BGAS Grade 2 - Ch-6 Drying and Curing of Paint Films

Ch6:
Drying and Curing of

Paint Films
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Contents
1. Introduction
2. Air drying
3. Forced drying
4. Stoving
5. Solvent evaporation
6. Oxidation
7. Chemical curing
8. Induction Period
9. Pot Life
10. Curing agents
11. Coalescence
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Introduction:
 During the drying/curing process a paint
changes from a liquid into a solid.
 Various mechanisms or combinations of

mechanisms are involved during curing.
 The time taken for curing is governed by

several factors including temperature.
Drying/Curing Temperatures & Mechanisms
Temperatures Mechanisms
1. Air drying 1. Solvent evaporation
2. Forced drying 2. Oxidation
3. Stoving 3. Chemical curing
4. Coalescence
Types of Drying/Curing Temperatures:
Drying/curing temperatures are classified into;
1. Air drying:
This refers to normal ambient temperatures.
2. Forced drying:
When heat is used to accelerate the drying process. The temperature
range for forced drying is ambient to 65°C.
3. Stoving:
When using temperatures above 65°C, using ovens or infra-red, the
term used is stoving.
Q1. Which is not a type of drying temperature?
a) Coalescence
b) Air Drying
c) Stoving
d) Force Drying
Q2. Ambient temperatures refers to
a) Coalescence
b) Air Drying
c) Stoving
d) Force Drying
Q3. Which term is used when heat applied over 65 deg C
for Drying of Paint?
a) Metal Spray
b) Air Drying
c) Stoving
d) Forced Drying
Drying Mechanisms
 Solvent Evaporation
 Oxidation
 Chemical Curing
 Coalescence
Solvent evaporation
Polymer materials (solution polymers)
Solution polymers (mixed with) dissolve in the solvent
After the application of paint, the solvent evaporates away allowing the linear polymers to
form a film on the substrate.
The polymers lie in a random interlocking pattern, similar to noodles and loosely bond
together by secondary hydrogen bonds.
 If the solvents are reapplied onto the paints, they easily penetrate between the polymers
and split the secondary bond, allowing the polymer to go back into solution called
reversible or non-convertible.
Chlorinated rubber, vinyls, acrylics, cellulosic materials and lacquers fall into this category.
Oxidation
 Branched polymers
Paint form a film by oxidative cross linking (polymerisation) using oxygen (atmospheric
oxygen or oxygen supplied by the driers)
First of all the solvent (if presents) evaporates away then oxidation begins.
chemical structure gets changed hence can not be reversed. These materials are therefore
convertible or non-reversible.
Alkyds, phenolics, natural oils and resins are materials from this category.
Chemical Curing
These paints need addition of a second material called as the activator
The activator is supplied in a separate can, hence the term two-pack or multi component
liquid is used for such paints.
In order to obtain the desired film the whole of the contents of both cans (Paint and
activator) should be thoroughly mixed together.
Chemically curing materials are convertible or non-reversible.
Some materials will require an induction period and the pot life is also mentioned in the
data sheet of such paints
Induction Period
An induction period is the time (after mixing) which the paint should stand before use.
Induction time is also called stand time or lead time
Recommended to allow thorough wetting of the solids.
A typical induction period is 20-30 minutes.
During the induction period either of the two chemical reaction will take place:
 Exothermic reaction
Giving off heat, the container will warm up.
 Endothermic reaction
Taking in heat, the container will cool forming condensation.
Pot Life
 Pot life is the period of time after mixing (after induction period) in which the
paint must be used.
 It is is usually 6-8 hours.
 After the recommended pot life the material becomes very user unfriendly and if
in bulk, is quite often subject to spontaneous combustion.
Curing agents in Two-pack materials
Amides
Epoxy curing agents, usually quote seven days to full cross linking at 20°C.
Amines
Epoxy curing agents, three days to full cross linking at 20°C.
Isocyanates
Mainly used for urethanes but also for some epoxies where low temperature application is
unavoidable, -10°C being typical. Ambient temperature urethanes, especially for pipeline use quote
16 hours to full cure.
Note: Isocyanates are very toxic and need great care during use.
Coalescence
Coalescence means to physically join together.
In an emulsion the resin droplets are dispersed in the continuous phase, water. Upon
application the water evaporates away allowing the resin droplets to come close
together until they are touching.
Tg = gloss transition and is the temperature at which the material changes from a
rubbery to a glossy solid and vice versa).
If the Tg wasn’t changed, the resulting film would stay as a liquid and be easily wiped
away.
Q4. Which of the following is not a drying mechanism?
a) Coalescence
b) Oxidation
c) Stove drying
d) Chemical curing
Q5. Chlorinated Rubber will uses which of the following
drying mechanism?
a) Oxidation
b) Chemical curing
c) Solvent Evaporation
d) None of the above
Q6. Example for Solvent evaporation drying?
a) Epoxy
b) Alkyd
c) Acrylic
d) Urethane
Q7. Paint drying in solvent evaporation is?
a) Convertible
b) Reversible
c) Non-reversible
d) Cross linked
Q8. Solvent evaporation drying is?
a) Branched polymer
b) Linear polymer
c) Crossed link polymer
Q9. A Multi component paint dried by?
a) Solvent evaporation
b) Oxidation
c) Chemical reaction
d) Coalescence
Q10. A typical induction period of paint used in BGAS
specification would be?
a) 20-30 minutes
b) 12-24 hours
c) 6-8 hours
d) 3-7 days
Q11. A typical pot life of paint used in BGAS
specification would be?
a) 20-30 minutes
b) 12-24 hours
c) 6-8 hours
d) 3-7 days
Q12. Endothermic reactions are?
a) Container will warm up and giving heat
b) Container will cool and take in heat
c) Container removes
d) All of the above
Q13. Two pack material curing agents are?
a) Alkyds and Acrylics
b) Tulane and Xylene
c) Amides and Amines
d) All of the above
Q14. Stand time or lead time are called?
a) Pot life
b) Induction time
c) Drying time
Q15. Chemically curing materials are?
a) Convertible
b) Non-convertible
c) Reversible
d) All of the above
Thank You

BGAS Grade 2 - Ch-6 Drying and Curing of Paint Films

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Ch6:

Drying and Curing of

 Education: Mechanical Engineer

 Hobby: I like to share knowledge

2. Can attend the live sessions

3. Priority reply to your comment

You can download the PDF of this presentation,

 Various mechanisms or combinations of

 The time taken for curing is governed by

2. Forced drying 2. Oxidation

3. Stoving 3. Chemical curing

Solution polymers (mixed with) dissolve in the solvent

Chemically curing materials are convertible or non-reversible.

Induction time is also called stand time or lead time

Recommended to allow thorough wetting of the solids.

A typical induction period is 20-30 minutes.

 It is is usually 6-8 hours.

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