V I R U S

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Virus classification by genome type

1. DNA viruses

Group I - dsDNA viruses (double stranded DNA)

Enterobacteria phage T4 , Enterobacteria phage λ, Human herpes
viruses, Cowpox virus, Variola virus (smallpox)

Group II - ssDNA viruses (single stranded DNA)

Microviridae , Parvovirus B19, Torque teno virus

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2. RNA viruses

Group III - dsRNA viruses (double stranded RNA)

Rotavirus, Vicia faba endornavirus

Group IV - (+)ssRNA viruses (positive single stranded RNA or mRNA

like)
Corona virus, Yellow fever virus, West Nile virus, Hepatitis C virus,
Hepatitis E virus , Polio virus, Hepatitis A virus, Rubella virus, Tobacco
mosaic virus, Tobacco rattle virus, Carrot mottle virus, Rabies virus,
Infuenza virus

Group V - (-)ssRNA viruses (negative single-stranded RNA)

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 3. DNA and RNA Reverse Transcribing viruses
Group VI - ssRNA-RT viruses (single stranded RNA)
HIV 1 (retrovirus)

Group VII - dsDNA-RT viruses (double stranded DNA),

Hepatitis B virus , Cauliflower mosaic virus

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 STEPS IN VIRAL REPLICATION
Attachment
A virus attaches to a specific receptor site on the host cell membrane through
attachment proteins in the capsid or via glycoproteins embedded in the viral
envelope.
The specificity of this interaction determines the host (and the cells within the
host) that can be infected by a particular virus.
Entry / Penetration
The nucleic acid of bacteriophages enters the host cell naked, leaving the capsid
outside the cell.
Plant and animal viruses can enter through endocytosis, in which the cell
membrane surrounds and engulfs the entire virus.
Some enveloped viruses enter the cell when the viral envelope fuses directly
with the cell membrane. Once inside the cell, the viral capsid is degraded and the
viral nucleic acid is released, which then becomes available for replication and
transcription.
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Replication
The replication mechanism depends on the viral genome.
DNA viruses usually use host cell proteins and enzymes to make additional
DNA that is transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA), which is then used to
direct protein synthesis.
RNA viruses usually use the RNA core as a template for synthesis of viral
genomic RNA and mRNA. The viral mRNA directs the host cell to synthesize
viral enzymes and capsid proteins.
Assembly
The process of virion assembly involves bringing together newly formed viral
nucleic acid and the structural proteins to form the nucleocapsid of the virus.

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Release
The last stage of viral replication is the release of the new virions
produced in the host organism.
They are then able to infect adjacent cells and repeat the replication
cycle.
Some viruses are released when the host cell dies, while other viruses can
leave infected cells by budding through the membrane without directly
killing the cell.

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STEPS IN VIRAL REPLICATION

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 STEPS IN VIRAL REPLICATION

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 Lytic versus lysogenic cycle of Bacteriophage

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 John Goulding, Imperial College London, UK

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 The coronavirus virion consists of
structural proteins:
• spike (S)
• envelope (E)
• membrane (M)
• nucleocapsid (N).

The positive-sense, single-stranded

RNA genome (+ssRNA) is
encapsidated by N, whereas M and E
ensure its incorporation in the viral
particle during the assembly process.
S trimers protrude from the host-
derived viral envelope and provide
specificity for cellular entry receptors.

Cornelia C. Bergmann, PhD and Robert H. Silverman, PhD., 2020

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 Philip V’kovski, Annika Kratzel, Silvio
Steiner, Hanspeter talder, Volker Thiel.
2020. Nature reviews microbiology

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• Attachment
Coronavirus particles bind to cellular attachment factors and specific S
interactions with the cellular receptors (such as angiotensin-converting
enzyme 2 (ACE2)), together with host factors (such as the cell surface
serine protease TMPRSS2), promote viral uptake and fusion at the cellular
or endosomal membrane.
• Entry
• Release
• Uncoating
• Translation
• Assembly
• Exocytosis

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Subviral agents
The following agents are smaller than viruses but have some of their properties.

 Viroids
 Satellites : Satellite viruses, Satellite nucleic acids
 Prions : Fungal prions, Mamalian prions

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 INTERFERON

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 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BACTERIA, VIRUS, FUNGI
Bacteria Virus Fungi

Structure Most bacteria consist of They consist of little A typical fungus consists
a ring of DNA more than a small of the hyphae, which
surrounded by a cellular piece of genetic form the fungal body.
machinery, contained material surrounded by
within a fatty a thin protein coating.
membrane. Some are also
surrounded by a thin
and fatty envelop.

Cell membrane Present below the cell No cell membrane Present

wall

Genetic Material DNA DNA or RNA DNA

Size Medium Smallest Largest

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 Bacteria Virus Fungi

Type Intercellular organisms Intracellular Either unicellular or

organisms multi-cellular.
Shape Come in three different Viruses come in all Most fungi come in
possible shapes different shapes : thread-like strands,
Cocci = sphere shape icosahedral, helical, called hyphae
bacteriophages. (collectively called
Bacilli = rod shape
mycelium)
Spirella = spiral shape
Host Can grow on non-living Needs a living host, Can live on its own
surfaces like a plant or animal

Living Yes Characteristics of Yes

both living and non-
living
Motility Move through the Viruses do not have Non-motile organisms.
environment using a structures and non-
flagellum. motile.

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 Bacteria
Usefulness Some are useful
Antibiotics Sensitive to penicilines,
tetracyclines
Diseases Caused Cholera, tuberculosis, lyme
disease, pertussus,
salmonella, staph infections,
strep throat, leprosy,
tetanus, diptheria, E.coli,
flesh eating (necrotizing
fascitis) rickets, etc.
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Virus Fungi
Mostly are harmful Many fungi are
beneficial
Cannot kill viruses Sensitive to polyenes,
imidazoles
Flu, colds, HIV/AIDS, Allergic,
hepatitis, west nile, ronchopulmona,
measles, herpes, aspergillosis,
shingles, chicken pox, spergilloma,
monkey pox, polio, aspergillosis, athlete's
smallpox, ebola, and foot, dermatophyte,
some cancers dermatophytid,
(epstein-barr) are just dermatophytosis, etc.
a few viruses that
affect humans and
animals
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 Bacteria Virus Fungi

Source of Energy Seize energy from the same Seize materials and They use pre-existing
essential sources as energy from host carbon sources in their
humans, including sugars, cells by hijacking environment and use
proteins, and fats. cellular machinery the energy from
chemical reactions to
create the organic
compounds they need
for energy and growth.

Reproduction Bacteria reproduce through There are 5 steps of Reproduction :

binary fission, they split into viral replication - Budding
two cells. - Fragmentation
- Production of spores
asexually
- Production of spores
sexually
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