3/17/2021

Fire Protection
Performance Based
Design
S.B Nurcahya
Member of NFPA International &
Indonesian Fire Protection Association

Performance Based : Performa / kinerja dasar

yang diharapkan atau ditentukan oleh
(lebih lanjut ditentukan oleh standarisasi)

Design : rekayasa teknis

Suatu rekayasa teknis yang didasarkan atas

performa dasar yang ditentukan oleh
standarisasi

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“Standard is NOT Everything

But anything without
standard is NOTHING”

Hubungan Performa & Design

• Performa yang bagus
dihasilkan dari design Satisfied / good
yang sesuai standar, performance
begitu pula
sebaliknya, design
yang sesuai standard
akan menghasilkan
performa
sebagaimana yang
diharapkan
Proper Design

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Faktor didalam design yg

mempengaruhi performa

Proper Calculation
 Diperhitungkan sesuai dengan kaidah fisika dan kaidah
teknis yang ada

Material selection
 Memiliki spesifikasi teknis yang ditentukan didalam
standar
 Terdaftar sebagai material khusus yang dapat digunakan
sebagai material sistem proteksi kebakaran (UL Listed FM
Approved)

Proper Installation
 Dipasang sesuai dengan metode yang ditentukan oleh
standar

Performance Based Design

Concept tree
Proper
calculation
Proper
Proper Material
performanc Design
O Selection
e
Proper
Installation

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Proper Calculation

Proper Calculation

Hydraulic Calculation Method:

Hydraulic calculation (equivalent length)

Hazen-Williams Theory

Darcy-Weisbach Theory
Pipe Schedule Method

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Common System & Calculation

Method
Calculation Method
Common System Hydraulic Pipe
Calculation Schedule
Fire Pump System ✔ -
Standpipe & Hose System ✔ -
Wet Fire Sprinkler System ✔ ✔
Deluge Fire Sprinkler System ✔ -
Foam system ✔ -
Gaseous Fire Suppression System ✔ -

Hazen-Williams
friction loss formula
SI – Imperial
US Standard Standard

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Hazen-Williams C Values
(roughness coefficient)

Fitting & valve equivalent Length

C Value Multiplier
Table shall be used with a
Hazen-Williams C factor of
120 only. For other values of
C, the values in

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Darcy - Weisbach
friction loss formula

Hazen Darcy
Williams Weisbach

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Hazen Williams VS Darcy Weisbach

Hazen-Williams Darcy - Weisbach

friction loss formula friction loss formula
Used in the most common
calculation of Fire Protection
System Design with velocity limit
of 30 ft/sec (9,1 m/sec)
(FM Data Sheet 2-0, 2018)
Use for the specify Fire Protection
System that need the high
velocity (above 30 ft/sec or9,1
m/sec)
Suggested For the system that
use the antifreeze solution more
than 40 Gal.(150 Liter)of capacity,
and system that have a high
viscosity & density such as water
mist system & foam water system

Velocity Pressure Formula

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Contoh soal

Flow rate in pipe: 350 US gpm
Elbow
Diameter pipe: 4 in
Tee
90°Dia.4”
3 ft Dia.4”
Elbow

Pipe Material: Black Steel Pipe
3 ft
BSP
90°Dia.4” SCH 40 ASTM-A53
BSP SCH40
Dia.4”5 ft

Dry Sprinkler System
SCH40 BSP
Dia.4” 10 ft SCH40
Dia.4”
Pertanyaan:
1. Hitung Total Friction loss
??? pada pipa sistem tersebut :
350 US GPM @
2. Berapa tekanan rata2 di
100 Psi ujung pipa sistem tersebut :

Jawaban

Langkah-1:
Material Qty EL Total
 Hitung total
Tee BSP SCH 40 dia.4 1 20 20 ft
“equivalent length” in
pipe fitting 90°Elbow BSP SCH 40 2 10 20 ft
 Jumlahkan dia.4 in
dengan total Straight Pipe BSP SCH 21 Ft
40 dia.4 in
panjang pipa lurus
“straight pipe” TOTAL : 61 ft

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Jawaban.. (lanjutan)

Langkah 2:

Material: Black Steel Pipe SCH
 Tentukan Hazen- 40 dia 4”
Williams C factor
Hazen-Williams C Value: 100
berdasarkan Material
C Value multiplier: 0,713

Hazen-Williams C factor:
100 * 0.713 = 71,3

C Value Multiplier

Jawaban.. (lanjutan)

Langkah-3:
 Hitung Total Friction
Loss
 Hitung tekanan rata2
di ujung Pipa
= (4,52 * (350^1,85)) / ((71,3^1,85) *(4^4,87))
Tekanan di Ujung Pipa yg
= (4,42 * 50877,5) / (2680,5 * 855,1)
= 224878,6 / 2292096
ditentukan =
P’ = P – Ƥ
Ƥ= 0,1 Psi / ft
P’ = 100 – 6,1 = 93,9 Psi

Ƥ Total = 61 ft * 0,1 = 6,1 Psi

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Contoh soal

Flow rate in pipe: 750 US gpm
Elbow
Diameter pipe: 6 in
Tee
90°Dia.6”
4 ft Dia.6”
Elbow

Pipe Material: Black Steel Pipe
4 ft
BSP
90°Dia.6” SCH 40 ASTM-A53
BSP SCH40
Dia.6”6 ft

Stand pipe System
SCH40 BSP
Dia.6” 12 ft SCH40
Dia.6”
Pertanyaan:
1. Hitung Total Friction loss
118,3 pada pipa sistem tersebut :
750 US
Psi 2. Berapa tekanan rata2 di
GPM @ 120 ujung pipa sistem tersebut :
Psi

Pipe Schedule Method

Apply on Fire Sprinkler system

Used specially for light and ordinary hazard
type area
Ordinary Hazard

Light Hazard

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FAS Voltage Drop Calculation

This amount of drop varies with every panel. The

variance can be as much as 0.5 VDC to 2.5 VDC

Material Selection

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Fire Pumping System

The Plates

Engine Plates Pump Plates

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Material Selection..
(specification)

Fire Pump
 Centrifugal pump, Specially for the Fire Protection System
purpose
 Shall be have pump & driven plate
 Have rate 25 to 5000 US GPM, and shall be rated on 40 Psi (2,7
Kg/cm²) net pressure
 Shall furnish not less than 150 percent of rated capacity at not
less than 65 percent of total rated head
 For horizontal pumps, shall be able to operate with a suction lift
of −3 psi (−0.2 bar) at the lowest water level and at 150 percent
of the rated flow
 The shutoff head shall not exceed 140 percent of rated head.

Material Selection.. (specification)

Fire pump Pre-shipment Test

Each individual pump shall be tested at
the factory to provide detailed
performance data and to demonstrate its
compliance with specifications.

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Material Selection.. (specification)

Fire pump Pre-shipment Test…
lanjutan

hydrostatically tested by the manufacturer for a
period of time not less than 5 minutes. The test
pressure shall not be less than 1½ times the sum
of the pump’s shutoff head plus its maximum
allowable suction head, but in no case shall it be
less than 250 psi (17 bar).

During the test, no objectionable leakage shall
occur at any joint.

In the case of vertical turbine-type pumps, both the
discharge casting and pump bowl assembly shall
be tested

Pre-Shipment Test Certificate

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Material Selection..
(specification)

Pump driven:
 Shall be calculate based on 150% pump
performance
 The engine driven type shall be compressed
combustion type (Not Injection Fuel type)
 Engine driven selection was adjusted with
derate correction calculation

ENGINE DERATE FACTOR /

POWER CORRECTION

Definisi: berkurangnya performa dari
“combustion engine” karena bervariasinya
tingkat supply oksigen dan temperatur
rata-rata pada suatu lingkungan

Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi:

 Altitude
(ketinggian)
 Ambient temperature (suhu rata-rata)

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ENGINE DERATE FACTOR /

POWER CORRECTION

EHcorr = [(Ca+Ct)-1]x216

Where :
EHcoor= Corrected Horse Power
Ca = Correction from Altitude
Ct = Correction from Amb. Temp

Elevation Derate Curve

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Temperature Derate Curve

Contoh Soal:

An engine rated at 95 hp is used to drive a
fire pump in Puncak Cisarua, where the
elevation is 7000 ft (2134 m) above sea
level and the ambient temperature could
be 105°F (40.5°C). What is the adjusted
rating of this engine?

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Contoh Soal:…. Lanjutan

EHcorr = [(Ca+Ct)-1]x95
= [(0.80 + 0.973) − 1] × 95
= 73,4 HP

Therefore, an engine rated at 302 bhp at sea level is

derated to 73,4 bhp at an elevation of 7000 ft
(2134 m) and a temperature of 105°F (49.5°C).

Contoh soal

An engine rated at 95 hp is used to drive a
fire pump in Malang, where the elevation
is 4000 ft above sea level and the ambient
temperature could be 95°F. What is the
adjusted rating of this engine?

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Material Selection..
(specification)

Jockey Pump
 Flow rate (Q) = 1% Fire pump rate
 Pressure rate (P) = 10% above fire pump
shut-off (churn pressure)

Sprinkler Valve

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Sprinkler System K-factor

Where:
K = K-factor
Q = Flow rate
P = Pressure

Sprinkler Bulb Characteristic

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Sprinkler Head

Sprinkler Head

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Proper Installation

Engine Driven
Horizontal Split Case FP

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Engine Driven Vertical Turbine FP

Electric Motor Driven

Horizontal Split Case FP

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Electric Motor Driven Vertical Inline FP

Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)

Fire pump shall be installed on positive suction head

A negative pressure is not permitted at the suction
flange. Prior to the 1974 edition of the standard

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Pump Suction Line

Vortex plate:
 For the pump(s) taking suction from a stored
water supply, a vortex plate shall be installed
at the entrance to the suction pipe. Square
steel vortex plate with dimensions at least
twice the diameter of the suction pipe.
 Distance above the bottom of tank is one-half
the diameter of the suction pipe with minimum
of 6 in. (152 mm)

Pump Suction Line .. (Lanjutan)

OS&Y valve provided in the suction piping.
(Butterfly valves not permitted in suction
piping.)

Suction piping is the proper size. (5 inch
for 500 gpm) (6 inch for 750 gpm) (8 inch
for 1000 or 1500 gpm) (10 inch for 2000 or
2500 gpm)

No backflow prevention or other devices
are in the suction piping

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Pump Suction Line .. (Lanjutan)

No elbows perpendicular to impeller of horizontal
pump are within 10 pipe diameters of the intake
flange

Suction condition using “Tee” connection
according to the standard requirements

Eccentric Installation

Reducer at pump
intake is eccentric
and installed with flat
side up

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Pump Discharge Line ..

Discharge piping is of the proper size (5
inch for 500 gpm) (6 inch for 750 or 1000
gpm) (8 inch for 1250 or 1500 gpm) (10
inch for 2000 or 2500 gpm)

A properly sized relief valve discharge has
been provided if pump is diesel driven or if
churn pressure can exceed rating of
system components

Circulation
relief Valve

Install for Electric Driven Fire
Pump

Objective, to safe the system
from over pressure during pump
operation without opening
discharge
relief Valve

Install for Engine Driven Fire
Pump

Objective, to safe the system
from over pressure during pump
operation over speed

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Pump Discharge Line .. (lanjutan)

The test header or flowmeter is tapped
between the discharge check valve and
the discharge valve provided for annual
fire pump flow testing

Fire Pump Sumary Data..

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Pump Sensing Line

sensing lines both tap the discharge pipes
between the check valve and the
discharge control valve

No shut off valves in the sensing lines

Both sensing lines are ½ inch and brass,
copper, or series 300 stainless steel
piping, tube, and fittings

Pump Sensing Line

Two bronze or stainless steel check valves shall be
installed in the pressure sensing line at least 5 ft (1.52 m)
apart with a nominal 3⁄32 in. (2.4 mm) hole drilled in the
bronze or stainless steel clapper to serve as dampening.

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Pump Accessories

Pressure Gauge
A 3½ inch pressure
gauge,
 Rate of at least 100
(suction) and 200
psi (discharge) and
a range of at least
twice the working
pressure of the
pump

Pump Accessories

A listed, float-
operated,
automatic, air
release valve (no
less than ½ inch in
size) is provided

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All Fire Protection System

Valve shall be supervised
open by one of the following
methods:
 Central station, proprietary, or remote
station signaling service
 Local signaling service that will cause
the sounding of an audible signal at a
constantly attended point
 Locking valves open
 Sealing of valves and approved
weekly recorded inspection where
valves are located within fenced
enclosures under the control of the
owner

Engine Battery

Storage batteries shall not be located in

front of the engine mounted instruments
and controls

Current-carrying parts shall not be less
than 12 in. (305 mm) above the floor level

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Engine Fuel Tank

Diesel fuel supply tank has a capacity of 1
gallon per engine horsepower (5,07
liter/kW), plus 10% (5% sump and 5%
expansion safety)

A fuel level indicator (Alarm if the level
below 2/3)

Fuel tank venting

Fire Sprinkler System

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Fire Sprinkler System

The requirements for spacing, location,
and position of sprinklers shall be based
on the following principles:
1. Sprinklers installed throughout the premises
2. Sprinklers located so as not to exceed
maximum protection area per sprinkler
3. Sprinklers positioned and located so as to
provide satisfactory performance with
respect to activation time and distribution

Fire Sprinkler System

maximum floor area on any one floor to be
protected by sprinklers supplied by any one
sprinkler system riser
Hazard Type Maximum Protected
area
Light hazard 52,000 ft2 (4831 m2)
Ordinary hazard 52,000 ft2 (4831 m2)
Extra hazard -Pipe schedule 25,000 ft2 (2323 m2)
Extra hazard -Hydraulically 40,000 ft2 (3716 m2)
calculated
Storage — High-piled storage (as
defined in 1-4.2)
storage covered by other NFPA 40,000 ft2 (3716 m2)
standards

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Fire Sprinkler System

Sprinklers under
pitched roofs

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Sprinkler Obstruction

Positioning of sprinklers
Obstructions against to avoid obstructions to
walls discharge

Sprinkler Obstruction

Minimum distance from obstruction

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Detection & Alarm System

Detector Installation
Guide NFPA 72e

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Heat Detector Spacing

The minimum spacing of heat

detectors shall not be required to
be less than 0.4Copyright NFPA
times the height of the ceiling.

Exception shall not apply to the

following detectors, which rely on
the integration effect:
1. Line-type electrical conductivity
detectors
2. Pneumatic rate-of-rise tubing
heat detectors
•In these cases, the manufacturer’s
recommendations shall be followed
for appropriate alarm point and
spacing

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Instalasi “Manual Call Point”

Instalasi “Manual Call Point”

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Any Question..??

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Fire Investigation

S.B Nurcahya
Member of NFPA International &
Indonesian Fire Protection Association

Fire Investigation:

Reff:
NFPA 921, Guide for Fire and Explosion
Investigations-2017 edition

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Fire Investigation:

Tujuan penentuan titik api, adalah untuk

mengetahui :
 Dimana api bermula
 Biasanya, lokasi dimana api bermula
mengalami kerusakan paling parah .
“Once point of origin is determined, the
cause of the fire is determined”

Fire Investigation:
Cause of Fire:

Natural
Undetermined

Accidental
Intentional

Who investigates the fire?

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Factors dapat mempengaruhi pola

api

Terbakar yg terbakar

Heat Transfer

Flashover

Heat Transfer

Conduction
 Transfer of heat by direct contact of one body to another
(pipes, beams, etc.)

Convection
 Transfer of heat by some circulating medium (either gas or
liquid)
 Convection is the form of heat transfer most responsible for
the spread of structural fires.

Radiation
 Heat being transferred from one area to another without direct
contact with the area, and without any circulating hot gases to
help “bathe” the area in heat. It is heat in the form of energy
which travels through space or materials as waves.

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CONDUCTION
Vertical Horizontal

Api menyebar melalui panas yang dihantarkan oleh bahan penghantar panas,
bisa berupa sekat partisi atau dinding atau bahan konduktor lain pada suatu
ruangan sehingga membakar ruangan lain yang ada disebelahnya

CONVECTION

gas panas yang dihasilkan oleh api menyebar ke seluruh ruangan

karena perbedaan suhu dan tekanan udara sehingga membakar seluruh
ruangan yang ada di sekitarnya

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RADIATION

energi panas dari material yang terbakar meningkatkan suhu bahan lain yang
ada disekitar bahan yang terbakar sampai mencapai titik bakar, sehingga bahan
lain yang teradiasi tersebut turut terbakar

Flashover

Stage of fire when a room or other area
becomes heated to the point when flames
flash over the entire surface or area.
 Common cause of secondary fires
 Indicators:

Surface burning (a grey-black color w/ hairline cracks,
rather than deep char)

Lack of an accelerant residue

Lack of normal fire spread

Demarcation or separation line in the structure – an
imaginary line between a heated area & a cooler area.

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FLASHOVER

Metode Systematis

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Ada empat langkah dasar dalam

menentukan area asal kebakaran:

Periksa bagian luar struktur atau
kendaraan dan area sekitarnya.

Periksa interior struktur atau kendaraan.
 Periksa area yang paling banyak dan paling
sedikit mengalami kerusakan.

Wawancarai setiap orang yang hadir yang
mungkin memiliki informasi terkait
kebakaran.

Ada empat langkah dasar dalam menentukan

area asal kebakaran:.. (lanjutan)

Analisis dan evaluasi informasi menggunakan

metode ilmiah.

Analysis dan evaluasi Pola Api (fire pattern)

Analysis dan evaluasi semua sumber penyalaan
potensial

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Prinsip pemeriksaan pola

kebakaran

Penentuan penyebab kebakaran dimulai
dengan identifikasi titik asal.

Pendekatan sistematis umum adalah
bekerja dari area dengan kerusakan paling
kecil hingga sebagian besar kerusakan.

“One of the major

objectives
of a fire scene
examination
is the recognition,
identification
and analysis of
fire patterns.”

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Success in
Recognizing
Arson begins
with
recognizing
possible
Arson Fire
Patterns
“Once point of origin is determined, the
cause of the fire is determined”

Prinsip pemeriksaan pola

kebakaran.. (lanjutan)

Pahami bahwa urutan penyalaan api adalah
peristiwa yang memungkinkan sumber
penyalaan yang mampu untuk memulai
pembakaran, bisa berupa tindakan atau kondisi
yang bisa memicu pengapian awal dan
menyulut bahan bakar

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Prinsip pemeriksaan pola

kebakaran.. (lanjutan)

Setelah asal api diidentifikasi, analisa
cermat dari bidang ini diperlukan untuk
menentukan penyebab kebakaran itu
sendiri.

Pahami bahwa area kerusakan terbesar
tidak selalu merupakan titik asal nyala api.

Pemeriksaan Exterior

Lakukan pemeriksaan eksterior 360
derajat dari lokasi kebakaran.

Hasil pemeriksaan eksterior harus
sepenuhnya didokumentasikan.

Perhatikan pola api dan bukti lain yang
mungkin ada atau informasi lain yang
mungkin penting untuk penyelidikan.

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Pemeriksaan Exterior
Area yang paling terdampak oleh kebakaran

Pemeriksaan Exterior.. (lanjutan)

Pola api dan kondisi angin

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Pemeriksaan Exterior.. (lanjutan)

Pola api pada ventilasi

Pemeriksaan Interior

Keselamatan pertama!

Lakukan dari area dengan kerusakan paling
kecil hingga sebagian besar kerusakan (daerah
yang bernoda asap, rusak, dan hangus ringan
menuju ke area yang ternoda asap, rusak dan
hangus berat)

Waspadai masalah kontaminasi bukti (mis.,
Pengisian bahan bakar peralatan bertenaga
bensin).

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Least to most (dari yg paling tdk

terdampak ke yang paling terdampak)

Slide 2-25

Basic Fire Pattern

Intensity Pattern :Diproduksi oleh respons

bahan terhadap efek paparan berbagai tingkat
panas. Efek panas pada bahan tertentu dapat
menghasilkan garis demarkasi yang khas.

Movement Pattern : Diproduksi oleh
pertumbuhan api dan produk pembakaran yang
jauh dari sumber panas awal. Dapat ditelusuri
kembali ke sumber panas jika dievaluasi dengan
benar.

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Intensity Pattern

“V” pattern

Slide 2-28

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“V” pattern

Clean burn

Diproduksi paling umum dengan panas

konduktif atau perpindahan panas intens
ke permukaan.

Catatan:
Meskipun mereka dapat menjadi indikasi pemanasan
yang intens di suatu daerah, area pembakaran yang
bersih sendiri tidak selalu menunjukkan daerah asal titik
api

Slide 2-30

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Clean burn on interior of

structure

Slide 2-31

Movement Pattern

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Lines of demarcation (garis

pembatas)

Garis atau area yang
berbatasan menentukan
perbedaan efek panas dan
asap api pada berbagai
material yang dapat digunakan
untuk menentukan arah
penyebaran api atau
perbedaan intensitas
pembakaran.

Slide 2-33

Lines of demarcation (Lanjutan.)

Slide 2-34

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Heat shadowing

Diproduksi oleh
objek yang
menghalangi
perjalanan energi
panas mungkin
padat atau cair,
mudah terbakar
atau tidak mudah
terbakar..
Slide 2-35

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Kalsinasi / pengapuran (Calcination)

Kadar air
didorong keluar
dari gipsum
karena panas.

Permukaan
kertas akan
hangus dan
mungkin juga
terbakar
Slide 2-37

Pemeriksaan Interior

Perhatikan sesuatu yang tidak biasa

terjadi, misal:
 Wadah bahan bakar yang tidak pada
tempatnya:

Ditemukan di area tersembunyi?

Apakah wadah kosong atau penuh?

 Perbaikan pekerjaan yang sedang berjalan.

 Peralatan listrik di bagian luar struktur.

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“Unnatural” Fire
Damage

One gallon of
gasoline
was poured
here!

“Rainbow-colored”
/ Rainbow marking
sheen
on the surface
of
suppression water
over the
pour area.

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Accelerant containers
in or near the scene.

Pemeriksaan Interior

Komponen dapat hangus lebih berat pada sisi
yang menghadap ke sumber api, karena terkena
lebih lama ke sumber panas.
 Lubang di langit-langit mungkin membantu
penyebaran api.
 Kerusakan bisa disebabkan oleh aktivitas
pemadaman kebakaran.
 Mungkin ada bukaan atau kerusakan pada langit-
langit sebelum kebakaran.

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Pemeriksaan Interior

Area di atas pintu yang paling dekat
dengan sumber api mungkin memiliki
pembakaran yang lebih parah.

Kerusakan langit-langit adalah pendekatan
pada area asal api, area asal api harus
mengalami kerusakan langit-langit lebih
besar.

Pemeriksaan Interior

Periksa semua kerusakan pada lantai
akibat kebakaran dan bandingkan dengan
kerusakan langit-langit di ruangan / area
asal.
 Perhatikan karpet terbakar atau meleleh.
 Evaluasi kerusakan dengan teliti lubang yang
terbakar, dan cari:

Tanda-tanda pola yang berbeda dari area yang
terbakar dan tidak terbakar.

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Pemeriksaan Interior

Dalam tahap kebakaran penuh (full
developed fire) juga dapat berdampak
pembakaran lantai di sekitar ambang pintu
dan alas tiang akibat radiasi atau sumber
udara (ventilasi).

Dalam tahap
kebakaran penuh
(full developed fire)
juga dapat
berdampak
pembakaran lantai
di sekitar ambang
pintu dan alas tiang
akibat radiasi atau
sumber udara
(ventilasi).

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Protected floor area (lanjutan)

Slide 2-49

Protected floor area (lanjutan)

Slide 2-50

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Pemeriksaan Interior

Kondisi pintu juga dapat memberikan
petunjuk tentang perjalanan api.

Pintu ditutup pada saat kebakaran harus
menunjukkan pola luka bakar yang
merata.

Tepi pintu harus dilindungi agar tidak
terbakar atau hangus.

Pemeriksaan Interior

Apabila pintu tertutup pada saat kebakaran
dengan api di sisi bawah dapat mengindikasikan
penggunaan cairan yang dapat terbakar.

Pintu yang terbuka pada saat kebakaran dapat
memperlihatkan pola terbakar yang berbeda.
 Pembakaran harus lebih besar di sisi pintu yang
berengsel.
 Jika api berasal dari pembakaran rendah, pola
terbakar di pintu harus miring.

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Exterior examination
Burn patterns at ventilation points.

Slide 2-53

Komponen bangunan
nonstruktural.

Mungkin dapat memberikan petunjuk ke tingkat
aktivitas kebakaran pada lokasi terendah.

Rak juga harus dievaluasi untuk pembakaran di
bagian bawah maupun di atas.
 Bagian atas sering akan terlindung oleh bahan yang
diletakkan di atasnya.
 Jika rak runtuh ke rak lain, akan lebih mudah
temukan area pembakaran dilokasi / titik yg terendah
pada rak tsb

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Efek panas pada bola lampu

pijar

Slide 2-57

Bola lampu pijar

Tertarik ke
arah sumber
panas

(lebih dari 25
watt (W))

Slide 2-58

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Orang pertama yang berada di lokasi

kebakaran adalah orang yg berada pada
posisi terbaik untuk mengamati dan
memberikan informasi kritis tentang
kjadian kebakaran

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Symptoms of Ignitable Liquid Use

(Possible indicators of an accelerated fire)

Burn injuries to the hands,

face, legs or hair of a
suspect/witness.

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