Answer Key

Chapter Test B getting longer as translation

Multiple Choice progressed. It also would
1. b show tRNA leaving the
2. a ribosome after translation
3. c to collect more free-floating
4. b amino acids. Finally, it
5. d would show the ribosome
6. c encountering a stop codon,
7. a the peptide strand being
released, and the ribosome
8. c disassembling.
9. a
21. frameshift mutation,
10. a
11. d insertion of uracil
22. The reading frame is
12. b
13. c thrown off because all of
14. d the nucleotides are shifted
15. b to the right. This change
will result in codons that
Short Answer
code for different amino
16. translation; cytoplasm
acids.
17. Structure 1 is an amino
23. Sample answer: It would
acid, which will form a
probably have a lesser
peptide bond with another
effect on the organism
other amino acid during
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

than a frameshift mutation,

the translation process,
because an incorrect amino
forming protein.
acid might have little effect
18. 4; UAC
on a protein if it has about
19. Ribosome; the small
the same size and the same
ribosomal unit binds to
polarity as the original
mRNA in the cytoplasm.
amino acid or if it is far
The binding attracts a
from an active site.
tRNA with methionine to
24. Yes, if the error occurred in
the start codon. Then the
a germ cell, the offspring
large ribosomal unit joins
could be affected.
in. The ribosome pulls the
25. Yes, this mutation could
mRNA through, adding
be caused by UV light,
amino acids, and forms
industrial chemicals, or
peptide bonds between the
pesticides.
amino acids.
20. Sample answer: The
diagram would show
mRNA leaving the nucleus,
where transcription and
mRNA processing took
place. It would show
the amino acids chains

Answer Key 1
 CHAPTER FROM DNA TO PROTEINS
8 Chapter Test B

Multiple Choice
Choose the letter of the best answer. (15 credits)

1. Which scientist used chemical analysis
to show that the genetic material in
bacteria is DNA?
a. Martha Chase
b. Oswald Avery
c. Frederick Griffith
d. Alfred Hershey
2. How did Hershey and Chase’s use of
radiolabeled bacteriophages to study
the genetic material validate Avery’s
research?
a. It demonstrated conclusively that the
genetic material is not protein.
b. It showed that bacteriophages are not
digested by bacterial enzymes.
c. It proved that bacteria will take up
phosphorus, but not sulfur.
d. It confirmed that bacteriophages
5. Suppose you can read the sequence of
bases on only one strand of the double
helix. What would you use to figure out
the sequence on the other strand?
a. central dogma
b. x-ray crystallography
c. Chargaff’s rules
d. base pairing rules
6. Which of the following is the site of
DNA replication in eukaryotes?
a. cytoplasm c. nucleus
b. ribosome d. vacuole
7. What does DNA polymerase do during
replication?
a. binds nucleotides together and
corrects base pair errors
b. transmits messages that are

From DNA to Proteins

cannot inject radiolabeled DNA. translated into proteins

CHAPTER 8
c. attracts amino acids to the ribosomes
3. Figure 8.1 shows a single strand of
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.

for assembly
DNA. Identify the nucleotide sequence d. recognizes and points out new
of the other DNA strand. origins of replication

C C G T A C T
FIG. 8.1
a. GGCUTGU c. GGCATGA
b. AATGCAG d. TTACGTC

4. The DNA double helix model used

today is the product of research done by
scientists
a. Hershey and Chase.
b. Watson and Crick.
c. Pauling and Franklin.
d. Chargaff and Griffith.

Assessment Book Chapter Test B 159

McDougal Littell Biology
 CHAPTER TEST B, CONTINUED

8. Figure 8.2 shows a single strand of 12. How many amino acids are coded for
DNA. Identify the nucleotide sequence in the following sequence of mRNA
of the complementary RNA strand. nucleotides? Assume the reading
frame begins with the first nucleotide.
CGAUACAGUAGC
T A G A G T C
a. 3 c. 6
FIG. 8.2
b. 4 d. 12
a. ATUTUAG
b. CAAGACT 13. When does mRNA processing take
place?
c. AUCUCAG
d. ATCTCAG a. after replication
b. after translation
9. What "message" does mRNA carry? c. after transcription
a. the genetic code that, when d. after protein synthesis
translated, forms proteins
b. orders for making ribosomes, a cell’s 14. The nucleotide sequences that are
protein factories removed during mRNA processing are
c. the order of base pairs in called
complementary RNA strands a. operators. c. exons.
d. the number of codons in an b. promotors. d. introns.
individual reading frame
15. The lac operon is an example of how
10. When does replication occur? gene regulation occurs in
From DNA to Proteins

a. once in every cell cycle a. yeasts. c. humans.

CHAPTER 8

b. when nucleotides float in the nucleus b. bacteria. d. eukaryotes.

Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.

c. during the cell’s M phase
d. when tRNA unzips DNA

11. Crick’s central dogma of molecular

biology is essentially a summary of
a. base pairing rules for all nucleotides.
b. genetic code stored in all start
codons.
c. amino acid relationships to
ribosomes.
d. replication, transcription, and
translation.

160 Chapter Test B Assessment Book

McDougal Littell Biology
 CHAPTER TEST B, CONTINUED

Short Answer Use the diagram below to answer items 16–20. (5 credits)

2 5

4
FIG. 8.3

16. Name the process shown in Figure 8.3 and identify the part of the cell where it takes
place.

17. Identify the structure labeled 1 in the diagram and describe its function.

18. Suppose translation has just begun. Write the number in the diagram that corresponds to

From DNA to Proteins

the start codon. Then, write the nucleotide sequence for the corresponding anticodon.

CHAPTER 8
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.

19. Identify the structure labeled 5 in the diagram and describe its two-part role in forming a
polypeptide chain.

20. Suppose you could extend this diagram in both directions; predict what you would see.

Assessment Book Chapter Test B 161

McDougal Littell Biology
 CHAPTER TEST B, CONTINUED

Use the diagram below to answer items 21–25. (5 credits)

A U G U A A G U U U G G C

Met Lys Phe Gly

FIG. 8.4

21. What type of error does Figure 8.4 show?

22. How is the reading frame affected by this error?

23. Suppose a nucleotide actually replaced another nucleotide in the figure above. Would
this change have a greater or lesser effect on the organism than that illustrated in the
figure? Explain.
From DNA to Proteins
CHAPTER 8

Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.

24. Could an error such as the one shown above affect the offspring of the organism in
which the error occurred?

25. Could an environmental mutagen cause this error? Give two examples to support
your answer.

162 Chapter Test B Assessment Book

McDougal Littell Biology