Lesson Plan: Rate of Reaction Kinetics

This lesson plan accompanies: Class 11 Science

A. Lesson Goals:
1. To describe rate of reaction, frequency of collisions, effective collisions and non-
effective collisions
2. To understanding qualitatively, in terms of frequency of effective collisions, the effect of
concentration and pressure changes on the rate of a reaction

B. Subject Matter:
1. Topic : Kinetics
2. Reference : Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry 9701
3. Materials : Handout pdf

C. Teaching Strategy

Activity (see brackets for resources required) Time Needed Interaction

a. Preliminary Activities 5 minutes T-S
1. Greetings
2. Prayers
3. Checking of Attendance
4. Classroom Management
b. Body Development
1. Teacher-led explanation of Rate of Reaction T-S
2. Ask student to underline the key information in the S-S
explanation.
3. Conduct whole class feddback 30 minutes S-T
4. Present the question in resource 1 to students T-S
5. Ask student to discuss and answer in pairs S-S
6. Conduct whole class feedback S-T
c. Closing Class 10 minutes
1. Discussion to summarise results T-S
2. Motivation T-S
3. Prayers T-S
 a. why does sugar dissolve in water faster when hot?
b. Now speaking of dissolving why are some medicines in liquid form rather than solid
tablets so this is the most preferred or most effective though liquid gel?
The hotter water causes more dissolving, increased molecular motion. The added energy
in the hot water causes water molecules to move faster and sucrose molecules to vibrate
faster. This added movement tends to make the bonds between sucrose molecules easier
to overcome. When faster-moving water molecules attach to sucrose molecules, a higher
proportion of these sucrose–water interactions have enough energy to pull sucrose
molecules away from other sucrose molecules, so the rate of dissolving increases.
c. What affect the differences in reactions that occur?
To find out this, we will study the topic rates of reactions
d. How reactants can be turned into products?
For example: how does powdered milk turn into milk

To understand the processes that occur, we need to know what is necessary for a reaction to
take place?
1. Collision theory 1
what is necessary for a reaction to take place ?
1. so number one for a chemical reaction to occur, The reacting particles must collide with
one another. (But Just Because they do collide, it doesn’t mean they will react)

Now consider a reaction between two diatomic molecules a-a and b-b, to give two molecules of
a-b. this can be represented by the equation these two diatomic molecules can collide in many
different orientations. And we have two different orientation here.
Orientation 1
The two diatomic molecules a2 and b2 are in the correct orientation to react
imagine our reaction being that of a ball of yellow plasticine reacting with a ball of green
plasticine to give just one ball consisting of the yellow and green plasticine stuck together
if you slowly roll the ball of yellow plasticine towards the ball of green plasticine they will
collide.
If more energy is given, the yellow molecular will roll towards the green molecular, the bonds
between the molecules will be broken and they can react with the opposing atoms.
If the two molecules A and B are to react, they must approach closely enough to disrupt some of
their existing bonds and to permit the creation of any new ones that are needed in the product.
Such an encounter is called a collision.
That results in a reaction a fruitful collision so for the collision to be fruitful the reacting particles
must collide with sufficient energy so to recap for a reaction to occur particles must collide with
sufficient energy and particles must be in the correct orientation.

Orientation 2
in orientation 2 they are not
if two molecules have low energy. the bonds between molecules will not be broken and will not
react and so no reaction occurs. If we imagine two molecules with ball of yellow and green.
When you slowly roll ball of yellow towards to ball of green. they will collide under conditions
of insufficient energy and the bond between the two molecules will be broken.

But the reaction can occur with sufficient energy. If the excessive energy, it will damage the
reaction that occurs or the reaction that occurs will not be perfect. illustrates the difference
reaction from two molecules yellow (A-A) and green (B-B). In the first collision, the particles
bounce off one another and no rearrangement of atoms has occurred . One yellow atoms bonds
with the other atoms as one product, while the single yellow atom is the other product. The
collision is called an ineffective collision.
This occasion is the collision theory. Collision theory explains why different reactions occur
at different rates, and suggests ways to change the rate of a reaction. Collision theory states
that for a chemical reaction to occur, the reacting particles must collide with one another.
The rate of the reaction depends on the frequency of collisions. The theory also tells us that
reacting particles often collide without reacting. For collisions to be successful, reacting
particles must (1) collide with (2) sufficient energy, and (3) with the proper orientation.

2. Collision theory 2
A reaction will not take place unless the particles collide with a certain minimum energy called
the activation energy of the reaction. Activation energy is the minimum energy required to make
a reaction occur. This can be illustrated on an energy profile for the reaction.
how we can represent them using reaction profiles and finally consider the importance of activation
energy now the important concept to understand in this topic is that different chemicals store different
amounts of energy in their bonds for example. What’s important to us though is how much energy all of
the reactans have in total compared how much energy all the product have in total.

what happens in a reaction?

why some reactions are endothermic and some exothermic?

- The reaction between hydrogen and iodine to give hydrogen iodide.

- the reactants are what react and are on the left-hand side of the arrow in the equation and
- the products are what are produced in the reaction are on the right hand side of the arrow in
the equation
- we can represent what happens in this reaction by the diagram
- A is the activation energy which is the energy taken in to break the H-H and the I-I bonds in
the reactants
- C is the energy given out when the new H-I and H-I bonds make to form the products
- B is the net energy taken in, H(+) during the reaction this is the energy difference between
the energy taken in to break the bonds in the reactants and the energy given out when the new
bonds make to form the products
- the activation energy is the sufficient energy (collision theory)
- now consider the reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen to form ammonia
- this is the harbor process
- we can represent what happens in this reaction by the diagram again
- A is the activation energy which is the energy taken in to break the N-N and the 3 H-H bonds
in the reactants
- C is the energy given out when the 6 new N-H bonds make to form the products
- B is the net energy given out during the reaction, H (-) which is the energy difference
between the energy taken in to break the bonds in the reactants and the energy given out when
the new bonds make to form the products

- so to recap breaking bonds takes in energy making bonds gives out energy if more energy is
taken into break bonds than is given out when new bonds are made the reaction is
endothermic if less energy is taken into break bonds than is given out when new bonds are
made the reaction is exothermic

3. Factor affecting rate of reaction

- If we return to the first example, sugar dissolves more quickly in hot water than in cold water.
- Did you know that different effects are caused by affected of temperature?
- so rate of reaction can be affected by some affecting rate of reaction
- What are the factors affecting rate of reaction?

the factors that affect the rate of chemical reactions so temperature, concentration or pressure,
surface area, and the presence or absence of a catalyst,
- before we can understand how these factors affect the rate though
- we already know the theory behind reactions which is known as collision theory
- For particles to react they have to collide with each other with sufficient energy, which
we call the activation energy and if they collide with less energy than this then nothing
will happen they'll just bounce apart again
- so if we were to think about an entire reaction which will involve tons of particles then
the rate at any particular point is going to depend on two main things the most obvious is
the amount of energy that the particles have the more energy they have
 - the more energy they can transfer during the collision and so the more likely they are to
surpass that minimum activation
- the other important thing is the frequency of the collisions which just means
- how often the particles collide with each other so even though not all collisions are
successful because the particles involved don't always reach activation energy the more
often they collide the more successful collisions they'll be overall now

whenever you think about how these four factors affect the rate of reaction you always want to
think in terms of how they affect the amount of energy that the particles have and the frequency
of the collisions as increasing either of these will increase the rate of reaction by increasing the
number of successful collisions

1. Temperature
- let's start with temperature
- as the temperature of a reaction increases the particles gain more energy
- which means that they move faster and because they're moving faster they'll collide more
frequently
- they'll also collide with more energy each time so are more likely to exceed the activation
energy
- so overall there will be a higher rate of successful collisions and thus a higher rate of
reaction
2. Concentration and pressure
- now concentration and pressure are normally considered as a single factor because they
both refer to how many particles there are per unit of volume
- it's just that concentration generally refers to solutions and pressure refers to gases
- when either of these is increased, it means that there'll be more particles per unit of
volume which makes the collisions more frequent and so increases the rate of reaction
3. Surface area
- just like concentration and pressure a higher surface area will also increase the rate of
reaction
- for example if we wanted to react three grams of magnesium with an acid we could use a
solid block of magnesium, small chunks of magnesium, or powder
- as all of these have the same mass and volume the powdered form would have the highest
surface area to volume ratio and so we'll have a much higher area over which collisions
with the other reactants in this case the acid could take place
- meaning that the frequency of the equations would be higher leading to a higher rate of
reaction

4. Catalyst
- the last factor that we need to cover is the presence of a catalyst catalysts are substances
that speed up a reaction without being used up in the reaction themselves
- so we don't include them in the reaction equation as they're not reactants or products to
understand
- how they work we can use a reaction profile which shows the change in their chemicals
energy during a reaction
- now this distance between the reactants energy level and the very top of the curve is the
activation energy
- which remember is the energy that the collisions have to have before they can react
successfully
- what a catalyst does is lowers this activation energy by providing an alternative reaction
pathway and this means that there'll be a higher proportion of successful collisions
- the word catalyst is actually a pretty broad term and a whole range of different substances
can act as catalysts in different situations
- one of the most common sources of catalysts though are the transition metals like cobalt
and nickel and if you do biology you'll have come across them in the form of enzymes
which are just catalysts made by living organisms anyway that's all for this video so hope
you enjoyed it and we'll see you next time