; ùu
• wfkl=;a ish¨u iïm;a ms<sn| ;SrK .kq ,nkafka wdh;kfha udkj iïm; neúka
wdh;khla i;= jákdu iïm; udkj iïm; ùu
• udkj iïm; tla wxYhlg iSud fkdfõ' wdh;kfha ish¿u wxYhka ys udkj iïm; úiska
úisÍ mj;S' tu ksid udkj iïm;a l<ukdlref.a j.lSug muKla Tjqka i;= fkdùu ksid
udkj iïm; jeo.;a idOlhls'
• j¾;udkh jHdmdßl mßirh" jD;a;sh .egqï úYd, f,i mek ke.S we;s ;;a;ajhla ;=<
tajd úi§u i|yd udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKhg iqúfYaIS ld¾h Ndrhla bgq lsÍug isÿúh
'

2 /lshd ks¾udKh
lsih
s ï ksYaÑ; wruqKla bgqlr .ekSu i|yd /lshdjla ;ekSfï fyj;a cks; lsÍu /lshd
ks¾udKh hs' tkï jev tallhla ks¾udKh lsÍu /lshd ks¾udKh f,i fmkajd Èh yelsh' ta
wkqj /lshd ks¾udKh hgf;a isÿjkafka ld¾h" ld¾hNdrh iy j.lSu meyeÈ,s f,i oelaùuh'

406
/lshdjla ;=, we;s m%Odk uQ,sldx. ;=kls'

• lghq;=
• rdcldß
• j.lSï

ksYaÑ; p,kj,ska iukaú; l%shdldrlula lghq;= f,i y÷kajk w;r lghq;= rdYshla we;s
mqoa.,hl= bgqlrkq ,nk úYd, jev fldgi rdcldß fõ' tkï lghq;= rdYshlska tl;= ùfuka
rdcldß ks¾udKh fõ' j.lSï hkqfjka woyia lrkafka lghq;a; rdcldßh ksis f,i bgq lsÍug
we;s ne£uhs 'fuh hq;=lu wjYH;djh ms<sn| yeÕSuhs '

ksoiqkla f,i .=rejrhl=f.a ld¾hhNdrh <uhska b.ekaùuhs' fuys ld¾hh f,i ,sùu "
l;dlsÍu" m%Yakh weiSu "ms<s;=re ,nd §u" <uhskf
a .a fmd;a mÍlaIdlsÍu" we.hSu " o~qjï lsÍu
Wmfoia §u wdÈh úh yelsh' fuu ld¾hhka iy ld¾hNdrh bgq lsÍug we;s ne£u Tyqg we;s
j.lSuhs' fuh wdh;kfha m%Odkshd fj; ne£uls '

/lshd ks¾udKh i|yd ioyd Ndú;d lrk Wml%u

úoHd;aul l%uh

/lshdjl wvx.= ld¾hNdrh fldgiaj,g fnod ta tla j,g fnod ta tla tla rdcldß ioyd
/lshd ks¾udKh lsÍfï l%uh ñka woyia lrhs' fuys§ jev wOHkh kï Ys,amSh l%uh uÕska
/lshdj ks¾udKh lrhs'

WodyrK( weÕ¿ï lïy,l we÷ï ksYamdokfha§ jev fldgia j,g fnod tkï lemSu ueiSu"
ue£u" keùu hkd§ jYfhka tla tla whg mejÍu '

/lshd úia;drKh

fuf;la mej;=Kq /lshdjlg kj rdcldßh tla fldg /lshdfõ ld¾h m:h úYd, lsÍu ñka
woyia lrhs' /lshd úYd,kh hk kñka o fuh y÷kajhs' fndfyda úg iuyr mqoa., jev úYd,
m%udKhla lsÍug leue;a;la olaj;s 'tjeks wh i|yd /lshdfõ ld¾h fldgia jeä lsÍu isÿlrhs
'fuu /lshd úYd,kh ;sria megjqu f,io y÷kajhs'

WodyrK (idudkH ,smslref.a lghq;=j,g wu;rj Tyqg iq¿ uqo,a lghq;a; Ndr §u

407
/lshd fmdaIKh

/lshdjlg we;s j.lSï m%udKh jeä lsÍu u.ska /lshdj ks¾udKh lsÍu fuys woyi fõ' tkï
/lshdfõ ld¾h fldgia jeä lsÍu fjkqfjka j.lSï jeä lrhs' ish /lshd ie,iqï lsÍu md,kh
lsÍu ms<sn| fiajlhdg u isÿlrk isÿ lsÍug bv i,id foa' fndfydaúg j.lSï oeÍug leu;s
fiajlhkag jvd;a iqÿiq l%uhls' fuh isria .egqï f,i y÷kajhs '

3 udkj iïm;a ie,iqïlrkh

ñksia n, ie,iqïlrKh

ixúOdkhlg wkd.; ld, mßÉfþohla i|yd wjYH jk úúO fiajlhska ms,sn|j;a m%udKhka
ms,sn|j;a mqfrdal;kh lsÍu yd ie,iqï lsÍfï l%shdj,sh ñka woyia lrhs' fln÷ Y%ñlhka ljod
ljr fiajhg wjYHoehs fuu.ska ie,iqï lrhs 'ñksia n, ie,iqï lsÍu ñksia n, ie,iqulska
fjkia jkafkah 'ñksia n, ie,iqï isÿjkq ,nkafka ixúOdkhl wkd.; ñksia n, b,a¨ u yd
iemhqu ms<sn| ms,sn| mqfrdal:khka ke;skï th ñksia n, ie,iqïlrKh ìysjk m%;sM,hhs'

ñksia n, ie,iqï lsÍfï jeo.;alu ke;skï m%fhdack

• wkd.; fiajdodhl wjYH;d ksYaph lr .ekSug yels ùu

• udkj iïm; jvd iM, yd ld¾hlaIuj Wmfhdackh lr .; yels ùu
• wkd.; Y%u ysÕ;d oek.ekSug yelsùu ksid ksis f,i iQodkï ùfuka jHdmdrhg wvmk
ùu j<lajd .; yels ùu
• yÈis n|jd .ekSu ksid isÿúh yels msßjeh j<lajd .; yels ùu wdh;kh wfkl=;a
l<ukdlrK ldrHhka wfmalaIs; mßÈ fufyhùug yels ùu
• fiajl ixj¾Okh y÷kd.; yels ùu

udkj iïm;a ie,iqï lsÍfï mshjr

• wkd.; udkj iïm;a b,a¨ï mqfrdal;kh

• udkj iïm; iemhqï ;lafiare lsÍu udkj iïm;a b,a¨ï yd iemhqï ieliSu
• .; hq;= Wml%u ;SrKh lsÍu ñksia n, ie,iqï ilia lsÍu

408
 • udkj iïm; ie,iqï lrk m%h;akh we;sùu yd jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu

4 fiajl wdl¾IKh
A' wdh;khl /lshd i|yd by< olaI;djhka yd wdl,am j,ska hq;a /lshd wfmalaIlhska
fidhd .ekSu iy whÿï lsÍug Tjqka fmd<Ujd .ekSu i|yd jHdmdrhla úiska fhdod.kq ,nk
lghq;= ud,dj "wdl¾IKh fõ '

B' wdh;khl mj;sk /lshdjla i|yd whÿï lsÍug jvd fhda.H /lshd wfmalaIlhska
fmd<Ujd,Su udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK ld¾hh"fiajl wdl¾IKh fõ '

wjOdkhg

whÿï lsßu i|yd jvd;a fhda.H md¾Yjhka y÷kd.ekSu yd whÿïlsÍ lsÍug fmd<Ujd ,Sfï
ld¾hhs

fiajl wdl¾IK ud¾.

1' wNHka;r wdl¾IKh

2' ndysr wdl¾IKh

1' wNHka;r wdl¾IKh

oekg wdh;kh n|jdf.k isák fiajlhka"wNHka;r Y%u fj<|fmd,hs ' ta wkqj

mqrmamdvq msrùu i|yd wdh;kh ;=,ska fiajlhka fidhd .ekSu wNHka;r wdl¾IKh fõ

1'wNHka;r /lshd oekaùï

2'l=i,;d f,aLk $ bkafjkag%sh

3'wNHka;r cd,h

4'wkqm%dma;sl ie,iqï

5'wNHka;r fiajlhskf
a .a y÷kajd§u$l<ukdlref.a ksßfoaY

6'pl%f,aLk

409
wNHka;r wdl¾Ykfha jdis

1' fiajl Ñ;a; ffO¾h we;s lrhs

2' jD;a;Sh ÈhqKj

q wfmalaId lrk mqoa.,fhda wdl¾Ykh fj;s

3' idfmalaIj msßjeh wvqh

4' fiajdodhlhka wNsfma%rKh fõ

5'm%j¾;k fhda.H;u fiajdodhlhka r|jd .ekSu myiq fõ

6'ukd Y%ñl iïnkaO;d mj;ajdf.k hdug bjy,a ùu

7'laI‚lj n|jd .; yels ùu

wNHka;r wdl¾IKfha wjdis

1'kj oekqu iy l=i,;d wdh;kh ;=<g tau j<lhs

2'úYd, whÿïlrejka whÿïlrejka msßilf.ka jvd;a fhda.Hh whÿïlrejd nojd .ekSfï

wjia:dj wysñ fjhs

3'mqyqKj
q yd ixj¾Okh i|yd wu;r msßjehla oeÍug isÿùu

4'wmlaImd;Sj lghq;= lsÍug yelshdjla fkd,eîu

5'wdh;kfha ld¾hlaIu;djfha hym;a fjkila isÿ fkdùu

fiajl wdl¾IKh l%shdj,sfha mshjr

• mqrmamdvq y÷kd.ekSu
• /lshd kshuh y÷kd.ekSu
• wdl¾IKh ms<sn| kshuhka y÷kd.ekSu
• whÿïm;a ms<sfh, lsÍu
• wdl¾Yk l%uhla f;dard .ekSu
• l%shd;aul lsßu
• we.hSu

410
2'ndysr wdl¾IKh

úNj whÿïlrejka wdl¾IKh lr .ekSuhs 'tkï wdh;khg neyeßka jq ndysr Y%u

fjf<|fmd< fj;ska fiajlhska wdl¾IKh lr .ekSuhs

1'f.aÜgq oekaùï m%o¾Ykh

2'ckudOH Ndú;h ^m%pdrKh &

3'wka;¾cd,h

4'/lshd ksfhdað; wdh;k

5'weúo tkafkda yd ,shkafkda

6'/lshd fmd<

7'mer‚ fiajl fhduq lsÍu

8'Wiia wOHdmk wdh;k

9'.eiÜ ksfõok

10';r.ldÍ wdh;k j, olaI fiajlhska weo.ekSu

11'wka;¾cd,h

ndysr wdl¾Ykfha jdis

1'kj oekqu yd kj wdl,am ,eîu

2'mßmd,kuh .eg¿ iSudùu

3' mqyqKq wjYH;d" jqjukd fkdùu

4'úYd, msßila w;ßka n|jd .; yels ùu

5'wmlaImd;Sj lghq;= l< yels ùu

411
ndysr wdl¾IKfha wjdis

1'wNHka;r fiajlhskaf.a wNsfma%rKh ySkùu

2'wdl¾IKh i|yd idfmalaIj jeä msßjehla oeÍug isÿùu

3'ukd Y%ñl yd ld¾ñl iïnkaO;dj,g wys;lr f,i n,mEu

4'fiajlhd ms<sn| úYajdi f;dr;=re fkdue;s ùu

5'fiajlhdg wdh;kh ;=< mj;sk ixialD;sh ms<sn| wkjfndaOh fya;=fjka .eàï

we;sùu

úfYaI wjOdkhg

l=i,;d bkafjkag%sh

wh;kfha fiajlhkaf.a ksmqK;d oelafjk f,aLkh ñka woyia fõ

fiajd odhlhska úiska m%o¾Ykh lrk ,o yelshd yd l=i,;d i|yka lrñka ilia lrkq ,nk
f,aLkhhs '

4 wkqm%dma;sl igyk $m%;sia:dmk igyk

wenE¾;=jla we;s úg ljqre;a ,jd tu wenE¾;=j mqrjkjdo hkak fmkakï
q lrk ksrEmKhhs
'fuh wod, wenE¾;=j g wdh;kh ;=<k
s a B<Õg ks¾foaYs; mqoa.,hd kï lrñka olajd we;s
igykls

hï ;k;=rla mqrmamdvq jQ úg tu ;k;=r mQ¾Kh lrk B,. ;k;=r m%ldYhg m;a lrkq ,en
;sîuhs 'l<ukdlrK f;dr;=re i|yd fiajlhska wdl¾IKh lrhs 'wNHka;r wdl¾IK l%uhls

5 /lshd oekaùï
/lshd wenE¾;= msrùu i|yd wjYH uQ,sl úia;r olajñka úúO ikaksfõok udOH ;=< m%o¾Ykh
flfrk oekaùï" /lshd oekaùï fõ

hï /lshdjla i|yd n|jd .ekSï isÿ flfrk nj oekqj;a lrk oekaùï nj

412
we;=<;a lreKq

1'wdh;kfha ku ",smskh "fjí wvúh "ÿrl:k "*elaia

2';k;=r

3'fYa‚h

4'jegqma mßudKh

5'uQ,sl iqÿiqlï yd jD;a;Sh m<mqreoao

6'jhia iSudj

7'ia;%S mqreI nj

8'whÿï l, hq;= wdldrh

9'whÿïm;a Ndr.kakd wjidk Èkh yd whÿïm;a fhduq l< hq;= ,smskh

10'f;dard .ekSfï uQ,sl l%ufõoh

11'jeä úia;r ioyd i|yd úuiSï ms<sn|j

/lshd oekaùï m< lrk ia:dk

1'mqj;am;a j,

2' wka;¾cd,h

3'.eiÜ m;%h

4'f.aÜgq oekaùï j,

5'wNHka;r oekaùï mqjre j,

6 'f;dard .ekSu
wdl¾IKh jQ whÿïlrejka w;ßka b;d fhda.H;u mqoa.,hd /lshd wenE¾;= j msrùu i|yd
l%udkql+, l%uhg wkdjrKh lr.ekSu"f;dard .ekSu fõ'

wdl¾IKh jQ nyq;r /lshd wfmalaIlhska w;ßka jvd;a WÑ;u /lshd wfmalaIlhdj

úêu;a l%uhlg wkqj wkdjrKh lr.kq ,eîu"f;drd.ekSu fõ'

413
wjOdkhg

wdl¾IKh jQ úYd, whÿïlrejka msßi w;ßka jvd;a iqÿiqu whÿïlre jj ;SrKh lr .kq
,eîu ls

f;dard.ekSfï mrud¾:

1'ksis /lshdjlg fhda.H;u mqoa.,hd ,nd .ekSu

2'hym;a fiajd fhdað; m%;srEmhla f.dvk.d .ekSu

3'f;dard .ekSfï msßjeh wvq lr,Su

f;dard.ekSfï l%u
1'whÿïm;a we.hSu

2'iïuqL mÍlaIKh

3' miqìï .fõIKh

4'ffjoH mÍlaIK

5'mÍlaIK

1'whÿïm;a we.hSu

/lshd wfmalaIlhska úiska tjk ,o b,a¨ï m;a yd Ôj o;a; úia;rh we.hSu ;=<ska
fhda.H;dj ;lafiare lsÍu yd ta wdY%fhka b;du b;dufhda.H mqoa.,hdj /lshdj i|yd f;dard
.ekSuhs'

whÿïm;a w.hSfu jdis

1'whÿïlrejka iei£u myiq ùu

2' w;a wl=re"wlaIr úkHdih hkd§ f;dr;=re w;HjYH jk úg tajd mßlaId lsÍug wjia:dj
,eîu

3' f;dard .;a whÿïlrejkaf.a fm!oa.,sl ,smsf.dkq ,sms f.dkq ieliSu i|yd wdOdrl ùu

414
4'j,x.= ;du w;ska fyd| l%uhla ùu

5' iïuqL mÍlaIKh i|yd mdol ùu yd /lshd wfmalaIlhkaf.a flá ,hsi;

a = ms<sfh, lsÍu myiq
ùu

whÿïm;a we.hSfï wjdis

1'i;Hh fkdjk f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lsÍug we;s bvlv jeäùu

2' whÿïlre oDYHudk fkdjk ksid fmkqu"yeisÍu "NdId ú,dih hkd§ idOl weoySfï wjia:dj
fkd,eîu

3'whÿïm; wdh;kfhka úiska ilia lrkafka kï"úúO /lshd i|yd fjkia whÿïm;a ilia
lsÍug úYd, ld,hla .;ùu

2'iïuqL mÍlaIK

wdh;kh ksfhdackh lrk mÍlaIK ks,OdÍka yd whÿïlrejka uqyqKg uqyqK uqyqK ,d

uqK.eiSfuka f;dr;=re yqjudrej ;=< fiajlhska f;dard .ekSfuka Ys,am l%uh"iïuqL mÍlaIK
l%uhhs

wdh;kfha ksfhdackh lrk mÍlaIK ks,OdÍka yd /lshd wfmalaIlhska mQ¾j

ie,eiaulg wkqj uqK.efihs 'tys§ isÿ jk f;dr;=re yqjudrej u; fhda.H;u mqoa.,hj
wkdjrKh lr .kS '

iïuqL mÍlaIK l%ufha jdis

1'/lshd wfmalaIs; hdj iÔù f,i oelSug yel

2'iSudjkaf.ka f;drj f;dr;=re yqjudre l< yel

3' kuHYS,S iajNdjhla .ekSu

4'wmyeÈ,s lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .; yels ùu

iïuqL mÍlaIKh l%ufha wjdis

1'jeä ld,hla .;ùu

2'úYd, msßila isák wjia:djl Ndú;h iSud ùu

415
3'mÍlaIK ks,OdÍka f.a fm!oa.,sl wdl,am u; wjdis isÿùu

4'mÍlaIK ks,OdÍka f.a fm!oa.,sl mlaImd;s;ajh l%shd;aul ùuhs

5'fiajl f;dard.ekSu ms<sn| fmdÿ ks¾Kdhl fkdue;sùu

6'yelshd"l=i,;d uekSu isÿ l< fkdyels ùu

7'we;eï /lshd lrk wh fhda.H ke;

3'miqìu .fõIKh

whÿïlrejkaf.a mjq,a miqìu" wOHdmk miqìu" uQ,H miqìu "hkd§ lreKq ms<sn| lrkq
,nk .fõIK ;=<k
s a whÿïlrejkaf.a fhda.H wfhda.ah;dj we.hSug ,la lrhs ' fuys§
whÿïlrejkaf.a jgmsgdj fidhd n,hs

4' ffjoH mÍlaIK

whÿïlre ldhslj /lshdjlg .e,fmkafkao hkak we.hSuhs'/lshdjg WÑ; fi!LH

;;ajhlska miq jkafka o hkak úuid isàu h'

/lshd wfmalaIlhdf.a ldhsl yd udkisl fhda.H;dj úu¾Ykh lsÍfï jevms<sfj<hs'

5'mÍlaIK

fndfyda mÍlaIK ,sÅ; iajNdjh tajd fjhs'fïjd fh§ ,nd fok ,l=Kq u; mqoa.,hska f;dard
.ekSu isÿ lrhs'tu mÍlaIK j¾. f,i"

1'nqoaê mÍlaIK

2'm%dfhda.sl mÍlaIK

3'oekqï mÍlaIK

4'l=i,;d mÍlaIKh

416
5'm%ùK;d mÍlaIKh

jeo.;alñ

1'j,x.= Ndjh w;ska b;d fyd| l%uhla ùu

2'b;d flá ld,hla ;=< úYd, msßila we.hSug ,la l< yels ùu

3',l=Kq l%uh ksid m<uq jkakdf.a isg fm<.eiaúh yels fjhs

4'msßjeh wvqùu

úfYaI wjOdkhg"

fmdÿfõ ´kEu /lshdjla i|yd bÈßm;a l< yels mßÈ /lshd wfmalaIlfhl= úiska ;ud ms<sn|j
w;HjYH f;dr;=re wvx.= lr ilia lrk úia;rh"Ôj o;a; úia;rh f,i ye¢kafõ'

/lshdj ksYaÑ;j fkdokakd úgl úfgl ´kEu /lshdjlg bÈßm;a l< yels mßÈ ilia
lrhs'/lshd wfmalaIlhd ms<sn| f;dr;=re we;=<;a lrhs'

/lshd whÿïm;

/lshdj ksYaÑ;j okakjd fudfyd;l /lshd wfmalaIlhd ms<sn| úia;r we;=<;a lrñka
ilia lrk ,shú,a,hs 'fuys§ /lshd wfmalaIlhd ms<sn| úia;r yd Tyq Tyqf.a leue;a; m%ldY
lrñka /lshd whÿïm;a ilia flf¾'

m;aùfï ,smsh

fiajlfhl= fiajhg m;a lsÍfuka miq Tyqg fyda wehg /lshdj ms<sn| kshuhka "fldkafoais
"lghq;= "hq;=lï "j.lSï wdÈh úia;rd;aulj olajd l<ukdlrKh úiska fokq ,nk kS;Hdkql+,
,shú,a, m;aùfï ,smsh f,i y÷kajdÈh '

m;aùfï ,smshl wvx.= oE

1'fiajlhdf.a ku yd fiajd ia:dkh

2'/lshdfõ iajNdjh $^iaÒr $;djld,slj $fldka;%d;a &

3'/lshdj wdrïN jk Èk

417
4'fiajd fldkafoais

5'úY%du ysñlï

6' fiajlhdf.a ku

7';k;=re kduh

8' f.ùï lrk wdldrh ^jegqma fyda fõ;k ms<sn| úia;r&

9'ksjdvq ysñlï $wikSm $mä iys; $mä rys;

10'fï ,;a ks,Odßhdf.a w;aik yd Èkh

m;aùï ,smshl jeo.;alu

1'wdh;kfha fiajlhka w;r mj;sk iïnkaOh ;yjqre lrkq ,nk uq,slu ,shú,a, ùu

2'wdh;kh yd fiajlhka w;r ffk;sl ne£ we;s njg .súiqula f,i ie,lSug yelsùu.

3'fomd¾Yjh w;r fyda /lshd fldkafoais ms<sn| we;sjk we;s jk ;;a;ajhl§ kS;sh bÈßhg
hdug idlaIshla f,i m;aúfu fï ,smsh jeo.;a ùu

4'ish /lshdfõ wvx.= lghq;= rdcldÍka "j.lSï ms<sn| fiajlhkag mq¿,a wjfndaOhla ,nd.;
yelsùu '

5'fiajlhd wdh;kfha fiajlfhl= nj Tmamq lsÍug wjYH jk iEu wjia:djl§u Ndú; lsÍug
we;s m%n,u idlaIsh m;aùfï ,smshhs

mßjdi ld,h

w¨;ska n|jd .;a fiajlfhl= yg ;ud ld¾hlaIu yd iM,odhS fiajlhl= nj;a "wdh;khg
ne÷Kq hq;=lï yd j.lSï ksis f,i bgq lrk nj;a fmkakqï lsÍu i|yd wdh;kh úiska fokq
,nk ld,h mßjdi ld,hhs '

m;aùu msß kuk wdldrh

1& mßjdi fyda wdOqksl ld,hg hg;aj m;aùu msßkeóu

2& mßjdi fyda wdOqksl ld,fhka miq $fkdue;sj m;aùu msßkeóu

418
m;aùfï ,smsh

fiajlfhl= fiajhg m;a lsÍfuka miq Tyqg fyda wehg /lshdj ms<sn| lghq;= rdcldß j.lSï
fldkafoais wdÈh úia;rd;aulj oelaùfuka fiajd fiajdfhdaclhd úiska fokq ,nk kS;Hdkql+,
,shú,a,ls

fiajlhd wdh;kfhka fiajlfhl= nj Tmamq lsÍug wjYH jk iEu wjia:djl§u Ndú; lsÍug
we;s m%n,u idlaIsh jkafka m;aùfï ,smshhs 'th kS;Hdkql+, ,shú,a,ls '

wvx.= f;dr;=re

1'fiajlhdf.a ku yd fiajd ia:dkh

2'fiajlhdf.a ku

3'/lshdfõ iajNdjh

4';k;=re kduh

5'/lshdj wdrïN jk Èkh

6'f.úï lrk wdldrh

7'fiajd fldkafoais

8'ksjdvq ysñlï

9'úY%du ysñlï

10'ÿla.ekú,a, l§ weu;sh hq;= mqoa.,hd

11'jD;a;sh iñ;s idudðl;ajh ,eîu fyda fkd,eîu

12'mßjdi ld,h

13'jev lrk meh .Kk

14'fiajl whs;sjdislï

15'úkh l%shdud¾.

16'Wiiaùï ms<sn|

419
17'fiajdodhlhdf.a w;aik iy Èkh

18'fiajdfhdaclhdf.a w;aik yd Èkh

m;aùfï ,smsh ms<s.kajk mqoa.,hdf.a /lshdfõ iajNdjh wkqj ;k;=f¾ iaÓr lsÍfï ld, iSudj
fjkia fõ

✓ wdOqkl
s ld,h

lsih
s ï Ys,amSh jD;a;shla i|yd r|jd.;a kj fiajlhl= .; l< hq;= jD;a;Sh mqyqKq ld,h
wdOqkl
s ld,hhs'

✓ mßjdi ld,h

;k;=rg r|jd .;a kj fiajlfhl= ;k;=frka iaÓr lsÍug fmr fiajh l< hq;= ld, mßÉfþoh
mßjdi ld,h f,i ye¢kafõ'

mßjdi ld,h ;=<§ ;=, § wid¾:l jqjfyd;a /lshd kshqla;sl hdg .kq ,nk l%shdud¾.

• fiajh wjika lsÍu

• jdÑlj fyda ,sÅ;j wjjdo lsÍu

• mßjdi ld,h §¾> lsÍu

• fiajlhd udre lsÍu

/lshd msßú;rh
hï /lshdjlg wod,j tys kshqla; mqoa.,hd ;=< ;sìh hq;= iqÿiqlï we;=<;a lrñka ilia
lr.kakd ,o f,aLkh" /lshd msßú;rh fõ'

Note:
/lshdjg wjYH mqoa.,hdj úia;r flfrk ,shú,a, fõ'

wvx.= f;dr;=re
1&wOHdmksl iqÿiqlï
2&ldhsl iqÿiqlï

420
3&,eÈhdjka
4&idudkH oekqu
5&jhi
6&jD;a;Sh iqÿiqlï
7&úfYaI l=i,;d
8&wjYH;d m<mqreoao
9&NdId l=i,;d

a&/lshd msßú;rfha wvx.= lreKls'

1&wOHdmksl iqÿiqlï yd m<mqreoao
2&fiajd fldkafoais
3&ld¾hNdrh iy j.lSu
4&/lshdfõ iajNdjh
5&/lshdfõ§ Ndú; l< hq;= úfYaI;
s WmlrK' ^1&
b& lsih
s ï /lshdjla i|yd b;du fhda.H jkafka ljrdldrfha mqoa.,fhla o hkak úia;r flfrk
,shú,a,'
1&/lshd úia;rh
2&/lshd msßú;rh
3&/lshd ks¾udKh
4&/lshd we.hSu
5&/lshd m%idrKh ^2&

c¡&my; i|yka lreKq w;=ßka /lshd úia;rhl wvx.= jkafka'

1&wOHdmk iqÿiqlï h
2&;k;=rg wh;a ld¾h Ndrh
3&udkj .;s,laIK h
4&m<mqreoao h
5&jD;a;Sh iqÿiqlï h ^2&

421
^d&ksYaÑ; /lshdjlska bgq l< hq;= ld¾hh /lshd úia;rh uf.ka idrdxY lr olajk w;r tu
/lshdj lrk mqoa.,hdg ;sìh hq;= iqÿiqlï /lshd msßú;rh u.ska úia;r flf¾

^e&wdh;khl m%Odk ;k;=re ;k;=r we;súh yels mqrmamdvq msrùu i|yd iÿiq fiajlhka y÷kd
.ekSug ilia lrk jevms<sfj< yeÈkafjkafka ljr kulskao @ wkqm%dma;sl igyk

udkj iïmf;ys ,laIK

1&iÔù ùu
2&is;Sug yd m%;spdr oelaùug yels ùu
3&ld,h .;ùu;a iu. mqyqKqj yd m<mqreoao ksid w.h jeäùu
4&ixúOdkh ùug we;s yelshdj
5&p¾hdj ixlS¾K ùu yd mqfrdal;kh lsÍug fkdyels ùu
6&ks¾udKd;aul l=i,;d ;sîu
7&úúO;ajhla .ekSu
8&wfkl=;a ish¨u iïm;a ms<sn| ;SrK .ekSu
9&wNsfma%rKh l< yels ùu
10&tl È.g ld¾hkays ksr; ùfuka fjfyig m;a ùu'

udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh

w¾: oelaùu
a)ixúOdkhl wruqKq yd mrud¾: bgqlr .ekSu i|yd ixúOdkh i;= udkj iïm; ld¾hlaIu
yd iM,odhSj Wmfhdackh lr .ekSfï l%shdj,sh udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh kïfõ'

b& ixúOdkhl wruqKq yd mrud¾: bgqlr.ekSu ms‚i jvd;a fhda.H yd ;Dma; Y%u n,ldhla
ìyslr r|jd .ekSug wod< ld¾hhka we;=<;a l%shdj,sh udkj iïm;a l<uKdlrKh fõ'
e&udkj iïm; l<ukdlrKh lrk úIh" udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh fõ'

udkj iïm;a l<uKdlrkfha uQ,sl wruqK'

jvd;a fhda.H yd ;Dma; iu n,ldhla ìys lr r|jd ;nd .ekSuhs'

fhda.H udkj iïm; - wjYH;djhg .e,fmk oekqu "l=i,;d yd wdl,am j,ska hqla; m%udKj;a
jQ udkj iïm;'
;Dma; udkj iïm; - wNsfmaß; udkj iïm; $jev lsÍug fm<UqKq udkj iïm;'

422
udkj iïm;a ie,iqïlrkh'
a)ixúOdkh b,lal yd mrud¾: <Õd lr .ekSfï wruq‚ka wkd.; fiajl wjYH;d ks.ukh yd
tu wjYH;d imqrd imqrd .ekSug iqÿiq Wmdhud¾. ;SrKh lsÍu"udkj iïm;a ie,iqïlrKh'
b&wdh;khg wog iy wkd.;hg wjYH jk fiajl j¾. iy ixLHdj mqfrdal;kh yd iemhqu
;SrKh lsÍu" udkj iïm;a ie,iqïlrKh fõ'
wjOdkhg - wkd.; udkj iïm;a b,a¨ï mqfrdal;kh lsÍfï yd iemhqu weia;fïka;= .; lsÍfï
ld¾hhs'

uQ,sl wfmalaIdj'
ixúOdkfha b,lal imqrd .ekSu i|yd wod< /lshdj bgqlsÍug iu;a b;du;a fhda.H fiajlhka
ksis l,g yd fõ,djg ,nd .ekSu" fuys wfmalI
a djhs'

udkj iïm;a ie,iqïlrK l%shdj,sh

1'wkd.; udkj iïm;a b,a¨u mqfrdal;kh
2'udkj iïm;a iemhqu weia;fïka;= lsÍu'
3'udkj iïm;a b,a¨u yd iemhqu ixikaokh lsÍu
4'W!k;djh fyda w;sßla;h y÷kd.ekSu
5'W.; hq;= Wml%u ksYaph lsÍu
6'ñksia n, ie,iqïlrK m%h;akh we.hSu'

udkj iïm;a ie,iqïlrKfha m%;s,dN

1'wkd.; fiajdodhl wjY;d ksYaph l< yels ùu'
2'ixúOdkhg wjYH jk m%udKhka iy .=K;ajfhka hq;a ñksia n,h ,nd .ekSu iy mj;ajdf.k
hdu
3'ixúOdkfha ñksia n,fhka Wmßu m%fhdack .ekSu'
4'úh yels ñksia n, w;ßla;hka fyda W!k;djhka f.ka u;=jk .eg¿ l,ska oek .ekSu
5'úêu;a l%uhlg fiajlhska imhd .ekSu'

ld¾aht, we.hsu
fiajdodhlhd úiska ish /lshdj M,odhs f,i bgq lrkakdjQ m%udKh ixúOdk úiska ksYaph lsÍfï
l%shdj,sh ld¾aht, we.hSu fõ'

423
tla tla fiajdodhlhl=f.a ld¾ah idOl m%udKh wdh;kh úiska úêu;a l%uhlg wkqj y÷kd
.ekSug lghq;= lsÍu ld¾aht, we.hSu fõ'

ld¾aht, we.hSfï wruqKq

1'ixj¾Ok wruqKq

2'mßmd,k wruqKq

ixj¾Ok wruqKq

fiajlkaf.a M,odhs;dj jeä lsÍuhs' tkï fiajl ixj¾Okhg wod< f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSuhs'
mqyqKq wjYH;d y÷kd .kS'

mßmd,k wruqKq

fiajl jegqma" Wiiaùï" udreùï hk ld¾hhkag iyh ùu'tkï fiajl mßmd,khg wod<
f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSuhs'

ld¾aht, we.hSsfï fmdÿ jeo.;alï

1'mqyqKq lsÍfï wjia:d y÷kd .ekSu

2'udre lsÍï ms<sn| ;SrK .ekSu

3'jegqma ks¾foaY lsÍu ms<sn| ;SrKh lsÍu

4'úkhdkql+, l%shdud¾.. j, m%udKh ;SrKh lsÍu

5' fiajl wNsfmarKh i|yd fhdod .ekSu

6'.eg¿ y÷kd .ekSu

7'f;dard.ekSfï l%shdj,sfha id¾:l wid¾:lNdjh we.hsu i|yd fhdod.ekSu'

8'Wiia lsÍï ms<sn| ;SrK .ekSu

ld¾aht, we.hSï wid¾:l ùu flfrys n,mdk idOl'

424
1'l<ukdlrejkag iy fiajlhkag ld¾aht, we.hsfï wruqKq ms<sn|j we;s wkjfndaOh iy wvq
lemùu'

2'fiajl ixLHdj úYd, ùu

3'l<ukdlrK uÜgï iy ;k;=re ixLHdj jeäùu'

4'úYd, msßjehla oeÍug

5'miq.sh ld¾aht, we.hsï j, § tlÕ jQ lreKq bgq fkdlsÍu

6'fm!oa.,sl mlaImd;s;ajh l%shd;aul ùu'

ld¾aht, we.hSfï l%u

1'úNd. meje;aùu

2'ksÍlaIKhka

3'idlÉPd lsÍï

4'iu ks,OdÍka ixikaokh

5'jeo.;a isoaê wOHkh

flá m%Yak

my; i|yka tajd w;=frka fiajl ld¾aht,h we.hSsfï ixj¾Ok wruqKlaj f,i ie,lsh yelafla

1'fiajl M,odhl;ajh kxjd,Su h

2'udkj iïm;a ie,iqï lsÍu h

3'f;dard .ekSu iy n|jd .ekSu h

4'jegqma yd fõ;k ks.ukh lsÍu h

5'Wiia ùu yd ia:dk udre lsÍuh ^1&

mqyqKqj iy ixj¾Okh
ixúOdk wruqKq ;yjqre lr .ekSug fhduqjk whqßka fiajdodhlhkaf.a p¾hdj iy wNsfmarKh
fjkia lsÍfï úêu;a l%shdj,sh f,i mqyqKqj yd ixj¾Okh fõ'

425
mqyqKqj

we'l<ukdlrK fkdjk fiajlhkag /lshdj b.ekaùfï l%shdj,sh mqyqKqj kï fõ'

ò'fiajdodhlhka yg oekqu" l=i,;d yd wdl,am ,nd§ug ilia lrk ,o jevms<sfj< mqyqKqjhs'

ixj¾Okh

we'l<uKdlrk fiajlhkaf.a oekqu" l=i,;d" yd wdl,am j¾Okh lsÍfï l%shdj,sh ixj¾Okh

kï fõ'

ò'wkd.; /lshdj i|yd fiajdodhlhdj iQodkï lsÍu ixj¾Okhs'

mqyqKqj iy ixj¾Okh w;r wiudk;d

mqyqKqj

1'l<ukdlrK fkdjk fufyhqï fiajlhska i|yd fõ'

2';dlaI‚l uÜgfï l=i,;d j¾Okh fõ'

3'idfmalaI jYfhka fláld,Sk jev igykls'

4'idfmalaIj wvq msßjehla jehfõ'

5';rula ir, jev igykls'

6'j¾;udk /lshdj yd iïnkaOhs'

7'ld,Sk wjYH;d bgq lsÍu i|yd m%;sl%shd oelaùfï l%shdj,shhs'

ixj¾Okh

1'l<ukdlrK fiajlhska i|yd fõ

2'ufkdaNdjd;aul l=i,;d j¾Okh fõ

426
3'idfmalaIj È.= ld,Sk jev igykls

4'idfmalaIj jeä msßjehla jeh fõ

5';rula ixlS¾K jev igykls '

6'wkd.; /lshdj yd iïnkaOhs'

7'wkd.; wjYH;d i|yd iQodkï lsÍula isÿ lrk l%shdj,shls'

fiajlhska mqyqKq lsÍfï l%u

1'wdOqksl mqyqKqj } Ys,amSh jD;a;Ska i|yd hï ld,hla ;=< mqyqKqj ,nd§uhs' mqyqKq fiajlhska
hgf;a mqyqKq ùug wjia:dj ysñfõ'

2'/lshdjka w;r udrej } /lshd lSmhl fiajh lsÍug wjia:dj ,nd foñka isÿ lrkq ,nk
mqyqKqjhs' fuys§ mQ¾jj ie,eiau;dj wkqj úáka úg úúO /lshdjkays fiajh lsÍfï wjia:dj
fiajlhska yg ysñ fõ' th /lshd N%uKhhs'

3'ud¾f.damfoaYh } m%ùK mqoa.,hl= u.ska wjYH l=i,;d ,nd §uhs' tkï wjYH uÕ fmkaùu
,nd §uhs'

4'N+ñld rx.kh } úúO ;k;=re ksrEmKh lrñka rÕ oelaùu weiqfrka mqyqKqj ,nd §uhs' rÕ
oelaùu uQ,sl Wmdh ud¾.hhs'

5'isoaê wOHhkh } m%dfhda.slj uqyqK mEug isÿjk ;;ajhla jD;a;dka;hla f,i bÈßm;a lsÍuls'
isoaêh ú.%y lr .ekSu" .eg¿jg fya;= jQ lreKq wkdjrKh lr.ekSu" úi÷ï bÈßm;a lsÍu hk
lreKq fuu.ska wfmalaId lrhs'

6'wdlD;sl mqyqKqj } iudk wdlD;shla f.dvk.d ta uÕska ,ndfok mqyqKqjhs' wdh;kh yd

iudk wdlD;shla ;=< mqyqKj
q ,nd fohs'

mqyqKq lsÍfï l%u j¾.SlrKh

1'wNHka;r mqyqKqj

2'ndysr mqyqKj
q

427
wNHka;r mqyqKqj

wdh;kh ;=< § fiajlhska i|yd ioyd ,ndfok mqyqKj

q hs' fiajlhska fiajh lrk w;r;=r §
Tjqka i|yd ,ndfok mqyqKj
q hs' wdh;kh ;=< § ,ndfok mqyqKqls'

wNHka;r mqyqKq lsÍfï l%u

1'wdOqksl;aj

2'úfYaI m%dfhda.sl mejreï

3'mqyqKqlrejka u.ska mqyqKj

q

4'm<mqreÿ fiajlhka mqyqKj

q

5'/lshd N%uKh

6'ksYaÑ; /lshd Wmfoia

wNHka;r mqyqKqfjka w;ajk jdis iy wjdis

jdis

1'wju msßjehla ;sîu

2'h:d¾:jd§ ùu

3'by< ks,OdÍkag mqyqKqj wslaIKh l< yels ùu'

4'/lshdj yd iu. ne£ mej;Su'

5'/lshdfõ ksr; ùfï§u mqyqKq úh yels ùu'

wjdis

1'mqyqKqj i|yd úoHd;aul l%u Ys,am Wmfhda.S lr.ekSug wjia:dj fkd,eîu'

2'fiiq fiajlhska wkq.ukh lrk .;dkq.;sl l%u" wl%u;a jev mqreÿ kj fiajlhdg ixl%uKh
ùfï wjodku'

3'ld¾hnyq, ;k;=rla kï ksis mqyqKj

q la ,nd .ekSug m%udKj;a fj,djla fkd,eîu'

428
ndysr mqyqKqj

wdh;kfhka msg; § fiajlhska ioyd ,ndfok mqyqKqjhs' /lshdfjka neyerj fiajlhska mqyqKq
lrkq ,eîuls' wdh;kfhka neyerj fiajlhka mqyqKq lsÍug lghq;= lrkq ,eîuhs'

ndysr mqyqKq lsÍfï l%u

1'wdlD;sl mqyqKj
q

2'úfYaI mdGud,d

3'pß; rx.kh $N+ñld rx.kh

4'foaYk

5'isoaê wOHhkh

6'ÿria: mdGud,d

7'ixfõÈ;d mqyqKj
q

ndysr mqyqKqfjka w;ajk jdis iy wjdis

jdis

1'úfYaI{ fyda úoHd;aul iy kS;Hdkql+, mqyqKqjla ,nd §ug wjldY ,eîu '

2'iuyr /lshdjka i|yd uQ,sl mqyqKqjla ,nd §fï§ fuu l%uh fhdod .ekSu w;HjYH ùu

WodyrK (- .=jka kshuq mqyqKqj

wjdis

1'by< msßjehla jeh ùu '

2'h:d¾:jd§ núka wvq ùu

3'mqyqKj
q ksÍlaIKh l< fkdyels ùu

4'mqyqKq ld,h ;=< fiajh ,nd.; fkdyels ùu'

429
flá m%Yak
mqyqKqj u.ska fiajlhdg ,efnk m%;s,dNhls'

1'ksuejqfï .=Kd;aulNdjh by< hEu

2'ld¾h lsÍfï§ isÿjk je/È wvq ùu

3'w;sf¾l bmhSï i|yd wjia:dj ,eîu

4'fiajl m%jdis;dj wvqùu

5'iqmÍlaIKh myiqùu ^3&

my; oelafjk m%ldY w;=ßka w;=frka udkj iïm;a mqyqKqj yd ixj¾Okh iïnkaOfhka jvd;a
ksjerÈ m%ldYh f;darkak'

1'mqyqKqj l,ukdlrejka ioyd jk w;r ixj¾Okh l<ukdlrK fkdjk fYa‚ i|yd h'

2'mqyqKq jevigyka fláld,Sk jk w;r ixj¾Ok jevigyka È.= ld,Sk fõ '

3'mqyqKj
q /lshdjl wkd.; l=i,;d ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd jk w;r ixj¾Okh /lshdjl ld,Sk
;;a;ajh ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd fhdod .efka'

4'mqyqKqj u.ska ufkdaNdjd;aul l=i,;d j¾Okh flfrk w;r ixj¾Okh uÕska fufyhqï
lghq;=j,g wjYH l=i,;d ,nd fohs'

5'mqyqKq jevigyka i|yd jeä msßjehla oeßh hq;= w;r ixj¾Ok jevigyka i|yd orkafka
idfmalaIj wvq msßjeh ls'

^2)

my; f,aLkfha oelafjkafka fiajl mqyqKq jevigyka j,g fyda fiajl ixj¾Ok jevigyka
j,g iïnkaO ,laIKhkah'

A' ixl,amkd;aul l=i,;d ,ndfoa

B'idfmalaIj È.= ld,Sk fõ

C';dlaI‚l l=i,;d ,ndfoa

Da'idfmalaIj fláld,Sk fõ

E'l<uKdlrk fiajlhska b,lal lr .kS

F'wLKavj mj;ajdf.k hd hq;=h

430
G. wdh;kh ld,Sk wjYH;d i|yd fõ

H'wdh;kfha wkd.; wjYH;d i|yd fõ'

fiajl ixj¾Okhg wh;a jkafka ?

A,B,E,F,H

ld¾ñl wdrjq,a
lsih
s ï jD;a;Sh m%Yakhla fya;=fldg f.k fiajdfhdaclhka yd fiajlhka w;r fyda fiajlhka -
fiajlhka w;r fyda we;sjk .egqï fyda fNao ld¾ñl wdrjq,a f,i ye¢kafõ'

ld¾ñl wdrjq,a we;sùug fya;=

rlaIdj §u fyda fkd§u'
fiajd kshuhka iïnkaOj'
fiajd ;;ajh ms<sn|j'

fïjdg WodyrK lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

1'jeä jegqma yd §ukd fkd,eîu'
2'fiajd fldkafoais j, fjk;a oeänj ^ ksjdvq "jevuqr "meh .Kk&'
3'idOdrK fkdjk fya;+ka u; jev ;ykï lsÍu fyda bj;a lsÍu'
4'n|jd .ekSï " Wiia lsÍï " udre lsÍï" ms<sn|j we;s fjk widOdrKhka'
5'/lshdfõ iqrlaIs;;dj ms<sn| we;sjk .egqï'

ld¾ñl wdrjq,la ksid fiajd fhdaclhkag we;sjk n,mEï

1'wLKavj jHdmdr lghq;= lrf.k hdug fkdyels ùu'
2'wdh;kfha lS¾;skduhg wys;lr f,i n,mEu'
3'ld¾ñl ufha ì|jeàu ksid iqyo;dj m¨ÿ ùu'
4';u fjf<|fmd< fldgi wysñ ùu'
5';rÕlrejka iuÕ ;r. lsÍug fkdyels ùu'
6'uQ,H mdvq fukau foam, j,g ydks isÿ ùu'

431
ld¾ñl wdrjq,la ksid fiajdodhlhkag we;s jk n,mEï
1'kshñ; mßÈ jegqma fkd,eî hdu fyda m%udo ùu'
2'Ôjk ;;a;ajh my; jeàu'
3'ld¾ñl iduh ì| jeàu u.ska iqyo;dj m¨ÿ ùu'
4'wkd.; Wiiaúï "mqyqKqùï "YsIH;aj" jeks jD;a;Sh ixj¾Ok ;;a;ajhkag ndOd we;sùu'

ld¾ñl wdrjq,la ksid mdßfNda.slhkag we;sjk n,mEï

1'wod, NdKav yd fiajd j, ñ, by< hdu'
2'fj<|fmdf<a NdKav ysÕhla we;sùu'
3'iqmqreÿ NdKav mßfNdack wjia:d wysñùu '
4'.=K;ajfhka wvq wdfoaYl NdKav mßfNdackh lsÍug isÿùu'

jD;a;Sh iñ;s
jD;a;Sh whs;sjdislï ,nd .ekSu i|yd;a "tajd /l .ekSu i|yd;a "lsih s ï l¾udka;
lafIa;%hl fyda jD;a;shl kshe,S isák fiajhka fyda fiajlhka tl;=ù msysgj
q d.;a ixúOdkh
jD;a;sh iñ;shla f,i ye¢kaúh yel'
flfia jqjo ,xldfõ jD;a;Sh iñ;s ms<sn| idlÉPd lsÍfï § fiajlhka úiska we;slr.kakd
iñ;s ms<sn| i,ld nef,a'

jD;a;Sh iñ;shl wruqKq

1'idOdrK jegqmla ,nd .ekSu yd j¾Okh'
2'hym;a jev mßirhla ,nd .ekSu'
3'jev lrk ld,h ms<sn| .eg¿ úi|d.ekSu'
4'jD;a;Shuh fi!LH yd jD;a;Sh wk;=rej,ska wdrlaIdj i,id .ekSu'
5'/lshd iqrlaIs;;dj we;s lr .ekSu'
6'wOHdmkh yd mqyqKqj ,nd .ekSu'
7'iduQysl flaj,a lsÍu'
jD;a;Sh iñ;shl ld¾hNdrh
1'iduQysl flaj,a lsÍu'
2'taldnoaO idlÉPd j,g iyNd.s ùu'
3'fiajl l<ukdlrK m%;sm;a;s" l%shdmámdá hkd§ iïmdokfha§ iy ixfYdaOkfha§ Wmfoia §u'

432
4'jD;a;Sh l%shdud¾. ie,iqï lsÍu yd l%shd;aul lsÍu'
5'cd;sl yd wka;¾cd;sl iiïfï,k yd iïuka;%K j,§ iyNd.sj'Q
6'cd;sl yd wka;¾cd;sl iïfï,k yd iïuka;%K j, § iyNd.s ùu'
7' idudðlhska i|yd ffk;sl wdrlaIdj rcfhka ,nd .ekSu'

ld¾ñl l%shdud¾.
ld¾ñl wdrjq,la mj;sk úg tu wdrjq,a iïnkaOfhka fiajH mlaIhg n,mEï lsÍug jD;a;sh
iñ;s Wmfhda.S lr .kakd úúO l%shdud¾. ld¾ñl l%shdud¾. kï fõ'
ld¾ñl l%shdud¾.$jD;a;Sh iñ;s l%shdud¾.
WodyrK
1iduQysl flaj,a lsÍu'
2'wl=rg jev lsÍu'
3' fiñka jev lsÍu'
4' l¿má fm<o jev lsÍu'
5' w;sld, jev j, fkdfh§u
6' jev j, fkdfh§u'
7' jev u. yeÍu'
8'lvdlmam,a lsÍu'
9'msláka$ m%;sNdykh'
10'Wmjdih
11'ixúOdkd;aul f,i ksjdvq .ekSu'
12' ixfla; jev j¾ck'
13'wLKav jev j¾ck'

iduQysl flaj,a lsÍu$l;sldj

jD;a;Sh .eg¿jla iïnkaOfhka tlÕ;djhlg m;a ùu i|yd fiajdfhdaclhka ^fiajH mlaIh&
yd jD;a;Sh iñ;s ksfhdað;hka w;r woyia yqjudre lr .ekSu fyj;a iduQyslj idlÉPd lsÍu"
iduQysl flaj,a lsÍu ke;fyd iduQysl l;sldj f,i y÷kajhs'

iduQysl flaj,a lsÍï u.ska fiajdjka tlg ie,fik jdis wjdis

fiajdfhdaclhdg iemfhk jdis
1'ks.ukj,g t<öu myiqùu'
2'fiajH fiajl fomd¾Yjh w;r hym;a iïnkaO;djhla f.dvke.Su'

433
3' fiajlhka iuÕ ikaksfõokh j¾Okh ùu'
4'fomd¾Yjhgu ys;lr jk wdldrfha l%shd;aul l< yels m%dfhda.sl fjkialï myiqfjka
l%shd;aul l< yels ùu'
5'jev mßph fjkiaùï myiqfjka l< yels ùu'

fiajdfhdaclhdg ie,fik wjdis

1'jegqma yd msßjeh jeäùu'
2';SrK .ekSu m%udo ùu'
3'fiajlhkaf.a md¾Yjfhka lrk n,mEu jeä ùu'
4' we;eï úg fiajl ksfhdað;fhda foaYmd,k n,mEï u; ;ukaf.a ;SrK j, oeäj t,an isàu'
5'iuyrúg ld¾ñl wdrjq,la olajd j¾Okh ùu'
iduQysl flaj,a lsÍug iïnkaO jk md¾Yajhka ljf¾o@
1' fiajl jD;a;Sh iñ;s ksfhdað;hka ^fiajlhka&'
2'fiajd fhdaclhka ^l<ukdlrejka&'
3'rcfha lïlre ksfhdað;hka'
4' mämd,l iNd'

wl=rg jev lsÍu

wdh;kfha kS;s Í;s mjd wl=rg ms<smÈñ rdcldß lghq;= isÿlsÍu wl=rg jev jevlsÍu fõ'th
kS;Hdkql+,j mejÍ we;s lghq;= muKla kshñ; mßÈ bgq lsÍuhs'fï ksid l%shdj,sh ukao.dó jk
w;r wdh;kfha wld¾hlaIu;dj by< hhs' wjYH;dj wkqj fidhd n,d wjia:djg wkqj lghq;=
lsÍula fuys§ isÿ fkdfõ'
fiñka jev lsÍu'
fiajlhska ;u ld¾hh ys;du;du jeä ld,hla .; lrñka fiñka bgq lsÍu fiñka jev lsÍu
fõ' wod< ld¾hh ksjerÈj l< o ta i|yd .; lrk ld,h fnfyúka by< w.hla .kS' fï ksid
wdh;kh l%shdj,sh ukao.dó jk w;r wdh;kfha msßjeh fyda wld¾hlaIu;dj by< hhs'
l¨ má me<| jev lsÍu'
l¿ má me<e| jev lsÍfï§ fiajlfhda iqmqreÿ mßÈ jev lr;s' ish úfrdaOh m<lsÍu i|yd
l¿ má wf;a fyda ysfia me,| isà'
w;sld, jev j, fkdfh§u'
fiajlhkaf.a idudkH rdcldß fiajd ld,fhka miq jev lsÍu m%;slafIam lsÍu w;sld, jev j,
fkdfh§u fõ'
jev j, fkdfh§u'

434
 jev j, fkdfh§u hkq fiajHhkag fiajd ia:dkh jid oeóug ndOd lrñka fiajlhka msg;g
fkdhd wdh;kh ;=<u /£ isàu isÿ l< o isÿ l< o Tjqka jev j, fkdfh§uhs'jHdmdr wdh;kh
;=< fiajlhka /£ isáho wdh;kfha lsiÿ
s ld¾hhla i|yd Tjqka odhl fkdfõ'
jev u. yeÍu'
fiajlfhda jev lsÍu m%;slafIam lsÍfuka yd hka;% iQ;% l%shdúrys; lsÍfuka jev k;r lsÍu jev
u. yeÍu fõ'
lvdlmam,a lsÍu'
/lshd ia:dkfha we;s hka;% iQ;% l%shd;aul lsÍug fkdyels f,i fodr.=¿ oud jid ;eîu fyda
tajdfha iq¿ fldgila .,jd ;eîu lvdlmam,a lsÍuhs'
msláka$m%;sNdykh'
fndfyda úg Èjd wdydr úfõlh jeks úfõl wjia:djla fhdodf.k fiajlhka jHdmdrh bÈßmsg
fmdaiag¾" oekaùï "nek¾ jeks úfrdaOh m%ldY lrk mqjre m%o¾Ykh lrñka isÿ lrkq ,nk
iduldó Woaf>daIKh msláx$m%;sNdykh f,i ye¢kafõ'jevj¾ckhg wj;S¾K ùu ms<sn| bÕshla
fiajH mlaIhg fmkakqï lsÍug msláka fhdod.ks' fuys§ fiajlhka fm<.eiS ish úfrdaO;d
m%o¾Ykh lrhs'

Wmjdih'
ish b,a,Sï Èkd .ekSu i|yd jHdmdrh ia:dkh bÈßmsg fyda fmdÿ ck;dj .ejfik ia:dkhl
fmkS isáñka fiajl msßila wdydrmdk .ekSfuka je<lS úfrdaOh oelaùu Wmjdihla f,i
ye¢kafõ'
ixfla; jev j¾ckh'
;u fiajl b,a,Sï Èkd .ekSu i|yd md,l mlaIhg wk;=re weÕùug jD;a;Sh iñ;shla úiska
;u idudðlhka Èkla"jrejla hkd§ jYfhka hï ksYaÑ; ld,hla l<ukdldß;ajh oekqj;a fldg
rdcldßfhka neyer ù isàu ixfla; jevj¾ckh f,i i,lhs'
wLKav jev j¾ckh'
;u b,a,Sï idlÉPd u.ska fyda fjk;a úfrdaO;d mEu u.ska Èkd .ekSug fkdyels jQ úg ;u
b,a,Sï ,efnk ;=re fiajlhka jev lsÍu iïmQ¾Kfhkau k;r lsÍu wLKavj jev j¾ckh fõ'

jev j¾ck ksid fiajdfhdaclhdg w;a jk wys;lr m%;sM,

1'ksIamdokh wvd,ùu'
2'úl=Kqï wvq ùu fyda weKjqï iemhSug fkdyels ùu'
3'jHdmdrfha lS¾;skduhg ydks isÿùu'
4'jHdmdrhg uqo,a .,d taï wvq ùfuka uqo,a ÿIalr;djhkag uqyqK §u'
5'.ekqïlrejka wvqùu fyda Tjqka l,lsÍï yd fjk;a ;r.ldÍ wdh;k lrd we§hdu'
6'iemhqïlrejka wvqùu'
7',dNh wvq wvq ùu'
8'fiajl wiykh jeä ùfuka M,odhl;ajh wvqùu'
435
9'ld¾ñl iïnkaO;d wvqùu'
10'Y%u msßjegqu jeäùu'
11'm%d.aOk WmlrK wl%sh j mej;Su ksid isÿjk w,dN'

jev j¾ck ksid fiajlhkag jk wys;lr n,mEï

1'Wiiaùï i|yd ndOd we;sùu'
2'jD;a;Sh lafIa;%fha wm%idohg ,la ,la ùu'
3'fiajl bmhSï my< hdu fyda jegqma yd fjk;a §ukd fkd,eîhdu'
4'we;eï úg úkh l%shdud¾. i|yd uqyqK§ug isÿùu'

jevj¾ck iy wd¾Ólhg jk wys;lr n,mEï

1'iudc m%Yak j¾Okh ùu'
2'ck Ôú;h wvd, ùug fya;= ùu'
3'fj<|fmdf<ys NdKav ysÕùu'
4'NdKav yd fiajd j, ñ, .Kka by< hdu'
5'NdKav j, .=K;ajh my<hdu'

fiajlhkaf.a ld¾ñl l%shdud¾. je<elaùu i|yd fiajHhka g .; yels l%shdud¾.

1'msgux lsÍu$fodr jeiSu'
2'fiajh w;yer .shd fia ie,lSu'
3'j¾ck wdjrKh lsÍu'
4'wfkHdakH wdOdr jevigyka Ndú;h'
5'ksIamdokh udre lsÍu'

msgux lsÍu$fodr jeiSu'

fiajd fhdacl úiska fiajlhka ;ukaf.a kshuhkag wjk; lr .ekSu i|yd fiajd ia:dkh
jeiSu" ;djld,slj jev keje;aùu" fiajlhka lsysm fofkl=f.a fiajh k;r lsÍu" jeks foa msgux
lsÍu $fodr jeiSu f,i y÷kajhs'
fiajh w;yer .shd fia ie,lSu'
fiajd fhdacl úiska fiajlhka ;u jD;a;sh l%shd ud¾.hka f,i jevg fkdmeñkSu isÿlrk
,nk wjia:djkays§ Tjqka fiajh w;a yer .shd fia i,ld Tjqkg fiajhg jd¾;d lsÍug bv ,nd
fkd§u fiajh w;yer .shd fia ie,lSu f,i y÷kajhs'
j¾ck wdjrKh lsÍu'

436
 j¾ck wdjrKh lsÍu hkq jev j¾ð; fiajlhskaf.a rdcldß jD;a;sh iñ;s i|yd odhl
fkdjk fiajlhska fhdod f.k wdjrKh lsÍuhs'

wfkHdakH wdOdr jevigyka Ndú;h'

j¾ð; ld,fha wysñ jQ wdodhu wdjrKh i|yd l¾udka;fha kshe,S wksl=;a wdh;k j,ska
uq,HdOdr ,nd .ekSu wfkHdakH wdOdr jevigyka Ndú;h f,i y÷kajhs'

ksIamdok udrelsÍï
ksIamdokh udre lsÍu hkq j¾ckh l%shd;aul fkdjk YdLd fj; fyda fjk;a rgj, YdLd fj;
ksIamdok lghq;= udre lsÍuhs'

iduQysl .súiqu
jD;a;Sh wdrjq,la iïnkaO fiajH fiajl fomd¾Yjh w;r we;s lr.kakd tlÕ;dj iduQysl
.súiqu f,i ye¢kafõ'

fiajlhka yd fiajdfhdaclhka w;r Tjqfkdjqkaf.a jrm%ido whs;sjdislï iy kshuhka /flk

mßÈ o ld¾ñl wdrjq,a j,ska je<lSu i|yd o fiajd fldkafoais iy kshuhka we;=<;a fldg we;s
lr.kq ,nk .súiquls'
fuh iduqysl flaj,a lsÍfï m%;sM,hla f,i we;s jk w;r kS;Hdkql+, ,sheú,a,la ùug lïlre
flduidßiajrhdf.a wkque;sh ,ndf.k rcfha .eiÜ m;%fha m< l< hq;=h'fndfyda úg fuu
.súiqul ld,h j¾I ;=kls'

iduQysl .súiqul wruqKq

1'fiajlhka yd fiajd fhdaclhkaf.a jrm%ido whs;sjdislï iy hq;=lï wdrlaId lsÍu'
2' ld¾ñl wdrjq,a j,lajd ld¾ñl iduh we;s lsÍu'
3' ld¾ñl wKmk;a j,ska fiajlhkag ysñ jrm%ido yd m%;s,dN j,g jvd jdisodhl ;;a;ajhla
we;s lr .ekSu'
iduQysl .súiqula u.ska fiajHhkag yd fiajlhkag ysñjk m%;s,dN
fiajHhkag ysñjk m%;s,dN

1'wdrjq,a myiqfjka ksrdlrKh lr.ekSug yelsùu'

2'wdh;kfha meje;au wLKav nj ;yjqreùu'
3'.súiqu uÕska ;u j.lSu wjfndaO lr.; yelsùu'
4'l<ukdlrK lghq;= ndOdjlska f;drj lrf.k hdug yelsùu'
5'jD;a;sh .eg¨ iïnkaOfhka fmdÿfõ lghq;= lsÍug yels ùu ksid fm!oa.,slj fiajlhka
ms<sn|j fidhd ne,Sug isÿ fkdùu'
6' wdh;khg mlaImd;S jQ ;Dma;su;a fiajl msßila we;s lr .; yels ùu'

437
fiajlhkag ysñjk m%;s,dN

1'tlÕ jQ whs;sjdislï yd jrm%ido ,efnk nj ;yjqre ùu'

2'lïlre whs;Ska wdrlaId ùu'
3'wK mk;a j,ska ysñ jrm%ido blaujd hk m%;s,dN ,nd .; yels ùu'
4';u whs;sjdislï fukau j.lSï o meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug yelsùu'
5'fiajl iqrlaIs;Ndjh ;yjqre ùu'

438
 jHdmdr f;dr;=re moaO;s
yeÈkaùu
m%udKj;a f;dr;=re u; mokï fjñka .kq ,nk ;SrK fndfyda úg id¾:l fõ' f;dr;=re
fkdue;sj .kq ,nk ;SrK fndfydaúg wid¾:l ùug by, iïNdú;djla we;' jHdmdr
lghq;=j,§ muKla u fkdj mqoa.,sl lghq;=j,§ o ;SrK .ekSfï § f;dr;=re bgqlrk fiajh
b;d by, jkq we;' úis tlajk ishji oekqu u; mokï jQ wd¾Óhla njg m;aj we;af;a
f;dr;=rej, mj;akd by, jákdlu ;j ;j;a ;yjqre lrñks'

f,dalfha f;dr;=rej, wjYH;djfha iajNdjh ikaksfõok ;dlaIK úldYkfha Èhqkj

q ;a iu. hq.
lsysmhla Tiafia idlÉPd l, yel'

^1& ixpdrl hq.h

^2&lDIsld¾ñl hq.h

^3&ld¾ñl hq.h

^4&f;dr;=re hq.h

^1& ixpdrl hq.h

bme/‚ udkjhd ixpdrl i;ajfhl= f,i Ôj;a jQ w;r iudc tallh jqfha l=vd lKavdhï
h'Tjqkf
a .a wjYH;djka b;d ir, jQ w;r wjYH oE mßirfhka imqrd .ekSug mqreÿj
isáhy'ikaksfõokh m%Odk jYfhka jdÑl j isÿ w;r m%Odk ikakf
s õok udOH l:kh ^l;dj&
úh'

^2&lDIsld¾ñl hq.h

;u uQ,sl wjYH;d mßirfhka iïmQ¾K lr.kakd w;ru iy ovhu uQ,sl lr.;a ixpdrl Èú
fmj;la .; l< udkjhd lDIsld¾ñl hq.h jk úg iaÓr jdiia:dkhkays Ôj;aùu flfrys
keUqre jQy' lDIsl¾udka;h ish m%Odk Ôjfkdamdh lr.;a fuu hq.h ;=, l:khg wu;rj
wlaIr yd ixfla; ikaksfõokfha§ m%n, udOHhla úh'

^3&ld¾ñl hq.h

ld¾ñl úma,jh;a iu. fuu hq.h ;=, hka;% iQ;% Ndú;h b;d by, jYfhka isÿúh'uqøK
;dlaIKh uq,afldg.;a m%n, ikaksfõokhla mej;s w;r miqj th úoHq;a l%u olajd jHdma; úh'

439
fuu hq.h ;=< uyd mßudK jHdmdr ìysjQ w;r tjeks wdh;kj,g f;dr;=re b;d jeo.;a úh'
ld¾ñl hq.h" ld¾ñl wd¾Ólh f,i o y÷kajkq ,efí'

^4&f;dr;=re ;dlaIK hq.h

21 jk ishji tfia;a ke;skï j¾;udk f,dalh oekqu u; mokï jQ tlla f,i ir,j yeÈkaúh
yel' ikakf
s õok ;dlaIKh iuÕ f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh taldnoaOj jHdma;j mej;Su fuu hq.fha
mj;sk úfYaI;ajhla f,i oelsh yel' jHdmdr wdh;k j, m%udKh mq¿,a ùu;a iu. tu jHdmdr
f.da,Sh jYfhka jHdma; ùfï m%jK;djla fuu hq.h ;=, oelsh yel' jHdmdr wdh;k mq¿,a lsÍu
yd ixj¾Okh hk ld¾hhka ioyd f;dr;=re iïm; ksis f,i yeisr ùu w;HjYH lreKla ù
we;' f;dr;=re u; mokï jQ ikakf
s õokhla isÿjk fuu hq.h oekqï wd¾Ólhla f,i o yÿkajkq
,efí'

f;dr;=rej, jeo.;alu

w;ayqre l%uhg mej;s f;dr;=re moaO;s ;dlaI‚l l%uhg isÿùu ;=<k

s a mqoa.,hkag" wdh;khkag
yd fmdÿfõ rgg jdis /ila ysñ ù ;sfí' fuu jdis úYaf,aIKh ;=<k
s a f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha
jeo.;alu y÷kd .; yelsh'

wdh;khl mrud¾: iM,odhSj yd ld¾hlaIuj bgq lr .ekSu i|yd l<ukdlrejkag úúO

wdldrfha ;SrK .ekSug isÿ fõ' tkï fhojqï ksuejqï njg m;a lsÍfï l%shdj,sfha § fhojqï úh
hq;af;a l=ulao@ l%shdj,sh ljrlao@ ksuejqï flfia úh hq;=o@ wd§ ;SrK .ekSug f;dr;=re b;d
jeo.;a ld¾hNdrhla bgq lrhs' fmdÿfõ .;a l, f;dr;=re moaO;shla jHdmdr lghq;= i|yd
my; whqßka m%fhdackj;a fõ'

1' mß.Kl cd, ikaksfõok cd, jeks úoHq;a l%u mokï jQ ;dlaI‚l WmlrK yd fuj,ï
Ndú;h ;=,k
s a mqoa.,hkaf.a yd wdh;kj, tÈfkod lghq;= j, ld¾hlaIu;dj yd iM,odhl;ajh
jeäùu'

Wod( mß.Kl cd," wka;¾cd," ikaksfõok cd,

2' b;d l=vd bvlvla ;=< f;dr;=re úYd, m%udKhla tla /ia lr .ekSug;a wjYH f;dr;=re
j,g laI‚lj m%fõY ùug;a yelshdj ,eîu'

Wod( fm!oa.,sl mß.Kl

3' ;dlaI‚l l%u Ndú;h ksid f;dr;=re ,sùfï fõ.h YS>%fhka jeä ùu

Wod( äðg,a ;dlaI‚l WmlrK

440
4' f;dr;=rej, úYajdijka;Ndjh by< hdu

5' ld¾h úfYaISlrKhg ;dlaI‚l mokula ,eîu ksid fiajl ld¾hidOkh ^Employee
Performance) by, hdu'

6' wdh;kj, l%shdj,sh i|yd Ndú;d l< hq;= øjH wvqùu ksid msßjeh wvqùu'

Wod( ,sms øjH Ndú;h wvqùu

7' ksuejqfï .=Kd;aulNdjh by< hdu

8' jvd;a ksjerÈ ksjerÈ ;SrK .ekSug yelshdj ,eîu

9' f.da,Sh wd¾Ólh ;=< jHdmdr j,g t,a, jk ;rÕldÍ;aj wNsfhda.hkag jvd fyd¢ka uqyqK
§ug yelsùu

10' wka;¾cd,h yd neÿKq fjí wvú yryd úfoaY fjf<| lghq;= m%idrKh ùu

11' kj oekqu ckkh ùu yd fnodyeÍu ;=<k

s a oekqu fõ.fhka yqjudre ùu ta wkqj mqoa.,hkaf.a
wjfndaOh mq¿,a ùu'

12' mqoa., yd wdh;k j, wruqKq muKla fkdj iuia;hla jYfhka rgl iudchSh wd¾Ól
mrud¾: jvd fyd¢ka bgq lr.; yels ùu'

Wod( ÿ.Slu msgq oelSu, ieug wOHdmkh fi!LH j¾Okh jeks wruqKq

13' rdcH fiajdjka ld¾hlaIuj lsÍug f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSu ;=,k
s a ck;djg jvd
fydo fiajdjla iemhSh yelsùu

14' ñksia Ôú;j, .=Kd;aulNdjh by< hdu

f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh Ndú;fha jdis

• fõ.h

ixlS¾K .Kkh lsÍï ksjerÈj yd blaukska l< yelsh' f;dr;=re laI‚l j j¾. lr
úYaf,aIKh lr kej; Ndú;hg .; yelsh'

• ksrjoH;dj

f;dr;=re mqoa.,hka úiska mßyrKh lsÍfï§ jerÈ we;s ùug bv ;sfí' tfy;a úoHq;a
f;dr;=re fufyhqï l%shdj,sfha § mqoa.,hka iïnkaO jkqfha iq¿ jYfhks' ta ksid jerÈ wvqh'

441
 • úYajdikSh nj

hdka;%sl WmlrK iy ñksia ld¾hkag jvd úoHq;a f;dr;=re fufyhqï l%shdj,sh

úYajdikSh;ajfhka jeäh mqoa.,hka jev lsÍfuka fjfyig m;afõ' ta wkqj jerÈ isÿfõ
hdka;%sl WmlrK o ks;r lvdjeàu wekysàï j,g Ndckh fõ' úoHq;a WmlrK tfia fkdfõ'

• kuHYS,S nj

úoHq;a f;dr;=re fufyhqï l%shdj,sh b;du;a ksjerÈ h b;d ishqïh' Micro Processors jeks
WmlrK úúO ld¾hkag fhdod.; yelsh'

Wod( l<ukdlrK ;SrK .ekSfï Ys,am l%u jk ixld¾h m¾fhaIK wdfhdack we.hSï
moaO;s úYaf,aIK hkd§ ld¾hkag úúO mß.Kl jevigyka fhdod .; yelsh'

• .=Kd;aulNdjh j¾Okh

.sKï
q ;eîu, .nvd lsÍu md,kh jeks ld¾hhkag mß.Kl jevigyka fhdod .ekSu ksid tu
ld¾hkays .=Kd;aulNdjh Wiia ù we;'

o;a; yd f;dr;=re

o;a; hkq fN!;sl isÿùï fyda jHdmdr .kqfokq ms<sn| úia;r lrk uQ,sl lreKq fyda újrhka h'
lsih
s ï isÿùulg wod<j /ia lrkq ,nk uQ,sl lreKq yd ixLHd h'

WodyrK(

- fiajlfhl=f.a meñŒu fyda ,nd.kakd ksjdvq

- bkafjdhsih
s l i|yka jákdlu
- úÿ,s .dia;= jeks f.ùï
- jev uqrhl§ ksIamdokh lrk NdKav m%udKh

f;dr;=re hkq hï wjika mßYS,lfhl=g f;areï .; yels m%fhdackhg .; yels jk wdldrhg

ilia lrk ,o o;a;' —o;a; j,g wdfrdamKh lrk w¾:hls˜

WodyrK ( jHdmdr wdh;khl tÈfkod isÿjk .kqfokq uQ,dY% f,aLk j, igyka lsÍfuka o;a;
ckkh fõ' úl=Kqï bkafjdhsih
s l jákdlu o;a;hls' lsih
s ï ld, mßÉfþohlg wod, ish¨u
úl=Kqï bkafjdhsiaj, jákdlu .Kkh l< úg ,efnkqfha f;dr;=rls'

442
o;a;
- fjka fjka jYfhka .;aúg w¾:hla §ug wmyiq wxl jpk fyda i,l=Kq, f;areï .; yels f,i
iy m%fhdackhg .; yels f,i ilia lrk ,o o;a;

- fhojquls

- ;SrK .ekSu i|yd iDcqju Ndú;d l< fkdyel

- o;a; o;a; jYfhka mj;sk f;la jákdlula fkdue;

- o;a; bÈßm;a l< yels l%u

rEmuh o;a;

ixLHduh o;a;

Y%jHuh o;a;

oDYHuh o;a;

f;dr;=re
- ksuejquls

- ;SrK .ekSu i|yd iDcqju Ndú;d l< yelsh

- f;dr;=rej,ska jákdlula f.k fohs

o;a; ieliqï l%shdj,sh

o;a; ieliSu u.ska f;dr;=re ìysfjhs' my;ska olajk ,o igyfkka o;a; yd f;dr;=re w;r
iïnkaO;dj meyeÈ,s lr.; yelsh' o;a; yd f;dr;=re tlsfklg fjkia" fjka fjkaj
mj;skakla fkdjk nj;a" th wfkHdakH jYfhka iïnkaO;djla mj;sk nj;a bka meyeÈ,s fõ.

o;a; o;a; ieliqï

f;dr;=re
l%shdj,sh

o;a; ieliqï l%shdj,shg wh;a ld¾hhka lsysmhls'

443
1. j¾. lsÍu

- o;a; j, ,laIK wkqj fldgiaj,g fjka lsÍu.

2. f;aÍu

- o;a; lsih
s ï iqúfYaIS jQ ms<sfj,lg ilia lsÍu.

3. .Kkh lsÍu

- wxl .‚;uh l%uhg fyda ;¾ldkql+, l%uhla u; l%shdj,shlg Ndckh lsÍu.

4. idrdxYlrKh

- o;a;j,ska uQ,sl woyila .ekSug yelshdj ,efnk wdldrhg flá lr oelaùu.

o;a; ieliSfï ;dlaI‚l l%u

1' yia; l%uh $ w;ayqre l%uh

w;ska isÿ lrkq ,nk o;a; ieliSu hs'

mEka" mekai,a" lvodis wdÈh fuys§ WmlrK jYfhka Ndú; lrhs'

2' w¾O yia; l%uh

m%d:ñl uÜgfï o;a; ieliqï hka;% iy ñksia Y%uh tl;=fjka o;a; ieliSuhs.

h;=re,shkh m%Odk WmlrKh jYfhka Ndú;d lrhs

3' úoHq;a hdka;%sl l%uh

iajhxl%Sh o;a; ieliqï hka;% Ndú; lr o;a; ieliSuhs úoHq;a h;=re,shkh fuys§ Ndú;d úh

4' úoHq;a l%uh

mß.Kl Ndú;fhka b;d myiqfjka yd ld¾hlaIuj iajhxl%Sh o;a; ieliSu isÿfõ'

444
f;dr;=re moaO;sh
f;dr;=re moaO;shla hkq ixúOdkhlg wjYH f;dr;=re tl;= lrk mßj¾;kh lrk yd
fnodyßk ñksia l%shdldrlï yd iïm;a j, tl;=jls' f;dr;=re moaO;s j, ld¾hNdrh m%Odk
fldgia follg y÷kd.; yelsh '

1'uQ,sl ld¾hNdrh

- f;dr;=re moaO;s j, uQ,sl ld¾hNdrh jkqfha ixúOdkhl ld¾hlaIu;djh by< kexùu;a

iM,odhs;ajh <Õd lr .ekSu;ah'

2'wfkl=;a ld¾hNdrhka $wjYH;djh $jeo.;alu

- f;dr;=re moaO;s u.ska msßjeh wvq lr,Su isÿ lrhs'

- NdKav yd fiajdj, .=Kd;aulNdjh by< kexùu'
- ;r.ldÍ;ajhg uqyqK § thska jdis w;alr .ekSu'
- l<uKdlrk ld¾hkays id¾:l;ajh ;yjqre lsÍu'^l<ukdlrK ld¾hhka i|yd
WodyrK jkqfha ie,iqïlrKh" ixúOdkhlrKh" fufyhùu yd md,kh &
- id¾:l ;SrK .ekSu i|yd iyh ùu'
- wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg iyh ùu iy iudc ixj¾Okhg iyh ùu'
- ksjerÈ yd blaukska ;SrK .ekSu i|yd f;dr;=re ,nd §u '

óg wu;rj f;dr;=re moaO;shla m%Odk wjia:d 5 lg j¾. lsÍug mq¿jks 'tu wjia:djka 5 o;a;
f;dr;=re njg m;a lsÍfï Wmdx. f,i jf.au f;dr;=re moaO;shl ld¾hhka f,i o ;jÿrg;a
ye¢kaúh yel'

1' wdodkh - o;a; hkq hï isÿùulg wod<j /ia lr .kakd ,o uQ,sl lreKq iy ixLHd jk w;r
fuu o;a; tl;= lsÍu fuu ld¾hfhka isÿfõ'

- wdodk WmlrK
ùäfhda leurd
;Sre fla; lshjkh
h;=re mqjrej
mßf,dalkh

445
2' ieliSu -/ia lr .kakd ,o o;a; f;dr;=re njg mßj¾;kh lsÍu fuys§ isÿfõ'fï hgf;a
my; l%shdldrlï oelsh yelsh'

- j¾.SlrKh
- f;aÍu
- .Kkh
- idrdxY lsÍu

3' m%;sodkh - f;dr;=re wjYH md¾Yj fj;g ,nd§u fuu.ska woyia lrhs'

- m%;sodk WmlrK
uqøK hka;%h
ùäfhda
m%lf
a IamK hka;%h

4' .nvd lsÍu - bÈß m%fhdack i|yd f;dr;=re .nvd lsÍu fuys§ isÿfõ'

- f;dr;=re .nvd l< yels WmlrK

oDv ;eá
ãùã ;eá

5' m%;sfmdaIKh- jHdmdrfha idudðlhkag m%;sodk fhduq lsÍu ;=<k

s a wdodkh we.hSu fyda ksjerÈ
lsÍu m%;sfmdaIKhhs'fuh fndfydaúg WmldÍ jkafka fhojqfï" ieliSfï" ksuejqfï we;s we;s wvq
mdvq ms<sn| oekqj;a lsÍughs'

f;dr;=re j¾.SlrKh
1' uQ,dY% wkqj (Source)
f;dr;=rl ,efnk uQ,dY% wkqj ndysr f;dr;=re yd wNHka;r f;dr;=re jYfhka
fldgia follg fnÈh yelsh'
A) ndysr f;dr;=re uQ,dY%
;r.lrejka"iemhqïlrejka".kqfokqlrejka"wd¾Ól idudðl yd ixialD;sl
;dlaI‚l foaYmd,ksl hkd§ ndysr uQ,dY% j,ska ,efnk f;dr;=re ndysr f;dr;=re
fõ'
B&wNHka;r f;dr;=re uQ,dY%
l<ukdlrK"m%;sm;a;s"Wmdhud¾."fufyhqï l%shdmámdá"fiajlhka"wdh;kfha
ixialD;sl w.kdlï"l%shd ms<sfj;a hkd§ uQ,dY% j,ska .,d tk f;dr;=re wNHka;r
f;dr;=re fõ'

446
2' iajNdjh wkqj
iajNdjh wkqj f;dr;=re .=Kd;aul yd m%udKd;aul jYfhka fldgia follg
fnÈh yelsh'
A) m%udKd;aul f;dr;=re
f;d. msßjegqu"o< ,dNh "Y=oaO ,dNh"fj<ofmd, fldgi hkdÈh m%udKd;aul
f;dr;=re fõ'fïjd ixLHd;aul jYfhka m%ldY l< yel'
B) .=Kd;aul f;dr;=re
.=Kd;aul f;dr;=re ksÍlaIKh lr má.; l< yelsh'
3' l<ukdlrK uÜgï wkqj
l<ukdlrKfha wjYH;djh wkqjo f;dr;=re j¾. lr oelaúh yelsh'
A)Wml%ñl f;dr;=re
by< l<ukdlrejka úiska È.=ld,Sk ie,iqï ilia lsÍu ioyd Ndú;d lrk
f;dr;=re'
B) Wmdhud¾.sl f;dr;=re
uOHu uÜgfï l<uKdlrejka úiska Ndú;d lrk f;dr;=re'
C) fufyhqï f;dr;=re
my< l<ukdlrKh úiska fhdod .kakd f;dr;=re'
4' l<ukdlrK Y%s;h wkqj
A) uQ,H f;dr;=re
B) fufyhqï f;dr;=re
C) udkj iïm;a f;dr;=re
D) wf,úlrK f;dr;=re
5' iuQy.;ùu yd fjka lsÍu wkqj
A) iuQy f;dr;=re
f;dr;=re iuQyhla tl;= ùfuka ieliS we;s f;dr;=re'
B) fjka lrk ,o f;dr;=re
hï mokula u; j¾.SlrKh fldg fjka fjka jYfhka olajd we;s f;dr;=re'
6' ksh; yd iïNdú;dj wkqj
A)ksh; f;dr;=re
iaÓrju isÿjk wúksYaÑ;;djla fkdue;s iy jHdmdßlhkag md,kh l, yels
foa'

447
 B) iiïNdù f;dr;=re

úh yelshdj ms<sn| wúksYaÑ;;djla iys; f;dr;=re'

fyd| f;dr;=rl ,laIK

m%fhdackhg .; yels f;dr;=rl Okd;aul .=Kdx. lSmhla ;sìh hq;=h'tjeks hym;a .=Kdx.
j,ska hq;= f;dr;=rla fyd| f;dr;=rla f,i ms<s.kS'
1'wod< nj ^ Relevancy &
/ialr.kakd f;dr;=re wdh;kfha fyda mqoa.,hdf.a wjYH;djhg .e,fmkakla úh hq;=h'
2'ksjerÈ nj ^ Accuracy&
f;dr;=re ksjerÈ iy i;H úh hq;=h'
3'ld,Sk nj ^ Timely&
f;dr;=re hdj;ald,Sk úh hq;=h'tfiau f;dr;=re wjYH lrk fõ,djg ,nd.; yelsúh hq;=h'
4'mQ¾K nj ^ Completeness&
f;dr;=re wx.iïmQ¾K úh hq;=h'wjYH;djhg m%udKj;a úh hq;=h'
5',nd.; yels nj ^ Availability&
f;dr;=re wju msßjehla hgf;a"wjYH fõ,djg"wjYH ia:dkhg ,nd.; yels úh hq;= h'
6'úYajdi nj ^ Confidence&
f;dr;=re ,nd.kakd uQ,dY%h úYajdiodhS úh hq;=h'

7'f;areï.; yels nj ^ Understandability&

f;dr;=re myiqfjka f;areï.; yels úh hq;=h"myiqfjka mßYS,kh l< yels úh hq;=h'

úúO f;dr;=re moaO;s

f;dr;=re moaO;s j¾.SlrKh

Ndú;h wkqj

• .kqfokq ieliqï moaO;s (Transaction Processing Systems / TPS)

• ld¾hd, iajhxl%Sh moaO;s (Office Automation Systems / OAS)
• oekqï ld¾hh moaO;s (Knowledge Works Systems / KWS)
• l<ukdlrK f;dr;=re moaO;s (Management Information Systems / MIS)
• ;SrK Wmldrl moaO;s (Decision Support Systems / DSS)
• úOdhl Wmldrl moaO;s (Executive Support Systems / ESS)

448
l<ukdlrK uÜgï wkqj

• fufyhqï uÜgfï f;dr;=re moaO;s

• oekqï uÜgfï f;dr;=re moaO;s
• l<ukdlrK uÜgfï f;dr;=re moaO;s
• Wmdhud¾.sl uÜgfï f;dr;=re moaO;s

jHdmdr Y%s; wkqj

• fufyhqï l<ukdlrK f;dr;=re moaO;s

• wf,ú l<ukdlrK f;dr;=re moaO;s
• uQ,H l<ukdlrK f;dr;=re moaO;s
• udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK f;dr;=re moaO;s
• m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok f;dr;=re moaO;s

f;dr;=re moaO;s yd tys ld¾hhka

Ndú;h wkqj f;dr;=re moaO;s

.kqfokq ieliqï moaO;s

• jHdmdrh mj;ajdf.k hdug wjYH jk tÈfkod isÿfjk taldldÍ .kfokq bgq lsÍug;a
tajd igyka lsÍug;a fhdod .efkk mß.Kl .; lrk ,o moaO;shla f,i fuh y÷kd
.; yelsh
• fuu moaO;sh u.ska ffoksl fufyhqïj,g wod, o;a; jd¾;d lr .ekSu yd wjYH
hdj;ald,Sk lsÍu isÿ lrhs my, l<ukdlrejka úiska fuu moaO;sh Ndú;d lrhs.

• WodyrK
jegqma ieliqï moaO;s
;;a;aj md,k moaO;s
weKjqï ,nd.ekSfï moaO;s

449
oekqï ld¾h moaO;s

• wdh;kfha isák oekqï fiajlhskg

a iyh imhk moaO;s f,i oekqï ld¾hh moaO;s
ye¢kaúhyel
• fuu moaO;s ixúOdkhl kj oekqï ìyslsÍfï§ iy ifudaOdkfh§ oekqï fiajlhskag
WmldÍ fõ.
• WodyrK
mß.Kl wdOdrl fudaia;rlrKh

ld¾hd, iajhxl%Sh moaO;s

• o;a; iy f;dr;=re úoHq;a wdldrhg msgm;a lsÍug;a tajd ta wdldrfhka ikaksfõokh

lsÍug;a myiqlï imhk f;dr;=re moaO;s fõ.
• f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh Ndú;ha u.ska o;a; fiajlhskaf.a M,odhS;djh jeä lsÍug
WmldÍjk moaO;s f,i fuh y÷kd .; yel.
• ld¾hd,hl tÈfkod isÿjk mß.Kl.; l< yels lghq;= mß.Kl .; lsÍu ;=<k
s a
ld¾hd, lghq;= ld¾hlaIuj bgq lsÍu fuys§ isÿfõ.
• WodyrK
tlafi,a (Excel) - .sKqï lghq;= i|yd
Bfï,a (E-mail) - f;dr;=re yqjudre lsÍu i|yd

l<ukdlrK f;dr;=re moaO;s

• wdh;kfha uOHu uÜgfï l<ukdlrejkag ld¾h idOkh ms<sn|j iDcqju ,nd .ekSug
iydh jk f;dr;=re moaO;s f,i l<ukdlrK f;dr;=re moaO;s ye¢kaúh yel
• uOHu uÜgfï l<ukdlrejka úiska fuu moaO;s Ndú;d lrhs
• fuu moaO;s ;=<k
s a uOHu uÜgfï l<ukdlrejkag ie,iqï ;SrKh .ekSu"
kshdukh yd md,kh i|yd iyh imhhs
• WodyrK
jd¾Isl whjeh ieliSfï moaO;s
f;d. md,k moaO;s

450
 ;SrK Wmldrl moaO;s

• ;SrK Wmldrl moaO;s uOHu uÜgfï l<ukdlrejkag iydh jk f;dr;=re moaO;shls

• fuu moaO;sh ;=<k
s a uOHu l<ukdlrejkag jHqy.; yd w¾O jHqy.; ;SrK .ekSu
i|yd wjYH úYaf,aIKd;aul f;dr;=re imhhs
• ie,iqï ilia lsÍu " wdlD;s f.dvkeÕSu " úl,am we.hSu yd ;SrK .ekSu wd§ lghq;=
i|yd Ndú;d lrhs
• WodyrK

jHqy.; ;SrK - wd¾Ól weKjqï m%udKh iólrKhg wkqj ;SrKh lsÍu

w¾O jHqy.; ;SrK - wdfhdack we.hSï ;SrK

úOdhl Wmldrl moaO;s

• ;SrK .ekSu i|yd fÊIaG l<ukdlrejka Ndú;d lrk f;dr;=re moaO;s f,i úOdhl
Wmldrl moaO;s ye¢kaúh yelsh
• by< uÜgfï l<ukdlrejkaf.a Wmdhud¾.sl ;SrK .ekSug wjYH f;dr;=re fuu
moaO;sh u.ska imhhs
• ;jo l,ska ;SrKh l< wdlD;shlg wkqj úiÿï §fï yelshdjla fkdue;s ^jHqy.;
fkdjk& ;SrK .ekSug wjYH f;dr;=re ,nd§u fuu moaO;sh u.ska isÿfõ

l<ukdlrK uÜgu wkqj f;dr;=re moaO;s

fufyhqï uÜgfï f;dr;=re moaO;s

• wdh;kfha fufyhqï l<ukdlrejkag jHdmdr uQ,sl l%shdldrlï yd .kqfokq jd¾;d

lsÍug WmldÍ jk moaO;s fufyhqï uÜgfï f;dr;=re moaO;s f,i ye¢kafõ
• uQ,sl l%shdldrlï yd .kqfokq j,g ksoiqka f,i úl=Kqï ,eîu"jegqma f,aLk" uqo,a
;ekam;=" Kh .ekSu " øjH Ndú;h jeks f;dr;=re y÷kd .; yel
• fufyhqï uÜgfï moaO;s i|yd WodyrK

.kqfokq ieliqï moaO;s

fiajl jegqma md,k moaO;s

451
 f;d. md,k moaO;s

oekqï uÜgfï f;dr;=re moaO;s

• oekqï uÜgfï f;dr;=re moaO;s hkq ixúOdkfha oekqï fiajlhkag iy o;a; fiajlhkag
iydh jk f;dr;=re moaO;s fõ

o;a; fiajlhska

f;dr;=re Ndú;fha§ yd iemhSfï§ fh§ isák fiajlhska o;a; fiajlhska

f,i ye¢kafõ

WodyrK

.sKï
q iyldr
,smslre
fmd;a ;nkakka
f,alï

oekqï fiajlhska

o;a; yd f;dr;=re wdY%fhka kj oekqu ks¾udKh yd m%j¾Okh lrkakka

oekqï fiajlhska f,i ye¢kafõ

WodyrK

ú.Kllrejka
kS;s{hka
.Dyks¾udK Ys,amSka
bkaðfkarejreka
ffjoHjreka

• fuu f;dr;=rej, wruqK jkafka jHdmdrhg wjYH oekqï .fõIKh " ixúOdkh iy
ifudaOdkh lsÍuhs
• oekqï uÜgfï moaO;s i|yd WodyrK
oekqï ld¾hh moaO;s
ld¾hd, iajhxl%Sh moaO;s

452
l<ukdlrK uÜgfï f;dr;=re moaO;s
• l<ukdlrK uÜgfï f;dr;=re moaO;s hkq uOHu uÜgfï l<ukdlrejkag ;SrK
.ekSug " wëlaIKhg " mßmd,k lghq;= j,g iyh jk f;dr;=re moaO;s fõ
• wf,ú l<ukdlrejk a " uQ,H l<ukdlrejka " ksIamdok l<ukdlrejka " udkj iïm;a
l<ukdlrejka fuu uÜgfï f;dr;=re moaO;s Ndú;d lrk l<ukdlrejka fõ
• l<ukdlrK uÜgfï moaO;s i|yd WodyrK
l<ukdlrK f;dr;=re moaO;s
;SrK Wmldrl moaO;s

Wmdhud¾.sl uÜgfï f;dr;=re moaO;s

• Wmdhud¾.sl uÜgfï f;dr;=re moaO;s hkq by, uÜgfï l<ukdlrejkag wdh;khg u

n,mdk iy È.=ld,Sk n,mdk ;SrK .ekSug idrdxY.; f;dr;=re ,ndfok moaO;s fõ
• iNdm;s " idudkHdêldÍ " wOHlaI uKav,h fuu f;dr;=re moaO;s Ndú;d lrhs
• Wmdhud¾.sl uÜgfï moaO;s i|yd WodyrK
;SrK Wmldrl moaO;s

jHdmdr Y%s; wkqj f;dr;=re moaO;s

wf,úlrK f;dr;=re moaO;s

• fuu moaO;s ;=<k

s a wf,ú l<ukdlrKhg wod< f;dr;=re iemhSu isÿlrhs'
• WodyrK
úl=Kqï
wf,úlrK m¾fhaIK
fj<|m, m¾fhaIK
m%pdrKh
úl=Kqï mqfrdal;kh

uQ,H yd .sKqïlrK f;dr;=re moaO;s

• uQ,H yd .sKqïlrK lghq;= i|yd msysgj

q d we;s f;dr;=re moaO;s fõ
• WodyrK
m%d.aOk whjehlrKh
uqo,a l<ukdlrKh
fmdÿ f,crh
uQ,H mqfrdal;kh

453
fufyhqï f;dr;=re moaO;s

• fuu f;dr;=re moaO;s ;=<ska fufyhqï lghq;= i|yd wjYH f;dr;=re iemhSu isÿlrhs
• WodyrK
.ekqï ie,iqï lsÍu
ifudaOdksl ksIamdokh
hkaf;%damlrK md,kh

udkj iïm;a f;dr;=re moaO;s

• udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh i|yd Ndú;d lrkq ,nk f;dr;=re moaO;s fõ

• WodyrK
udkj iïm;a ie,iqïlrkh
fõ;k l<ukdlrKh
mqyqKqj iy ixj¾Okh
ld¾hM, we.hSu

m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok f;dr;=re moaO;s

• fuu moaO;s u.ska m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok wxYhg wjYH f;dr;=re ,nd §u isÿfõ
• WodyrK
m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Okh
ksIamdok m¾fhaIKh
ksIamdÈ; ixj¾Okh

jHdmdr ioyd f;dr;=re Ndú;h

mß.Klh Ndú;d lrñka isÿ lrk jHdmdr lghq;=

• ;;a;aj md,k lghq;= lsÍu

• f;d. md,k lghq;= lsÍu
• .sKï
q lrK lghq;= isÿ lsÍu
• fj<|m, m¾fhaIK lghq;=
• weiqreïlrKh
• ksIamdok ie,iqï lsÍu iy md,kh

454
 • .kqfokqlrejkaf.a f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu
• m%pdrK oekaùï ilia lsÍu
• wdfhdack we.hSï lghq;=
• fnod yeÍfï ud¾. ie,iqï lsÍu
• m%ia:dr ieliSu
• mß.Kl l,d ks¾udKh
• rEmjdyskS u.ska NdKav wf,úh
• m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok lghq;=
• NdKav ie,iqï lsÍu
• bkafjdhsis lghq;=
• mdßfNda.l
s weKjqï /ia lsÍu
• úoHd;aul .Kkh lsÍu
• ;eme,a f,aLk lghq;=
• fplam;a ,sùu

mß.Kl ;dlaIKh Ndú;hg .kakd lafIa;%

jHdmdr

nexl=

.Dy

f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh mqoa.,

Ndú;h
wdrlaIl

m%jdyk

wOHdmk

ikaksfõok

rdcH mßmd,k

455
o;a; ieliSfï lghq;= ioyd mß.Klh fhdod .ekSu ksid jHdmdrj,g w;ajk jdis

• b;d blaukska f;dr;=re ilia l, yels ùu'

• b;d ksje/Èj f;dr;=re ilia l, yels ùu'

• úYd, f;dr;=re m%udKhla ilia l, yels ùu'

• f;dr;=re ieliSug "tla/ia lsÍug yd .nvd lsÍug wvq bvlv m%udKhla jeh ùu'

• wjYH f;dr;=re blaukska bÈßm;a lsÍug yels ùu'

• wju msßjehlska o;a; ilia lsÍu'

• wvq fiajl ixLHdjla fhdod .ekSug yels ùu'

• o;a; ieliSu myiqfjka isÿ l, yels ùu'

• f.ùï lghq;= blaukska "myiqfjka yd wdrlaYdldÍj isÿ l, yels ùu'

• jvd;a msßisÿj yd l%uj;aj f;dr;=re ieliSu'

• wdh;kj,g kj w,xldrhla f.k §u'

• ld¾h uKav,fha fjfyildrnj wvq ùu'

• f;dr;=rej,g by< wdrlaYdjla ,nd Èh yels ùu'

• wjYH mqoa.,hka muKla f;dr;=rej,g m%fõY ùu'

mß.Kl.; cd,
m‚úv "o;a; yd f;dr;=re ikakf
s õokh ioyd tlsfkld iïnkaO ù we;s mß.Kl "ikakf
s õok
ud¾. yd WmlrKj, tl;=jla mß.Kl cd,hla f,i yeÈkafõ' /yeka iys; fyda rys;j fufia
iïnkaO ù ;sìh yelsh' tfiau wdh;khla ;=, fyda bka ndysrj isÿ úh yelsh'

mß.Kl cd, j¾.SlrKh

▪ m%foaYSh lafIa;% cd,h

N+f.da,h
S jHdma;sh wkqj
▪ mq¿,a lafIa;% cd,h

▪ uqÿ wdlrfha mß.Kl cd,

Ndú;d lrk ▪ ;re wdldrfha mß.Kl cd,
md¾Yj$wruqK wkqj
▪ nia wdlrfha mß.Kl cd,

456
 ▪ Ydnd wdlrfha mß.Kl cd,

mß.Kl tlsfklg iïnkaO ù ▪ wNHka;r cd,

we;s wdldrh wkqj ▪ ndysr cd,
▪ wka;¾cd,h

N+f.da,Sh jHdma;sh wkqj mß.Kl cd, j¾. lsÍu

1&' m%dfoaYSh lafIa;% cd,h ^LAN&

iSñ; N+f.da,Sh m%foaYhla ;=, jHdma; ù we;s mß.Kl cd,hhs' ld¾hd,h ;=, "ksjdi ;=,
"mka;sldurh ;=, "f.dvke.s,a,la ;=, fujeks cd, msysgqjd we;' m%dfoaYSh cd, iïmQ¾Kfhkau
md,kh lsÍu "kv;a;= lsÍu yd fufyhùu ta ta wdh;kj,ska isÿ lrkq ,efí' fï ioyd ta
fjkqfjkau lem jqKq ikaksfõok ud¾. wjYH fõ'

Wod (- mdi,a "úYaj úoHd, "nexl= "iqmsß fj<oie,a ;=, fïjd ia:dms; lrkq oelsh yelsh'

2&' mq¿,a lafIa;% cd,h ^VAN&&

úYd, N+f.da,Sh m%foaYhla ;=, ÿria: mß.Kl rdYshla yd ld¾hh ia:dk rdYshla ÿrl:k
cd,hla u.ska iïnkaO lrñka ikaksfõokh i,id we;s cd,hls'

ta ta wdh;k ;u ;ukaf.a mq¿,a lafIa;% cd, kv;a;= l, hq;=h' md,k tall yd lemjqKq ud¾.
"iQlaIau ;rx. yd pkaøsld ikaksfõokj, tl;=jlska mq¿,a lafIa;% cd, iukaú; fõ'

Wod (- wka;¾ nexl= cd,

fï cd,hkag wu;rj my; mß.Kl cd,o yÿkd.; ylsh'

• kd.ßl lafIa;% cd,h

k.r iSudjla ;=, Ndú;d jk mß.Kl cd,hhs'

• mqoa., lafIa;% cd,h

mqoa.,hka i;= bf,lafg%dksl WmlrK ^cx.u ÿrl:k "ùäfhda leurd & yd mß.Kl iïnkaO jQ
f;dr;=re yqjudre cd,hhs'

457
mß.Kl iïnkaO ù we;s wdldrh wkqj mß.Kl cd,
j¾.SlrKh
1&' uqÿ wdldrfha mß.Kl cd, (Ring)

ish¨u mß.Kl tlsfklg uqÿjk wdldrhg iïnkaO lr we;s cd,hhs' ta

wkqj iEu mß.Klhlau ;j;a mß.Klh follg iïnkaOj mj;S'
udOHu mß.Klhla olakg we;'

2&' ;re wdldrfha mß.Kl cd, (Star)

tla udOH.; mß.Klhlg wfkla ish¨u mß.Kl iïnkaO jQ cd,hhs'

uOH mß.Klh yryd wfkl=;a mß.Klj,g iïnkaO úh yelsh'

3&' nia wdldrfha mß.Kl cd, (Bus)

ish¨u mß.Kl fmdÿ m:hlg iDcqj iïnkaO jk fia ia:dk.; lr we;s

cd,hhs'

4&'YdLd wdlrfha mß.Kl cd, (Tree)

.il w;= fn§ hk wdldrhg mß.Klhg fiiq mß.Kl iïnkaO fldg

ilik cd,hhs'

Ndú;d lrk md¾Yj wkqj mß.Kl cd, j¾.SlrKh

1&'wNHka;r cd, ^Intranet&

wdh;khla ;=, yd tys YdLd w;r f;dr;=re yqjudrej ioyd úysÿKq mß.Kl cd,hhs'

458
fuh mß.Kl cd, ;dlaIKh wdh;khla ;=, fhdod .ekSuhs'fï ;=,k
s a .kqfokqlrejkaf.a
f;dr;=re"ksIamdÈ;"f;d."m%;sm;a;s ix.%y"ÿrl:k kdudj,s hkdÈh f;dr;=rej,g wdh;kfha
fiajlhkag myiqfjka yd blaukska <Õdúh yelsh'

wNHka;r cd,hla ixúOdkh lsÍfuka wdh;khlg w;ajk jdis

• .kqfokqlrejkaf.a msßjeh wvq lsßug fya;= ùu'

Wod (- wdh;kfha fndfyda ,sheú,s wNHka;r cd,h yryd tyd fuyd heúh yels ùu yd m%isoaO
l, yelsùu ;=,ska ,shlshú,s uqøKh lsÍug tyd fuhd f.khdug jehjk msßjeh wju ùu'

• ld,h b;sß ùu'

Wod (- hï m‚úvhla fiajlhkag oekqï §ug wjYH jQ úg th fjk fjku tla tla fiajlhd
fj; oekqï §u fjkqjg wNHka;r cd,fha m, lsÍu'

• wdh;kfha M,odhS;djh yd ld¾hlaIu;dj j¾Okh ùu'

Wod(- wdh;khla ;=, ikaksfõok l%shdj,shg úoHq;a ,sms "ùäfhda iïuka;%K jeks l%u fhdod
.ekSu ksid ld¾hlaIu;djh yd M,odhS;djh j¾Okh jkq we;'

• wdh;kfha ikaksfõokh ;%Sj% ùu'

Wod (- fmr yqjudre jQ uqøs; ,shú,s fjkqjg Yío yd msk;

a +r /.;a wdl¾IŒh õoHq;a ikakf
s õok
l%u fuys§ Ndú;d ùu'

2&'ndysr cd, ^Extranet&

jHdmdr wdh;kh tys ndysr md¾Yj w;r f;dr;=re yqjudrej ioyd mj;akd cd,hhs'

wdh;kh imhk NdKav yd fiajd ms<sno "ñ, ms<sno úia;r ",ndfok wu;r myiqlï hkd§
f;dr;=rej,g msúiSug iSñ; wjldYhla ndysr md¾Yjhkag fï ;=<k
s a ie,fia'

ndysr cd,hla ixúOdkh lsÍfï jdis

ndysr cd,h ioyd fhdod f.k we;s fjí .fõIK ;dlaIKh ksid iemhqïlrejkag yd
.ekqïlrejkag myiqfjka yd fõ.j;aj cd,fhys we;s iïm;a Ndú;d l, yels ùu'

• ndysr cd,h Ndú;d lrñka mdßfNda.slhka weo neo ;nd .kakd fiajd /ila bÈßm;a
lsÍug yels ùu'
• ;u mdßfNda.l
s hka yd Wml%ñl iïnkaO;d oeä lr .ekSug WmldÍ ùu'

459
 • ud¾..; f,i NdKav ixj¾Okhg "wf,úlrKhg WmldÍ jk ksid kj wdlD;Skaf.ka
hq;a NdKav fj,om,g blaukska bÈßm;a l, yels ùu'

3&'wka;¾cd,h ^Internet&

wka;¾cd,h hkq f,dalh mqrd úysÿKq mqoa.,hkaf.a yd ixúOdkj, mß.Kl cd,hkaf.a tl;=jhs'

Bg oyia .Kkl mß.Kl cd, iïnkaO ù we;s w;r f,dal jHdma; uÜgñka l%shd;aul fõ'
fuys§ úúO ia;dkj,ska we;=,;a lrk ,o f;dr;=re fm!oa.,sl mß.Kl wdY%fhka ´kEu
mqoa.,fhl=g f,dalfha fld;ekl isg fyda ,nd .; yelsh'

wka;¾cd,hg m%fõY ùug wjYH myiqlï

• mß.Klh 1' mß.Klh

• ÿrl:k myiqlï 2' ÿrl:k myiqlï

• fudvuh "rjqgrh

• wka;¾cd, fiajd imhkafkl=

• wka;¾cd, uDÿldx. 3' wka;¾cd, myiqlï

fudvuh

fuu.ska mß.Klh yd ÿrl:k ÿrl;k ud¾.h iïnkaO lrk wekf,d.a ix{d äðg,a ix{d
njg yrjhs'

rjqgrh

fudvuhla fkdj fï ;=,ska mß.Kl lsysmhlg wka;¾cd,hg msúiSug Wmldr lrhs'

wka;¾cd, fiajd imhkafkl= (ISP&

ISP hkq w;rueÈhdh' fuu fiajdj ,nd fok w;rueÈ wdh;k fndfyda m%udKhla we;'

Wod (- Y%S ,xld fg,sfldï "vhf,d.a

n%jqi¾$ wka;¾cd, uDÿldx.

460
fuh w;HjYHu wka;¾cd, uDÿldx.hhs'fjí msgqjg msúiSug uDÿldx. w;HjYH fõ' oekg b;d
ckm%sh n%ji
q ¾ f,i Microsoft-Internet Explorer yd Mozilla Fire Fox ie,lsh yelsh'

wka;¾cd,h ;=, f;dr;=re fiùu

jHdmdr ioyd fhdod.; yels b;du;a m%n, o;a; yd f;dr;=re uQ,dY%h wka; ¾cd,hhs' tu o;a;
yd f;dr;=re fndfydauhla fkdñf,a yd laI‚lj ,nd.; yels fõ' jHdmdßlhdg jeo.;a

iïm;la jk ld,h wka;¾cd,h ksid b;sß lr lr .ekSug yelsfõ' fjk;a uQ,dY%hkaf.ka o;a;
yd f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug úYd, ld,hla .; fõ' tfiau fndfyduhla uq,dY% j,ska ,efnk o;a;
yd f;dr;=re ld,Sk o fkdfõ' ksjerÈo fkdfõ' mlaI.%dyS fkdfõ' w;sYfhdala;sfhka hqla; fõ'
tfy;a wka;¾cd,fhka ,nd.; ,nd .; yels o;a; yd f;dr;=re j, tjeks ÿ¾j,;d wju h'
we;af;kau ´kEu flfkl=g ´kEu f;dr;=rla ´kEu fjí wvúhl m< l< yelsh' tfy;a tajd
w;ßka úYajdiodhs uQ,dY% f;dard .ekSu mßYS,lhd i;= j.lSuls'

fijqï hka;% ^Search Engines&

fijqï hka;%hla hkq wka;¾cd,h ;=< fjí wvú rdYshla w;ßka wjYH fjí wvúhg msúiSug
fhdod .; yels uDÿldx.hls' wOHdmk wdh;k" m¾fhaIKdh;k "fm!oa.,sl jHdmD;s i|yd
f;dr;=re .fõIKh lsÍu i|yd fhdod.; yels fijqï hka;% tlla kj lSmhlau oekg
ixj¾Okh lr we;'

Wod (-

• Google

• Yahoo

• Alta

• Vista

• Ask Jeeves

• MSN

461
jHdmdr i|yd wka;¾cd,fhka ,eìh yels fiajd
• f,dal jHdma; fjí wvúhg msúiSu'
• úoHq;a ;emE,'
• úoHq;a ,smskhka rdYshlg tljr m‚úv heùug yels ùu'
• f;dr;=re yd m‚úv tljr lKavdhu rdYshlg heùug yels ùu'
• úoHq;a ixjdo yd laI‚l j m‚úv heùfï myiqj'
• wka;¾cd,h Ndú;d lr ikaksfõokh lsÍfï jevigyka'
• wka;¾cd,h Ndú;d lr jdÑlj ixjdo lsÍfï jevigyka'
• ,smsf.dkq Download lsÍu yd msgm;a lr .kSu yd Wmaf,dwâ lsÍfï fyj;a ,smsf.dkq
fjk;a mß.Kl fj; heùu myiqj'
• bkag%dfkÜ myiqj'
• tlaig
a %dfkÜ myiqj'

wka;¾cd, myiqlï ,nd .ekSu ;=<ska ;=,ska jHdmdr wdh;khlg w;ajk jdis

• f,dal fj<|fmd<g msúiSfï wvqu ndOd iys; ud¾.h ùu'

• ihsn¾ wjldYh ;=, lsiÿ
s f.ùulska f;drj idmamqjla újD; lsÍug bvlv ,eîu'
• f.da,Sh fma%lI
a lhka bÈßfha ;u jHdmdrfha ku fkdñf,a m%pdrKh ùu'
• jHdmdr i|yd fhdod.; yels b;du;a m%n, o;a; yd f;dr;=re uQ,dY% ùu'
• jHdmdrhg jeo.;a iïm;la jk ld,h b;sßùu'
• úoHq;a jd‚c i|yd myiqlï iemhSu'
• NdKav fyda fiajd ms<sn|j f,dalh mqrdu tljr m%pdrKh l< yelsùu'
• f,da mqrd isák ;r.lrejka yd Tjqkaf.a ksIamdok y÷kd.; yels ùu'
• fiajl mqyqKqj ,nd.; ,nd .; yels ùu'
• jHdmdßl lghq;= rdYshla laI‚lj yd wju msßjehlska l< yels ùu'
• ikaksfõok msßjeh wvqùu'
• jHdmdr wjia:d Wodùu'

f,dal jHdma; fjí (WWW – World Wide Web &

cd,uh mßirhl f;dr;=re fiùu ",nd.ekSu "ms<sfh, lsÍu yd m%o¾Ykh lsÍu i|yd jQ úYaj
iïu; moaO;shls' f;dr;=re .nvd lsÍu yd m%o¾Ykh lsÍu WWW ;dlaI‚l msgqj, isÿ
flfrhs' cd,hg iïnkaO ´kEu mß.Klhla u.ska tu msgq lshúh yelsh' ixúOdk fyda
mqoa.,hka úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o fjí msgq y÷kajkq ,nkafka fjí wvú f,ihs'

462
fjí n%jqi¾ ^ Web Browser)

fjí msgq yd Wiia nyqudOH msgq lshùu i|yd fhdod .kakd l%uhhs' fïjd uDÿldx. úfYaIhls'

Wod (-

• Microsoft internet explorer

• Netscape Navigator

fjí wvú ^ Web Sites &

fjí wvúhlg we;=¿ jQ miq m%:ufhka Èia jkafka Home Page h' iEu msgqjlgu y÷kd.ekSfï
wdfõ‚l ,smskhla fõ' fuu ,smskh Uniform Rescource Located (URL) f,i ye¢kafõ'

Wod (-www.yahoo.com

fuu ,smskh wdrïN jkqfha httpa j,sk's http hkafkka woyia lrkafka hyper text transfer
protocol hkakhs' ,smskh i|yka www j,ska m%ldY jkafka fjí wvúh www j, ia:dk .; ù
we;s njhs' www j,ska miqj i|yka fldgi fjí wvúh ;=< ,shdmÈxÑ kduhhs' com j,ska m%ldY
jkafka commercial enterprises hkakhs'

'

úúO j¾.fha wdh;k y÷kd.ekSug fjí ,smskhl we;=<;a flá fhÿï

.com iud.ï yd jd‚c mokulska hq;a wdh;k i|yd

.edu úYajúoHd, jeks wOHdmk wdh;k i|yd

.gov rdcH wdh;k i|yd

'mil yuqoduh wdh;k i|yd

'net cd, ;dlaIK wdh;k

.org rdcH fkdjk ,dN fkd,nk wdh;k i|yd

.biz jHdmdr wdh;k i|yd

.info f;dr;=re imhk wdh;k i|yd

463
fjí wvúfha l%shd;aul lrk rg y÷kd.ekSu
'fr m%xYh

'lk Y%S ,xldj

'jp cmdkh

'us weußldj

'in bkaÈhdj

'ch Ökh

'eu hqfrdamd ix.uh

fjí wvúhla ks¾udKh lsÍfï§ i,ld ne,sh hq;= idOl

• iqÿiq fjí ,smskhla ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu'
• fjí wvú ia:dk.; lsÍu i|yd iqÿiq mß.Klhla fyda tu fuu fiajdj ,nd fok fuu
fiajdj ,ndfok wdh;khla iïnkaO lr .ekSu'
• tys ieleiau yd uq,a msgqj'
• wvx.= lrk fjí msgq ixLHdj yd msysàu'
• wvx.= l< l< hq;= rEmrduq "Yío "p,k hkdÈh ms<sn|j'
• ndysr md¾Yjhkag ,ndÈh hq;= f;dr;=re ms<sn|j'
• .kqfokqlrejkag iïnkaO ùfï bvm%ia:d'
• fjk;a fjí wvú iuÕ iïnkaO lsÍfï yelshdj'
• ;u f;dr;=re j, wdrlaIdj'
• kv;a;= lsÍfï msßjeh'
• f;dr;=re hdj;ald,Sk lsÍfï ld, iSud'

fjí wvúhla wdrïN lsÍfuka jHdmdrhlg w;ajk m%;s,dN

• wdh;kfha lS¾;skduh j¾Okh ùu'
• m%pdrK udOHhla jYfhka ;u fjí wvúh fhdod .; yels ùu'
• fiajlhkag" mdßfNda.slhkag yd wfkl=;a ish¨u md¾Yjj,g f;dr;=re ikakf
s õokh
lsÍfï myiqj'
• meh 24 mqrdu ;u jHdmdßl lghq;= fjí wvúh yryd l< yels ùu'

464
• myiqfjka f,dal fj,om,g m%fõY úh yels ùu'
• fjí wvúh ;=<ska mdßfNda.sl fiajd iemhSug yels ùu ;=<ska isÿjk .=Kd;aul j¾Okh'

465
 jHdmdr ie,eiau ye¢kaùu
jHdmdrhg u. fmkajk ud¾. is;shula f,i jHdmdr ie,eiau ye¢kaúh yelsh'
wdrïNl fyda mq¿,a flfrk jHdmdrhlg wruqo,a ,nd.ekSu yd fhoùu fmkakqï
lrk ,sÅ; f,aLkhla f,i;a jHdmdr ie,eiau ye¢kafõ'
wkd.;fha we;súh yels .egÆ úi|d .ekSug" tajdg id¾:lj uqyqK §ug" iïm;a
ksisf,i Ndú;d lsÍug yd ksje/È ;SrK .ekSug jHdmdr ie,eiaula WmldÍ fõ'
´kEu jHdmdrhla wdrïN lsÍug fmr jHdmdr ie,eiaula ;sìh hq;=h' ke;skï th
ie,eiaula fkdue;sj ;kk f.dvke.s,a,lg iudkh'
hï jHjidhlfhl= ish jHdmdrhg wjYH uQ,H iïm;a ,nd.ekSu i|yd
nexl=lrefjl= fj; hdug wfmalaId lrkafka kï wksjd¾hfhkau jHdmdr ie,eiaula
/f.k hd hq;=h'
tuksid jHdmdr ie,eiau my; mßÈ ks¾jpkh l, yelsh'
jHdmdr ie,eiaula hkq" úNj nexl=lrejkag fyda we,aula olajk md¾Yjhkag
Tnf.a jHdmdrh ms,sn| fmdfrdkaÿ yd úYañ;hka wf,úlrK ,shú,a,ls'

jHdmdr ie,eiaula wjYH jkafka wehs@

• jHdmdrh ms,sn| jvd fyd| ;SrK .ekSug
• Tnf.a wruqKq y woyia ,sÅ;j oelaùfuka tajd l%udkql,+ j ixúOdkh lr
.ekSug'
• nexl= Kh ,nd.ekSug
• wdfhdack wruqo,a ,nd.ekSug
• Wml%ñl lKavdhïj, iyh ,nd.ekSug
• jHdmdrh i;=j we;s iïm;a ms,sn| mq¿,a wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSug yd tajd
ksismßÈ iqÿiq ld¾hhka j, fhoùug
• jHdmdrfha ld¾h idOkh we.hSug
• fiajlhka wdl¾IKh lr.ekSug
jHdmdr ie,eiaula ms<sfh< lsÍfï§ i,ld ne,sh hq;= m%Odk lreKq 4ls'

• meyeÈ,s bu
fuys§ Tn ljqo @ Tn bÈßm;a lsÍug wfmalaId lrk NdKavh fyda fiajdj l=ulao @
jHdmdrh wdrïN lrkafka flfiao @ th j¾Okh lrkafka flfiao @ hkdÈh ms,sn|
i,ld n,hs

466
 • .kqfokqlrejka
fuys§ Tnf.a b,lal .kqfokqlrejka y÷kd f.k Tjqkaf.a wjYH;d yd jqjukd
Tnf.a NdKav fyda fiajdj,ska imqrd,kafka flfiao@ Tjqka Tnf.a ksIamdok ñ,§
.kafka wehs@ hkdÈh i,ld n,hs'

• b,lal
fuys§ b,lal lrd <Õdjkafka flfiao @ <Õd lr .ekSug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk
b,lal fudkjdo hkak ms,sn| i,ld n,hs

• jHdmdrh wdrïN lsÍug wjYH uQ,H iïm;a ,nd.kafka fld;eklskao@

jdKsc uKav," jHjidhl ix.ï" rch" l=vd jHdmdr ixj¾Ok uOHia:dk
hkdÈfhka iydh ,nd.; yel

jHdmdr ie,eiaulska wdl¾IKh lr .ekSug wfmalaId lrk md¾Yjhka¦ we,aue;s

md¾Yjhka wdl¾IKh lr .ekSug wfmalaId flf¾' WodyrK jYfhka

• jHjidhlfhda
• wdfhdaclhka
• úNj fldgialrefjda
• l<ukdlrefjda
• fiajlfhda
• nexl= yd uQ,H wdh;k
• iemhqïlrefjda hkdÈh

jHdmdr ie,eiaul we;=<;a úh hq;= uQ,sldx.

jHdmdr ie,eiaula we;=<;a lrkq ,nk wx. ms<sn| j ms<.
s ;a tla rduqjla oelsh
fkd yels h 'tfy;a iEu jHdmdr ie,eiaul u nyq,j olakg ,efnk wx. yhls'

• úOdhl idrdxYh
• jHdmdr úia;rh
• wf,ú ie,eiau
• fufyhqï ie,eiau
• udkj iïm;a ie,eiau
• uQ,H ie,eiau

467
úOdhl idrdxYh meyeÈ,s lsÍu

jHdmdr ie,eiaul we;=,;a uQ,sl lreKq ixlaIsma; lr olajk fldgihs' tkï

iuia; jHdmdr ie,eiafuys wka;¾.;h ixlaIsma;j oelafjk fldgi úOdhl
idrdxYh f,i y÷kajhs' fuh jHdmdr ie,eiau wvx.= ud;Dldj ms<sn| ,ehsia;=jla
fkdj ie,eiau lshjkakdg iuia; ie,eiau ms<sn| o, wjfndaOhla ,nd fokakla
fõ' ndysr md¾Yj b,lal lr.;a jHdmdr ie,eiaul w;sYh jeo.;a fldgi úOdhl
idrdxYhhs' úOdhl idrdxYhl uQ,sl mrud¾:h ndysr md¾Yj ;jÿrg;a jHdmdrh
ms<n
s | fidhd ne,Sug fm,Uùuhs 'ñka jHdmdrh ms<sn| ixlaIsma; PdhdrEmhla
bÈßm;a lrhs'

• úOdhl idrdxYh jeo.;alu

úOdhl idrdxYh iuia; jHdmdr ie,eiafï u fmr oelaula we;s lrhs' jHdmdr
ie,eiau ms<n
s | uÕ fmkaùula isÿ lrhs'jHdmdr ie,eiau ms<n
s | úYajdihla we;s
lrhs'

• wf,úlrK ie,eiau w¾: oelaùu

fj<ofmd, ;r.ldß;ajh" wf,ú Wmdhud¾." úl=Kqï mqfrdal;kh hkd§
f;dr;=re iúia;rd;aulj bÈßm;a lrk fldgihs'

• wf,úlrK ie,eiaul wka;¾.;h úia;r lsÍu

1-l¾udka; yd fj<om, úYaf,aIKh

l¾udka;fha j¾;udk ;;a;ajh úl=Kqï" ,dN" j¾Ok wkqmd;h yd fjk;a m%jK;d
fukau .ekqïlrejka ljqo" fjf<|fmd< m%dfoaYSh" cd;sl o" wka;¾cd;sl o hk j.
oelaùu '

2- wf,ú lsÍug wfmalaIs; NdKavh fyda fiajdj

ksIamdÈ;h" ksIamdÈ; ñY%h^ È. m<," .eUqr &ksIamdÈ; j, m%fhdach;djh"ta ta
ksIamdÈ;fha fudaia;rh" m%udKh yd j¾.fha hkd§ úia;rhs

468
3-b,lal fjf<|fmd<
b,lal fjf<|fmd< yd tys lkavk j, iqúfYaIS ,laIK "b,lal fj<|m, uQ,sl
m%jK;d yd wfmalI
a s; fjkialï b,lal fj<|m, g <Õd ùfï Wmdhud¾. hkdÈh
oelaúh yelsh

3- ;r.ldÍ;ajh úYaf,aIKh

4- wfmalaIs; úh m%udKh
b,lal fjf<|fmd< m%udkh tkï .kqfokqlrejka m%udKh yd Tjqkaf.a ñ,§
.ekSfï yelshdj" wfmalaIs; fj<|m, j¾Okh hk wdÈh oelaùu'

5-wfmalI
a s; wf,úh
b,lal fj<|m, m%udKh tkï .kqfokqlrejkaf.a m%udKhla yd Tjqkaf.a ñ,§
.ekSfï yelshdj" wfmalaIs; fjf<|fmd< j¾Okh hkdÈh oelaùu'

6- ;r.lrejkaf.a wf,ú Wmdhud¾.

;r.lrejkaf.a ñ, Wmdhud¾." fnodyeÍfï Wmdhud¾. "m%j¾Ok Wmdh ud¾.
ms<n
s |j'

7- jhjidhlkaf.a fhdað; wf,ú Wmdhud¾.

8-úl=Kï
q mqfrdal:kh
ksIamdÈ; j¾.h" úl=Kqï m%udKh" tallhl ñ, yd jd¾Isl wdodhu hkdÈh
oelaùu'

9- wfmalaIs; wf,ú úhoï

fnod yeÍfï úhoï "jÜgï" m%j¾Ok úhoï "úl=Kqï fldñia" wf,ú ia:djr j;alï
laIh ùï hkdÈh oelaùu'
wf,ú ie,eiaul jeo.;alu
469
 • ksIamdÈ;h iy ioyd m%udKj;a yd j¾Okh jk fj<|m<j,a we;sfjk
nj fmkajd §u

• fjf<|fmd< ;r.ldÍ;ajhg uqyqK Èh yels nj fmkajd §u

• oeßh yels ñ, .Kka kshu lr we;s nj fmkajd §ug

• fnod yeÍfï l%u j, M,odhs;dj fmkakqï lsÍu

• .kqfokqlrejka ,nd.kafka flfiao hkak fmkajd §u

• iqúfYaIS fjf<|fmd< lKavdhug m%;sM, ,dN fmkakqï lsÍu

udkj iïm;a ie,eiaula ilia lsÍfï jeo.;alu

• wkd.; fiajl wjYH;d yd msßjeh mqfrdal:kh lsÍug

• *udjk iïm; jvd ld¾hlaIuj yd iM,;dj Wmfhdackh lr .ekSug
*wkd.; fiajl wjYH;d l,ska oek .ekSu ksid ta i|yd iQodkï ùfuka
jHdmdr lghq;= wvmK ùu j<lajd .ekSug yelsùu
• yÈis n|jd .ekSu fjkqfjka oeÍug isÿúh yels msßjeh wju lr.; yels
ùu
• fiajl ixj¾Okh$ fiajl mqyqKq yd ixj¾Ok wjYH;d y÷kd .ekSug
yelsùu
• Wml%ñl ie,iqï iïmdokhg odhl ùu$ by, ksmqK;djfhka hq;a fiajlhka
n|jd .ekSug wjia:djla ,eîu

uQ,H ie,eiau ye¢kaùu

jHdmdrhl ish¨u weia;fïka;.

= ; uQ,H f;dr;=re we;=<;a jk fldgihs' fuu
fldgi ie,eiafï my< iSudjg we;=<;afõ '

470
uQ,H ie,eiau la we;=,;a úh hq;= lreKq

1- weia;fïka;.
= ; jHdmD;s msßjeh f,aLkh $m%d.aOk wjYH;dj

• ia:djr msßjeh j;alï msßjeh - bvï yd f.dvke.s,s" hka;% yd WmlrK"

fudag¾ r: ",S nvq
• fufyhqï fmr úhoï ^jHdmdr wdrïN lsÍfï msßjeh &bvï ixj¾Okhg"
úÿ,sh iy c,h ,nd.ekSug" n,m;% ,nd.ekSug
• uq¿ ldrl m%d.aOkh -wuqøjH ,nd .ekSug "ksIamdok fmdÿ ld¾h
msßjeh"mßmd,k fmdÿ ld¾h msßjeh "wf,ú fmdÿ ld¾h msßjeh oeÍug
• Kh jdßl f.ùu

2-weia;fïka;=jl wdodhï m%ldYh$ mqfrdal;kh l< úia;SrK wdodhï m%ldYh

3-weia;fïka;= .; fYaI m;%h$ mqfrdal;kh l< uQ,H ;;aj m%ldYh
4-weia;fïka;=.; uqo,a m%jdy m%ldYh
5-Kh wdmiq f.ùfï igyk
6-jHdmD;s idrdxYh
7- uQ,H jd¾;d úYaf,aIKh- iuÉfÉo ,laI "wkqmd; úYaf,aIKh

uQ,H ie,eiaula ilia lsÍfï jeo.;alu

1- jHdmdr lghq;= i|yd wjYH wruqo,a m%udKfhka ks.ukh lsÍug yd iïmdokh
lr .ekSug
2- úhmdrh wruqo,a wdfhdackh ms<sn| ;SrK .ekSug
3- uqo,a W!k;djla we;s úh yels ld,h y÷kd f.k thg ms<shï fh§ug
4-uqo, w;sßla;hla y÷kdf.k ta uqo,a M,odhS lghq;=j, fhoùu
5-ldrl md.aOkh md,khg
6-iuia: uqo,a msßjeh md,khg yelshdj ,eîu

471
jHdmdr ie,eiaul jeo.;alu
1-jHdmdr lghq;= mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd u. fmkaùu
2-jHdmdrh flfrys we,aue;s md¾Yjhka g jHdmdrh ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd§u
3-jHdmdrhg wjYH uQ,H myiqlï ,nd .ekSug bjy,a ùu
4-jHdmdrh oelau yd fufyjr meyeÈ,s lsÍu
5-wruqKq yd mrud¾: <Õd lr.ekSug u. fmkaùu
6-y÷kd.;a Yla;Ska jeäÈhqKq lsÍug;a ÿ¾j,;d u.yer ùug;a WmldÍfõ 7-fiajl
wdl¾IKhg bv ie,iSu
8-jHdmdrh ld¾h idOkh uekSug u.fmkaùu
9- wdh;kh l<ukdlrejka iy fiajlhka g wNsmaf¾rKhg myiqùu
10-wkd.;fha we;súh yels .eg¿ l,a y÷kdf.k tajdg úi÷ï ,nd .ekSug yels
ùu
12-jvd fyd| ;SrK .ekSug WmldÍ ùu
13-iïm;a ld¾hlaIuj yd M,odhSj Ndú;d l< yels ùu
14-kshdukh yd md,kh myiqùu

jHdmdr ie,eiaula bÈßm;a lsÍfï§ ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq

1-is;a weo.kakd iq¿ ksudjlska hq;a uq,a msgqj
2-mgqk ksjerÈj msgq wxl iys;j ukd bÈßm;a lsÍu
3-fyd| lvodishl uqøKh lr bÈßm;a lsÍu
4-jeäÿrg;a úia;r l< hq;= lreKq wef;d;a tajd weuqKï f,i bÈßm;a lsÍu 5-
jeo.;a lreKq biau;= lr oelaùu
6-iEu m%Odk ud;Dldj l u kj msgqjlska wdrïN lsÍu
7- j.= fhfok úg ysia;eka fkdue;sj ieliSu
8-ish¨u j.= wxl "ud;Dld yd o;a; uQ,dY% olajd ;sîu
9-úfYaIK mo we;=,;a kï tajdg w¾: fokak
10-wxl Ndú;h wkqms<sfj,ska fh§u
11- fyd| ixialrKhla isÿlsÍu

472
12- jHdmdr ie,eiau w;HjYH f;dr;=re iys; flá ^short&lsÍu' kuq;a mQ¾K úh
hq;= nj i,lkak jvd fhda.H fõ'

13' oel=ïl¿ fmd;a msxpla f,i ieliSu' ie,eiau i|yd fyd| ne£ula^well
binding& fhdokak' oel=ïl¿ fmd;a msxpla f,i iïmQ¾K lrkak'

473