Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Topics:
1. General Geology
2. Structure
3. Tectonics
4. Geophysics
5. Petroleum Geology
6. Reservoir
7. Basin Analysis
8. Geology of Pakistan
9. Wireline Logging
10. Formulae from Geometry
December 2022
GENERAL GEOLOGY
6. Crystal System:
System Axes Mineral Example
Isometric 3 axes, at 90 Garnet, Fluorite, Pyrite, Sphalerite, Halite
Tetragonal 3 axes at 90, 2 hori = but 2 ver is short or long Zircon, Cassiterite
Hexagonal 4 axes, 3 = hori axes at 60, 1 axes vertical s l Qurtz, Apatite, Calcite, Beryl
Orthorhombic 3 axes of differ length at 90 Olivine, Topaz
Monoclinic 3 unequal axes, 2 axes at 90 3 is inclined Orthoclase, Mica, Augite, Gypsum
Triclinic 3 unequal axes, none at 90 Plagioclase, Axinite
Age of
Oligocene Mammals 12.9 36.6
Paleogene Eocene Mollusks 21.2 57.8
Paleocene Extinction of 8.6 66.4
Cretaceous Dinosaurs 1st Flowering Plant 78 144
Mesozoic
and other
Phanerozoic
The image shows how rocks are created and destroyed as part of a process called the “rock cycle”. All three
types of rocks – igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic – are created and destroyed as part of the earth’s
various processes.
Pix show Energy reaches earth from an external The rock cycle traces the processes whereby
source eventually returns to space as heat radiation. materials within and on top of earth’s crust are
Smaller System within earth the atmosphere, weathered, transported deposited, metamorphosed,
biosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere – are all and even melted.
open systems.
Amphibole
Sodic Feldspar
Biotite
Potassium Feldspar
Muscovite
(Late)
Low Temperature Quartz
Granite Dunite
Pyroxenite
Syeno
Andulite Monzonite Trachysite
HYPABYSSAL
Gabbro
occurrence”
Pegmatite
Syenite Diorite
Granite Dolerite
Porphry Porphry
Porphry
Trachy
Basalt
Alkali
Rhyolite Trachyte
VOLCANIC
Andesite Gabbro
Alkali
Obsidian
Basalt
Pitchstone Basalt
Min Quartz Orthoclase Plagio >+- Plagio Olivine
Comp Orthoclase >+-Plagio Orthoclase +Augite Pyroxene
Occurrence:
Sill => intrusive body parallel to strata
Dyke => intrusive body perpendicular to strata
Batholith => Large magmatic basin
Lapolith => Funnel shape
Laccolith => Umberalla shape (plano-convex)
Phacolith => crests and trough under folded strata
Stock => small batholith
Boss => Circular shape
Volcanic Neck or Plug => plug type intrusive body
Lawa flows
Gravel
-8 256 Cobbles Cnglemerate,
Epiclastic ruditic
-6 64 Pebbles Breccia
-2 4 Granules
-1 2 Very Coarse Sand
0 1 Coarse Sand
Sandstone (Arenite,
Sand
1 1/2 Medium Sand Epiclastic arenitic
Wacke)
2 1/4 Fine Sand
3 1/8 Very Fine Sand
4 1/16 Silt Siltstone, Shale,
Mud Epiclastic lutitic
8 1/256 Clay Mudstone, Claystone
Dunhan’s (1962) Classification of Carbonate:
On the basis of texture and grains mud ratio
Predominantly Dominatly Dominantly
Terms calcite Clalcite Dolomite
Cc>95% 95%>Cc<50% Do>50%
Dolomitic
Mudstone
Lime Mudstone Lime Dolomudstone
Contains Mud
Mudstone
Supported
recognizeable
Wackstone Dolomitic
Wackstone Dolowackstone
>10% grain Wackstone
Packstone Dolomitic
Packstone Dolopackstone
Grain >10% Mud Packstone
Lacks Supported Grainstone Dolomitic
Grainstone Dolograinstone
Mud <10% Mud Grainstone
Originally Compounds Dolomitic
Boundstone Boundstone Doloboundstone
bound together Boundstone
Depositional texture not Crystalline Crystalline Dolomitic Crystalline
recognizeable Carbonate Limestone Limestone Dolostone
Weathering Products of Common Minerals:
Common
Minerals in
Rocks Weathering Products
Quartz Quartz, dissolved Silica
Feldspars Clays; Ca, Na, K ions; dissolved Silica
White Micas Clays; Ca, Na, K ions; dissolved Silica; Gibbsite
Biotite Clays; iron oxides; K, Mg, Fe ions; dissolved Silica
Amphiboles Clays; iron oxides; Ca, Na, Mg, Fe ions; dissolved Silica
Pyroxene Clays; iron oxides; Ca, Mn, Mg, Fe ions; dissolved Silica
Olivine Clays; iron oxides; Mg, Fe ions; dissolved Silica
Garnets Clays; iron oxides; Ca, Mg, Fe ions; dissolved Silica
Al-Silicates Clay, Silica, Gibbsite
Magnetite Hematite, Geothite, Limonite
Calcite Ca ions, HCO3- ions
Dolomite Ca, Mg ions, HCO3- ions
Iron Carbonates Ca, Mg, Fe ions; iron oxide; HCO3-
Color of Mud Rocks:
Black, Brown and Gray Color refers organic content is high i.e. sulfides quantity.
Red color of Hematitic clay refers high oxidation zone.
Red and brown shale contains iron oxide coatings.
Green shale characterize by chlorite and illite.
Olive and yellow shale contains mixtures of illite, chlorite, organic material and iron sulfides.
Major General
Specific Environments
Categories Environments
Channel and Bar
Overbank, high energy (levee)
Fluvial (River)
Overbank, low energy (swamp)
Alluvial Fan
Playa
Desert
Erg
Continental
Sub glacial
Englacial
Supraglacial
Glacial
Cryolacustrine
Proglacial fluvial
Proglacial Aeolian
Cryolacusrine
Lacustrine Playa Lake (salina)
Fresh water lacustrine
Intra Paludal
Paludal (Swamp)
Deltaic Paludal
Channel Bar
Overbank crevasse splay
Deltaic paludal
Coastal Deltaic
Deltaic lacustrine
Transitional
Prodelta
Delta front
Eustrine
Eustrine-Lagoon Lagoonal
Slat marsh
Beach forshore
Beach backshore
Littoral beach Beach dune (bern)
Tidal channel
Tidal flat
Low energy open
Shelf shallow sea Low energy restricted
High energy
Glaciomarine
Reefal
Reef
Fore reef
Rreef lagoon
Marine
Open Slope
Submarine
Open Rise
Canyon, Slope
Slope Basin
and Rise
Submarine Fans
Basinal or Abbysal Plain
Pelagic
Oceanic Plateau
Trench Slope
Trenc Slope Basin
Trench
Trench Floor
Submarine fan
Rift Fracture Zone
tracks
Laminations Flute cast Load cast Liesegang bands
Cross Laminations Flame Structures Liesegang rings
Graded bedding Panecontemporanous faults Nodules
Pellets Convolute Laminations Vugs
Reefs Stromatactis
Oncolites Hardgrounds
Grapestones Fenestrae
Mounds Pisolites
Fensetrae
Bedding (II, ~, I~) Mud cracks Mud volcanoes Concretions
Lamination (II, ~, I~) Tool marks Flame Structures Escape structure
Parallel stratification Burrows Load cast
Mud Rocks
Trails and
Ripple Marks Crystal casts
tracks
Salt crystal casts Flute cast Color banding
Laminations Rain prints Bioturbatted bedding
Cross Laminations Convolute bedding
Graded bedding Soft-sediment folds
Sole Marks Soft-sediment faults
Slickenside
Lime Mud: G < ssp Micrite: G < 0.004mm
Sparite: G > 0.004 mm Microsparite: G b/w 0.004 – 0.06mm
Macrosparite: G < 0.06mm
Allochems: Intraclast: fragments of preexist rock
Transport Fragements of Oids: (oolith, oolites) c = p (G b/w 0.25-0.02mm)
Precipetated material Pellets: G < 0.25mm ,Grapestones, Skeletal Fragment
Biolithic Elements: Oncolites: G < 10cm
By precipitation by organisms Stramatolites: by Organic precipitation
Test, Skeleton
Fold:
It is the Flexure in rock series by compressional forces.
Classification of Fold:
Younging Cylindericity Shape Fold Orientation Dip Isogons Interlimb Shape Misc. Fold
Direction of Symmetry of Axial or Angle of Fold
and Axial Surface and Geometrical Hinge
Convergence Surface Hinge or
Ramsay’s
Antiformal Horizontal Convergent: Gentle Smooth
Cylinderical Plane Symmetry Overturned
Anticline Normal Strongly 180-120 Hinge
Synformal Non Non Plunging Parallel Open
Syncline Asymmetry Box Monocline
Cylinderical Plane Normal Weakly 120-70
Synformal Horizontal Closed
Parallel Chevron Drag
Anticline Inclined 70-30
Antiformal Plunging Tight Kink
Divergent Dome
Syncline Inclined 0-30 Bands
Neutral: Isoclinal
Basin
Vertical 0
Recumbent Negative,
Reclined Mastroom En-Echelon
-ve
Faults:
It is the fracture in rock which there has been an observable amount of displacement.
Classification of Fault:
Geometrical Classification
Genetic Rake or Pitch of Att. Of Fault Fault Pattern or Amount of Dip of
Classification net slip related to Att. Of Cross Section Fault
adjacent Bed
Thrust Fault:
Strike Slip Fault Strike Fault Parallel Fault High Angle Fault > 45
Reverse >45
Thrust 10-45
Dip Slip Fault Bedding Fault En-Echelon Fault Low Angle Fault > 45
Overthrust <10
Normal Fault:
Oblique Slip Fault Dip Fault Peripheral Fault
Horst
Graben or
Oblique or Diagonal Radial Fault
Rift Valley
Rollover
Longitudinal
Antiforms
Antithetic Faults
Transverse
Strikeslip Faults:
Sinstral or Left
Lateral Faults
Dextral or Right
Lateral Faults
Unconformity:
Angular Unconformity, Disconformity, Nonconformity, Paraconformity.
The Mantle:
The layer above the core is the mantle which is about 1,800 miles (2,900 km) thick and makes up
nearly 80 percent of the Earth's total volume.
It begins about 6 miles (10 km) below the oceanic crust and about 19 miles (30 km) below the
continental crust.
It is composed of olivine-rich rock mainly silicon, oxygen, magnesium, iron, aluminum, and
calcium.
The mantle is to divide into the lower mantle and the upper mantle.
The upper mantle is rigid and is part of the lithosphere (together with the crust).
The lower mantle flows slowly, at a rate of a few centimeters per year. The asthenosphere is a part
of the upper mantle that exhibits plastic properties. It is located below the lithosphere (the crust and
upper mantle), between about 100 and 250 kilometers deep.
Convection (heat) currents carry heat from the hot inner mantle to the cooler outer mantle. The
mantle gets warmer with depth, the highest temperatures occur where the mantle material is in
contact with the heat-producing core and is about 4,000-6,700° F (2,200-3,700° C) while the top of
the mantle is about 1,600° F (870° C).
The Gutenberg discontinuity separates the outer core and the mantle.
The steady increase of temperature with depth is known as the geothermal gradient. The geothermal
gradient is responsible for different rock behaviors and the different rock behaviors are used to
divide the mantle into two different zones. Rocks in the upper mantle are cool and brittle, while
rocks in the lower mantle are hot and soft (but not molten).
Crust Type:
1. Oceanic Crust
2. Continental Crust
The Atmosphere
It is the all kind of gaseous layer which is covered the earth.
It is the essential part on earth for life, without this atmosphere life on earth isn't possible.
It gives us air, water, warmth and is protecting us against harmful rays of the sun and against
meteorites.
This layer around the earth is a colourless, odourless, tasteless 'sea' of gases, water and fine dust.
The atmosphere is made up of different layers with different qualities. It consists of 78% nitrogen,
21% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.03% carbon dioxide and 0.04% of other gases.
The Troposphere is the layer where the weather happens; above this layer is the Stratosphere. Within
the Stratosphere is the Ozone layer that absorbs the Sun's harmful ultraviolet rays. Above the
Stratosphere is the Mesosphere, the Thermosphere - in which the Ionosphere - and the Exosphere.
The atmosphere is about 500 miles (800 km) thick.
Geology Essentials part 01, ver 2.0, 2022 14
Compiled & composed by Rehan Alam Farooqui
“Present is the key to Past”
Plate Boundaries:
Convergent Plate Boundaries:
Convergent plate boundaries are locations where lithospheric plates are moving towards one another.
The plate collisions that occur in these areas can produce earthquakes, volcanic activity and crustal
deformation.
Three types of Convergent Plate Boundaries are:
1. Oceanic to Continental Convergent Plate Boundary
2. Oceanic to Oceanic Convergent Plate Boundary
3. Continental to Continental Convergent Plate Boundary
Divergent plate boundaries are locations where plates are moving away from one another. This
occurs above rising convection currents.
The rising current pushes up on the bottom of the lithosphere, lifting it and flowing laterally beneath
it. This lateral flow causes the plate material above to be dragged along in the direction of flow.
At the crest of the uplift, the overlying plate is stretched thin, breaks and pulls apart.
Two Types are as:
1. Oceanic to Oceanic Divergent Plate Boundary
2. Continental to Continental Divergent Plate Boundary
Transform Plate Boundaries are locations where two plates slide past one another.
The fracture zone that forms a transform plate boundary is known as a transform fault.
Most transform faults are found in the ocean basin and connect offsets in the mid-ocean ridges.
Earthquake Classification
On the basis of focal depth:
1. Shallow Earthquake, 0 – 70 km
2. Intermediate Earthquake 70 – 300 km
3. Deep Earthquake >300km
1. African Plate
2. Antarctic Plate
3. Arabian Plate
4. Australian Plate
5. Caribbean Plate
6. Cocos Plate
7. Eurasian Plate
8. Indian Plate
9. Juan De Fuca Plate
10. Nazca Plate
11. North American Plate
12. Pacific Plate
13. Philippine Plate
14. Scotia Plate
15. Somali Plate
16. South American Plate
Waves:
Body Waves can propagate S-Waves (Transverse waves) propagate by a pure
Resolution:
It is a measure of ability to see two events separately in seismogram.
Two types are:
1. Vertical Resolution
2. Horizontal Resolution
3D Seismic Surveying:
It gives 3D vision profile in which shots and detectors are spread disorder or non linear.
It gives the volumetric data of selected location.
VSP Surveying:
It is the form seismic reflections surveying that utilize boreholes.
Shots are normally fixed at surface of the well head and recorded at different depths within the
borehole using special detectors clamped to the borehole wall.
Seismic Stratigraphy:
It is the Analysis of reflection sequences as the seismic reflection of lithologically distinct depositional
sequences.
Static Correction:
It is uniformly on all traces and applied for correcting time difference due to surface
irregularities which may be of:
1. Elevation difference between individual shots and detectors because of undulating or
topographic surface.
2. The presence of weathered layer which has low seismic velocity.
Dynamic Correction:
It is applied to remove the offset of normal Moveout which is produced by horizontal strata.
Multiples:
They are the reflectors where rays are reflecting at the same reflection more then one time.
Long Path Multiples generate discrete pulse length, when time difference is more between
primary and secondary reflection.
Shot Path Multiples generate extended pulse length, when time difference is less between
primary and secondary reflection.
Migration:
It is the process of reconstructing a seismic section so that reflections events are repositioned
under their correct surface location and at a corrected vertical reflection time.
It also improves the resolutions of seismic solutions by focusing energy spread over a Fresnel
zone and by collapsing diffraction pattern produced by point reflector and faulted beds.
Four types of migration are:
1. Time Migration 2. Depth Migration 3. 2D Migration 4. 3D Migration
Data Interpretation
Data Extraction
Mapping
Review
Done
Projection of Well:
1. Plunge Projection
2. Strike Projection
3. Up or down dip Projection
4. Normal to the section line Projection
5. Parallel to Fault Projection
3D Views:
1. Fence Diagrams
2. Isometric Projections
3. Log Maps
4. 3D Reservoir Analysis Model
Petroleum Play:
1. Reservoir
Logical Order
2. Trap
3. Seal or Cap
Data
4. Secondary Hydrocarbon Migration
5. Primary Hydrocarbon Migration
6. Hydrocarbon Accumulation and Maturation
7. Source
Organic Marine Organisms tends to generate oil whereas that from higher land plants tends to
generate gas.
Petroleum generation is a time and temperature dependent process.
Petroleum from the thermal breakdown of Kerogen requires a threshold temperature of 50º-60ºC.
Primary migration of petroleum most often occurs during the main phase of oil generation.
In some sedimentary basins, significant (>60 miles) and vertical (>3000 feet) migration of petroleum
can occur.
C1 –C7 Light Gas Hydrocarbon
C8 –C14 Condensate type Hydrocarbon
C15+ Hydrocarbon and Non Hydrocarbon
Trap
Secondary Migration
Source Rock
Primary Migration
Reservoir:
Argillaceous Marine or Non Marine Rock covered with Cap or Seal.
Porous and Permeable Rock which contain Hydrocarbon (Gas, Oil and Water).
Fluid Condition which may be Static or Dynamic.
D. Salt Dome
Salt Plug Stages:
1. The Pillow stage intrusion of the overlying sediments has taken place (Trap Form ‘Domes’)
2. Diapir Stage thick clastics may Pinchout onto the flanks of the plug (Trap Form ‘Stratigraphic’)
3. The Post Diapir Stage as the Diapir grows salt is depleted and it can only continue to rise by
complete detachment from the mother salt.
Sedimentation Rate:
Low High
Oxic Environment No source rock Gas prone source rock
Anoxic Lean oil prone source Oil rich prone source
Environment rock rock
Kerogen:
Associated
Associated Associated
Kerogen Type Kerogen Name Organic Matter
Organic Matter Hydrocarbon
Type
1. Type I Sapropelic Kerogens Alginite Amorphous very oil prone
2. Type II Exinitic Kerogens Exinite Herbaceous oil prone
3. Type III Vitrinitic Kerogens Liptinite/Vitrinite Woody mainly gas prone
4. Type IV Inertinitic Kerogens Inertinite Coaly inert gases
L
Parallel / Arithematic
Qt = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 P2 P2
At = A1+A2+A3
k = 1/A Σ KiAi h1 A1 K1 Q1
h2 A2 K2 Q2
h3 A3 K3 Q3
W
L
Geology Essentials part 01, ver 2.0, 2022 36
Compiled & composed by Rehan Alam Farooqui
“Present is the key to Past”
Volumetric Calculation
Volumetric Calculation by different Farmulae:
Formula 1: ΔV = h/2(An + An+1)
For Trapezoid
ΔV = Ah/3 for Pyramid
Formula 2: ΔV=h/2(An+An+1+(An*An+1)1/2 )
For Successive Trapezoid
ΔV = Ah/3 for Pyramid
Formula 3: ΔV = h/2 (Ao+2A1+2A3+…… . . + 2An-1+An) + Avg.A
Hydrocarbon In Place
OOIP = 7758(Ahφ(1-Sw))/Bo (in STB)
Gas MMSCF = 43.58(Ahφ(1-Sw))/Bg (in MMSCF)
Initial Gas in Place is, G1 = 43560 (φ* 1-Sw *A*h) / Bgi
Gas Gravity:
gas gravity = Σ yj Mj / Mair
gas gravity = MWg/MWair
Coefficient of Viscosity:
Y1 = (9.4 + MWg) (T+ 460)^1.5
(209+19MWg+T+460)
Y2 = 3.5+0.01MWg + (986/ (T+460))
Y3 = 2.4 – 0.2Y2
Y4 = 0.00752*(MWg/Bg)
Y5 = Y2 (Y4^Y3)
μg = (Y1 (e^Y5))/1000
Types
SB = Suture Belt
RMP = Rifted margin prism
S C = Subduction complex
FTB = Fold and thrust belt
RA = Remnant arc
Trench Basin and Fore Land Basin Trench Basin and Forearc Basin
Punjab
Jutana Formation Jutana Village, Dolomite Early Mid.
eastern Salt Cambrian Late
Range, Punjab Early Cambrian
Baghanwala Baghanwala Shale, Clay Mid. Cambrian
Formation Village, eastern
Salt Range, Punjab
Khisor Formation Saiyiduwali Upper part: Shale Early Mid.
(Khisor Range) Cambrian
Lower part: Gypsum
Tobra Formation Tobra village, Tillitic facies with Early Permian
eastern Salt marine sandstone.
Range) Punjab Fresh water facies:
few or no boulders,
alternating siltstone
and shale with spores;
Complex facies:
NILAWAHAN
diamietite, sandstone
& boulder bed
Dandot Formation Dandot village, Sandstone, shale, Early Permian
eastern Salt Range, fossiliferous in the
Punjab basal part
Warcha Sandstone Warcha gorge, Salt Sandstone, bedded Early Permian
Range, Punjab pebbles of granite
Sardhai Formation Sardhai gorge, Clay, sandstone and Early Permian
eastern Salt Range, siltstone and
Punjab carbonaceous shale &
chalcopyrite & copper
Amb Formation Amb village, Shale, limestone Lower Permian
central Salt Range,
ZALUCH
Punjab
Wargal Limestone Wargal village, Limestone & dolomite Mid. Permian
central Salt Range,
Punjab
Chhidru Formation Chhidru nala, Salt Sandstone, shale Late Permian
Geology Essentials part 01, ver 2.0, 2022 43
Compiled & composed by Rehan Alam Farooqui
“Present is the key to Past”
Group Name Type Locality Lithology Age
Range, Punjab
Mianwali Formation Not designated: Shale, varied facies Lower. Triassic
Ref Sections:
Zaluch Nala,
western Salt
Range & Tappan
Wahan, Khisor
Range
Tredian Formation Not design: Ref Non marine unit. Mid. Triassic
sections: Zaluch Sandstone, Shale
Nala western Salt
MOSA KHEL
NWFP)
Chichaili Formation Chichaili Pass Sandstone, glauconitic Cretaceous
(Surghar Range) shale with phosphate
nodules
Lumshiwal Lumshiwal Nala Sandstone, shale, L. Cretaceous
Formation (Salt Range) limestone
Kawagarh Formation Kawagarh hills Mari, challor, dark & Upp. Cretaceous
(north of Kala shale
Chitta Cambellpur
District)
Hangu Formation Fort Lockhart, Shale, Carbonaceous Early Paleocene
Samana Range Shale, nodular
MAKARWAL
Range, Punjab
Chorgali Formation Chorgali Pass Shale, limestone Early Eocene
Khair –Murat
Range Potwar,
Punjab
Muree Formation North of Dhok Silstone, fossiliferous, Early Miocene
Maiki, Monotonous sequence
RAWALPINDI
Campbellpur, of clay
Punjab
Kamliall Southwest of Sandstone Mid. to Late
Kamlail, Miocene
Campbellpur,
Punjab
Chinji Formation South of Chinji, Clay, sandstone Late Miocene
Campbellpur,
Punjab
Nagri Formation Nagri village, Salt, conglomerate, Early Pliocene
Campbellpur clay
District, Punjab
SIWALIKS
References:
“Geology & Tectonic of Pakistan” by Kazmi & Jan.
“Petroleum Geology of Pakistan” by I.B Kadri.
References:
www.gsp.com.pk
“Geology & Tectonic of Pakistan” by Kazmi & Jan.
“Petroleum Geology of Pakistan” by I.B Kadri.
Prepared by:
Rehan.A Farooqui
M.Sc Geology,,
University of Karachi.
Seal/Cap E. Eocene
Ghazij Shale
Reservoir Sui main
Mid. Eocene Limestone
Limestone
Source L. Paleocene to Lakhra /
Shale
L. Cretaceous Sembar
Sembar is proven source rock in MIB.
Cumulative thickness of Reservoirs about 1500 meters.
Lower Indus Basin Plays:
Age Formation Lithology Oil/Gas Fields
Seal/Cap Lower Goru
(Lower Sahle Badin,
Shale
and Talhar Khaskheli,
Shale) Laghari,
Early
Reservoir Lower Goru Mazari, Turk, Gas / Oil
Cretaceous
(Basal Sand Golarchi, Mial,
Sandstone
and Massive Kadanwari,
Sand) Sehwan, Bhit
Source Sembar Shale
Seal/Cap Late Paleocene Bara/Lakhra Shale
Sari, Hindi,
Reservoir Early Paleocene Ranikot Limestone/Sandstone Gas
Kothar
Source E. Cretaceous Sembar Shale
Cumulative thickness of Reservoirs about 400 meters.
Reference:
“Petroleum Geology of Pakistan” by I.B Kadri.
Geology Essentials part 01, ver 2.0, 2022 53
Compiled & composed by Rehan Alam Farooqui
“Present is the key to Past”
14. Nomenclature of Lower Goru:
Upper Sand
Upper Sand
Layer 3 B Sand B Sand
Shale out in
LOWER GORU
Layer 4 Badin Shale Badin Shale Shale out in North
North
C Sand C Sand
Layer 5 Jhol Sahel Jhol Sahel
D Sand D Sand
No Significant
Upper Shale H Sand within Shale
Body
Middle Sand D Sand G Sand
Lower Shale C Sand F Sand
Basal Sand E Sand
B Sand
Talhar Shale C& D Sands within Shale
Massive Sand A Sand B Sand
SEMBAR A Sand
Reference:
“Lower Goru Shales; Hydrocarbon Source Rocks In Part of Lower Indus”, Zaidi.N.A, Shahid.M, Rehman.K
Keys:-
N.E. Not Estimated
F.L.D. Fairly Large Deposits
Keys: -
N.E. Not Estimated
F.L.D. Fairly Large Deposits
V.L.D. Very Large Deposits
MT Million Tons
Lig. Lignite
Bit. Bituminous
Sonic Log:
Track: 3rd Track
Unit: US/F (micro second per foot???)
Scale: Linear Scale of 10 divisions
Basic Principle: It provides a formation’s travel time and based on reflection laws of physics.
Principle Uses: to evaluate porosity in liquid filled holes in addition to give interval velocities and
velocity profiles, and can be calibrated with seismic section. Cross multiple with
density log it is used to produce the acoustic impedance log, the first step in making a
synthetic seismic trace. It is also used to subtle textural variations in both sand and
shale and also to identify Lithology, and may help to indicate source rock, normal
compaction and over pressure and to some extent fractures. It is frequently used in
correlations.
Neutron Log:
Track: 2nd and 3rd Track
Unit: neutron phi unit
Scale: Linear scale of 20 divisions.
Basic Principle: It provides a continuous record of a formation’s reaction to fast neutron bombardment
which is related to hydrogen index and based on neutron laws of physics.
Principle Uses: to measure porosity as well as to identify gross Lithology, evaporites hydrated minerals
and volcanic rock. It is an excellent discriminator between gas and oil. By combining
with density log on compatible scale, it is one of the best subsurface Lithology
indicators available.
SP Log:
Track: 1st Track
Unit: millivolts.
Scale: Linear Scale 10 digits of horizontal scale wit +ve –ve deflection.
Basic Principle: It is the measurement of the natural potential difference or self potential between an
electrode in the bore hole and other at the surface, no artificial currents are used.
Principle Uses: to calculate formation water resistivity and to indicate permeability. Other uses are to
indicate shale volume, to indicate Facies, and in some cases to correlate permeable
zone.
Dipmeter Log:
Track: 2nd and 3rd Track
Unit: LBS (pound second)
Scale: Linear Scale of 20 divisions.
Basic Principle: It is a continuous record of formation dip and direction of dip, and based on reflection
laws of physics.
Principle Uses: for providing dips, structural geology and sedimentary geology. It provides also
information on structural dip, unconformities, faults, and folds. Also used in log
correlations with seismic sections dips. It may provide Facies information, bed form
orientation and paleocurrent directions.
Reference:
Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc..