NAME SIVATHIRA.k.

B
RoLL N0
COURSE B.Sc. CARDI AC
TECHNOLOGHY
TEST PAYSI0LOGIY ASL
INTERNAL ASSESME
DATE 25.05.2021

.ShoTE Ansuess On:

Dilerent Eypes o ouscles
Muscles Dere Ce
EhneaHpes
SrocoEh mluscle
Skeletal MUscle
Cordlia e muscle
SroooEh mucle:
Smooth
viscOTe musce.mwscle also Called Cus
The On e invo
DE Constises lunEary
Cell Cwith a narrous spinddl Shaped
single anol CenErelly
ecaked nucleus.
Smooth mubtle is not
QULe oloes not sEraighted, twkich
Sheus Cyoss SEYakions,
elEernaEing liaht and dark band.
Smooth muscle eells a
fuzifevnm 3haped
Skele&al muuscle
Skeletal muscle elso eoled a
Voluntary muscle, in Vereebrates, Most Comoon
oBrea Eypes opo CYe mucle in body.
Skeletal muscle alEached Eo bones
Eendon They Produu ed ul movemenE
bby
of the booy Pares 0 Cach othe otheT
 COvdiac muscle
Cardiac muscle specifie Ehe henve.
Cayoiac ouscle also Called as myecoroliu
inVertebva &es. SmecEh m BLSCle clEMer's O mm
Skele&al le that iE exkibiEs
Centractions nd is noE undey vhuthamic
Centsol Volunto

3Clotbing facto0TS
TFibvinogen
T ProthYombio
TiSsue hckor (thrombe plautin)
Caleium
Labile ackor,Proaccelevin, Ac-lobulin
STSEablefackov, ProconveYbin
SIT Anbika emoplilie globulto (ARG),
Poli haemopkilfeactoy A
TR Chrisimas acko7, Plasma thom polias
omponantPTA),Onbilagmopkiie bctor B
SEtua7 PTouer aceor.
OnEIaemopkiltc tackor C
XT Hageman fackor
XITbrio stablisingactO1
Tha re is no 4actoY V)

3SPecial eatures of Sroco&h muscle:

Smookh muscle Conkoins Ekick and
Ehin laments Ehat olo not OYan9e
SoyComeTE, inbo
e,resulbin9 in a non- SEviaked
PaEtern.
 On muicro 3Copfe e1Omimation, i
OppearS homo 9eneu
Smookb ouscle
utoplaso ConEaing laqe
amounEs of Cctin anod mHosin. Actin anol
OHosio OuL as tha oain Prokeins
involveolin ms dle Con Eraceion
A Active Tsaru pore:
Active ETanspore
oY Ehe Process by YEYLunes eneygy
roolecule Ogoinisb a EranspoTEina
Con ceneTakion OY
eleceyocha mi cal Oraciene.
DE OCCws Lokan molecul es
glucese O Such SS
Amino Acids
moverom
ConcenE+aEioneo low ConcenETokion kigb
Poclitor ed b CoTYie ProL.etns OT
POTe 1in Eha oembrane
There CY Ehre maio pes o Acive
ETans porE
S colium -

posassium PumP,
Exoytosis
Endo cyto0sis.

FuncEion Ot Pauma
Proteina
Plasma Probeins, Sueh as
alburio and lobul in Ehal help
roal oLoin Ehe Colloiolal oSmatic
Pressw ouk Cbouk smm H
 There CTe Yes porsible o7
co
Ccagulation Oblood. Serum is pla ma
TOm okich CloEbirg octo7s have
beon emoved ha moost abundanE
lotbing ackov is ibrinoaen

Dmmuno 8lobuulins elp iaht inection

Ond variow bEhey 3malu am0unts o
enzumas
enZm0s kamonos Ond NiLOmins,
lecerolyt ka SodiunmPot0Ss um
bi Caybornate, chloricle And Qal cium 1og
Calium
halP main taio blood PH

T.Wri Le not On

2. Haemolobino:

Haemolobin is a la1ge, Coro ple

molecule Containing a
lobuuaproketn
Ond a Pigmanbed ion-
ConEaining
Compler calleol aem. Eoch
oolecule ContToins Foo Faemolobin
On ouY raem units lobin chains
each LoiEb Ona
om Of iron. As ench abm
inron QCan Corobi na o
oth Ao O2
Eis mcons molecde,
Ehat
airg aemelobin
oecule Can
CorTH up to XOuT oele
Cule o O Pn
ayer0ge eo bloec ceu
Cors Yi abous s0 müllito Hb
ooe@ule
iving each eeu a 6he oretie 0
CoTin
COTTinq Ca paity o Over a bilico
O oolecule
 Haemoglobio i6 exsential o rans ervi
Oxygen in Our
blocd
ron tha lurso
tho Eissuos. myoglobio 10
muscle celus,
,

ACeepLs, Stoyas, Evaraposts Ond releas

O gen.
haemoalobio has a high alinity ov
D Ordl a lo OVinity o
Co OrSpnie
phos plat Ord Huokrogeo Qnol cklorida
ons.
3. Neuso ous CulOY
Tunckions
Tunctions
Jha neurO muu
tho noma indiceko cuar unctlonu Os
Cs
Ccts Qs Eho
riclge bebuo@ar) the ervous
Ond the YDus slem
culor 948 Lem/ DL isa
oiCro ructuT
Ehrough akich ha
PrroceAs O Conl0.ckioo
halte intha Oua Cles iotLiaLed or
neurona, Png Y Lh
Oeuro rmuula hange
unc&Son in the
ho
in on eul
impoured Con rock.fons O
Skeletou ouscles, tha

GOTO) 10cLEOs
A Blooc Greups
Majox 8rcup
bleodl sEem- based oo

A99luEino genns o n ceu membraraPreLent

toiolely Causes Severe Erars jusion Yeacbig

PBO 3stem
Rh SgsEem
There Are many olevent Collec bions
d
fRBC Safac Antiges but Eka mes
impor'eant a r e Ehe A O ano Eho
Resus Satem
ABo System
About 557 of Ehe Popu ation a s
etkay A-Eype
antigens, B-Eype antigers
Y both boEhair red ceu swjace
emoinire As, ave nober A noy
eEype Antigens Cblocd Group ) . The
CoYTOS ponolin9 Cuntibodli oa Ore Called
OlniA Onol nti Bano both PB
anti bodie. Ccnvessely r o u p o people kave
nei ther A nov B
Antigers On theiY esl celu
membranes Ond thalr bloool ma be
sael Eransfosed
Saely loto A, B, Be or
0Eye
P
Gtvoup 0 is Some Eime) kroun as th
univesal olonor.
 Rhess Sskem
The ReBe roeo bdna Ontigeen
impovLant ave is tho R antigen OY

Rh bet0Y. About 51. o peo pl

ave
ave this CnEigen thay Are Rh Pesitive
CRhT) anol olo noE Ehere o1 a ke
Anti Rh Anbibo oli @. ha TemOunina 15 /
have no Rh anLgen, Rh nvioluals
ave Qapa ble oA making anbf.h
Aneibcdis, bu are StimudateodEo olo
So only is Cerkaio CinCumston ces

e Po Pxegnancy OY as Eha
o a in ConDpatibl blood sesul
branausioo
.Gioli appa ra Eus
in conie

Iumen

crsbenae

Secre bo Vesi ele

The Giolg aPparal-us lso kroun as Eka
Grolq Complex Giolgi booly,bY Simply Eha
Grolq:
Golg is Gn OTganelle found io maye
eukaryoEic Cels. Part o Ch enolavenbraina
Sstero io te Cgeoplasm i PackRges
Proleins in to mambyane bounot yesi c l
insi ole he ceu bolose the vi cle are sen
 ther olebinadion

S
Homo poie
Hemat pel esis Ond
eyythvo poiesis
ne eae
processes invalveel in Eha
Sorakion motune bleed
cetty
Tke ain oltPehence bek teen
kamalo poiesis
Ona 9vyt.hropel esls isEhat
homatopolests
istheooablon matuy bloo of
cetts Okere as
erythropoi esi s is t
brmaklon o mature eybvottes
Erythropotests
Theomation in bood
RBC
oYndnoq tissuuo. Dn Ehe eavly dlevelopm ne
oa fetus, enjtho potesis Elkas place in
the yollk Sac, Spleen, Ond Ifvey. ASLe
bibh cll eyehopoiesi s OCcw i

Contyol of eythropof esis

Red Cell numbers Yemain
oiYly
CensEaot, becase Eha bona meYYO
ouirly
Proclueas eyehroPcyeos at th roate
at cahich Lhey ane olaskroyed. This is
olu Lo a heme stbre nqative Seeol.
bck melaniSm
 The ormon Ehat equla te Ree
ProducEfso estho pofeko,
is
Produseo maunly by tha kidne
kiolney.
Te Priooary SEimudus Eo incveoseod
ergthro pol esis is hpeia, ie.oleiuene
Supply Eo bode cella
Hupo a Can reulE From
anaemda,
low bloool oluma, Potr b lcol {louo
redluted O ConEen to 1nspireol Od'T
Or lun9 eods to
oiseose. Each of Ehase leads to
Ehropofetin OroducEionin
eru
o
Qbleropl
Eha Eisu
Gn
ablerspl
Eo Yestor O2 Suppke

Tissu hpea
kiolney 3ecrete erythropofeto
in to Eha bloc ol

Bene hoarrou inCrease

@rybhropolesis
RBC numbe7 ise

Do Creosed blocd Oa-

CGpeing
CapociEu YeverSe Eissua
peia
ole o4 eruthro poietin
.lassiP eations O Pnamics
ACuuee
Blooelas s
hwenie

Ontho Basis oS
CaLse
Anee a
.Blood loss
2Tnadequate Produclion
NoNormal Bloool cells.
3Ieessive Destruckion of
Blccd Cells.

HOn Eha Basis of

Mophalo9 .
.Notoocybic
2.MiCTOcyc
B.MarCTOCYLic