CELL STRUCTURES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS:

-Basic unit of life

- synthesis of molecules
- communication
- cell metabolism and energy release

CELL STRUCTURES:

*ORGANNELES- Specialized structure in cell

*CYTOPLASM- jelly-like substance that holds organelles

CELL MEMBRANE- Outer most component of a cell

FUNCTION:
-selective barrier
- encloses cytoplasm

EXTRACELLULAR: material outside cell

INTRACELLULAR: material inside cell

STRUCTURE:
-Called fluid mosaic model
- made of phospholipids and proteins
-Phospholipids form a double layer
-Phospholipids contain 2 regions: POLAR and NON-POLAR
-POLAR: (heads) hydrophilic
- NONPOLAR: (tails) hydrophobic

ORGANELLES:

NUCLEUS- (near center of the cell) contains genetic materials. Site of rna and ribosomal subunit.

RIBOSOMES- (in cytoplasm) site of protein synthesis

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM- (“ “) has many ribosomes attached. Site of protein synthesis
(rough ER)

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC- (“ “) site of LIPID SYNTHESIS

GOLGI APPARATUS- Modifies protein structure and packages protein in secretary vesicle

SECRETARY VESICLE- contains material produced in the cell. Formed by golgi apparatus and secreted by
exocytosis.

LYSOSOME- contains enzymes that digest material taken into the cell

MITOCHONDRION- site of aerobic respiration and site of ATP synthesis

MICROTUBULE- supports cytoplasm. Assists in cell division and forms components

CENTRIOLES- facilitate the movement of chromosome

CILIA- (on cell surface) move substances over surfaces

FLAGELIA- (on sperm cell) propel sperm cells

MICROVILLI- (extensions of cell surface) Increase surface area and certain cells

WAYS MOLECULES PASS THROUGH CELL MEMBRANE:

1.DIFFUSION- movement of molecules from areas of high to low concentration

SOLUTION: solid, liquid, gas that contains one or more solutes

SOLUTE: Substances added to solvent that dissolves

SOLVENT: substance that solute is being added to

2. MEMBRANE CHANNELS- protein that extend from one side of cell

- size, shape and charge(+/-) determine what can go through

CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
- Measure conc. Difference at 2 pts
-greater the distance the faster the solute will travel

FILTRATION
- movement of fluid through a partition with holes.

MEDIATED TRANSPORT MECHANISMS:

*FACILITATED DIFFUSION
- with aid of a carrier molecule
- requires no ATP

*ACTIVE TRANSPORT
-moves substances from low-high conc.
-requires ATP
OSMOSIS
- diffusion of water across a cell membrane

OSMOTIC PRESSURE:
- force required to prevent movement of water across cell membrane

OSMOTIC SOLUTIONS:

* HYPOTONIC SOLUTION
- lower conc. Of solutes outside cell
- higher conc. Of h20 outside cell
-h20 moves into cell
-Lysis (burst)

*HYPERTONIC SOLUTION
-Higher conc. Of solutes outside cell
-higher conc. H2O inside cell
-h2o moves out
-Crenation (shrinks)

ENDOCYTOSIS
-process that brings materials into cell using vesicles

2 TYPES:

*PHAGOCYTOSIS- cell eating (SOLID)

*PINOCYTOSIS- cell drinking (LIQUID)

EXOCYTOSIS
-Process that carries materials out of cell using vesicles

CELL STRUCTURES:

-CYTOPLASM
Location: inside cell
Characteristics- jelly-like fluid
Function: give cell shape and hold organelles in place
-NUCLEUS
Location: center of cell
Characteristics: all cells contains nucleus at some point
Functions: houses DNA

-RER
Location: Cytoplasm
Characteristics: membranes with ribosomes attached
Function: Site of Protein synthesis

-SER
Location: Cytoplasm
Characteristics: Membrane with no ribosomes
Functions: site of Lipid synthesis

-GOLGI APPARATUS
Location: cytoplasm
Characteristics: closely, packed stacks of membranes.
Function: collect, sort, package and distribute proteins and lipids

-SECRETORY VESICLE
Location: cytoplasm
Function: distributes materials out of cell

-CILIA
Location: cell surface
Characteristic: many per cell
Function: move materials across cell’s surface

-FLAGELLA
Location: cell surface
Characteristic: 1 per cell
Function: move cell

CYTOSKELETON
-cell’s framework
-made of proteins
-provide support
-hold organelles in place
-enable cell to change shape

TYPES:
*MICROTUBULES
-largest diameter
- provide structural support
- form cilia and flagella
*INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
- medium diameter
- maintain cell shape

*MICROFILAMENTS
- Smallest diameter
- involved in cell movement

WHOLE CELL ACTIVITY

- A cell’s characteristics are determined by the type of proteins produced
- Proteins function is determined by genetics
- Information in DNA provides the cell with a code for its cellular processes

GENE EXPRESSION
- information in DNA directs protein synthesis
- proteins provide code for gene expression
- enzymes regulate chemical reactions
- uses transcription and translation

TRANSCRIPTION
- Process by which DNA is “read”
- occurs in ribosomes
-produces mRNA
- mRNA contains codons
- CODONS: set of 3 nucleotide bases that code for a particular amino acid

TRANSLATION
- process by mRNA is converted into amino acids (polypeptides)
- produces proteins
- codons pair with anticodons
- ANTICODONS: 3 nucleotide bases carried by tRNA

CELL DIVISION
- formation of 2 daughter cells from a single parent cell
- uses mitosis and meiosis
- each cell (except sperm and egg) contains 46 chromosomes (DIPLOID)
- sperm and egg contain 23 chromosomes

MITOSIS
- cell division that occurs in all cells except sex cells
- forms 2 daughter cells
COMPONENTS:
*CHROMATID- 2 strands of chromosomes that are genetically identical
*CENTROMERE- 2 chromatids are connected
*CENTRIOLES- small organelle composed of 9 triplets

STAGES
*INTERPHASE- time between cell division
- DNA is in strands (CHROMATIN)
- DNA replication occurs
*PROPHASE- chromatin condenses into chromosomes
- Centrioles move to opposite ends

*METAPHASE- Chromosomes align

*ANAPHASE- chromatids separate to form 2 sets of chromosomes

- chromosomes move towards centrioles
*TELOPHASE- chromosomes disperse
- nuclear envelops and nucleoli form
- cytoplasm divides to form 2 cells.