SOLVENT

DYEING
Rois Uddin Mahmud
Lecturer

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 SOLVENT DYEING
• A dyeing method based on solubility of a dye in
some liquid other than water, although water
may be present in the dye bath.
• Solvent dyeing is a dyeing process, carried out
from a non-aqueous medium or in absence of
water. Here some organic solvents are used as
dyeing medium such as, benzene, toluene,
methanol, ethanol, perchloroethylene (widely
used) or tetrachloroethylene.

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 SOLVENT
DYEING
• The of textiles by using
dyeing synthetic solvents (suchas
chlorinated hydrocarbon
trichloroethylene or perchloroethylene)
of water; used for nylons, polyesters,
instead
acrylics. and

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 SOLVENT
DYEING
• A solvent is a liquid that dissolved a solute and a
solute is a material that is like sugar and salt
and other things like that.
• Solvents are substances, usually in the liquid
phase, that have or can have other substances
(solutes) dissolved in them. For instance in the
compound NaCl(aq) there is Sodium Chloride
(solute).

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 SOLVENT DYEING
• A solvent is either a liquid or gas that takes into
itself a solute (which can be in the state of a
solid, liquid or gas) and creates a solution.

• Solvents are chemical substances that can

dissolve, suspend or extract other materials
usually without chemically changing either the
solvents or the other materials. Solvents can be
organic.
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 HISTORY AND INTRODUCTION OF
SOLVENT DYEING

• In normal dyeing water is absorbed by fiber

and it swell. Water carries dye molecules
inside the fiber then water is removed and
only dye molecules remain inside the fiber.

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 History and introduction of solvent dyeing

• For the same purpose organic solvents can be

used as dyeing liquor. Since the introduction of
hydrophobic fibers like cellulose acetate in
1920, solvents have been considered for
dyeing. Because this acetate had a demand in
market specially to use in dress material but
the problem was it was not possible to dye
such fibers with ionic dyes and water. So, from
then solvent dyeing started.
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 History and introduction of solvent dyeing

• During 1940 – 1950, when PA and PET fibers

were discovered, the scope for solvent dyeing
has increased. Among various solvents
methylene chloride is widely used for PET dyeing
because PET absorbs it very easily.

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 CHARACTERISTICS OF
SOLVENTS
An ideal solvent for Textile processing should
have the following characteristics –
1. Non- toxic. Considering all these
2. Non-flammable. required property
3. Non-corrosive. and due to
4. Inert to textile materials. recovery
problem,solvent
5. Stable to repeated dyeing is not still
distillation. commercially popular
6. Low Specific heat. but synthetic fiber
7. Low heat of evaporation. can be dyed by using
8. Readily available. organic solvent.
9.BGMEA University
Economic feasibility.
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 SOLVENT
RECOVERY
• The solvent is somewhat expensive than water.
So, it should withstand several distillation and
be easily recovered. Then it would be efficient.
Some principle methods of solvent recovery
1.are:Air drying
2. Cylinder dryer
3. By steaming

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 SOLVENT RECOVERY
1. Air drying:
– Hot air is circulated in closed chambers where the
temp. of air exceeds the evaporating temperature of
solvents. Vapourised solvents are condensed and
hence recovered.
2. Cylinder dryer:
– A number of heated cylinders are used through
which the material passes. The temperature of
cylinder exceeds the evaporating temperature of
solvents.
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 SOLVENT
RECOVERY
3. By steaming:
– As steam and solvent do not mix, steam can
be used to evaporate and carry the solvent. In
an efficient system, recovery up to 95% can
be obtained but 5% is always wasted.

Machines used for solvent dyeing:

Closed vessel machine such as Round Bottomed
Flask (RB), Reflux Condenser
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 TYPES OF SOLVENT USED IN
TEXTILE PROCESSING
Some solvents of chlorinated hydrocarbons of
aliphatic series posses most of the mentioned
requirements and hence are being used as solvents
are extensively used such as –

1. Tri-chloro Ethylen (TCE)

2. Per-chloro Ethylen (PCE)
3. Methyl Chloroform (MC)

All three solvents are almost equally suitable but tri-

chloroethylene has very high stability to
decomposition.
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 PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT
SOLVENTS
Name of B.P. Specific Latent heat Vapor Surface
the (0c) heat of density at tension at
solvent cal / gm evaporation B.P. 200c
cal / gm dynes / cm

Water 100 1.00 545.10 0.60 72.70

TRI 87 0.22 57.30 4.54 32.00
PER 121 0.21 50.10 5.83 32.30
Trichloro 74 0.25 58.50 4.50 26.40
-
ethane
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 NOTE
• If surface tension decreases, then wettability of
liquor is high.
• If boiling point is less, then less time is required
for dyeing and quality of dyeing is better but due
to high cost, commercially less used.
• Due to less latent heat, solvent can be
evaporated easily and due to high vapor density,
it can convert from vapor easily. That’s why
solvent recovery is easy.
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 ADVANTAGES OF SOLVENT
DYEING
1. Energy saving due to reduced energy
requirements for heating and evaporating.
2. Higher productivity due to increased dyeing
speed without loss in quality of dyeing.
3. The solvent is being recycled. So the effluent
control problem is eliminated (practically no
effluent).
4. Rapid dyeing with minimum energy required.

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 ADVANTAGES OF SOLVENT
DYEING
5. Better levelness and dye yield compared with
better fabric aesthetics.
6. Boiling point is less, so vapors and compress
easily.
7. High wettability and dyeability.
8.Less specific heat and less latent heat.
9. Solvents are chemically inert, so no possibility of
dye hydrolysis.
10. Less time required.

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 DISADVANTAGES OF SOLVENT
DYEING
1. Solvents are expensive,so higher production
cost. That’s why commercially less used.
2. Problem in equipment's availability.
3. All dyestuffs are not suitable for solvent dyeing.
4. It requires working in closed equipments and
recovery and recirculation of the solvents.
5. The residual solvent in the textile goods may
evaporates slowly and pollute the air and can
cause toxic problem for the workers around.
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 DISADVANTAGES OF SOLVENT
DYEING
6.Prolong inhale in solvent vapor may cause
sleep of worker (but not chronic toxicity).
So, workers may become unconscious and
death can occur.
But its possibility is less because solvent
dyeing machines are sealed from all sides
as very little leakage may cause prolong
inhale and wastage of solvent.
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 OTHER IMPORTANT
INFORMATION

• By solvent dyeing we can obtain even dyeing

within a very short time.

• The solvent penetrates at a faster rate than

aqueous dye solution causing even distribution
of dyes over the fiber surface.

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 OTHER IMPORTANT
INFORMATION
▪ In case of polyester dyeing, it has been remarkably
observed that at a temperature 1000c the dyeing
with solvent (Perchloroethylene) attains same
depth of shade as that from the water with carrier
addition or water with high temperature (130oC).

▪ The glass transition temperature of polyester is

depressed by Perchloroethylene (solvent). Due to
this depression, it is possible to dye at 100oC

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 OTHER IMPORTANT
INFORMATION
Note
• Ionic dyeing process such as acid dyes on wool,
silkand nylon, basic dyes onacrylic fibers
and
direct dyes oncellulosic fibers, require the
presence of water lower alcohol
ionization of the dyes and fiber fixation to
on for
take place.
• Because the solubility of thesedyes in
organic solvents, such as perchloroethylene is
very low.
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 THANK
YOU!
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