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EARTH SCIENCE
1st Semester
MINERALS AND ROCKS

www.geologypage.com/2019/07

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Earth Science– Grade 11
1st Semester – Week 1 Minerals and Rocks

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Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Sernim I. Lanurias

Editors: Manuel F. Teodoro, Emily Esmabe and Helen Cornelio

Reviewers: Chozara P. Duroy, Manuel F. Teodoro, Emily Esmabe and Helen Cornelio

Illustrator:

Layout Artist:

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 Most Essential
LEARNING COMPETENCY

Identify common rock-forming minerals

using their physical and chemical properties

(S11/12ES-Ia-9)

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 Supplementary Learning Module for Senior High School Learners

LESSON
MINERALS AND ROCKS

The earth is consisting of amazing substances. This

substances occurs naturally while others are made by man.
Minerals are just a few example of naturally occurring solid
homogeneous crystalline element or compound that results from
the inorganic processes of nature.

BEGIN So, enjoy and learn more about minerals and rocks!

In order to have a better understanding on Minerals and Rocks, be

ready because at the end of this module, you are expected to:

LEARNING TARGETS

➢ Identify some common rock-forming minerals;

➢ Classify minerals based on their physical and chemical
properties; and
➢ Value the importance of rock-forming minerals.

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 TRY THIS! Directions: Read and comprehend each item
then, give your honest answer.
I. Multiple choice.
1. What property of a mineral that has the ability to reflect light?
A. hardness
B. luster
C. color
D. streak
2. Which of these properties tells that the mineral is in its powder form?
A. hardness
B. luster
C. color
D. streak
3. Which property is defined as the ratio of the density of a substance to the density
of given reference material?
A. Specific cleavage
B. Specific fracture
C. Specific gravity
D. Specific density
4. It is a kind of mineral that contain sulfur and oxygen in the form of the (SO 4)
anion.
A. oxides
B. sulfide
C. sulfates
D. carbonates
5. Which of the pairs below forms a sulfide?
A. Sulphur and oxygen
B. Sulphur and metal
C. Silicon and Oxygen
D. Carbon and oxygen

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 6. Which property of minerals has the ability to break along specific planes of
weakness to form smooth, flat surfaces?
A. Habit
B. Cleavage
C. Taste
D. Tenacity
7. Which statement does NOT describe a mineral?
A. Mineral is part of the tissue of an organism
B. Mineral has fixed composition or varies within defined limits.
C. Minerals are the “building blocks” of rocks.
D. Mineral is naturally occurring solid crystalline substance
II. Objective type.
1. Define “rock-forming mineral,” and give three examples.
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.

Kindly, check your answers at the answer key section. If you

score low, don’t worry! It just means that there are more things that you can
learn from this module. So, ready for the next activities.

EXPLORE

DO ROCK OR MINERAL?
THIS!
Direction: Using marker, put a check on the picture inside the
box considered as minerals:
Materials:
Pictures of rocks and minerals
Marker

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 novaculite obsidian basalt
quartz halite

calcite docite granite diamond gypsum

Guide Question: 1calcite

1. What are your basis in identifying the minerals? granite

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. Define the word mineral.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. What makes mineral different from a rock?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

DO Properties of Minerals
THIS!

Objective:
Determine the different properties of minerals.
Materials
Pictures
Marker
Procedure:
1. Identify the pictures found in the box with that of the properties of minerals found
on the next box.

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 2. Complete the table. You may use dictionary/internet for the description of each
property.

1 2 3

4 5

Properties of Minerals
A. Luster B. Cleavage/Fracture C. Hardness D. Streak

E. Color F. Crystal Form/habit G. Specific Gravity

Mineral No. Property Description

1
2
3
4
5

Guide Questions:
1. What are the properties/characteristics of minerals?
________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
2. Why do minerals have different properties?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

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 DO
THIS! Name
Me
Objective: To classify some of the rock-forming minerals.
Materials: Photograph of minerals

Procedure:
1. Study each picture of mineral. You may use other reference to have better
understanding.
Guide Question:
1. What are the common group of minerals?
________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Direction: Fill in the chart below about the major minerals

Group Definition Example

Silicates Olivine
Metallic element + CO3 Calcite
Oxides Hematite

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 Sulfur + another element Pyrite
Halides Cl or F + Ca, Na, or K
Native Elements Copper

KEEP THIS IN MIND!

Mineral — a naturally occurring (artificial or machine generated), inorganic (not a by

product of living things) solid with an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical
composition.
Minerals are the basic building blocks of rocks.

There are different mineral properties which must be identified and defined.
1. Luster – it is the quality and intensity of reflected light exhibited by the mineral
a. Metallic – generally opaque and exhibit a resplendent shine similar to a
polished metal
b. Non-metallic – vitreous
(glassy), adamantine (brilliant/diamond-like),
resinous, silky, pearly, dull (earthy), greasy,
among others.

2. Hardness – it is a measure of the

resistance of a mineral (not specifically
surface) to abrasion.

3. Crystal Form/Habit - The external shape

of a crystal or groups of crystals is displayed
/ observed as these crystals grow in open
spaces. The form reflects the supposedly
internal structure (of atoms and ions) of the
crystal (mineral). It is the natural shape of the
mineral before the development of any
cleavage or fracture. Examples include
prismatic, tabular, bladed, platy, Reni form
and equant. A mineral that do not have a
crystal structure is described as amorphous.

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4. Color and Streak

a. A lot of minerals can exhibit same or similar colors. Individual minerals

can also display a variety of colors resulting from impurities and also from some geologic
processes like weathering.

b. Examples of coloring: quartz can be pink (rose quartz), purple (amethyst),

orange (citrine), white (colorless quartz) etc.
c. Streak, on the other hand, is the mineral’s color
in powdered form. It is inherent in almost every mineral, and is
a more diagnostic property compared to color. Note that the
color of a mineral can be different from its streak.

d. Examples of streak: pyrite (FeS2) exhibits gold

color but has a black or dark gray streak.
e. The crystal’s form also defines the relative growth of the crystal in three
dimensions, which include the crystal’s length, width and height.
5. Cleavage – the property of some minerals to break along specific planes of weakness
to form smooth, flat surfaces

Cleavage is different from habit; the two are distinct, unrelated properties.
Although both are dictated by crystal structure, crystal habit forms as the mineral is
growing, relying on how the individual atoms in the crystal come together. Cleavage,
meanwhile, is the weak plane that developed after the crystal is formed.
6. Specific Gravity – the ratio of the density of the mineral and the density of water. This
parameter indicates how many times more the mineral weighs compared to an equal
amount of water (SG 1).
7. Others – magnetism, odor, taste, tenacity, reaction to acid, etc. For example,
magnetite is strongly magnetic; sulfur has distinctive smell; halite is salty; calcite fizzes
with acid as with dolomite but in powdered form; etc.

Minerals, like many other things, can also be categorized. The most stable and least
ambiguous basis for classification of minerals is based on their chemical compositions.

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 Rock-forming
minerals make up large
masses of rocks, such as
igneous, sedimentary, or
metamorphic rocks. Rock
forming minerals are
essential for the
classification of rocks,
whereas accessory
minerals can be ignored in
this endeavor.
Almost 85% of the
atoms in the earth’s crust
are oxygen and silicon.
Therefore, the most
common and abundant
rock-forming minerals are
silicates. Some carbonates
are also abundant. The
most common rock forming
minerals are tabulated
below.

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 Chemical properties of minerals show the presence and arrangement of atoms
in minerals. Using their chemical properties, minerals are identified by how they
react to certain substances.

APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

SET A
Direction: Encircle the word that does not belong to the group.
1. basalt, gypsum, granite
2. granite, docite, halite
3. novaculite, obsidian, diamond
4. calcite, docite, basalt
5. novaculite, granite, quartz

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SET B
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. It is the quality of a mineral to reflect light.
A. Hardness
B. Luster
C. Color
D. Streak
2. Which property of minerals to break along specific planes of weakness to form
smooth, flat surfaces?
A. Habit
B. Cleavage
C. Taste
D. Tenacity
3. The following are the characteristics of non-metallic luster except one, which
one is it?
A. resinous,
B. silky
C. greasy
D. opaque
4. Which property of a mineral that defined as the ratio of the density of the
mineral to the density of water?
A. Cleavage
B. Fracture
C. Specific gravity
D. Crystal form
5. What is the streak of pyrite?
A. White
B. black
C. Yellow
D. brown
6. When gold added with silicate, what will be formed?
A. Calcite
B. Quartz
C. Hematite
D. Chlorine
7. What is the most common and abundant rock-forming mineral?
A. Silicates
B. Carbonates
C. Oxides
D. Sulphides
8. What is the hardest mineral?
A. Talc

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 B. Diamond
C. Bismuth
D. Gold
9. What is formed when diamond is added with silicate?
A. Bornite
B. Chromite
C. Halite
D. Talc
10. Which mineral is found in all rock type?
A. Calcite
B. Dolomite
C. Gypsum
D. Quartz

Congratulations on finishing the supplementary

learning module!
You have just had an amazing learning journey!
This time, share your insights by completing the
following sentences.

REFLECT

I have learned that _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
I wish to ask my teacher about… ______________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________

REINFORCEMENT

To be submitted next meeting:

List five minerals and their common uses. Identify the specific property/properties that
makes the mineral suitable for those uses.

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 ➢ For example, graphite, having a black streak and hardness of 1-2, is used in
pencils due to its ability to leave marks on paper and other objects.

WORD BANK

Silicates – minerals containing the two most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust,
namely, silicon and oxygen.
Oxides – minerals composed of oxygen anion (O2-) combined with one or more metal
ions

Sulfates – minerals containing sulfur and oxygen in the form of the (SO4)- anion
Sulfides – minerals containing sulfur and a metal; some sulfides are sources of
economically important metals such as copper, lead, and zinc.

Carbonates – minerals containing the carbonate (CO3)2- anion combined with other
elements
Halides – minerals containing halogen elements combined with one or more metals

Native Elements – minerals that form as individual elements

a. Metals and Intermetals – minerals with high thermal and electrical conductivity,
typically with metallic luster, low hardness (gold, lead)

b. Semi-metals – minerals that are more fragile than metals and have lower
conductivity (arsenic, bismuth)

c. Nonmetals – nonconductive (sulfur, diamond)

ASSESS WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

Directions: Identify what is asked or described in each item.

1. What are the different characteristics that define a mineral?
2. Which among the following mineral groups, if any, contain silicon: halides,
carbonates or sulfides? Explain.
3. Which is more abundant in the Earth’s crust: silicates or all the other mineral
groups combined? Explain.
4. An unknown opaque mineral has a black streak and has a density of 18g/cm 3.
Is the mineral metallic or non-metallic?
5. How does streak differ from color, and why is it more reliable for rock
identification?
6. Differentiate between habit and a cleavage plane.

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 7. Is it possible for a mineral to have a prismatic habit without having any
cleavage? Why or why not? If yes, give an example.
8. Define “rock-forming mineral,” and give three examples.

REFERENCES

Teaching Guide for Senior High School EARTH SCIENCE CORE SUBJECT
http://www.meriam-webster.com
https://GotBooks.MiraCosta.edu

https://geology.com/rocks
https://geologyglasgow.org.uk
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com
https://en. Wikipedia.org
www.flicker.com
https:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file: molybdenite_metallic_luster:jpg
https:// en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/streak_(mineralogy)
https:// openpress.usask.ca/physicalgeology/chapter 5-6 mineral-properties-2
https;// physical properties of minerals slideshare.net
http:// chemical properties of minerals.slideshare.net
http:// scienceblogyear4.blogspot.com
http:// obsidian-80.jpg(80x60)
http:// dolomite-80.jpg(80x60)
http://flyclipart.com
http://classroomclipart.com
animated student cliparts - cliparts.zone
Female teacher clipart Png,Free
92 cute Teacher.PNG kid
http:// Book clip art free clipart images 4
cliparting.com

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 clip art books – woodborough Primary school
http:// Student writng PNG – student writing
cleanpng.com
DLPNG.com

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