[~______H_A_R_D_EN_E_D__S_TE_E_L_W__A_S_H_ER_S____~J

Abstract of
WASHERS ASTMF436
1993 (R 2000)

IFI NOTES:

1. ASTM F436 is a specification developed through the procedures of

ASTM. F436 is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F·16 and
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.02.

2. This abstract presents the chemical, mechanical and dimensional

requ;;ements for hardened steel washers. It omits those require.
ments dealing with quality assurance and inspection, and a listing
of applicable documents. For the omitted information, refer to the
complete F436.

3. ASTM F436 washers are specifically designed for use with A325
and A490 high strength strUctural bolts, see page E-28 and E-37.

4. The paragraph numbers throughout this abstract are those of the

complete ASTM F436~1993 (R 2000). Minor editorial changes have
been made to improve clarity and reader understanding. None af-
fects technical content.

5. ASTM F436-1993 (R 2000) is abstracted with permission from the

Annual Book of ASTM Standards, copyright American Society for
Testing and Materia/s, 100 Ba" Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken,
PA 19428-2959, U.S.A.

1. Scope 1.2.1.2 Type 3 - Weathering steel. Atmo-

1.1 This specification covers the chemical,
mechanical, and dimensional requirements for
hardened steel washers for use with fasteners
having nominal thread diameters of 1/4 through
4 in. These washers are intended for general~
purpose mechanical and structural use with bolts,
nuts, studs, and other internally and externally
threaded fasteners. These washers are suitable
for use with fasteners covered in Specifications
A325, A354, A449. A490 and A687.
spheric corrosion resistance and weathering
characteristics are comparable to that of steels
covered in Specifications A588/A588M and
A709/A709M. The atmospheric corrosion resis-
tance of these steels is substantially better than
that of carbon steel with or without copper addi-
tion. See 5.1. When properly exposed to the
atmosphere, these steels can be used bare (un-
coated) for many applications.
1.2.2 The styles of washers cov~red are:

I 1.2 The washers are designated by type de-
noting the material and by style denoting the
shape.
1.2.1 The types of washers covered are:
1.2.1.1 Type 1- Carbon steel.
1.2.2.1 Circular - Circular washers in nominal
bolt sizes 1/4 through 4 in. suitable for applica-
tions where sufficient space exists and angular-
ity permits.
1.2.2.2 8eveled - Beveled washers are square
or rectangular, in nominal sizes 1/2 through

L-24 © 2003 Industrial Fasteners Institute

 Abstract of
ASTM F436
[
HARDENED STEEL WASHERS
1993 (R 2000)
~----------------------------------~
1-1/2 in., with a beveled 1 to 6 ratio surface for
use with American standard beams and chan-
nels.
1.2.2.3 Clipped - Clipped washers are circular
or beveled for use where space limitations ne-
cessitate that one side be clipped.
NOTE 1 - A complete metric companion to Specification
F436 has been developed - Specification F436M; there-
fore no metric equivalents are presented in this specifica-
tion.
2. Referenced Documents
(Refer to the complete specification, see
page N-38.)
3. Ordering Information
3.1 Orders for hardened steel washers un-
der this specification shall include the following:
3.1.1 ASTM designation and year of issue,
3.1.2 Quantity (number of pieces by size),
3.1.3 Type and Style (see 1.2.1 and 1.2.2),
3.1.4 Zinc Coating - Specify the zinc coating
process required, for example, hot-dip, mechani-
cally deposited, or no preference (see 4.3),
3.1.5 Dimensions, nominal size, and other di-
mensions, if modified from those covered in this
specification.
3.1.6 Specify if inspection at point of manu-
facture is required, (see 11.1),
3.1.7 Specify if manufacturer's certification or
test reports , or both, are required, (see 13), and
3.1.8 Special requ irements.
4. Materials and Manufacture
4.1 Steel used in the manufacture of wash-
ers sha ll be produced by the open-hearth, ba-
sic-oxygen, or electric-furnace process.
© 2003 Industrial Fasteners Institute
J WASHERS
"
4.2 Washers up to and including 1-1/2 in. in
bolt size shall be through hardened. Washers
over 1-1/2 in. may be either through hardened
or carburized at the option of the manufacturer.
4.3 Zinc Coatings, Hot-Dip and Mechanically
Deposited:
4.3.1 When zinc coated washers are required,
the purchaser shall specify the zinc coating pro-
cess, for example, hot-dip. mechanically depos-
ited, or no preference.
4.3.2 When hot-dip is specified, the washers
shall be zinc coated by the hot-dip process in
accordance with the requirements of Class C of
ASTM A153, page 8-230.
4.3.3 When mechanically deposited is speci-
fied, the washers shall be zinc coated by the me-
chanical-deposition process in accordance with
the requirements of Class 50 of ASTM 8695,
page 8-233.
4.3.4 When no preference is specified, the
supplier may furnish either a hot-dip zinc coat-
ing in accordance with ASTM A 153, Class C, or
a mechanically deposited zinc coating in accor-
dance with ASTM 6695, Class 50. Threaded
components (bolts and nuts) shall be coated by
the same zinc coating process and the supplier's
option is limited to one process per item with no
mixed processes in a lot.
4.4 If washers are heat treated by a subcon-
tractor, they shall be returned to the manufac-
turer for testing prior to shipment to the pur-
chaser.
I
5. Chemical Composition
5.1 Type 1 and Type 3 washers shall con-
form to the requirements as to chemical compo-
sition prescribed in Table 1. For Type 3, see
Guide ASTM G101 for methods of estimating
corrosion resistance of low alloy steels.
L-25
 Abstract of
WASHERS HARDENED STEEL WASHERS ASTM F436
. . . . . . . [ ______________________________________] ,-19_93_(_R_2_00_0)~

Table 1 Chemical Requirements 6.3 Carburized and hardened washers shall

Composition , percent have a minimum core hardness of 30 HRC or
Element 65 HRA.
Type 1 Type 3"
Pl"osphorous, max
Heal analysis 0.040 0.040
7. Dimensions and Tolerances
Prodwanalysis 0.050 0.045
SlMlr, max 7.1 All circular and clipped circular washers
Heat analysis 0.050 0.050 shall conform to the dimensions shown in Tables
Product analysis 0.060 0.055
2 and 4.
Silicon
Heal analysis 0.15-0.35 7.2 All square beveled and clipped square
Product analysis
...
0.13-0.37
CtvomiLnl beveled washers shall conform to the dimensions
Heat analysis
... 0.45-0.65 shown in Tables 3 and 4. In addition, rectangu-
Product analysis 0.42-0.68
lar beveled and clipped rectangular beveled
Nickel
... washers shall conform to the dimensions shown
Heat analysis 0.25-0.45
Product anatysis
... 0.22-0.48 in Tables 3 and 4, except that one side may be
Copper
.. . longer than shown for the ~BH dimension.
Heat analysis 0.25-0.45
Product analysis 0.22-0.48
7.3 Unless otherwise stated in the inquiry or
• Type 3 steel washers may also be manufactured from any of purchase order, plain (uncoated) hardened steel
the steels listed in Table 2 of ASTM A325, page E-31.
circular washers shall be furnished . Where cor-
rosion-preventive treatment is required , wash-
5.2 Product analysis may be made by the ers shall be coated as agreed upon between the
purchaser from finished material representing manufacturer and the purchaser.
each lot of washers. The chemical composition
shall conform to the requirements of 4.1 and 5.1. 8. Workmanship

5.3 Individual heats of steel are not identi- 8.1 Washers shall be free of excess mill
fied in the finished product. scale, excess coatings and foreign material on
bearing surfaces. Arc and gas cut washers shall
5.4 Chemical analyses shall be performed be free of metal spatter.
in accordance with Test Methods, Practices , and
Terminology ASTM A751. 9. Sampling and Number of Tests
(Refer to the complete speCification.)
6. Mechanical Requirements

6.1 Through hardened washers shall have a 10. Tes1 Methods

hardness of 38 to 45 HRC, except when zinc
10.1 Hardness:
coated by the hot-dip process, in which case they
shall have a hardness of 26 to 45 HRC. 10.1.1 Non-carburized Washers - A minimum

I
6.2 Carburized washers shall be carburized
to a minimum depth of 0.015 in. and shall have
a surface hardness of 69 to 73 HRA or 79 to 83
HR15N, except when zinc coated by the hot-dip
process , in which case they shall have a hard-
ness of 63 to 73 HRA or 73 to 83 HR15N.
of two readings shall be taken 180 deg apart on
at least one face at a minimum depth of 0.015
in.
10.1.2 Carburized Washers - A minimum of
two readings shall be taken 180 deg apart on at
least one face.

L-26 © 2003 Industrial Fasteners Institute

 Abstract of
ASTM F436
[
HARDENED STEEL WASHERS
J WASHERS
1993 (R 2000) ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~ • • • •

-+-++ -1-+

CIRCULAR CUPPED CIRCULAR

Table 2 Dimensions of Circular and Clipped Circular Washers

B A C E
No m
Washer Size No m Outside Nom tn slde Thickness, In. Minimum Edge
". Diameter, in. Diameter, in. M', Ma> Distance, in.

518 9m 7132
5116'"
318
11116
13/16
11132
13132
0.051
0.051
0.051
0.080
0.080
0.080
9/32
11132
7116 59/64 15132 0.051 0.080 '3/32
,Q 1-1116 17132 0.097 0.177 7/16
518 1-5116 11116 0.122 0.177 9116
314 1-15132 13116 0.122 0.177 21132

,
718 1-314
2
15/16
1-118
0.136
0.136
0.177
0.177
25132
718
,
1-118 2-1/4 1-1/4 0.136 0.177
1-1/4 2-112 1-318 0.136 0.177 1-3J32
'-318 2-3/4 1-112 0.136 0.177 1-7132
3
,-3/,
1-112
3-318
1-5/8
1-718
0.136
0.178
0.177
0.28
1-5/16
1-17132
2 3-3/4 2-118 0.178 0.28 1-3/4
2-114 , 2-318 0.24 0.34 2
2-112 4-112 2-518 0.24 0.34 2-3/16
2-314 5 2-718 0.24 0.34 2-13132
3 5-112 3-118 0.24 0.34 2-518
3-1/4 6 3-318 0.24 0.34 2-718
3-,Q 6-112 3-518 0.24 0.34 3-1116
3-3/4
, 7-112
7 3-718
4-118
0.24
0.24
0.34
0.34
3-5116
3-112
See Notes , 2 2 4 3
NOTES;

I
(1) Nominal washer sizes are intended for use with comparable nominal bolt, screw and stud diam-
eters.
(2) Tolerances are given in Table 4.
(3) Clipped edge, E, shall not be closer than 0.875 times the nominal bolt diameter from the center
of the washer.
(4) Washer sizes 1-3f4 and 2 in. are intended 10 be of 3116 in. nominal thickness material, and
washer sizes 2-1/4 in. and larger of 114 in. nominal thickness material.

© 2003 Industrial Fasteners Institute L -27

 [~______HA__R_D_EN_E_D__S_TE_E_L_W__A_S_H_ER_S_______J
Abstract of
WASHERS ASTM F436
1993 (R 2000)

r-
T T t
! (+\ T
B - - r- B f+\ 1
I \ ./ \...e./
~ - ~~
L B---.J
SQUARE SQUARE CLIPPED

Table 3 Dimensions of Beveled Washers

Nom
Was her Size
•
Min Side
A
Nom Insid e
T
Mean Thickn ess,
Slope o r Taper
E

Nom Edge
In Thickness
'". Dimension, In. Diameter, In.
'". Distance, In.
1/2 1-3/4 17/32 5/16 1:6 7/16
5/8 1·314 11116 5116 1:6 9/16
3/4 1-3/4 13/16 5/16 1:6 21/32
7/8 1.J14 15116 5116 1:6 25/32
1 1-3/4 1-118 5116 1:6 7/8
1-1/8 2-114 1-1/4 Sf16 1:6 1
'-1f4 2-1f4 1·3/8 5116 1:6 1-3/32
1-3/8 2-1f4 1-1/2 5116 1:6 1-7132
1-1/2 2-1/4 1-5/8 5116 1:6 1-5/16
See Notes 1 2. 3 2 4
NOTES.
(1) Nominal washer sizes are intended for use with comparable nominal bott, screw and stud diameters.
(2) Tolerances are given in Table 4.
(3) Non-clipped washers may be rectangular providing neither side dimension is less than 8.
(4) Clipped edge, E, shall not be closer than 0.875 times the nominal bolt diameter from the canter of the
washer.

Table 4 Washer Dimension Tolerances

To 1'1i In. Nom Over 1'/;' to 3 In. Nom Over 3 to 4 In.
Wa sher S~• • Incl. Wa sher Size, incl. Nom Washer Size, incl.
Nom diameter of twlle. in. -0, +1f32 - 0, +1116 -0, +1f8

I
Nom outside diameter or side, in. ± 1/32 ± 1f16 ± 116
Flatness: max deviation from straightedge placed on
0.010 0.015 0.032
cut side shall oot exceed (in.)
Concertricily, in.: certer of twlle 10 outside diameter 0.030 FIR 0.090 FIR 0.250 FIR
BlSr shall oot project above immediately ad)acert
0.010 0.015 0.025
washer strlace more lhan (in.)
FIR IS f~llfldlcator readll"g.

L - 28 © 2003 Industrial Fasteners Institute

 Abstract of
ASTM F436
[
HARDENED STEEL WASHERS
J WASHERS
1993 (R 2000) .
~----------------------------~

10.2 Hardness tests shall be performed in erably be in different locations and, when on the
accordance with the Rockwell test method speci- same level, shall be separated by at least two
fied in ASTM F606, page 8-204. spaces.

11. Inspection 15.6 It is possible that during the clipping of

circular washers the marking symbols may be
12. Rejection
removed. This is acceptable provided that the
13. Certification and Test Report majority of washers in the lot still display the iden-
tification marks.
(For Paras. 11, 12 and 13, refer to the
complete specification.) 16. Packaging and Package Marking

14. Responsibility 16.1 Packaging:

14.1 The party responsible for the fastener 16.1.1 Unless othef'llolise specified, packaging
shall be the organization that supplies the fas- shall be in accordance with Practice ASTM
tener to the purchaser and certifies that the fas- D3951 .
tener was manufactured, sampled, tested and
16.1.2 When special packaging requirements
inspected in accordance with this specification
are required , they shall be defined at the time of
and meets all of its requirements.
the inquiry and order.
15. Product Marking 16.2 Package Marking:
15.1 Washers shall be marked with a symbol, 16.2.1 Each shipping unit shall include or be
or other distinguishing marks, to identify the plainly marked with the following information:
manufacturer or private label distributor, as ap-
propriate. 16.2.1.1 ASTM designation and type,
16.2.1 .2 Size,
15.2 Additionally, Type 3 weathering steel ..'
washers shall be identified with the symbol "3". 16.2J3 Name and brand or trademark of the
manufacturer,
15.3 Additional identification or distinguishing
marks, or both, may be used by the manufac- 16.2.1.4 Number of pieces,
turer. 16.2.1.5 Purchase order number, and
15.4 All marking symbols shall be depressed 16.2.1.6 Country of origin.
on one face of the washer.
17. Keywords
15.5 Type and manufacturer's or private la-
bel distributor's identification shall be separate 17.1 carbon steel; steel; washers; weathering
and distinct. The two identifications shall pref- steel

51. Surface Roughness

SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS

in height including any flaws in or on the sur-

face.
I
S1.1 Washers shall have a multidirectional lay
with a surface roughness not exceeding 750 fJ in. S1.2 Burrs shall not exceed 0.01 in. in height.

© 2003 Industrial Fasteners Institute L-29