Differential Equations PYQs

Based on Degree and Order

1. The degree of the differential equation

𝑑𝑦 2
1 + (𝑑𝑥 ) = 𝑥 is____________.

[CBSE 2020]
Solution

The degree of the differential equation

𝑑𝑦 2
1 + ( ) = 𝑥 is 2 .
𝑑𝑥

2. Write the sum of the order and the degree of the following differential equation.
𝑑 𝑑𝑦
(𝑑𝑥 ) = 5
𝑑𝑥

[CBSE SQP 2021-22]

Solution

𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
We have, 𝑑𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 ) = 5 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 2 = 5
∴ Order = 2
Degree = 1
∴ Required sum = 3

4
2
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
3. Find the order and the degree of the differential equation 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 = {1 + (𝑑𝑥 ) } .

[CBSE 2019]
Solution

The given differential equation is

4
𝑑2 𝑦
2
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑥 = [1 + ( ) ]
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
∴ Its order is 2 and degree is 1 .

1
 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 3
4. Write the sum of the order and degree of the following differential equation 𝑑𝑥 {(𝑑𝑥 ) } =

0.
[CBSE 2015]
Solution

The given differential equation is

𝑑 𝑑𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑2 𝑦
{( ) } = 0 ⇒ 3 ⋅ ( ) ⋅ 2 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Order = 2 and Degree = 1
∴ Order + Degree = 2 + 1 = 3

2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3
5. Write the sum of the order and degree of the differential equation (𝑑𝑥 2 ) + (𝑑𝑥 ) + 𝑥 4 =

0.
[CBSE 2015]

Solution

Order = 2, Degree = 2.
∴ Order + Degree = 2 + 2 = 4
3
𝑑𝑦 4 𝑑2 𝑦
6. Write the sum of the order and degree of the differential equation 1 + (𝑑𝑥 ) = 7 (𝑑𝑥 2 ) .

[CBSE 2015C]
Solution

Order = 2, Degree = 3
∴ Order + Degree = 2 + 3 = 5

𝑑𝑦 4 𝑑2 𝑦
7. Write the degree of the differential equation (𝑑𝑥 ) + 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 = 0.

[CBSE 2013]
Solution

Degree of the given differential equation is 1 .

2
 3
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 4
8. Write the degree of the differential equation 𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 2 ) + 𝑦 (𝑑𝑥 ) + 𝑥 3 = 0.

[CBSE 2013]
Solution

Degree of the given differential equation is 3 .

𝑑𝑦 4 𝑑2 𝑦
9. Write the degree of the differential equation: (𝑑𝑥 ) + 3𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2 = 0

[CBSE 2013C]
Solution

The degree of the differential equation is 1.

Based on Variable Separable Method

𝑑𝑦
10. Find the solution of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 3 𝑒 −2𝑦 .

[CBSE 2015C]
Solution

𝑑𝑦
We have, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 3 𝑒 −2𝑦 ⇒ 𝑒 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑦 𝑥4
Integrating Both sides, we get = + 𝐶′
2 4
2𝑦 4 ′
⇒ 2𝑒 = 𝑥 + 𝐶, where 𝐶 = 4𝐶

𝑑𝑦
11. Write the general solution of differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 .

[CBSE SQP 2019-20]

Solution

𝑑𝑦
. We have, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑒
Integrating both sides, we get

−𝑒 −𝑦 + 𝑐 = 𝑒 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑦 = 𝑐

3
12. Find the general solution of the differential equation sec2 x . tan y dx + sec2 y . tan x dy =
0.
[CBSE 2021-22]

Solution

We have, sec 2 𝑥tan 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + sec 2 𝑦tan 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

sec 2 𝑥 sec 2 𝑦 𝑑(tan 𝑥) 𝑑(tan 𝑦)
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑦 ⇒ =−
tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦 tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦
⇒ log (tan 𝑥) = −log (tan 𝑦) + log 𝑐 (intergrating on both
⇒ tan 𝑥tan 𝑦 = 𝑐

13. Find the general solution of the following differential equation:

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑦

[CBSE 2021-22]

Solution

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑦
𝑑𝑥
(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )
⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑦
Integrating on both sides, we get
⇒ ∫ 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
𝑥3
⇒ 𝑒𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + + 𝐶, which is required solution.
3

14. Find the particular solution of the differential equation 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (1 +

𝜋
𝑒 −𝑥 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 given that 𝑦 = when x = 0.
4

[CBSE 2020]
Solution

We have, cos 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )sin 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0

⇒ 𝑑𝑥 + (1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )tan 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥
⇒ + tan 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
1 + 𝑒 −𝑥
Integrating both sides, we get
𝑒𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ tan 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
1 + 𝑒𝑥
⇒log (1 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) + log |sec 𝑦| = log 𝐶
⇒sec 𝑦(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝐶

4
 𝜋
When, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 4 , we get 𝐶 = 2√2
∴ Particular solution of the differential equation is, sec 𝑦(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) = 2√2

𝑑𝑦
15. Write the solution of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 2−𝑦

[CBSE 2015]
Solution

𝑑𝑦
We have, 𝑑𝑥 = 2−𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1
⇒ = 𝑦 ⇒ 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2

Integrating both sides of (i), we get

2𝑦
= 𝑥 + 𝐶 ⇒ 2𝑦 = (𝐶 + 𝑥)log 2
log 2

Taking log on both sides to the base 2 , we get

log 2 2𝑦 = log 2 [(𝐶 + 𝑥)log 2]

⇒ 𝑦 = log 2 [(𝐶 + 𝑥)log 2]

This is the required solution.

16. Solve the differential equation:

𝑑𝑦
= 1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 , given that y = 1 when x = 0.
𝑑𝑥

[CBSE 2019]
Solution

𝑑𝑦
We have, 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦
∴ = 1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 (1 + 𝑥 2 ) = (1 + 𝑥 2 ) ⋅ (1 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ = (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑦2
𝑥3
Integrating both sides, we get tan−1 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3 + 𝐶 when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1
𝜋
tan−1 1 = 0 + 0 + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 =
4
1 𝜋
∴ tan−1 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3 𝑥 3 + 4 is the required solution.

5
17. Find the particular solution of the differential equation (1 − 𝑦²)(1 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)𝑑𝑥 +
2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0, given that 𝑦 = 0 when 𝑥 = 1.
[CBSE 2016]

Solution

We have, (1 − 𝑦 2 )(1 + log 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0

⇒ (1 − 𝑦 2 )(1 + log 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦
(1 + log 𝑥) 2𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 1 − 𝑦2
On integrating both sides, we get
(1 + log 𝑥)2
= log |1 − 𝑦 2 | + 𝐶
2

When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0
(1 + log 1)2 1
∴ = log (1) + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 =
2 2
(1 + log 𝑥)2 1
⇒ = log |1 − 𝑦 2 | +
2 2
⇒ (1 + log 𝑥)2 = 2log |1 − 𝑦 2 | + 1 is the required solution.

18. Find the particular solution of the differential equation 𝑥 (1 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 (1 +

𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0, given that y = 1 when x = 0.
[CBSE 2014]

Solution

We have, 𝑥(1 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦(1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑥 𝑦
⇒ 2
𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦 = 0
1+𝑥 1 + 𝑦2
2𝑥 2𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑦
1 + 𝑥2 1 + 𝑦2
Integrating both sides, we get
log (1 + 𝑦 2 ) = log (1 + 𝑥 2 ) + log 𝐶
⇒ 1 + 𝑦 2 = 𝐶(1 + 𝑥 2 )
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1
∴ 1 + 1 = 𝐶(1 + 0) ⇒ 𝐶 = 2
∴ 1 + 𝑦 2 = 2(1 + 𝑥 2 ) is the required particular solution.

6
 𝑑𝑦
19. Find the particular solution of the differential equation log (𝑑𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 + 4𝑦, given that y

= 0 when x =0.
[CBSE 2014]
Solution

𝑑𝑦
We have, log ( ) = 3𝑥 + 4𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒 3𝑥+4𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 4𝑦 ⇒ 𝑒 −4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Integrating both sides, we get
𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒 −4𝑦
∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 −4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 ⇒ − =𝐶
3 −4
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
1 1 7
∴ + =𝐶⇒𝐶=
3 4 12
𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒 4𝑦 7
⇒ + =
3 4 12
⇒ 4𝑒 3𝑥 + 3𝑒 4𝑦 = 7 is the required particular solution.

20. Solve the differential equation (𝑥² − 𝑦𝑥²)𝑑𝑦 + (𝑦² + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 = 0, given that y = 1
when x = 1.
[CBSE 2014]
Solution

We have, (𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦 + (𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 2 (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 = 0
(1 − 𝑦) (1 + 𝑥 2 )
⇒∫ 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑦2 𝑥2
1 1 1
⇒ ∫ ( 2 − ) 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ ( 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑦 𝑦 𝑥
1 1
⇒ − − log |𝑦| − + 𝑥 = 𝐶
𝑦 𝑥
⇒ − 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦log |𝑦| − 𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝐶(𝑥𝑦)
when 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1
∴ − (1) − (1)(1)log |1| − (1) + (1)2 (1) = 𝐶(1)
⇒ 𝐶 = −1
Equation (i) becomes
𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦log |𝑦| + 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦

7
 𝑦
21. Find the particular solution of the differential equation 𝑒 𝑥 √1 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 given

that y = 1 when x = 0.
[CBSE 2014]
Solution

𝑦
We have, 𝑒 𝑥 √1 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥

𝑦
𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
√1 − 𝑦 2

Integrating both sides, we get

1 1
𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑥 − ∫ 1 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (1 − 𝑦 2 )−2 (−2𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶
2
1
𝑥
1 (1 − 𝑦 2 )2
𝑥
⇒ 𝑥𝑒 − 𝑒 − =𝐶
2 1/2
⇒ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 − 1) − √1 − 𝑦 2 = 𝐶
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑒 0 (0 − 1) − √1 − 1 = 𝐶
⇒ 𝐶 = −1
∴ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 − 1) − √1 − 𝑦 2 = −1 is the required solution.

∴ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 − 1) − √1 − 𝑦 2 = −1 is the required solution.

𝑑𝑦
22. Solve the following differential equation: 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 log 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = 0.

[CBSE 2014]
Solution

𝑑𝑦
We have, cosec 𝑥log 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = 0

log 𝑦 𝑥2
⇒ 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑦2 cosec 𝑥

Integrating both sides, we get

log 𝑦
∫ 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑦2

1
[Put log 𝑦 = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑡 and 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 ]

8
 ⇒ ∫ 𝑡 ⋅ 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑒 −𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡
⇒𝑡⋅ −∫ 1⋅ 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑥 2 (−cos 𝑥) − ∫ 2𝑥(−cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶
−1 −1
⇒ −𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑡 − 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥sin 𝑥 − 2 ∫ 1 ⋅ sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶
1 + log 𝑦
⇒− − 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥sin 𝑥 + 2cos 𝑥 = 𝐶
𝑦

This is the required solution.

𝑑𝑦
23. Find the particular solution of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦, given that y

= 0 when x = 1.
[CBSE 2014]
Solution

𝑑𝑦
We have, = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ = (1 + 𝑥) + (1 + 𝑥)𝑦 = (1 + 𝑥)(1 + 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ = (1 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1+𝑦
Integrating both sides, we get
𝑑𝑦
∫ = ∫ (1 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
1+𝑦
𝑥2
⇒ log (1 + 𝑦) = 𝑥 + + 𝐶
2
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0
1 3
∴ log 1 = 1 + + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = −
2 2
𝑥2 3
∴ The particular solution of (i) is log (1 + 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 2
− 2.

24. Find the particular solution of the differential equation 𝑒 𝑥 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (2 −

𝜋
𝑒 𝑥 ) sec 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0, given that 𝑦 = when x = 0.
4

[CBSE 2018]
Solution

The given differential equation is,

𝑒 𝑥 tan 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (2 − 𝑒 𝑥 )sec 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
⇒ (2 − 𝑒 𝑥 )sec 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = −𝑒 𝑥 tan 𝑦𝑑𝑥
sec 2 𝑦 −𝑒 𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
tan 𝑦 2 − 𝑒𝑥
Integrating both sides, we get

9
 sec 2 𝑦 −𝑒 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
tan 𝑦 2 − 𝑒𝑥
⇒ log tan 𝑦 = log (2 − 𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝐶
𝜋
When 𝑦 = 4 , 𝑥 = 0
𝜋
∴ log tan = log (2 − 𝑒 0 ) + 𝐶
4
⇒ 0 = log 1 + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = 0
∴ Particular solution is log tan 𝑦 = log (2 − 𝑒 𝑥 )
⇒ 𝑒 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 − 2 = 0

𝑑𝑦 𝑥(2 log 𝑥+1) 𝜋

25. Find the particular solution of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑦+𝑦 cos 𝑦, given that 𝑦 = 2 ,

when 𝑥 = 1.
[CBSE 2014]
Solution

𝑑𝑦 𝑥(2log 𝑥+1)
We have, 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑦+𝑦cos 𝑦
⇒ (sin 𝑦 + 𝑦cos 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥(2log 𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥

On integrating both sides, we get

𝑥2 1 𝑥2 𝑥2
= 2 [log 𝑥 × − ∫ × 𝑑𝑥] + + 𝐶
2 𝑥 2 2

𝑥2 𝑥2
⇒ 𝑦sin 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 log 𝑥 − + +𝐶
2 2

⇒ 𝑦sin 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 log 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝜋
when 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
∴ sin = 1 ⋅ log (1) + 𝐶 ⇒ = 𝐶
2 2 2
∴ 𝑦sin 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 log 𝑥 + 𝜋/2 is the required solution.

2+sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
26. If y(x) is a solution of the differential equation ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 and 𝑦(𝑂) = 1, then
1+𝑦
𝜋
find the value of 𝑦 ( 2 ).

[CBSE 2014C]
Solution

10
 2+sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
We have, ( 1+𝑦
) 𝑑𝑥 = −cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 cos 𝑥
⇒ =− 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑦 2 + sin 𝑥
...(i)
Integrating both sides, we get
log (𝑦 + 1) = −log (2 + sin 𝑥) + log 𝐶
𝐶
⇒ log (𝑦 + 1) = log
2 + sin 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 + 1 = 𝐶/(2 + sin 𝑥) ⇒ (𝑦 + 1)(2 + sin 𝑥) = 𝐶
Given : 𝑦(0) = 1 ⇔ 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1
∴ (1 + 1) ⋅ (2 + sin 0) = 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = 4
∴ (𝑦 + 1)(2 + sin 𝑥) = 4
4
⇒𝑦= −1
2 + sin 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 4 1
Put 𝑥 = 2 in (i), 𝑦 ( 2 ) = 2+1 − 1 = 3.

Based on Homogeneous Equation

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 3 −𝑦 𝑛
27. For what value of n is the following a homogeneous differential equation: 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑦+𝑥𝑦 2

[CBSE SQP 2020-21]

Solution

For 𝑛 = 3, the given differential equation becomes homogeneous.

28. Find the general solution of the differential equation 𝑥(𝑦 3 + 𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑦 = (2𝑦 4 + 5𝑥 3 𝑦)𝑑𝑥.
[CBSE 2021-22]
Solution

We have, 𝑥(𝑦 3 + 𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑦 = (2𝑦 4 + 5𝑥 3 𝑦)𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2𝑦 4 + 5𝑥 3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2(𝑦/𝑥)4 + 5(𝑦/𝑥)
⇒ = ⇒ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 (𝑦/𝑥)3 + 1
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
Put 𝑣 = ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ⇒ = 𝑣 + 𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 2𝑣 4 + 5𝑣
∴𝑣+𝑥 = 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 +1
𝑑𝑣 2𝑣 4 + 5𝑣 𝑣 4 + 4𝑣
⇒𝑥 = 3 −𝑣 = 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 +1 𝑣 +1
𝑣3 + 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑣3 + 1 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 4 𝑑𝑣 = ⇒∫ 4 𝑑𝑣 = ∫
𝑣 + 4𝑣 𝑥 𝑣 + 4𝑣 𝑥
Putting 𝑣 4 + 4𝑣 = 𝑡 ⇒ (4𝑣 3 + 4)𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑡
1 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
∴ ∫ =∫
4 𝑡 𝑥

11
 1
⇒ log (𝑣 4 + 4𝑣) = log 𝑥 + log 𝐶
4
1 𝑦 4 + 4𝑦𝑥 3
⇒ log (𝑣 4 + 4𝑣) = log 𝑥 + log 𝐶 ⇒ =𝐶
4 𝑥8

𝑦
29. Find the particular solution of the differential equation 𝑥 𝑑𝑦. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 − 𝑥 tan (𝑥 ), given
𝜋
that 𝑦 = at 𝑥 = 1.
4

[CBSE 2020]
Solution

𝑑𝑦 𝑦
We have, 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 − 𝑥tan (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − tan (𝑥 ),
This is a homogeneous differential equation.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
Now, put 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
∴ 𝑣+𝑥 = 𝑣 − tan 𝑣
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑥 = −tan 𝑣 ⇒ =− ⇒ cot 𝑣𝑑𝑣 + =0
𝑑𝑥 tan 𝑣 𝑥 𝑥
Integrating both sides,we get
log |sin 𝑣| + log 𝑥 = log 𝐶
𝑦
⇒ 𝑥sin 𝑣 = 𝐶 ⇒ 𝑥sin ( ) = 𝐶
𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 1
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = , we get 1 ⋅ sin ( ) = 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 =
4 4 √2
𝑦 1
So, 𝑥sin ( ) = is the required particular solution.
𝑥 √2

𝑦 𝜋
30. Solve the differential equation (𝑥 sin2 (𝑥 ) − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 given 𝑦 = when 𝑥 = 1
4

[CBSE 2015C, 2014C, 2013]

Solution

𝑦
We have, (𝑥sin2 (𝑥 ) − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
⇒ + sin2 ( ) − = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
Put 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 ⋅ 1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
(i) becomes
𝑑𝑣
𝑣+𝑥 + sin2 𝑣 − 𝑣 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
⇒𝑥 + sin2 𝑣 = 0 ⇒ cosec 2 𝑣𝑑𝑣 + =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Integrating both sides, we get

12
 𝑑𝑥
∫ cosec 2 𝑣𝑑𝑣 + ∫ = 𝐶 ⇒ −cot 𝑣 + log 𝑥 = 𝐶
𝑥
𝑦
⇒ −cot ( ) + log 𝑥 = 𝐶
𝑥
...(ii)
Put 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 𝜋/4 in (ii), we get
𝜋
−cot + log 1 = 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = −1
4
𝑦
∴ −cot (𝑥 ) + log 𝑥 + 1 = 0 is the required particular solution.
Answer Tips
∫ cosec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −cot (𝑥) + 𝐶

31. Solve the following differential equation:

𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
[𝑦 − 𝑥 cos ( )] 𝑑𝑦 + [𝑦 cos ( ) − 2𝑥 sin ( )] 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
[CBSE 2015]

Solution

We have,

𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
[𝑦 − 𝑥cos ( )] 𝑑𝑦 + [𝑦cos ( ) − 2𝑥sin ( )] 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥sin (𝑥 ) − 𝑦cos (𝑥 )
⇒ = 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑥cos (𝑥 )

𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 2sin (𝑥 ) − 𝑥 cos (𝑥 )
⇒ = 𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 − cos (𝑥 )

This is a homogeneous differential equation.

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
∴ Put 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ⇒ = 𝑣+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∴ Equation (i) becomes,
𝑑𝑣 2sin 𝑣 − 𝑣cos 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 2sin 𝑣 − 𝑣cos 𝑣
𝑣+𝑥 = ⇒𝑥 = −𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 − cos 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 − cos 𝑣
𝑑𝑣 2sin 𝑣 − 𝑣 2 𝑣 − cos 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
⇒𝑥 = ⇒ 2
𝑑𝑣 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 − cos 𝑣 2sin 𝑣 − 𝑣 𝑥
−1 (2cos 𝑣 − 2𝑣) 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝑣 =
2 2sin 𝑣 − 𝑣 2 𝑥
Integrating both sides, we get

−1
log (2sin 𝑣 − 𝑣 2 ) = log 𝑥 + 𝐶1
2

13
 𝑦 𝑦2
⇒ log 𝑥 2 + 2𝐶1 + log (2sin − )=0
𝑥 𝑥2
𝑦 𝑦2
⇒ log [𝑥 2 (2sin − )] = −2𝐶1
𝑥 𝑥2
𝑦
⇒ 2𝑥 2 sin − 𝑦 2 = 𝑒 −2𝐶1 = 𝐶 (say)
𝑥
which is the required solution.

𝑑𝑦
32. Find the particular solution of the differential equation (𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦, given that

when x = 1, y = 0.
[CBSE 2013C]
Solution

𝑑𝑦
We have, (𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 + 2𝑦
⇒ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥−𝑦
This is a linear homogeneous differential equation.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
∴ Put 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ⇒ =𝑣⋅1+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∴ Equation (i) becomes
𝑑𝑣 𝑥 + 2𝑣𝑥 1 + 2𝑣
𝑣+𝑥 = =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥 1−𝑣
𝑑𝑣 1 + 2𝑣 1 + 𝑣 + 𝑣2
⇒𝑥 = −𝑣 =
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑣 1−𝑣
1−𝑣 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝑣 =
1 + 𝑣 + 𝑣2 𝑥
Integrating both sides, we get
1 3
− 2 (2𝑣 + 1) + 2
∫ 𝑑𝑣 = log 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑣2 + 𝑣 + 1

1 2𝑣 + 1 3 𝑑𝑣
⇒− ∫ 2 𝑑𝑣 + ∫ 2
2 𝑣 +𝑣+1 2 1 2 √3
(𝑣 + 2) + ( 2 )

= log 𝑥 + 𝐶
1
1 3 1 𝑣+2
2 −1
⇒ − log (𝑣 + 𝑣 + 1) + ⋅ tan [ ] = log 𝑥 + 𝐶
2 2 √3/2 √3/2

The general solution is

−1 𝑦2 𝑦
log 𝑥 + 𝐶 = log ( 2 + + 1)
2 𝑥 𝑥
2𝑦
+√3tan−1 ( + 1) /√3
𝑥

Putting 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0 in (i), we get

14
 1 1 𝜋
0 + 𝐶 = − log (0 + 0 + 1) + √3tan−1 ( ) ⇒ 𝐶 =
2 √3 2√3
𝜋 1
∴ log 𝑥 + = − [log (𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 ) − log 𝑥 2 ]
2√3 2
𝑥 + 2𝑦
+√3tan−1 ( )
√3𝑥
𝜋 1 𝑥 + 2𝑦
⇒ = − log (𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) + √3tan−1 ( )
2√3 2 √3𝑥

33. Solve the following differential equation:

𝑦 𝑦
𝑥 cos (𝑥 ) (𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦) = 𝑦 sin (𝑥 ) (𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥).

[CBSE 2013C]
Solution

We have,
𝑦 𝑦
𝑥cos ( ) (𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦) = 𝑦sin ( ) (𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥)
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ cos ( ) (𝑦 + 𝑥 ) = sin ( ) (𝑥 − 𝑦)
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
Putting 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 ⋅ 1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∴ (i) becomes
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
cos 𝑣 [𝑣𝑥 + 𝑥 (𝑣 + 𝑥 )] = 𝑣sin 𝑣 [𝑥 (𝑣 + 𝑥 ) − 𝑣𝑥]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
⇒ cos 𝑣 (2𝑣 + 𝑥 ) = 𝑣sin 𝑣 ⋅ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
⇒ 2𝑣cos 𝑣 = 𝑥(𝑣sin 𝑣 − cos 𝑣)
𝑑𝑥
𝑣sin 𝑣 − cos 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝑣 = 2 ⇒ (tan 𝑣 − ) 𝑑𝑣 = 2
𝑣cos 𝑣 𝑥 𝑣 𝑥
Integrating both sides, we get
log |sec 𝑣| − log 𝑣 = 2log 𝑥 + log 𝐶
|sec 𝑣|
⇒ log = log 𝐶𝑥 2
𝑣
⇒ |sec 𝑣| = 𝐶𝑣𝑥 2
𝑦
⇒ sec ( ) = 𝐶𝑥𝑦
𝑥

34. Solve the differential equation:

𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥, given that y = 0 when x = 1.
[CBSE 2019]

15
 Solution

𝑑𝑦
We have, 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦
⇒𝑥 = 𝑦 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 2
⇒ = + √1 + ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

This is a linear homogeneous differential equation.

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
Put 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ⇒ =𝑣+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∴ Eq. (i) becomes

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑣+𝑥 = 𝑣 + √1 + 𝑣 2 ⇒ 𝑥 = √1 + 𝑣 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣
⇒ = ⇒∫ =∫
𝑥 √1 + 𝑣 2 𝑥 √1 + 𝑣 2
⇒ log 𝑥 + log 𝐶1 = log |𝑣 + √1 + 𝑣 2 |

𝑦 𝑦2
⇒ log 𝑥 + log 𝐶1 = log | + √1 + 2 |
𝑥 𝑥

⇒ log 𝐶1 𝑥 = log |𝑦 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 | − log 𝑥

⇒ ±𝐶1 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ⇒ 𝐶𝑥 2 = 𝑦 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

[where 𝐶 = ±𝐶1 ]
General solution of the given equation is

𝐶𝑥 2 = 𝑦 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

Now, putting 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1 in (ii), we get 𝐶 = 1

∴ Required solution is 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2.

𝑑𝑦
35. Find the general solution of the differential equation (𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦.

[CBSE 2014C]
Solution

𝑑𝑦
We have, (𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 + 2𝑦
⇒ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥−𝑦

16
This is a linear homogeneous differential equation.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
∴ Put 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ⇒ =𝑣⋅1+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∴ Equation (i) becomes
𝑑𝑣 𝑥 + 2𝑣𝑥 1 + 2𝑣
𝑣+𝑥 = =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥 1−𝑣
𝑑𝑣 1 + 2𝑣 1 + 𝑣 + 𝑣2
⇒𝑥 = −𝑣 =
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑣 1−𝑣
1−𝑣 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝑣 =
1 + 𝑣 + 𝑣2 𝑥
Integrating both sides, we get

1 3
− 2 (2𝑣 + 1) + 2
∫ 𝑑𝑣 = log 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑣2 + 𝑣 + 1
1 2𝑣 + 1 3 𝑑𝑣
⇒− ∫ 2 𝑑𝑣 + ∫ 2
2 𝑣 +𝑣+1 2 1 2 √3
(𝑣 + 2) + ( 2 )

= log 𝑥 + 𝐶

1
1 3 1 𝑣+
2
⇒ − log (𝑣 + 𝑣 + 1) + ⋅ −1
tan [ 2] = log 𝑥 + 𝐶
2 2 √3/2 √3/2
1 𝑦2 𝑦 2𝑦 + 𝑥
⇒ − log ( 2 + + 1) + √3tan−1 ( ) = log 𝑥 + 𝐶
2 𝑥 𝑥 √3 ⋅ 𝑥
1 𝑥+2𝑦
⇒ − 2 log (𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 ) + √3tan−1 ( ) = 𝐶.
√3⋅𝑥

36. Solve the differential equation: 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

[CBSE 2016]
Solution

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
We have, 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑦
⇒𝑥 +𝑦 =𝑥−𝑦 ⇒ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦

This is a linear homogeneous D.E.

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
∴ Put 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∴ Equation (i) becomes

17
 𝑑𝑣 𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥 1 − 𝑣
𝑣+𝑥 = =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥 1 + 𝑣
𝑑𝑣 1 − 𝑣 1 − 𝑣 − 𝑣 2 − 𝑣 1 − 2𝑣 − 𝑣 2
⇒𝑥 = −𝑣 = =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑣 1+𝑣 1+𝑣
(1 + 𝑣) 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 2 𝑑𝑣 = −
𝑣 + 2𝑣 − 1 𝑥

Integrating both sides, we get

1
log |𝑣 2 + 2𝑣 − 1| = −log |𝑥| + log 𝐶
2
1
⇒ log |𝑣 2 + 2𝑣 − 1| + log |𝑥| = log 𝐶
2
1 𝑦 2 2𝑦
⇒ log | 2 + − 1| + log |𝑥| = log 𝐶
2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 2 2𝑦
⇒log | 2 + − 1| + 2log |𝑥| = 2log 𝐶
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2
⇒log | × 𝑥 2 | = log 𝐶 2
𝑥2
⇒𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 = ±𝐶 2
⇒𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 = 𝐶1 ( where 𝐶1 = ±𝐶 2 )

𝑑𝑦 𝑦
37. Find the particular solution of the differential equation 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑥 ) = 0;

given that y = 0 when x = 1.

[CBSE 2014C]
Solution

𝑑𝑦 𝑦
We have, 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑥cosec (𝑥 ) = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
⇒ − = −cosec ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
Put 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 ⋅ 1 + 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥
∴ Equation (i) becomes
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑣+𝑥 − 𝑣 = −cosec 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑥 = −cosec 𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
⇒ −sin 𝑣𝑑𝑣 =
𝑥
Integrating both sides, we get cos 𝑣 = log 𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑦
⇒ cos ( ) = log 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥

When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0

18
 0
⇒ cos ( ) = log 1 + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = 1
1
𝑦
∴ cos ( ) = log 𝑥 + 1
𝑥

This is the required particular solution.

38. Prove that 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝐶(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 is the general solution of the differential equation
(𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 = (𝑦 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑦, where C is a parameter.
[CBSE 2017]
Solution

We have, (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 = (𝑦 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2
⇒ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
Put, 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ⇒ = 𝑣+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∴ (i) becomes
𝑑𝑣 1 − 3𝑣 2
𝑣+𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 3 − 3𝑣
𝑑𝑣 1 − 3𝑣 2 − 𝑣 4 + 3𝑣 2 1 − 𝑣4
⇒ 𝑥 = =
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 3 − 3𝑣 𝑣(𝑣 2 − 3)
𝑣(𝑣 2 − 3)𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
⇒ =
1 − 𝑣4 𝑥
(𝑣 3 − 3𝑣)𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
⇒∫ 2 2
=∫
(1 − 𝑣 )(1 + 𝑣 ) 𝑥
𝑣 3 −3𝑣 𝐴𝑣+𝐵 𝐶𝑣+𝐷
Now, let (1−𝑣 2 )(1+𝑣2 ) = 1−𝑣 2
+ 1+𝑣2
⇒ 𝑣 3 − 3𝑣 = (𝐴𝑣 + 𝐵)(1 + 𝑣 2 ) + (𝐶𝑣 + 𝐷)(1 − 𝑣 2 )
Comparing coeff. of like powers, we get
𝐴 − 𝐶 = 1, 𝐴 + 𝐶 = −3, 𝐵 − 𝐷 = 0 and 𝐵 + 𝐷 = 0
Solving these equations, we get 𝐴 = −1, 𝐵 = 0, 𝐶 = −2, 𝐷 = 0
From (ii) and (iii), we have

−𝑣 2𝑣 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑣 − ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫
1 − 𝑣2 1 + 𝑣2 𝑥
1
⇒ log (1 − 𝑣 2 ) − log (1 + 𝑣 2 ) = log 𝑥 + log 𝐶1
2
√1 − 𝑣 2 (√𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
⇒ = 𝐶1 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝐶1 𝑥
1 + 𝑣2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2

⇒ 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝐶 2 1 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2
i.e., 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝐶(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2
(where 𝐶12 = 𝐶 )
which is the required solution.

19
 𝑑𝑦
39. Find the particular solution of the differential equation (𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 + 2𝑦), given that

y = 0 when x = 1.
[CBSE 2017]

Solution

𝑑𝑦
We have, (𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 + 2𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥−𝑦

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
Put 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
Putting 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 in (i), we get
𝑑𝑣 𝑥 + 2𝑣𝑥 1 + 2𝑣
𝑣+𝑥 = =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥 1−𝑣
𝑑𝑣 1 + 2𝑣 1 + 2𝑣 − 𝑣 + 𝑣 2
⇒𝑥 = −𝑣 =
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑣 1−𝑣
1−𝑣 1
⇒∫ 2 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑣 +𝑣+1 𝑥
2 − 2𝑣
⇒∫ 2 𝑑𝑣 = 2log |𝑥| + 𝑐
𝑣 +𝑣+1
3 − (2𝑣 + 1)
⇒∫ 2 𝑑𝑣 = 2log |𝑥| + 𝑐
𝑣 +𝑣+1
3 2𝑣 + 1
⇒∫ 2 𝑑𝑣 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑣 = log |𝑥|2 + 𝑐
𝑣 +𝑣+1 𝑣 +𝑣+1
1
⇒ 3∫ 2 𝑑𝑣 − log
|𝑣 2 + 𝑣 + 1| = log |𝑥 2 | + 𝑐
2
1 √3
(𝑣 + 2) + ( 2 )

1
3 𝑣+
⇒ tan (−1 2 ) = log |𝑥 2 (𝑣 2 + 𝑣 + 1)| + 𝑐
√3 √3
(2) 2
2𝑣 + 1
⇒ 2√3tan−1 ( ) = log |𝑥 2 (𝑣 2 + 𝑣 + 1)| + 𝑐
√3
𝑦
Substituting 𝑣 = 𝑥 in (ii), we get
2𝑦 + 𝑥 (𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )
2√3tan−1 ( ) = log |𝑥 2 |+𝑐
√3𝑥 𝑥2
Now, at 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1, we have
1
2√3tan−1 ( ) = log |1| + 𝑐
√3
𝜋 𝜋
⇒ 𝑐 = 2√3 ⋅ =
6 √3
𝜋
Substituting 𝑐 = 3 in (iii), we get
√

20
 2𝑦 + 𝑥 𝜋
2√3tan−1 ( ) = log |𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 | +
√3𝑥 √3
2𝑦 + 𝑥
⇒ 6tan−1 ( ) = √3log (𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) + 𝜋
√3𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑦2
40. Show that the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦−𝑥 2 is homogeneous and also solve it.

[CBSE 2015]
Solution

𝑑𝑦 𝑦2 𝑦 2 /𝑥 2
We have, = = (𝑥𝑦−𝑥 2 )/𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑦−𝑥 2
This is a homogeneous differential equation
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
∴ Put 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 ⋅ 1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∴ Equation (i) becomes
𝑑𝑣 𝑣2 𝑑𝑣 𝑣2 𝑣
𝑣+𝑥 = ⇒𝑥 = −𝑣 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 − 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 − 1 𝑣−1
𝑣−1 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝑣 = ⇒ (1 − ) 𝑑𝑣 =
𝑣 𝑥 𝑣 𝑥
Integrating, we get
𝑣 − log 𝑣 = log 𝑥 + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝑣 = log 𝑣𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑦
⇒ = log 𝑦 + 𝐶
𝑥
⇒ 𝑦ˆ = 𝑥(log 𝑦 + 𝐶) is the required solution.

41. Find the general solution of the differential equation 𝑦𝑒 𝑥/𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥𝑒 𝑥/𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦, 𝑦 ≠ 0
[CBSE 2020]
Solution

We have, 𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦, 𝑦 ≠ 0

𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑦
⇒ = + 𝑥/𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑒
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
Putting 𝑦 = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑦𝑡 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑡 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑦
∴ Equation (i) becomes, 𝑡 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑒 −𝑡 ⇒ = 𝑒 −𝑡 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦

Integrating both sides, we get

𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥/𝑦 + 𝐶

21
 Based on Linear Differential Equations

𝑑𝑦
42. The integrating factor of the differential equation 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 𝑥 2 is_________.

[CBSE 2020]

Solution

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
We have, 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑥 = 𝑥
2 2
∴ I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 2log 𝑥 = 𝑒 log 𝑥 = 𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦
43. The integrating factor of the differential equation (𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 is
1 1
(a) y (b) – y (c) (d) −
𝑦 𝑦

[CBSE 2020]
Solution

𝑑𝑦
(c): We have, (𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦
𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
⇒ = ⇒ − = 3𝑦
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
This is a linear differential equation.
𝑑𝑦
−∫ −1 1
∴ I.F. = 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑒 −log 𝑦 = 𝑒 log 𝑦 =𝑦

𝑒 −2√𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
44. Find the integrating factor of the differential equation ( − ) = 1.
√𝑥 √𝑥 𝑑𝑦

[CBSE 2015, 2015C]

Solution

𝑒 −2√𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
We have, ( − ) =1
√𝑥 √𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑒 −2√𝑥
or 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 =
√𝑥 √𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑒 −2√𝑥
This is a linear differential equation of the form 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄, where 𝑃 = ,𝑄 =
√𝑥 √𝑥

1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
∴ I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 ⇒ I.F. = 𝑒 √𝑥 = 𝑒 2√𝑥

45. Write the integrating factor of the following differential equation: (1 + 𝑦 2 ) +

𝑑𝑦
(2𝑥𝑦 − cot 𝑦) =0
𝑑𝑥

[CBSE 2015]
22
 Solution

The given differential equation is

𝑑𝑦
(1 + 𝑦 2 ) + (2𝑥𝑦 − cot 𝑦) =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2𝑦 cot 𝑦
⇒ (1 + 𝑦 2 ) + 2𝑥𝑦 − cot 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ + 2
⋅𝑥 =
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 + 𝑦 1 + 𝑦2
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦 cot 𝑦
This is a linear differential equation of the form 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑄, where, 𝑃 = 1+𝑦 2 and 𝑄 = 1+𝑦2
2𝑦
∫ 𝑑𝑦 2)
∴ I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 1+𝑦 2 = 𝑒 log (1+𝑦 = 1 + 𝑦2.

𝑑𝑦 1
46. Find the particular solution of the differential equation 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1+𝑥 2 = 0, given that

y(1) = 0.
Solution

𝑑𝑦 1
We have, 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1+𝑥2 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 −1
⇒ + =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑥
Clearly, it is a linear differential equation of the form
𝑑𝑦 1 −1
𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄, where 𝑃 = 𝑥 and 𝑄 = 𝑥(1+𝑥2 )
1
I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 log 𝑥 = 𝑥.
∴ Solution of (𝑖) is
−1 −1
𝑦 ⋅ 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥(1+𝑥2 ) ⋅ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝑦𝑥 = ∫ 1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝑦𝑥 = −tan−1 𝑥 + 𝐶
Also, given 𝑦(1) = 0
𝜋
∴ 0 ⋅ 1 = −tan−1 1 + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = tan−1 1 =
4
∴ Particular solution of given differential equation is
𝜋
𝑦𝑥 = −tan−1 𝑥 +
4

47. Find the general solution of the differential equation 𝑦𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑦 3 + 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦.

[CBSE 2020]
Solution

We have, 𝑦𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑦 3 + 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥 𝑦 3 + 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2
⇒ = ⇒ − 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 𝑒 −𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
This is a linear D.E. of the form 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑄
2
Where 𝑃 = − 𝑦 and 𝑄 = 𝑦 2 𝑒 −𝑦

23
 2
−∫ 𝑑𝑦 1
∴ I.F. = 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2log 𝑦 = 𝑒 log 𝑦−2 =
𝑦2
1 1
So, the solution of (i) is 𝑥 ⋅ = ∫ 2 ⋅ 𝑦 2 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑦2 𝑦
𝑥
⇒ 2 = −𝑒 −𝑦 + 𝐶𝐶 ⇒ 𝑥 = −𝑦 2 𝑒 −𝑦 + 𝐶𝑦 2
𝑦

48. Solve the differential equation:

𝑑𝑦
(1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 2𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥 2 = 0, subject to the initial condition y(0) = 0.
𝑑𝑥

[CBSE 2019]
Solution

𝑑𝑦
. We have (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 = 4𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 4𝑥 2
⇒ + 𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2 1 + 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 4𝑥 2
This is a linear differential equation of the form 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄, where 𝑃 = 1+𝑥 2 and 𝑄 = 1+𝑥2

2𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
∴ I. F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 1+𝑥2
= 𝑒 log (1+𝑥2) = 1 + 𝑥 2

Hence, the required solution is

4𝑥 2
𝑦(1 + 𝑥 2 ) = ∫ (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
1 + 𝑥2
⇒ 𝑦(1 + 𝑥 2 ) = 4 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
4𝑥 3
⇒ 𝑦(1 + 𝑥 2 ) = +𝐶
3

Given that 𝑦(0) = 0

∴ 0(1 + 0) = 0 + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = 0
4𝑥 3
Thus, 𝑦 = 3(1+𝑥2 ) is the required solution.

𝑑𝑦
49. Find the particular solution of the differential equation + 2𝑦 tan 𝑥 = sin 𝑥, given that y
𝑑𝑥
𝜋
= 0 when 𝑥 = 3 .

[CBSE 2018, 2014]

Solution

𝑑𝑦
We have, 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦tan 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
It is linear differential equation of the form

24
 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄
𝑑𝑥

where 𝑃 = 2tan 𝑥, and 𝑄 = sin 𝑥

Now, I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 2tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 2log |sec 𝑥| = sec 2 𝑥
∴ 𝑦(sec 2 𝑥) = ∫ (sec 2 𝑥)(sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑦(sec 2 𝑥) = ∫ sec 𝑥tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑦(sec 2 𝑥) = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝜋
When 𝑥 = 3 , 𝑦 = 0
(0) [sec 2 (𝜋/3)] = sec (𝜋/3) + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = −2
∴ 𝑦(sec 2 𝑥) = sec 𝑥 − 2 i.e., 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 − 2cos2 𝑥 is the required solution.

50. Solve the differential equation (tan−1 𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 = (1 + 𝑥²)𝑑𝑦.

[CBSE 2017]
Solution

𝑑𝑦 (tan−1 𝑥−𝑦)
We have, 𝑑𝑥 = 1+𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 tan−1 𝑥
⇒ + =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2 1 + 𝑥2

which is a linear differential equation

1 tan−1 𝑥
where 𝑃 = 1+𝑥2 , 𝑄 = 1+𝑥 2
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 −1
∴ I. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 1+𝑥2 = 𝑒 tan 𝑥
∴ Solution is 𝑦.(I.F) = ∫ 𝑄( I.F )𝑑𝑥
−1 tan−1 𝑥 tan−1 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦𝑒 tan 𝑥 = ∫ ⋅𝑒 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑥2
tan−1 𝑥 tan−1 𝑥
Let 𝐼 = ∫ 1+𝑥 2
𝑒 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Put tan−1 𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇒ 1+𝑥2 = 𝑑𝑡

𝑑
∴ 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑡 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 ∫ 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − ∫ ( (𝑡) ∫ 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑡𝑒 𝑡 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝐶
= 𝑒 𝑡 (𝑡 − 1) + 𝐶
−1
⇒ 𝐼 = 𝑒 tan 𝑥 (tan−1 𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶

Putting (ii) in (i), we get

−1 −1
𝑦𝑒 tan 𝑥
= 𝑒 tan 𝑥 (tan−1
𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶
−1 −tan−1 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 − 1 + 𝐶𝑒

25
51. Find the general solution of the following differential equation:
−1 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(1 + 𝑦 2 ) + (𝑥 − 𝑒 tan ) =0
𝑑𝑥
[CBSE 2016]
Solution

−1 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
We have, (1 + 𝑦 2 ) + (𝑥 − 𝑒 tan ) 𝑑𝑥 =0
𝑑𝑦−1
⇒ (𝑥 − 𝑒 tan 𝑦
= −(1 + 𝑦 2 )
)
𝑑𝑥
−1 −1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑒 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑒 tan 𝑦
⇒ = ⇒ + ⋅𝑥 =
𝑑𝑦 −(1 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 1 + 𝑦 2 1 + 𝑦2
−1
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑒 tan 𝑦
This is a linear differential equation of the form 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑄, where 𝑃 = 1+𝑦2 and 𝑄 = 1+𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦
∫ −1
∴ I.F. = 𝑒 1+𝑦2 = 𝑒 tan 𝑦

∴ Solution is
−1 2
tan−1 𝑦
(𝑒 tan 𝑦 )
𝑥⋅𝑒 =∫ 𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶
1 + 𝑦2
−1
𝑒 2tan 𝑦
=∫ 𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶
1 + 𝑦2
−1
tan−1 𝑦
𝑒 2tan 𝑦
⇒ 𝑥⋅𝑒 = + 𝐶1
2
tan−1 𝑦
𝑒 −1
⇒ 𝑥= + 𝐶1 𝑒 −tan 𝑦
2

52. Solve the following differential equation (cot −1 𝑦 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = (1 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥

[CBSE 2016]
Solution

We have, (cot −1 𝑦 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = (1 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 cot −1 𝑦 + 𝑥
⇒ =
𝑑𝑦 1 + 𝑦2
𝑑𝑥 1 cot −1 𝑦
⇒ + (− ) 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑦 1 + 𝑦2 1 + 𝑦2
This is a linear differential equation of the form
𝑑𝑥 1 cot−1 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑄, where 𝑃 = − 1+𝑦2 and 𝑄 = 1+𝑦 2
1
−∫ 𝑑𝑦 −1
∴ I.F. = 𝑒 1+𝑦2 = 𝑒 cot 𝑦

∴ Solution is,

26
 −1 cot −1 𝑦 cot−1 𝑦
𝑥𝑒 cot 𝑦
=∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑦
(1 + 𝑦 2 )
1
[Put 𝑡 = cot −1 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑑𝑡 = − 1+𝑦2 𝑑𝑦 ]
−1
𝑥𝑒 cot 𝑦 = −∫ 𝑡𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
⇒ 𝑥𝑒 cot−1𝑦 = −𝑒 𝑡 (𝑡 − 1) + 𝐶
−1 −1
⇒ 𝑥𝑒 cot 𝑦
= 𝑒 cot 𝑦 (1
− cot −1 𝑦) + 𝐶

53. Solve the differential equation

𝑑𝑦 −1
(1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑦 = 𝑒 tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
[CBSE 2014]
Solution

We have,
𝑑𝑦 −1
(1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑦 = 𝑒 tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
−1
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑒 tan 𝑥
⇒ + 𝑦=
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2 1 + 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 1 −1
This is a linear differential equation of the form 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄, where 𝑃 = 1+𝑥 2 and 𝑄 = 𝑒 tan 𝑥

1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 −1
∴ . IF. = 𝑒 1+𝑥 2 = 𝑒 tan 𝑥

So, the required solution is,

−1
tan−1 𝑥
𝑒 2tan 𝑥
𝑦⋅𝑒 =∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
1 + 𝑥2

Put tan−1 𝑥 = 𝑡

1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
1 + 𝑥2
−1
𝑦 ⋅ 𝑒 tan 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶
−1 𝑥
−1 𝑒 2tan
𝑦 ⋅ 𝑒 tan 𝑥
= 2
+ 𝐶 is the required solution.

54. Solve the differential equation

𝑑𝑦 2
𝑥 log 𝑥 + 𝑦 = log 𝑥.
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
[CBSE 2014]
Solution

𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 1 2
We have, 𝑥log 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 log 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥log 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
This is a linear differential equation of the form

27
𝑑𝑦 1 2
𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄, where 𝑃 = 𝑥log 𝑥 , 𝑄 = 𝑥 2
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
∴ I.F. = 𝑒 = 𝑒 log log 𝑥 = log 𝑥
𝑥log 𝑥

2
∴ 𝑦(log 𝑥) = ∫ (log 𝑥) 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
2 𝑑 2
⇒ 𝑦(log 𝑥) = log 𝑥∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ ( (log 𝑥)∫ 2 𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
2 2
⇒ 𝑦(log 𝑥) = log 𝑥 (− ) + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
2 2
⇒ 𝑦(log 𝑥) = log 𝑥 (− ) − + 𝐶
𝑥 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝜋
55. Solve the differential equation 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥, given 𝑦 (2 ) = 1.

[CBSE 2014C]
Solution

𝑑𝑦
We have, 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑥cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥
⇒ + ⋅𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑥cos 𝑥+sin 𝑥
This is a linear differential equation of the form + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄, where 𝑃 = , 𝑄 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

1
∴ I. F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 log 𝑥 = 𝑥.

𝑥cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥
∴ 𝑦⋅𝑥 =∫ ⋅ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥
⇒ 𝑥𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶

= 𝑥 ⋅ sin 𝑥 − ∫ 1 ⋅ sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶

= 𝑥sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝜋
Given 𝑦 ( 2 ) = 1

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
∴ ⋅ 1 = sin + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = 0
2 2 2

∴ 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥sin 𝑥

⇒ 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 is the required solution.

56. Find the particular solution of the differential equation (tan−1 𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = (1 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥,
given that x = 1 when y = 0.
[CBSE 2015]
Solution

28
We have, (tan−1 𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = (1 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 tan−1 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 tan−1 𝑦
⇒ = ⇒ + ⋅ 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑦 1 + 𝑦2 𝑑𝑦 1 + 𝑦 2 1 + 𝑦2

Differential Equations
209
This is a linear differential equation of the form
𝑑𝑥 1 tan−1 𝑦
+ 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑄, where 𝑃 = and 𝑄 =
𝑑𝑦 1+𝑦 2 1+𝑦 2

1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 −1
I.F. = 𝑒 1+𝑦 2 = 𝑒 tan 𝑦

∴ Required solution is,

−1
tan−1 𝑦
𝑒 tan 𝑦
⋅ tan−1 𝑦
𝑥⋅𝑒 =∫ 𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶
1 + 𝑦2

1
Put tan−1 𝑦 = 𝑡 ⇒ (1+𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑡
∴ (i) becomes,

−1
𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 tan 𝑦
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑡 ⋅ 𝑡𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶
−1
⇒𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 tan 𝑦
= 𝑡 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑡 − ∫ 1 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶
−1
⇒𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 tan 𝑦
= 𝑡 ⋅ 𝑒𝑡 − 𝑒𝑡 + 𝐶
−1 −1 −1
⇒𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 tan 𝑦
= tan−1 𝑦 ⋅ 𝑒 tan 𝑦
− 𝑒 tan 𝑦
+𝐶
tan−1
⇒𝑥 = tan−1 𝑦 − 1 + 𝐶𝑒 𝑦

We get the solution as

−1
𝑥 = tan−1 𝑦 − 1 + 𝐶𝑒 −tan 𝑦

Now, putting 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0 in (i), we get

−1
1 = tan−1 0 − 1 + 𝐶𝑒 −tan 0
⇒𝐶=2
−1
So, required particular solution is 𝑥 = tan−1 𝑦 − 1 + 2𝑒 −tan 𝑦
.

29
 𝑑𝑦
57. Find the particular solution of the differential equation 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 cot 𝑥 = 0; 𝑥 ≠
𝜋
0, given that when 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 = 0.

[CBSE 2015C]
Solution

𝑑𝑦
We have, 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦cot 𝑥 = 0, (𝑥 ≠ 0)
𝑑𝑦
⇒𝑥 + (1 + 𝑥cot 𝑥) ⋅ 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 + 𝑥cot 𝑥
⇒ + ⋅𝑦=1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
This is linear D.E. of the form 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄
1+𝑥cot 𝑥 1
where 𝑃 = 𝑥
= 𝑥 + cot 𝑥 and 𝑄 =1
∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 log (𝑥sin 𝑥)
∴ Now I.F. = 𝑒 =𝑒 = 𝑥sin 𝑥
∴ The solution. of (𝑖) is 𝑦 ⋅ 𝑥sin 𝑥 = ∫ 1 ⋅ 𝑥sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
= 𝑥(−cos 𝑥) + ∫ 1 ⋅ cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶.
⇒ 𝑥𝑦sin 𝑥 = −𝑥cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
The required solution
𝑦 ⋅ 𝑥sin 𝑥 = 𝑥(−cos 𝑥) + sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝜋
Putting 𝑥 = , 𝑦 = 0 in (i), we get
2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
∴ 0 = − cos + sin + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = −1
2 2 2
𝑥𝑦sin 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 − 𝑥cos 𝑥 − 1 is the required particular solution.

58. Solve the differential equation

𝑑𝑦 𝜋
− 3𝑦 cot 𝑥 = sin 2𝑥 given 𝑦 = 2 when 𝑥 = 2 .
𝑑𝑥

[CBSE 2015 C]
Solution

𝑑𝑦
We have, 𝑑𝑥 − 3𝑦cot 𝑥 = sin 2𝑥
This is a linear differential equation of the form
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 where 𝑃 = −3cot 𝑥, 𝑄 = sin 2𝑥
∴ I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −3∫ cot 𝑥𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 −3log |sin 𝑥| = |sin−3 𝑥|
∴ 𝑦 ⋅ sin−3 𝑥 = ∫ sin 2𝑥 ⋅ sin−3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑦 2sin 𝑥cos 𝑥
⇒ 3
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
sin 𝑥 sin3 𝑥
2cos 𝑥
= ∫ sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 (Put sin 𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇒ cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 )
𝑑𝑡 2 2
= 2∫ 2
+𝐶 =− +𝐶 =− +𝐶
𝑡 𝑡 sin 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 = −2sin2 𝑥 + 𝐶sin3 𝑥

30
 𝜋
Put 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 = 2 in (ii), we get

2 = −2 ⋅ 1 + 𝐶 ⋅ 1 ⇒ 𝐶 = 4

𝑦 = 4sin3 𝑥 − 2sin2 𝑥 is the required particular solution.

𝑑𝑥
59. Find the particular solution of the differential equation 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥 cot 𝑦 = 2𝑦 +
𝜋
𝑦 2 cot 𝑦 , (𝑦 ≠ 0), given that x = 0 when y = 2 .

[CBSE 2013]
Solution

𝑑𝑥
We have, 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥cot 𝑦 = 2𝑦 + 𝑦 2 cot 𝑦, (𝑦 ≠ 0)
𝑑𝑥
This is a linear differential equation of the form 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄, where 𝑃 = cot 𝑦, 𝑄 = 2𝑦 + 𝑦 2 cot 𝑦

I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 ∫ cot 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 log sin 𝑦 = sin 𝑦.

∴ The required solution is

𝑥 ⋅ sin 𝑦 = ∫ (2𝑦 + 𝑦 2 cot 𝑦)sin 𝑦𝑑𝑦

= ∫ 2𝑦sin 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑦 2 cos 𝑦𝑑𝑦

= ∫ 2𝑦sin 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 2 sin 𝑦 − ∫ 2𝑦sin 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶

= 𝑦 2 sin 𝑦 + 𝐶
𝜋
Putting 𝑦 = 2 , 𝑥 = 0 in (ii), we get

𝜋2 𝜋 𝜋2
0= sin + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = −
4 2 4

Hence the required particular solution of (𝑖) is

𝜋2
𝑥sin 𝑦 = 𝑦 2 sin 𝑦 − .
4

Based on No. of Solutions

60. The number of arbitrary constants in the particular solution of a differential equation of
second order is (are)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
[CBSE 2020]
Solution

31
a): In the particular solution of a differential equation of any order, there is no arbitrary constant
because in the particular solution of any differential equation, we remove all the arbitrary constant
by substituting some particular values.

61. How many arbitrary constants are there in the particular solution of the differential
𝑑𝑦
equation 𝑑𝑥 = −4𝑥𝑦 2 ; 𝑦(0) = 1?

[CBSE SQP 2020-21]

Solution

There is no arbitrary constant in a particular solutions of differential equation

32