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Earth Science
First Semester

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Science– Grade 11
Quarter 2 – Module 2: Climate

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in
any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the
government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things,
impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand

names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective
copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to
use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and
authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Madilyn B. Povadora

Editors: Manuel F. Teodoro, Emily Esmabe, Helen Cornelio,

Emiliano S. Bulanon

Reviewers: Chozara P. Duroy, Emily Esmabe and Manuel F. Teodoro

Illustrator: Cyril Cortes

Layout Artist: Nikki Faith A. Bantillo

Madilyn B. Povadora

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 Supplementary Learning Module for Senior High School Learners

LESSON
ROCKS AND MINERALS

Our Earth is made mostly of rocks. Rocks and minerals are all
around us. Every single item going into our house nowadays is
a product of mining rocks and minerals. Rocks and minerals held
us to develop new technologies which we used in our daily lives. The
uses of rocks and minerals include materials for infrastructures, cars,
cosmetics, and appliances. Rocks and minerals play a valuable role in
natural systems as well as it contributes to the beauty and wonderment
of the surroundings.
Rocks are made up of different types of minerals. Common rocks include
granite, basalt, limestone, and sandstone. Quartz and feldspar are examples of the
most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust. In this module, you will learn more
about properties of rocks and minerals as well as classification of rocks and rock
cycle.

Identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical

and chemical
properties. S11/12ES-Ib-5
➢ Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and
metamorphic. S11/12ES-Ic-6

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. determine the different properties of a
mineral;
2. classify the rocks as igneous,
sedimentary and metamorphic; and,
3. discuss rock cycle.

Directions: Read and answer the following questions. Write the letter
of your answer on the box provided at the end of each question.

1. What property of a mineral refers to the ability of the mineral to resist from
being scratch?
A. Cleavage C. Luster
B. Hardness D. Streak
2. What property of a mineral refers to the ability of the mineral to reflect light?
A. Fracture C. Luster
B. Hardness D. Streak
3. Which among the following is an example of sedimentary rock?

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 A. Chalk C. Obsidian
B. Granite D. Pumice Obsidian
4. What is another term for intrusive igneous rocks?
A. contact C. plutonic
B. extrusive D. volcanic
5. What is the main factor for contact metamorphism (in metamorphic rocks)
to occur?
A. Amount of water C. Pressure
B. Length of time D. Heat

How did you find the test?

Please check your answers at the answer key section and see how
you did. Got a low score? Don’t worry. It only means that there are
more things that you can learn from this module. Keep going!

Directions: Do you know what is the most expensive mineral in

the world? To find the answer, circle the words that are listed
below. The remaining word is the answer.

D M I N E R A L S
I A J A D E I T E S
A G A M E T H Y S T
M N F E L D S P A R
O E Q U A R T Z M U
N T O O L Y R E B B
D M I C A G A T E Y
S X Y N O P E A R L

PEARL MINERALS FELDSPAR QUARTZ

ONYX DIAMONDS RUBY MAGNET
AGATE AMETHYST BERYL MICA
AMBER TOOL

Did you get it right? That mineral costs $3 million per carat.

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 Be MINErals

Directions: Match the pictures found in Column A with that of the

properties of minerals in Column B and the description of the properties
of a mineral in Column C. Fill up the table below.

Properties of a Mineral

Picture Property of Mineral Description

1
2

3
4
5

1. What are the characteristics that define a mineral?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

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 2. Why do minerals have different properties?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic solid, with a definite chemical

composition, and an ordered atomic arrangement. Minerals are the ingredients of
rocks. The following are the properties of minerals.
1. COLOR - least useful property in identifying minerals. One reason is that
many minerals have similar colors. Also, impurities can turn colorless
minerals into colored minerals. Although pure quartz is colorless or white, a
small amount of iron gives quartz a purple color, and trace amounts of
titanium produce pink quartz. Another reason not to rely on color alone is
that some minerals can change color in various circumstances. For
example, brown-bronze bornite, a copper ore, turns purple when exposed
to air
2. STREAK - the color it displays in finely powdered form. One of the simplest
ways of determining the streak of a mineral is to rub a specimen across a
piece of unglazed porcelain known as a streak plate. The test is called a
streak test. Gold and Chalcopyrite have similar color but different streak.
Gold has a yellow streak while chalcopyrite has a black streak.
Mineral Color Streak
Magnetite black black/gray
Amphibole black black/gray
Oolitic Hematite red red/brown

Specular Hematite silver red/brown

Calcite clear white
Smoky Quartz gray none
3. LUSTER - The quality and intensity of reflected light exhibited by the
mineral.
4. HARDNESS - The ability of a mineral to resist being scratched. “Scratch
test” is used to determine the hardness of the mineral through its ability to
scratch another mineral.

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 5. FRACTURE/CLEAVAGE
Fracture - The tendency of a mineral to breaks unevenly or irregularly.
Cleavage - The tendency of a mineral to break evenly along its weakest
plane.
6. CRYSTAL FORM - Some minerals tend to form crystals that aid in the
identification of the mineral.
7. SPECIFIC GRAVITY - The ratio of the density of the mineral to the density
of water (1 g/cm3).
8. OTHERS - Acid test – Calcite, Magnetic – Magnetite, Taste - Halite

Minerals are natural, solid, crystalline, not part of the tissue of an organism,
and its composition is fixed or varies within defined limits. Mineral properties are
due to the internal arrangement of its atoms.

Apply What You Have Learned

Which among the water,

snowflakes and tube ice is
a mineral? Why?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

B. Use the following testing tools to determine the Mohs Hardness of an unknown
mineral to the nearest half number on the scale.
Fingernail = 2.5 Copper penny = 3 Glass plate = 5.5
Steel file = 6.5
1. If the unknown mineral can scratch fingernail, what does it mean?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
2. If it can scratch a penny and a glass plate but unable to scratch a steel file,
what is the value of hardness of the unknown mineral on the Mohs Scale?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Directions: Solve the pictogram below to reveal the hidden

meaning of the pictures.

1.

2.

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 3. ______________________________________

YOU ROCK MY WORLD!

A. Determine the rock being described in the statements below.

Write the letter of your answer on the space provided before
each number.

________ 1. Made out of sand, shells, pebbles and other material.

_______ 2. Has ribbon-like layer caused by the heat.
_______ 3. Fossils are usually found in this rock.
_______ 4. Forms when magma cools and hardens.
_______ 5. Has bands of minerals over their surfaces known better
as foliations.
B. Which picture illustrates igneous rock? sedimentary rock? metamorphic
rock?
___________________________________________________________
C. Differentiate igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Take your
answers from the descriptions above.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

A rock is an aggregate of one or more minerals. It can be monomineralic or

polymineralic. A monomineralic rock is composed of one type of mineral only.
Examples are marble (made up of calcite) and quartzite (made up of silicon
dioxide). While a polymineralic rock is composed of more than one type of mineral.
Example is granite (made up of quartz and feldspar). Igneous, metamorphic and
sedimentary are the three types of rocks.

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 1. IGNEOUS ROCKS - are formed when magma have cooled down. There are
two types of igneous rocks: intrusive or plutonic and extrusive or volcanic.
• Intrusive igneous rocks crystallize below Earth's surface, and the
slow cooling that occurs there allows large crystals to form.
Examples of intrusive igneous rocks are diorite, gabbro, granite,
pegmatite, and peridotite.
• Extrusive igneous rocks erupt onto the surface, where they cool
quickly to form small crystals. Examples include basalt, rhyolite,
andesite, dacite, pumice, scoria, komatiite and obsidian.
2. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS - are formed by the accumulation of other eroded
substances.
There are three basic types of sedimentary rocks.
• Clastic sedimentary rocks such
as breccia, conglomerate, sandstone, mudstone, siltstone,
and shale are formed from mechanical weathering debris.
• Chemical sedimentary rocks, such as halite, iron ore, chert, flint,
some dolomites, gypsum, and some limestones, form when
dissolved materials precipitate from solution.
• Organic sedimentary rocks such as coal, some dolomites, and
some limestones, form from the accumulation of plant or animal
debris.
3. METAMORPHIC ROCKS - are formed when rocks change their original
shape and form due to intense heat or pressure. There are two basic types
of metamorphic rocks.
• Foliated metamorphic rocks such as gneiss, phyllite, schist,
and slate have a layered or banded appearance that is produced by
exposure to heat and directed pressure.
• Non-foliated metamorphic rocks such as hornfels, marble, quartzite,
and novaculite do not have a layered or banded appearance.
Apply What You Have Learned
Directions: Classify the sample rocks according to its sub-type. For Igneous
rocks: intrusive or extrusive, for sedimentary: clastic, chemical or organic and
for metamorphic: foliated or non-foliated. Write your answers on the space
provided for each type of rock.

Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks

___________
___________ ___________

DO THIS ___________

___________ ___________
EXPLORE –
___________

___________ ___________
v ___________
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 What are the words you can make using the following letters? You
don’t have to use all the letters everytime. Can you find the 9-letter
compound word? What is it?

R Y C _________________________________________
_________________________________________
E C L _________________________________________
K O C _________________________________________

THE ROCK CYCLE

Direction: Study the rock cycle below and answer the questions.

Source: http://www.gmsdk12.org/Downloads/RockCycleWorksheetwithQuestions.pdf

1. How is magma formed?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
2. How does magma become igneous rock?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
3. How are sediments formed?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
4. How do sediments become sedimentary rock?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

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 5. What process is necessary to change a sedimentary rock to a
metamorphic rock?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
6. How does a metamorphic rock become an igneous rock?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
7. A sedimentary rock can become an igneous rock by melting and
solidification. According to the diagram, what’s one other, more indirect,
way a sedimentary rock become an igneous rock?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
8. Which process cannot happen? _____________
a. Igneous rock → heat and or pressure → metamorphic rock
b. Igneous rock → weathering and erosion → burial → deposition →
cementation → sedimentary rock
c. Metamorphic rock → melting → solidification → igneous rock
d. Sedimentary rock → melting → solidification → metamorphic rock

The rock cycle is a process in which rocks are continuously transformed

between the three rock types igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.
Igneous rock forms when magma cools and makes crystals. Magma is a hot
liquid made of melted minerals. The minerals can form crystals when they cool.
Igneous rock can form underground, where the magma cools slowly. Or, igneous
rock can form above ground, where the magma cools quickly.
On Earth's surface, wind and water can break rock into pieces. They can
also carry rock pieces to another place. Usually, the rock pieces, called sediments,
drop from the wind or water to make a layer. The layer can be buried under other
layers of sediments. After a long time the sediments can be cemented together to
make sedimentary rock. In this way, igneous rock can become sedimentary rock.
Inside Earth there is heat from pressure. There is also heat from radioactive
decay.
This heat bakes the rock. Baked rock does not melt, but it does change. It forms
crystals. If it has crystals already, it forms larger crystals. Because this rock
changes, it is called metamorphic. Metamorphosis can occur in rock when they are
heated to 300 to 700 degrees Celsius.
The rock cycle continues.

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 Apply What You Have Learned

Can an igneous rock become another igneous rock? If so, how?

________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

Give your insights by completing the following sentence

prompts.

I have learned that ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

I wish to ask my teacher about ____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

Reinforcement
Make a cross puzzle about Rocks and Minerals. At least 10
words across the puzzle and 10 word down the puzzle.

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 Directions: Read and answer the following questions. Write the
letter of your answer on the box provided at the end of each
question.

1. What property of a mineral refers to the ability of the mineral to resist from
being scratch?
A. Cleavage C. Luster
B. Hardness D. Streak
2. What property of a mineral refers to the ability of the mineral to reflect light?
A. Fracture C. Luster
B. Hardness D. Streak
3. Which among the following is an example of sedimentary rock?
A. Chalk C. Obsidian
B. Granite D. Pumice
4. What is another term for intrusive igneous rocks?
A. extrusive C. plutonic
B. contact D. volcanic
5. What is the main factor for contact metamorphism (in metamorphic rocks) to
occur?
A. Amount of water C. Pressure
B. Length of time D. Heat

The following terms used in this module are defined as

follows:

CLEAVAGE - tendency of a mineral to break evenly along its weakest plane.

FRACTURE - tendency of a mineral to breaks unevenly or irregularly.
HARDNESS - ability of a mineral to resist being scratched.
IGNEOUS ROCKS - formed when magma have cooled down.
LUSTER - quality and intensity of reflected light exhibited by the mineral.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS - are formed when rocks change their original shape
and form due to intense heat or pressure.
MINERAL - a naturally occurring inorganic solid, with a definite chemical
composition, and an ordered atomic arrangement.
MONOMINERALIC ROCK - composed of one type of mineral only.
POLYMINERALIC ROCK - composed of more than one type of mineral.
ROCK - an aggregate of one or more minerals.
SCRATCH TEST - used to determine the hardness of the mineral through its ability
to scratch another mineral.
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS - are formed by the accumulation of other eroded
substances.
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SPECIFIC GRAVITY - The ratio of the density of the mineral to the density of water.
STREAK - the color it displays in finely powdered form.
STREAK TEST – test used to determine streak of a mineral.

Identifying Rocks and Minerals/Differences Between Rocks and Minerals

(https://en.m.wikibooks.org)

What are Minerals?(https://geology.com)

The types of rocks: igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary (From

zmescience.com)

SHS Earth and Life Science Teacher’s Guide

SHS Earth and Life Science Curriculum Guide

http://www.classzone.com/vpg_ebooks/ml_earthscience_na/accessibility/ml_eart
hscience_na/page_105.pdf

http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/grocha/mineral/streak.html

https://www.britannica.com/science/mineral-chemical-compound

https://geology.com/rocks/sedimentary-rocks.shtml

http://mineralogy4kids.org/rock-cycle/extrusive-igneous-rocks

https://geology.com/rocks/metamorphic-rocks.shtml

https://geologyglasgow.org.uk/local-rocks/the-rock-cycle/

https://sites.google.com/site/heikepaulsen/rockonwebquest

https://www.pinclipart.com/maxpin/TbTxhm/

https://www.vecteezy.com/vector-art/509808-pickaxe-with-nuggets-of-gold-
vector-illustration

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