SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
LECTURE TRANSCRIPT
WEEK 1: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN WHICH
CHANGES THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
DEFINITION OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
● An interdisciplinary study
SCIENCE
● Knowledge about the structure and behavior of the
natural and physical world, based on facts that you can
prove
● Tries to discover facts and create theories and
relationships about them
● “Scientia” (latin term) - means knowledge, awareness,
and understanding
● Human attempt to understand the natural and physical
world
○ Natural world - biological life and surrounding
environment
■ Ex. Volcano, mountains
○ Physical world - world that we see around us,
experience with 5 senses
■ Senses: taste, smell, sight, hear, touch
TECHNOLOGY
● The practical application of knowledge especially in a
particular area
● Examples of technology: selpon, sharpener, wheels,
washing machine
● “Techne” - art, skill, or craft
● “Logos” - inward thought expressed
SCIENCE VS TECHNOLOGY
Science Explores purpose if knowing, drives
technology, technology cannot proceed
without this
Technology Explores for the purpose of making
something useful so you apply technology
SOCIETY?
● Society is people in general.
● Science and technology contributes to society by the
creation of new knowledge, and then utilization of that
knowledge to boost the prosperity of human lives, and to
solve the various issues facing society.
● “Societe” - alliance of people and community
HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN ANCIENT
CULTURES
● Ancient - belonging to a very distant past, no longer in
existence
MESOPOTAMIA
Prepared by: TORRE, Bill Ritchie C., MT2C
SECOND YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER
ACADEMIC YEAR 2023 - 2024
From their beginnings in Sumer (Iraq)
● Around 3500 BC, Mesopotamian people began to
attempt to record some observations of the world with
extremely thorough numerical data.
● Pythagoras Law - provides the relationship between the
sides of a right triangle
○ Mathematical law which states that the sum of
squares of the lengths of the short sides of a
triangle is equal to the square of the length of the
hypotenuse
○ Recorded as early as 18th century BCE
● Cuneiform - system of writing
○ Record temple activities
○ Used to write stories, myths and personal letters
○ Used in ancient middle east
● Astronomy - science that lends itself to the recording
and study of observations
○ Vigorous notings of the motions of the stars,
planets, and the moon are left on thousands of clay
tablets created by scribes: study of the universe
○ Study of the universe and its contents outside of
earth's atmosphere
● Astrology - study of how positions and motions of
planets and celestial bodies affect people and events on
earth
EGYPT
● Significant advances in ancient Egypt included:
○ Astronomy
○ Mathematics
○ Medicine
● The 3-4-5 right triangle and other rules of thumb
○ Whose sides is in the ratio of 3:4:5 triangles
○ if one side of a triangle measures 3 and the
adjacent side measures 4, then the diagonal
between those two points must measure 5 in order
for it to be a right triangle
● Building system (post and lintel architecture) - strong
horizontal and vertical elements
○ a system in which two upright members, the posts,
hold up a third member, the lintel, laid horizontally
across their top surfaces.
● Egypt was also a center of alchemical research
○ Alchemy - ancient scientific tradition by which one
attempts to discover the truth about the spiritual
and temporal nature of reality.
● Egyptian hieroglyphs
○ Phonetic writing system
○ Some Alphabets were derived like hebrew, latin,
greek, arabic, and cyrillic
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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
LECTURE TRANSCRIPT
● The City of Alexandria retained preeminence with its
library.
○ It got destroyed by fire when it fell under the hands
of the Roman Empire.
○ Huge amount of antique literature and knowledge
was lost
● Edwin Smith papyrus - earliest document that gives
analysis of the brain (neuroscience).
○ Ebers papyrus
○ One pf the first medical document that attempts to
describe and analyze the brain
PERSIA
● In the Sassanid period (226 to 652 AD), great attention
was given to:
○ Mathematics
○ Astronomy
● The Academy of Gundishapur (gundishapur university)
○ Prominent example that pushed mathematics and
astronomy
○ One of the three sassanian centers of education in
Iran during late antiquity
● Astronomical tables
○ Designed to facilitate the calculation of the
planetary position, lunar phases, eclipses, and
calendrical information
○ Shahryar Tables—date to this period
○ Sassanid observatories
● Mid-Sassanid era
○ knowledge came to Persia from the West in the
form of views and traditions of Greece,
accompanied by Syriac (official language of
Persians)
○ Syriac - also the official language of christians and
iranian nestors
● Christian schools in Iran have produced great scientists
such as Nersi, Farhad, and Marabai.
● Book written by Paulus Persa
○ Head of Iranian department of Philosophy.
○ He wrote several treatises and commentaries on
Aristotle.
○ Written in syria and dictated to Sassanid king
Anushirvan
● Early Middle Ages
○ stronghold of Islamic science
GRECO-ROMAN WORLD
Prepared by: TORRE, Bill Ritchie C., MT2C
SECOND YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER
ACADEMIC YEAR 2023 - 2024
● 385 BC - Plato founded the Academy
○ Plato student: aristotle
● Aristotle begins the "scientific revolution" of the
Hellenistic period culminating in the 3rd to 2nd centuries
with scholars such as Eratosthenes, Euclid, Aristarchus
of Samos, Hipparchus and Archimedes.
● *Hellenistic period” - It lasted from the death of
Alexander in 323 B.C. until the Battle of Actium in 31 B.C.
○ Covers the mediterranean history
● Classical Antiquity, the inquiry into the workings of the
universe took place both in investigations
○ Antiquity - age, era or period
○ Period of cultural history between 6th and 8th
century AB centered on the mediterranean sea
○ Established a reliable calendar and determine how
to cure a variety of illnesses and obstruct
investigations known as natural philosophy
● Important legacy of this period included:
○ Substantial advances in factual knowledge.
■ Anatomy, Botany, Zoology
○ An awareness of the importance of certain scientific
problems.
○ A recognition of the methodological importance of
applying mathematics to natural phenomena and of
undertaking empirical research.
INDIA
● Evidence of the use of "practical mathematics"
● The people of the Indus Valley Civilization (Harappa
Civilization) manufactured bricks whose dimensions
were in the proportion 4:2:1
○ 4.2.1 - favorable for stability of brick structure
○ Standardized high degree of accuracy
● They designed a ruler—the Mohenjo-daro ruler
○ 1.32 inches
○ Divided into 10 equal parts
○ Mass-produced weights in regular geometrical
shapes, which included hexahedra, barrels, cones,
and cylinders
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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY SECOND YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER
LECTURE TRANSCRIPT ACADEMIC YEAR 2023 - 2024

● Alchemy was also popular ● “Dark Ages’’ means that there are few written records
● Kanada - father of atomic theory remaining from that era
○ Indian alchemist and philosopher ○ Very little scientific accomplishments and heroes
○ Introduced the concept of 'anu' which he defined born
as the matter which cannot be subdivided. ● The Middle Ages have very little evidence to support the
○ Anu - analogous in the concept of term of atom idea that there was any progress in society during the
CHINA periods 500 to 1400
● Modern scholars regard the Golden Age of Islam and
the enlightenment of the Byzantine Empire as the true
centers of knowledge.
○ At its cultural peak and supplies ideas to europe
EARLY MEDIEVAL SOCIETY - THE DARK AGES AFTER
THE COLLAPSE OF ROME
● The Early Medieval period - about AD 500 to 1000
○ regarded as the true Dark Ages
■ Barbarism and
ignorance
● First Solar eclipses observations ○ Norse sailors were
● Chinese astronomers observed a guest star, a master navigators
supernova, the remnant of which is now called the Crab ■ Sails far away
Nebula - July 4, 1054 from home
● Traditional Chinese Medicine, acupuncture and herbal ○ Use the stars and a
medicine were also practiced few instruments to
*Top 10 approved herbal plants in the Philippines by navigate the trackless
DOH (BABY PLANTS): ocean to Iceland,
● Bayabas ● Lagundi Greenland, and
● Acapulco ● Ampalaya Vinland.
● Bawang ● Niyog-niyogan ● Monastic study kept some of the scientific processes
● Yerba Buena ● TsaangGubat alive
● Pansit-pansitan ● Sambong ○ Monastic study - when someone devotes fully to
● Among the earliest inventions were the abacus, the spiritual world
public toilet, and the "shadow clock". ○ the monks of Western Europe also studied
● Joseph Needham noted the "Four Great Inventions" medicine, to care for the sick, and astronomy, to
which was later known in europe by middle ages: observe the stars and set the date for the
○ Compass all-important Easter
○ Gunpowder ○ Their astronomy kept alive mathematics and
○ Papermaking geometry
○ Printing ■ Set the dates
● Tang dynasty 618 to 906 AD - time of great innovation, THE MIDDLE AGES - CHARLEMAGNE, SCIENCE, AND
good deal of exchange occurred between Western and LEARNING
Chinese discoveries, up to the Qing dynasty ● During the 9th Century, these small embers of preserved
HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN MEDIEVAL knowledge leapt to life, as Western Europeans tried to
AGES systemize education; rulers and church leaders realized
that education was the key to maintaining unity and
THE DARK AGES peace.
○ Remnants of left knowledge - embers
● This period was known as the
Carolingian Renaissance
● Charles the Great tried to
reestablish knowledge as a
cornerstone of medieval society
● Francisco Petrarca - coined the the term dark ages ○ Often depicted as the
○ dismayed at lack of good literature Golden Hero of the
● Dark ages rarely used by historians Church
● Refers to the middle ages ■ Great believer in the
○ Asserts the cultural deterioration in Europe power of learning
following the decline of the Roman Empire ■ Known as
● Between the fall of Roman empire and Renaissance charlemagne
● Modern perspective of medieval society is of a war-torn ○ He instigated a revival in art, culture, and
and barbaric Europe. learning, using the Catholic Church to transmit
knowledge and education.

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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY SECOND YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER
LECTURE TRANSCRIPT ACADEMIC YEAR 2023 - 2024

○ He ordered the translation of many Latin texts and ● Experimentation is used to create universal law and
promoted astronomy predict outcomes
○ Loved astronomy despite his inability to read ROGER BACON - THE SHINING LIGHT OF SCIENCE IN
THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES - THE REBIRTH OF SCIENCE MEDIEVAL AGES
AND SCHOLASTICISM ● Roger Bacon - a name that
● From 1000 until 1300, saw Western Europe slowly belongs alongside Aristotle,
began to crawl out of the Avicenna, Galileo, and Newton
endless warring, as as one of the great minds behind
populations grew and the the formation of the scientific
shared Christian identity gave method.
some unity of purpose, from ● He took the work of Grosseteste,
Ireland to Italy, and from Aristotle, and the Islamic
Denmark to Spain. alchemists,
● The Muslims translated many ● He described the method of
of the Ancient Greek texts into observation, prediction (hypothesis), and
Arabic and experimentation, also adding that results should be
● In the middle of the 11th independently verified, documenting his results in fine
Century, scholars from all detail so that others might repeat the experiment
around Europe flocked to He gave emphasis on empiricism
Spain to translate these books from Arabic into Latin. ● Earliest advocates of early scientific method
● Many of the scholars, such as Gerard of Cremona (c.
THE LATE MIDDLE AGES - SCHOLASTICISM AND THE
1114-1187), learned Arabic so that they might complete
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
their task.
● By the 12th Century – Studium Generale - draw From 1300 until 1500
scholars from far afield and mixed the knowledge of the ● Scholasticism - mode of
Ancient Greeks with the new discoveries of the great learning, application in medieval
Muslim philosophers and scientists. christian theology
○ Sprung up in western europe ● Thinkers continued the work of
● Contribution of great thinkers such as Thomas Aquinas, scholasticism, adding to the
Grosseteste, Francis Bacon, and William of Ockham philosophy underpinning science
to the creation of the Scientific Method cannot be ● Made sophisticated observations
underestimated. and theories that were sadly
● This period may have not have the great advancements superseded by the work of later
but the contribution of scientific method cannot be scientists.
estimated ● Finally, many of the scholastic philosophers sought to
remove divine intervention from the process of explaining
AQUINAS AND GROSSETESTE - THE FATHERS OF
natural phenomena, believing that scholars should look
SCHOLASTICISM AND THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
for a simpler natural cause
THE BLACK DEATH - THE DESTROYER OF MEDIEVAL
SOCIETY AND SCHOLASTICISM
● Thomas Aquinas, while
more interested in using ● The first Renaissance of the Middle Ages was halted by a
philosophy to prove the natural phenomenon, the Black Death, which killed over
existence of God, oversaw a a third of Europeans, especially in the growing urban
shift from Platonic areas.
reasoning towards ● Black death (bubonic plague)
Aristotelian empiricism. - global pandemic that struck
europe and asia
● Vector - yersinia pestis, spread
● Robert Grosseteste, one by fleas
of the major contributors to the ○ Bugs pick up pathogens
scientific method, founded the when they bite animals
Oxford Franciscan School and and pass it to another
began to promote the dualistic animal or person
scientific method first proposed ○ Ended possibly through
by Aristotle. the implementation of
● First to fully understand quarantine
aristotle’s vision
● Dual path - generalizing
into universal and back again
○ Involved experimentation

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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
LECTURE TRANSCRIPT
WEEK 2: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE
PHILIPPINES
● Science and Technology is indispensable
● one of the most important aspects of science and
technology is that it has solution to the difficult problems
which have the potential to become major bottlenecks to
the overall growth of the country
● into this world the role of science and technology is
indispensable, we need science and technology in every
sphere of our life like to treat diseases or even to book a
grab car
● about 200 years ago the pace of technological change
began to quicken
○ example the railroad made it possible to move
things and people quickly over great distances
○ the telegraph and later the telephone carried
communications across the country
○ the electric lighting supplanted the dim glow of
candles kerosene and gas lights
● the accumulation of scientific knowledge and new
technologies has transformed human life
● technologies have helped provide many though far from
all people with standards of warmth, cleanliness,
nutrition, medical care, transportation and entertainment
far beyond those of even 2 centuries ago science
THE ROLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN MODERN
SOCIETY
SCIENCE IN TRANSITION
● In the past, scientific methods and institutions emphasize
○ the study of individual natural processes rather
than systems,
○ analysis more than synthesis
○ understanding nature more than predicting its
behavior.
● And in many instances science has focus on short-term
small-scale problems often in mono disciplinary mode
those approaches and perspectives have built up a
considerable base of knowledge and it led to a vast
portfolio of useful technologies
● 20th century, many of the problems - can be solved
through holistic approach
○ Holistic approach - meaning instead of focusing
on one thing you focus on the whole picture
● The current trend toward privatization in many countries
is influencing the focus and practice of science.
○ While in some instances the net result may be to
increase research capacity and knowledge and
selected areas there is a major concern that the
trend be undermining public sector science
especially fundamental research and efforts to
solve socially important problems of no interest to
commercial enterprises is that a service because of
a lack of information about what they require so
healthcare is the classic example of such a service
because a private provider driven by profit will have
an incentive to provide more extensive and
expensive treatment than is required and another
example to siguro generally selling assets to elite
may concentrate political power and economic
wealth into her hands major concern that the trend
may be undermining public-sector science
Prepared by: TORRE, Bill Ritchie C., MT2C
SECOND YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER
ACADEMIC YEAR 2023 - 2024
especially fundamental efforts to commercial
enterprises
● Another major trend shaping science is globalization
○ for science to be truly global, more effort is needed
to ensure all countries rich and poor and a wide
range of world cultures are included in collaborative
research and technology transfer
SCIENCE POLICY AND ETHICS
TECHNOLOGY HAS TO BE TREATED AS A SERVANT OF
SOCIETY, NOT A MASTER.
● Society has much to gain by the proactive involvement of
scientists in policy making.
● Medical biotechnology is a leading-edge area of
science in which the pace of progress is perhaps faster
than society’s capacity to deal with the ethical and social
implications.
○ Example genetic research - yes it offers major
benefits for disease diagnosis and treatment as well
as the gene therapy, it is easy to imagine a world in
a distant future in which parents have much more
control over the inheritance of children, so meaning
parang kung gusto mong maging color brown yung
eyes ng anak mo pwede na however this poses
serious questions about the nature and sanctity of
human life and the protection of human rights
another a major concern
● A major concern is that recent advances in health
sciences will lead to the "genetification of medicine",
that is, a trend toward understanding and explaining
human beings and human health largely in terms of
genes and their interactions.
○ With the genetification of medicine more and more
through the media and pr, the public perception that
everything is in our genes and we are not
responsible anymore, there are no environmental
factors
● A further ethical issue for science is what has been
referred to as the "commodification" of basic human
needs such as food, shelter, clothing, fuel and health
services.
○ Commodity - Commodity at its most basic is
anything intended for exchange or any object for
economic value
■ Ex: food, sell more and make more profits,
there is a massive advertising surrounding
food especially the most profitable sectors,
with processed foods, high caloric pero
mababa or no nutritional value so ano bang
may example ito, yung sugary breakfast
cereals na pinapakain sa bata because since
it is processed foods are relatively
inexpensive and available at local
convenience stores that often do not carry
higher quality food like fruits and vegetables
so the commodity nature of food is part of
the explanation for the surge in obesity
especially among the poor
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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY SECOND YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER
LECTURE TRANSCRIPT ACADEMIC YEAR 2023 - 2024

HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE ○ Philippine Council for Industry and Energy
PHILIPPINES Research Development (PCIEERD)
○ Philippine Council for Health Research and
● The need to develop a country's science and technology Development (PCHRD)
has generally been recognized as one of the imperatives ○ NRCP
of socioeconomic progress in the contemporary world. ● 1935, the Philippine Commonwealth was inaugurated
● Dependence or autonomy in science and technology has and ushered in a period of transition to political
been a salient issue in conferences sponsored by the independence
United Nations ● The continuing dependence of the Philippine economy on
○ Before spaniard, information was low the United States even after independence in 1946, as a
○ Numerous thriving sufficient communities thriving result of the free trade relations and the virtual imposition
before the spaniards of the "parity" amendment to the Philippine Constitution
● There were numerous, scattered, thriving, relatively by the US Congress has perpetuated the predominantly
self-sufficient, and autonomous communities before the agricultural and rural character of Philippine economy
spaniards arrived and society.
● The early Filipinos had attained a generally simple level ○ Bell trade act of 1946 - trading between PH and US
of technological development, compared with those of ● Because of the underdeveloped state of the economy,
the Chinese and Japanese, but this was sufficient for many of these science-based professionals have been
their needs at that period of time. unemployed or underemployed.
● Gradually, the early Filipinos learned to make metal tools ● Consequently, many of them have been forced to migrate
and implements copper, gold, bronze and, later, iron. to developed countries, thus creating a "brain drain" or
● The pre-colonial Filipinos were still highly superstitious. loss of valuable human resources for the Philippines.
● The Spaniards found no temples or places of worship.
● Spanish regime – University of Santo Tomas remained
as the highest institution of learning.
● Start of the American regime, a German physician of
Manila submitted a report to the authorities on the
conditions at UST's medical college.
● Towards the end of the sixteenth century, the religious
orders had established several charity hospitals in the
archipelago
● There was very little development in Philippine
agriculture and industry during the first two centuries of
Spanish rule. This was largely due to the dependence of
the Spanish colonizers on the profits from the Galleon or
Manila-Acapulco trade.
○ Trade voyages is between acapulco and Manila
● Meteorological studies were promoted by Jesuits who
founded the Manila Observatory in 1865.
● The government took steps to establish a secular
educational system by a decree of 19 October 1898, it
created the Universidad Literaria de Filipinas
○ Secular state supported higher learning
● Science and technology in the Philippines advanced
rapidly during the American regime.
● The establishment of the University of the Philippines
satisfied the short-run needs for professionally trained
Filipinos in the colonial government's organization and
programs.
● Staff members of the Bureau of Government
Laboratories held concurrent appointments as faculty
members of the College of Medicine of the University of
the Philippines and other units of the University, as well
as appointments at the Philippine General Hospital.
● In 1935, the Philippine Commonwealth was
inaugurated which was by this time completely under
Filipino management
● In 1982, NSDB was further reorganized into a
National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA)
composed of four research and Development Councils:
○ Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources
Research and Development (PCARRD)

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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY SECOND YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER
LECTURE TRANSCRIPT ACADEMIC YEAR 2023 - 2024

WEEK 3: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED 2. Scientists realized the inadequacy of medieval
THE SOCIETY experimental methods for their work and so felt the
need to devise new methods.
INTRODUCTION 3. Academics had access to a legacy of European,
Greek, and Middle Eastern scientific philosophy
that they could use as a starting point
4. Institutions helped validate science as a field by
providing an outlet for the publication of scientists’
work.
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION
● Main event
● pertains to a period of paradigm shifts or changes in
scientific beliefs that have been widely accepted and
embraced by the people
IDEAS OF A WELL KNOWN INTELLECTUALS

NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473-1543)

● The scientific revolution was the emergence of modern

science during the early modern period, when
developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy,
biology (including human anatomy), and chemistry
transformed societal views about nature.
● It began in Europe toward the end of the Renaissance
period, and continued through the late 18th century,
influencing the intellectual social movement known as the
Enlightenment
● Science evolution - began in europe
● After renaissance - rebirth of science
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
● It was built upon the foundation of ancient Greek
learning and science in the Middle Ages, as it had been ● Is a polish astronomer who contradicted the geocentric
elaborated and further developed by Roman/Byzantine model and proposed the heliocentric theory where
science and medieval Islamic science. planets revolve around the sun.
● The Aristotelian tradition was still an important ● In the 6th century, Ptolemy introduced the Ptolemaic
intellectual framework in the 17th century, although by model of planetary motion, which placed Earth as the
that time natural philosophers had moved away from center of the universe (Aristotle ‘s cosmology)
much of it. Key scientific ideas dating back to classical ○ Ptolemy model aka geocentric model
antiquity had changed drastically over the years, and in ● De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions
many cases been discredited. of the Heavenly Spheres) 1543
○ Way of thinking is based on supernatural , but their ○ Written here everything about heliocentric model
beliefs where discredit ○ Only published when he died because he might go
● 1543 - revealed the model for the basis of scientific to jail since it is not congruent with the christians
revolution COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
● The change to the medieval idea of science occurred for ● Influenced conceptual changes in cosmology, religion,
four reasons: physics and philosophy
1. Seventeenth century scientists and philosophers ● The change of belief from geocentric to heliocentric
were able to collaborate with members of the happened through the contributions of:
mathematical and astronomical communities to ○ Tycho Brahe’s observation of the star Cassiopeia
effect advances in all fields.

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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
LECTURE TRANSCRIPT
○ Johannes Kepler’s statement that the planets
move in elliptical orbits and the sun is the center
○ Galileo Galilei developed the telescope and
observed Venus
○ Isaac Newton’s law of gravity (Principia)
■ Gravity or force that keeps the planets
around the solar system
● These 4 backed up the idea of Copernicus
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
● Is the process of objectively establishing facts through
testing and experimentation. The basic process involves
making an observation, forming a hypothesis, making a
prediction, conducting an experiment and finally
analyzing the results.
● Different bodies of science branched out due to people
testing and experimenting
● HOW IS TRUTH DETERMINED
○ Fact checking
● Englishman Francis Bacon - experimentation and
observation
● Frenchman René Descartes - reasoning (more on logic)
CHARLES DARWIN (1809-1882)
STUDIES ON HYSTERIA
● Is an English naturalist who had remarkable
investigations and insights during his voyage on the HMS
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SECOND YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER
ACADEMIC YEAR 2023 - 2024
Beagle (1831–1836) that led him to theorize about
concepts of evolutionary biology and to develop
revolutionary ideas related to adaptation and
speciation.
● Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection
(1859); The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation
to Sex (1871)
● Two main points of Darwinian Revolution
1. All life on Earth is connected and related to each
other
2. The diversity of life came about because of the
modification that were driven by natural selection
a. Natural selection - survival of the fittest,
when a species adopt and passed to the
next generations so that they can adapt to
the changes
i. Bacteria are able to adapt within
this day
SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)
● Studien über Hysterie (Studies in Hysteria) 1895; The
Interpretation of Dreams 1900; The Psychopathology of
Everyday Life 1901
● Is an Australian neurologist who founded psychoanalysis.
He developed an observational method to study human’s
inner life (personality) that mainly focuses on sexuality
and the evil nature of man.
● The Freudian Revolution greatly affected and gave rise
to Literature, Visual Arts and Music
● Different personalities of a person - ice glacier - there's
more to it than what meets the eye, only 70% of
personality is hidden and what we see is only the
conscious part
○ ID - identification, what you do to your self to
sustain
○ Ego - self vs surroundings, thinks and prioritize
yourself
○ Superego - coincide between the id and the ego
○ Morality - sense of our ethical standards and
morality
● Joseph Breuer - mentor, both studied hysteria
● Hypnosis
● Talking cure - let the patient talk
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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY SECOND YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER
LECTURE TRANSCRIPT ACADEMIC YEAR 2023 - 2024

THE INTERPRETATION OF DREAMS 1900 ● Use of rubber (Tlachtli) - created a rubber ball to play
● Interpretation of dreams Tlachtli which is a mayan ball game
○ Manifest side - what happens that feels real INCAS
○ Latent phase - meaning behind my dream
THE PSYCHOPATHOLOGY OF EVERYDAY LIFE 1901
● Freudian sleep - anything you say is never an accident
FOUR CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE
MESOAMERICA
OLMECS ● Quipos - bookkeeping and calculating
● Early civilizations are always found ● Mita system - labor service that worked on road and
on bodies of water because it is life bridge construction, cultivation of corn and textile
● The founding culture of production
Mesoamerica appeared along the ○ Start of slavery
southwestern curve of the Gulf of
Mexico called the “rubber people ASIA: INDIA
(first to use rubber)”, this culture
lasted from about 1400 BCE to 100
BCE. It produced nearly
imperishable art, notably large carved heads of volcanic
rock, the largest weighing some 20 tons and standing
about 10 feet tall.
MAYANS

● The Maya organized

themselves into small
city-states instead of one big
empire. They had poor,
infertile soil and no large
rivers, yet its people built
terraces to trap silt from the
small rivers and grew corn,
beans, squash, peppers,
cassava, and cacao (chocolate). Their luxury goods were
portable by humans — feathers, jade, gold, and shells.
● They developed sophisticated writing including both
pictographs and symbols for syllables. Mayan
shaman/priests worked out remarkable systems of
cosmology and mathematics. They devised three kinds
of calendars and used cocoa beans as currency
● Tzolk'in - The Mayan Calendar
● 3 Calendars of the Mayan People
○ Solar year - 365 days (where the lunar calendar is
based)
■ 17 seconds shorter than the lunar calendar
○ Ritual year - 260 days for creating rituals
○ Long count - August 13, 3114 BC - December 31,
2012
○ Conceptualized zero
MESOAMERICA CONTRIBUTIONS
AZTECS
MEHRGARH
● One of the earliest Neolithic sites in South Asia is
Bhirrana along the ancient Saraswati riverine system,
Lahuradewa in the Middle Ganges region and Jhusi
near the confluence of Ganges and Yamuna rivers. The
aceramic Neolithic at Mehrgarh lasts from 7000 to 5500
BCE, with the ceramic Neolithic at Mehrgarh lasting up to
3300 BCE; blending into the Early Bronze Age. Mehrgarh
is one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming and
herding in South Asia.
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
● is referred to as the Early Harappan Phase (3300 to
2600 BCE). The earliest examples of the Indus Script
(writing system) date to this period, as well as the
emergence of citadels. By this time, villagers had
domesticated numerous crops, including peas, sesame
seeds, dates, and cotton, as well as animals, including
the water buffalo.
● 2600 BCE marks the Mature Harappan Phase during
which Early Harappan communities turned into large
urban centers including Harappa, Dholavira, Mohenjo-
Daro, Lothal, and Rakhigarh. They evolved new
techniques in metallurgy and produced copper, bronze,
lead, and tin and displayed advanced levels of
engineering. The ancient Indus systems of sewerage
and drainage are the most advanced.
ASIA:CHINA

● Great military force

● Chinampa - small rectangular fertile land are on shallow
lake bed to grow crops

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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
LECTURE TRANSCRIPT
● Early evidence for Chinese millet agriculture is dated to
around 7000 BCE, with the earliest evidence of cultivated
rice found at Chengtoushan near the Yangtze River,
which may also be the site of the first walled city in
China.
● This Neolithic Revolution gave rise to the Jiahu culture
(7000 to 5800 BCE). Some scholars have suggested that
the Jiahu symbols (6600 BCE) are the earliest form of
proto-writing in China.
● Excavation of a Peiligang culture site in Xinzheng
county, Henan, found a community that flourished in 5500
to 4900 BCE, with evidence of agriculture, constructed
buildings, pottery, and burial of the dead.
● The earliest bronze artifacts have been found in the
Majiayao culture site (3100 to 2700 BCE).
● Chinese civilization begins during the second phase of
the Erlitou period (1900 to 1500 BCE), with Erlitou
considered the first state-level society of East Asia. It
saw an increase in bronze metallurgy, social stratification
and urbanization and was a rapidly growing regional
center with palatial complexes that provide evidence for
social stratification.
● The earliest traditional Chinese dynasty for which there is
both archeological and written evidence is the Shang
dynasty (1600 to 1046 BCE). Shang sites have yielded
the earliest known body of Chinese writing, the oracle
bone script (use of pictures instead of alphabetical
system).
CHINA CONTRIBUTIONS
● Traditional oriental medicine-acupuncture and herbal to
treat diseases
● Gunpowder, Compass, Papermaking and printing
● Alchemy - Taoist chemistry, in alchemy, they believed
that all elements can become gold and create the elixir of
life
Prepared by: TORRE, Bill Ritchie C., MT2C
SECOND YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER
ACADEMIC YEAR 2023 - 2024
MIDDLE EAST
Abu Ja'far Mohammed ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi
Abu ja far mother, Musa father
ABBASIDS
● The capital of this empire, Baghdad, was established on
the Tigris River. Its location made it a natural
crossroads, the place where East and West could meet.
Baghdad quickly became a major cultural center. With
the emergence of a new dynasty, the Abbasids, in the 8th
century, the Islamic Empire started to settle down
politically, and conditions emerged in which mathematics
and science could be pursued.
● Early in the 9th century, the Abbasid caliphs adopted a
deliberate approach to the cultural and intellectual growth
of the empire. They established the House of Wisdom,
an academy of science, and gathered manuscripts in
Greek and Sanskrit to translate them to Arabic, and
scholars who could understand them.
● Al-Khwarizmi wrote several enormously influential
books. One, in particular, describes how to write numbers
and compute them using the place-value decimal system
we use today, the Hindu-Arabic system.
● Many adoption in medieval times of the term "algorism"
to refer to the process of computing with the
Hindu-Arabic numerals. "Algorithm" is an obvious
derivation. Another of Al- Khwarizmi's manuscripts was
called Kitab al jabr w'al-muqabala , which translates
roughly as "restoration and compensation".
MIDDLE EAST CONTRIBUTIONS
● Known for their machines designed for the improvement
of irrigation and industrial work for war.
○ Watermill (Noria) - mostly manual back then but
they created machined
○ Windmill
AFRICA
● The first certain trace of the existence and the mastery of
agriculture comes from Nubia (Sudan)
● First to build civilization because they kept this
information with lebombo bone
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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY SECOND YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER
LECTURE TRANSCRIPT ACADEMIC YEAR 2023 - 2024

NILE VALLEY CIVILIZATION ● Internet

● At least 9,000 years ago along the Nile Valley, Africans
had completed the process of delimitation, development
and urbanization of towns, processes whose first drafts
appeared with the Mpumalanga site (South Africa)
● Africa to have all the elements of civilization before other
peoples and to be the first to make history and to build
civilizations.
● The Lebombo Bone discovered between South Africa
and Swaziland. The Lebombo Bone is dated back to
about 37,000 years before the present era. According to
scientists, it could be a lunar calendar, specifying the
number of days in a lunar month, similar in principle to
the notches calendar used today by the San people in
Namibia. This is the first visible sign of the emergence of
mathematical calculations in the history of humanity
(lebombo bone).
○ More tackled on midterms
SUMMARY
● During this century-and-a-half of scientific innovation,
several achievements were made in the field of science
and technology. Unique methodologies of observation,
hypothesis, experimentation, analysis and conclusion
were sculptured and processed during this era, with vital
discoveries relating to gravity, the skeletal and muscular
systems of the human body being made. It is these
multitudes of aspects which, when clubbed together, form
a general scientific revolution
THREE REVOLUTIONS THAT SHAPED SOCIETY
● Intellectual revolution
● Cradles of Early science
● Information Revolution

● Lebombo Bone made of Baboon Fibula with 29 visible

notches
AFRICA CONTRIBUTIONS

● Kola nuts - base for cola drinks

● coffee beans
● Used plants with salicylic acid for pain (Aspirin) and
diarrhea (Kaopectate)
THE INFORMATION REVOLUTION

● Sumerian pictographs
○ Cuneiform - first iPad
○ Used by sumerian people, way of passing
information
● Gutenberg’s printing press
○ Johannes Gutenberg - printing gutenberg bible

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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
LECTURE TRANSCRIPT
WEEK 4: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND NATION
BUILDING
HISTORY
● History of science and technology in the Philippines
started way back before the country gained
independence from the American Colonizers.
○ Science knowledge is used to provide food etc.
PRE-SPANISH PERIOD
SCIENCE
● Scientific knowledge is observed in the way they plant
their crops that provide them food, in taking care of
animals to help them in their daily tasks, and for food.
● Applied science in:
○ Interpreting the movements of heavenly bodies to
predict seasons and climates, and organizing days
into months and year.
○ Preparing the soil for agricultural purposes and like
any other ancient cultures.
○ Discovering the medicinal uses of plants.
TECHNOLOGY
● Used by people in building houses, irrigations, and
developing tools that they can use in everyday life.
● Developed tools for planting, hunting, cooking, and
fishing, for fighting their enemies during war or tribal
conflicts;
● For transportation, both on land and on waterways and in
creating musical instruments.
SPANISH COLONIZATION
● Established schools for boys and girls and introduced
the concept of subjects and disciplines.
● School of science and technology - the beginning of
formal science and technology in the country.
SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY
Focuses on understanding Focuses on using and
different concepts related to developing house tools used in
the human body, plants, everyday life
animals, and heavenly bodies.
GALLEON TRADE
● Other name: Manila Galleon; "No de China"; "Nao de
Acapulco"
● Brought porcelain, silk, ivory, spices, and myriad other
exotic goods from China to Mexico in exchange for New
World silver.
● The Galleon Trade was a government monopoly.
● Only two galleons were used:
○ (1) Sailed from Acapulco to Manila - spending
120 days at sea
○ (2) Sailed from Manila to Acapulco - spending 90
days at sea
AMERICAN COLONIZATION
● They have more influence in the development of
science and technology than Spaniards.
● They established the public education system,
improved the engineering works and the health
conditions of the people.
Prepared by: TORRE, Bill Ritchie C., MT2C
SECOND YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER
ACADEMIC YEAR 2023 - 2024
● They reorganized the learning of science and introduced
it in public and private schools.
● Research was done to control malaria, cholera,
tuberculosis and other tropical diseases.
● They allowed American scholars to introduce new
knowledge and technology in the country.
● The Protestant church missions in different places in the
country also brought hospitals and schools to far-flung
areas.
● Transportation and communication systems were
improved, though not accessible throughout the country.
● Mineral resources of the country were explored and
exploited.
WORLD WAR II
● World War II has destabilized the development of the
country.
● Institutions and public facilities were burned and many
lives were destroyed.
● The human spirit to survive and to rebuild the country
may be strong but the capacity of the country to bring
back what was destroyed was limited.
SUMMARY
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE
PHILIPPINES.
INTERNAL INFLUENCES EXTERNAL INFLUENCES
1.) Survival 1.) Foreign Colonizers
2.) Culture 2.) Trade with Foreign
3.) Economic Countries
4.) Activities 3.) International Economic
Demands
GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE PHILIPPINES
(NRCP)
● Promotes and supports fundamental or basic research
for the continuing total improvement of the research
capability of individual scientists or group of scientists.
● 4 Policies that conducted NCRP:
○ (1) Social Sciences, Humanities, Education,
International Policies and Governance
○ (2) Physics, Engineering and Industrial
Research, Earth and Space, Sciences, and
Mathematics
○ (3) Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical
Sciences
○ (4) Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and
Forestry
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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY SECOND YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER
LECTURE TRANSCRIPT ACADEMIC YEAR 2023 - 2024

SOCIAL SCIENCES, HUMANITIES, EDUCATION, ● Bago magkaroon ng policies or programs nakadepende

INTERNATIONAL POLICIES AND GOVERNANCE tayo dito
● As shown in the diagram, the development of policies
● Integrating ASEAN awareness in basic education in science and technology is shaped or influenced by
without adding to the curriculum. several variables; policies need to be aligned to national
● Emphasizing teaching in the Mother Tongue. goals, consider international commitments based on legal
● Developing school infrastructure and providing for ICT frameworks, and respond to various social needs, issues,
broadband. and problems.
● Local food security. ● Policies are guides to direct all efforts to a goal of
PHYSICS, ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH, developing a scientifically advanced country.
EARTH AND SPACE, SCIENCES, AND MATHEMATICS
● Emphasizing degrees, licenses, and Employment. FAMOUS FILIPINOS IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE
○ Before hindi pa computerized mga licensures, kase RAMON CABANOS For his outstanding research on tissue
pede pa ipagawa sa recto, para di na lalabas ng BARBA culture in Philippine mangoes. (RCB)
bansa JOSEFINO CACAS For his works on observing the
● Outright grants for peer monitoring. COMISO characteristics of Antarctica by using
● Review of RA. 9184 - Government Procurement Reform satellite images.(JCC)
Act. JOSE BEJAR CRUZ Known internationally in the field of
● Harnessing science and technology as an JR. electrical engineering; was elected as
independent mover of development. officer of the far Institute of Electrical and
MEDICAL, CHEMICAL, AND PHARMACEUTICAL Electronic Engineering (JBC)
SCIENCES LOURDES JANSUY Notable for her research on sea snail
CRUZ venom. (LJC)
● Ensuring compliance of drug-manufacturing firms with
ASEAN - harmonized standards by full implementation of FABIAN MILLAR For his research on herbal medicine.
the Food and Drug Administration. DAYRIT (FMD)
● Creating an education council dedicated to RAFAEL DINEROS For his research on tilapia culture. (RDG)
standardization of pharmaceutical services and care. GUERRERO III
● Empowering foods and drug agencies to conduct ENRIQUE MAPUA For inventing the meconium drugs
evidence-based research as a pool of information. OSTREA JR. testing. (EMO)
● Allocating two percent of the GDP to research. LILIAN For doing research on plant
● Legislating a law supporting human genome projects. FORMALEJO biotechnology. (LFP)
PATEN
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, AGRICULTURE, AND FORESTRY
MARI- JO For being an outstanding educator and
● Protecting and conserving biodiversity by full PANGANIBAN RUIZ graph theorist. (MPR)
implementation of existing laws. GREGORY LIGOT For his research in the field of
● Use of biosafety and standard model by ASEAN TANGONAN communications technology. (GLT)
countries. CAESAR A. An internationally renowned physicist.
● Promoting indigenous knowledge systems and SALOMA (CAS)
indigenous people's conservation. EDGARDO GOMEZ Famous scientist in marine science. (EG)
● Formulation of common food and safety standards. WILLIAM Chemistry and president of National
SUMMARY PADOLINA Academy of Science and Technology
● Areas and fields to embark various research and (NAST) – Philippines.(WP)
projects: ANGEL ALCALA Marine science (AA)
1.) Use of alternative and safe energy
2.) Harnessing mineral resources
3.) Finding cure for various diseases and illnesses
4.) Climate change and global warming
5.) Increasing food production
6.) Preservation of natural resources
7.) Coping with natural disasters and calamities
8.) Infrastructure development

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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
LECTURE TRANSCRIPT
WEEK 7: THE HUMAN FLOURISHING IN TERMS OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
ARISTOTLE (384-322 BC)
● Most significant thinker and accomplished individual
● Made significant contributions to the achievements of
science, technology, political theory, and aesthetics
ARISTOTLE’S VIRTUE THEORY
● Having virtue means
○ Doing the right thing
○ At the right time
○ In the right way
○ In the right amount
○ Toward the right people
● Something sort of a balance
PRACTICING VIRTUE
● Courage:
○ Too tittle courage = you become coward
○ Too much courage = too arrogant and boastful
● Being a virtuous is exercising either too little or too much
of the virtue that you want to practice
○ Kailangan andun ka lang sa gitna
● Modesty virtue - knowing that you have the capacity to do
things
○ Too much = Too little humility (boastful and
arrogant) - vice excess
○ Too little = (Too much humility) underestimating the
self - vice deficiency
EUDAIMONIA
● A life well-lived. Human flourishing when you become
virtuous without exercising too little or too much
● Greek term no translation
● A life of striving not just by being virtuous
● Pushing your limit, and finding your success
● Happiness from achievement - by striving to be virtuous
● It is a cumulative process
EUDAIMONIA. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
● What is your purpose for pursuing medical technology as
a profession?
● How do you think the modern practice of the sciences is
influenced by aristotle’s virtue theory?
○ Ex: nazi experiments - referred to as demonic
because it poses questions on ethics which was
influenced by aristotle’s theory of virtue
● Give one piece of technology that you feel will make you
accomplish more in life
○ Ex: mobile phones - can do anything at your
fingertips, paying, ordering meals, doing
homeworks
● Is there such a concept as “Virtuous use of social media”
according to aristotle’s virtue theory
Prepared by: TORRE, Bill Ritchie C., MT2C
SECOND YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER
ACADEMIC YEAR 2023 - 2024
○ Ex: nakikimarites ka sa socmed - are you affected
by them or you become keyboard warrior
BASAHIN DAW YUNG REFERENCES DYAN DAW SILA
MAGBABASE NG EXAM
2ND REFERENCE: CRASH COURSE #38
VIRTUE THEORY
● Reflects assumption of human’s fixed nature on essence,
the way we flourish is adhering to that nature
● Proper functioning - everything has a function and must
fulfill functions
○ Example a dull knife is bad knife
○ The same goes for humans - were animals - so all
the stuff that would indicate proper functioning for
animal holds true for us as well - we need to grow
be healthy and fertile
○ Rational animal and social animal
ARISTOTLE
● Aristotle had a strong influence on Thomas Aquinas
○ A lot of Aristotle’s theory ended up in the Natural
law theory
● Argued that nature has built into us the desire to be
virtuous
● Having virtue means
○ Doing the right thing
○ At the right time
○ In the right way
○ In the right amount
○ Toward the right people
● There is no need to be specific, because if you are
virtuous, you know what to do. All the time. You know
how to handle yourself and how to get along with others.
You have good judgment, and can read a room, and you
know what’s right and when
VICE DEFICIENCY AND VICE EXCESS AND THE GOLDEN
MEAN
● Virtue as robust character traits
● Additional to add on the vices: the center portion is the
golden mean
● You can definitely have too much or too less of a good
thing
● Example:
○ Courage: may matandang hinoldup at nakita mo
■ Vice deficiency: cowardice
■ Vice excess: recklessness
■ A courageous person will assess the
situation, they know their abilities and take
the right action in the particular situation
■ Being able to recognize when, rather than
stepping in, you need to find authority who
can handle a situation that’s too big to
handle for you
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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY SECOND YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER
LECTURE TRANSCRIPT ACADEMIC YEAR 2023 - 2024

○ Honesty
■ Vice deficiency: failing to say things that
need to be said
■ Vice excess: brutal honesty
■ Knowing how to deliver hard truths
gracefully. How to break bad news gently, or
to offer criticism in a way that’s constructive,
rather than soul crushing
○ Generosity
■ VIce deficiency: stinginess
■ Vice excess: prodigality
■ Giving when you have it to those who need it
HOW CAN YOU BECOME VIRTUOUS ACCORDING TO
ARISTOTLE
● Virtue is a skill, a way of living, and that’s something that
can only really be learned through experience
● Practical wisdom - street smart
● Character is developed through habituation - if you do a
virtuous thing over and over again, eventually it will
become part of your character
● Moral exemplars - people who possess virtue
○ We are built to recognize them and emulate them
○ We become virtuous by watching and doing it
○ Might feel fake but might become part of you
character and manifest in yourself
● If you become virtuous you attain the pinnacle of
humanity known as Eudaimonia
EUDAIMONIA
● Does not have simple english translation
● Meaning: a life well lived. Human flourishing
● A life of striving, pushing yourself to your limits, and
finding success.
● Full of the happiness that comes from achieving
something really difficult rather than just having it handed
to you
● Being the best person you can be by honing your
strengths while working on your weaknesses

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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
LECTURE TRANSCRIPT
WEEK 8: TECHNOLOGY AS A WAY OF REVEALING
THE HUMAN CONDITION BEFORE THE COMMON ERA
STONE AGE
● Working with stones to hunt for food
● Human socialize with other people to look for food
● Living in nomadic life - moving from one place to
another to look for food
THE HUMAN CONDITION IN THE COMMON ERA
● 9,000 years ago, human began agriculture
● They gained families and relationships and started to
settle for places
● They began to hunt, farm, and produce things with
prospect of profit
○ Those that can produce more things, others can go
for or to buy such
○ Goods started to trade in
● Formation of communities caused human to expand
more and more territory and more people feed waging
wars with other tribes seemed to be the early solution
● They perceived death as, at the very least, unpleasant
and concocted potions to ward evil off from their kinsmen,
often appealing to their gods for blessings
○ Death is brought by evil spirits
● Medicine was born
○ Can alleviate pain or disease, took some time until
it parted ways with older beliefs
● People had new objective
○ Gathering as many products as possible
○ Becoming wealthy as a goal as an individual, and
as a civilization
● Leaders of certain tribe, community, or civilization were
chosen based on what have exceptional strength
○ Physical strength was highly valued at the time
○ Intellectually gifted individuals were also the same
● Inventors flourished as well as scientists and their
discoveries
● Humanity became more complex. The primary goal was
not just to survive but to live a good life, technology has
been instrumental to all of these
● The various gadgets, machines, appliances, and vehicles
are tools that make human lives easier because they
serve as a means to an end
○ Their utility lies on providing people with a certain
good, convenience, or knowledge
TECHNOLOGY AS A MODE OF REVEALING
MARTIN HEIDEGGER
● Urges us to challenge
technology and see beyond
what it is
SHORT BACKGROUND ABOUT
HIM
● German philosopher
(1889-1976)
● “The question concerning
technology” in his 1953
revision of a speech he gave
in 1950 entitled “The
Enframing”
Prepared by: TORRE, Bill Ritchie C., MT2C
SECOND YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER
ACADEMIC YEAR 2023 - 2024
○ He witnessed the dropping of the bomb at
hiroshima and the concentration of german camp
by the germans (tried to use technologies)
■ Germany has become very advanced in
terms of medical
● Historical background: the atrocities of the world war II
ESSENCE OF TECHNOLOGY
● Representations of technological advancements:
○ Car
○ Computer
○ Television
○ Telephone
TWO COMMON CONCEPTS OF THE ESSENCE OF
TECHNOLOGY
● Heidegger tried to explain technology by trying to give us
two definitions of technology
● Heidegger says they belong together and are obviously
correct but not necessarily true
MEANS TO AN END
● Tools, equipment, machines, and other things
manufactured to serve specific ends and needs
● Ex: Your cellphone is a tool that serve specifically for
communication to be connected to other people
● Instrumental definition of technology
A HUMAN ACTIVITY
● Humans use technology to ‘posit ends and procure and
utilize the means to them”
● The anthropological definition of technology
● All technology are made to serve in order for humans to
use it and make lives easier
HEIDEGGER’S VIEW ON TECHNOLOGY
● Heidegger stressed that the truth can only be pursued
through the correct ways. Simply what is correct leads to
what is true
● In this sense, he envisioned technology as a way of
revealing - a mode of bringing forth
FOR ARISTOTLE
THE FOUR CAUSES
● Matter and Form - inseparable to each other, indebted to
each other
○ Need to serve a purpose known as the final
● Final (telos) - purpose aim
● Efficient - brings forward into appearance
● For Example: the chalice
○ Matter - silver or metal
○ Form - the craftsman or kinsmith come up with the
form
○ Final (telos) - formation of the chalice, for drinking
○ Efficient - bringing forth the so called appearance of
the chalice
BLOSSOMING OF A FLOWER
● Physis - arising of something from out of itself, like the
bursting of the blossom into bloom (Nature)
● Poiesis - bringing forth into presence by another (Ex: the
silversmith making the chalice) (Art or Craft)
● Techne - the activities, skills, and knowledge of the
craftsman. Understanding of a certain skill or to be expert
in it. It opens something up. Revealing, bringing forth
○ Human ability to make and perform
PAGE 16
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
LECTURE TRANSCRIPT
○ Encompasses knowledge of understanding
○ Revealing, bringing forth
ACCORDING TO HEIDEGGER
● Truth is not correctness, truth is aletheia (revealing or
concealing)
● Technology is a way of revealing. It is the realm of
revealing of truth
IS MODERN TECHNOLOGY A TECHNE
● Modern technology is a new kind of revealing that
heidegger calls challenging “which puts to nature the
unreasonable demand that it supply energy which can be
extracted and stored as such
● For Heidegger, modern technology is not just to bring
forth but challenging forth.
● Example: Windmill (typical) vs Powerplant (modern)
○ Windmill - is a technological wonder, typically
harness energy from the wind, but if it us used to
harness energy for power generation then it is
considered modern technology
○ Powerplant - harness energy in order to provide for
the rest of people
MODERN TECHNOLOGY IS A NEW ORDERING
● A new setting-in-order that “sets upon nature”
● Expedites, unlocks, exposes “maximum yield at the
minimum cost”
● Ex: Typical farming (typical) vs factory gardening
(modern)
○ Typical farming - typical growing of plants. Does
not do things at max yield at a typical cost. You let
nature to have its way
○ Factory gardening - to take care of a vast number
of lands and also implement fertilizers to grow
plants, doing things at max yield at min cost. You
start use technology by putting chemicals to grow
foods
HUMANS CAN NOW CONTROL NATURE BECAUSE OF
MODERN TECHNOLOGY
● Makes nature seem like it is at our command
● The energy concealed in nature is unlocked, what is
unlocked is transformed is stored up, what is stored up is
in turn distributed and what is distributed is switched
about every anew
● Example: typical river (typical) vs hydroelectric power
plant (modern)
○ Typical river - can be modified
○ Hydroelectric power plant - modified body of
water such as that of a typical river, not the usual
view of the typical body of water. Something that
can now be controlled by humans
MODERN TECHNOLOGY WOULD START THE SO CALLED
STANDING RESERVE
● Example: planes in the airport
○ Just by looking at the plane, it has no essence, it
only gains value if they are in the airport and used
to transport goods and humans from one place to
another
○ All these things secondary to modern technology
would be useful
TECHNOLOGY AS POESIS: DOES MODERN
TECHNOLOGY BRING FORTH OR CHALLENGE FORTH?
Prepared by: TORRE, Bill Ritchie C., MT2C
SECOND YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER
ACADEMIC YEAR 2023 - 2024
● Heidegger, in the question concerning technology,
postulated that both primitive crafts and modern
technology are revealing. However, he explained that
modern technology is revealing not in the sense of
bringing forth
● Revealing of modern technology is not just a
bringing-forth, but a challenging forth
● Modern technology challenges nature by extracting
something from it and transforming, store, and distribute
making people think, and do things faster more efficiently
with less effort
● Rise and Depletion of petroleum as a strategic
resource
○ We use petroleum in vehicles to transport from one
place to another
● Introduction and use of synthetic dyes, artificial
flavorings, and toxic materials into the consumer
stream that bring about adverse effects on human health
● Used to write in agents in agriculture the poses threats
to food security and health security.
○ Use of pesticides and fungicides to protect farm
products against pests which ensures food security
but adverse effects on human
ENFRAMING AS MODERN TECHNOLOGY’S WAY OF
REVEALING
● Heidegger distinguished the way of revealing of modern
technology by considering it as a process of enframing
ENFRAMING
● Enframing is a way of ordering nature to better
manipulate it.
○ Happens because of how humans desire for
security, even when it pulls all of nature as a
standard reserve and an instrument of technology,
to be exploited in the ordering of nature
○ Example: christmas packs you buy in groceries,
combo meals in fast foods trying to enframe things
you needed to lessen the workload
● Enframing, according to heidegger, is akin to two ways:
○ Calculative thinking
○ Meditative thinking
● Calculative Thinking
○ humans desire to put an order to nature to better
understand and control it
○ Tends to be more commonly utilized, primarily
because of humans’ desire to control due to their
fear of irregularity
○ Technical kind of human thought where people
gather information and put it into some specific use
○ Example: gather historical data so that you will not
repeat such mistakes
● Meditative Thinking
○ humans allowed nature to reveal itself to them
without the use of force or violence
○ Type of thinking for most philosophers
DANGERS OF TECHNOLOGY
● Humans can let that technology consume themselves.
We must recognized not to become instruments of
technology
○ It was boastful to think that nature needs to be
saved because mother nature will remain even after
humans cease to exist
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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY SECOND YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER
LECTURE TRANSCRIPT ACADEMIC YEAR 2023 - 2024

● Humans are in danger of becoming part of a standard

reserve. If you let yourself be instruments of technology
you become part of standard reserve
○ Ex: social media - connect people but give rise to
issues such as invasion of privacy, proliferation of
fake news, etc.
ART AS THE SAVING POWER
● Art encourages humans to think less from a calculative
standpoint where nature is viewed as an ordered system.
Instead, it inspires meditative thinking where nature is
seen as art and that without force and violence
● We look at nature in the typical sense and not as
something that we can control

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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY SECOND YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER
LECTURE TRANSCRIPT ACADEMIC YEAR 2023 - 2024

WEEK 9: THE GOOD LIFE VIRTUE/S

WHAT IS THE GOOD LIFE
● People have different ideas of what constitutes a good
life.
● Wrong pursuits may lead to tragic consequences.
● Correct pursuits may lead to flourishing.
● Therefore, be careful what you dream for.
WHAT IS MEANT BY GOOD LIFE
● living in comfort and luxury with few problems or worries.
● characterized by happiness from living and doing well
● Contentment
○ Varies
○ Depends on what values and standard
ARISTOTLE
● Ancient Greek philosopher
● known for his natural philosophy logic and political theory
MORE ON ARISTOTLE
● one of the greatest thinkers in the history of western
science and philosophy, making contributions to logic,
metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology, botany,
ethics, politics, agriculture, medicine, dance and theater.
● first to classify areas of human knowledge into distinct
disciplines such as mathematics, biology, and ethics.
● founder of the Lyceum, the first scientific institute, based
in Athens, Greece.
● one of the strongest advocates of a liberal arts education,
which stresses the education of the whole person,
including one's moral character, rather than merely
learning a set of skills.
FOR ARISTOTLE
● morality is the study of good life
○ Good choices
■ Free to good or bad choices but must know the
consequences
○ Good actions
■ Act on good faith
○ Good habits
■ Builds character
○ Good character
ARISTOTLE’S VIEW OF GOOD LIFE
● the activity of the soul in accordance with virtue.
○ Conscience
○ Determinant for a virtue
○ Treat self to the good value
● believed that good for humans is the maximum
realization of what was unique to humans.
● The good for humans was to reason well.
● The task of reason was to teach humans how to act
virtuously, and the exercise faculties in accordance with
virtue.
A GOOD LIFE IS A VIRTUOUS LIFE
● A meaningful, authentic good life is based on inner
goodness.
● "The end of life is eudaimonia." - Aristotle
● Eudaimonia means well-being, virtue and human
flourishing.
● To live a good life is to become what we ought to be as
human beings-moral agents who strive for moral
excellence.
● behavior showing high moral standards
● "paragons of virtue" pinagsama sama
● synonyms: goodness, virtuousness, righteousness,
morality, ethicalness, uprightness, upstandingness,
integrity, dignity, rectitude, honesty, honorableness,
honorability, honor, incorruptibility, probity, propriety,
decency, respectability, nobility, nobility of soul/spirit,
nobleness, worthiness, worth, good, trustworthiness,
meritoriousness, irreproachableness, blamelessness,
purity, pureness, lack of corruption, merit; principles, high
principles, ethics "the simple virtue and integrity of
peasant life"
INTELLECTUAL VIRTUE MORAL VIRTUE
● theoretical wisdom ● controlled by practical
(thinking and truth) wisdom (ability to make
● practical wisdom right judgment)
● Understanding ● owed its development to
● Experience and time are how one nurtured it as
necessary requirements habit.
for the development of ● can be learned
intellectual virtue ○ Depending on how
you value the virtue
NICOMACHEAN ETHICS 2:1
● Virtue, then, being of two kinds, intellectual and moral,
intellectual virtue owes its birth and growth in teaching (
for its reason it requires experience and time). While
moral virtue comes about as a result of habit
NICOMACHEAN ETHICS 2:2
● All human activities aim at some good. Every art and
human inquiry, and similarly every action and pursuit, is
thought to aim at some good; and for this reason the
good has been rightly declared as that at which all things
aim.
WHAT IS EUDAIMONIA
● came from the Greek word eu meaning "good" and
daimon meaning "spirit"
● refers to the good life marked by happiness and
excellence.
● flourishing life filled with meaningful endeavors that
empower the human person to be the best version of
himself/herself.
HAPPINESS ACCORDING TO ARISTOTLE
● "Happiness depends on ourselves.
● central purpose of human life and a goal in itself.
● depends on the cultivation of virtue.
● a genuinely happy life required the fulfillment of a broad
range of conditions, including physical as well as mental
well-being.
HAPPINESS AS THE ULTIMATE PURPOSE OF HUMAN
EXISTENCE
● Happiness is a final end or goal that encompasses the
totality of one's life.
● It is not something that can be gained or lost in a few
hours, like pleasurable sensations.

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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY SECOND YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER
LECTURE TRANSCRIPT ACADEMIC YEAR 2023 - 2024

● It is more like the ultimate value of your life as lived up to

this moment, measuring how well you have lived up to
your full potential as a human being.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND GOOD LIFE
● S&T is also the movement towards a good life.
● S&T are one of the highest expressions of human
faculties.
● S&T allows us to thrive and flourish if we desire it.
● S&T may corrupt a person
● S&T with virtue can help an individual to be out of
danger.
WHY IS IT THAT EVERYONE IS IN THE PURSUIT OF THE
GOOD LIFE?
●
ERNEST AGYEMANG YEBOAH
● Life is good! It is only our thoughts, choices and actions
and the situations we meet in life each moment that
makes life look bad! The same bad situation that makes
one person think badly inspires another for a noble thing!
The same good situation in life that makes one person
feel so good to get into a bad situation pires another
person to create another good situation cause of the
good situation. It is all about thoughts, vices and actions!
Life is good! Live it well!"

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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY SECOND YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER
LECTURE TRANSCRIPT ACADEMIC YEAR 2023 - 2024

WEEK 10: WHEN TECHNOLOGY AND HUMANITY CROSS ● Increase isolation and decrease interaction
● Job Loss - overtaking jobs of robots
OVERVIEW ● Cyberbullying - due to internet
● Technology Addiction - almost everyone making life’s
WHEN TECHNOLOGY AND HUMANITY CROSS
easier and convenient
● The growth of science and technology now challenges
society's ability to understand or control its effects on SO WHEN TECHNOLOGY MEETS HUMANITY ....
everyday life. If misuse or implemented so rapidly, ● Healthcare - technology is used to improve patient
harmful side effects abound. outcomes and make healthcare more efficient and
● Technology affects the way individuals communicate, accessible.
learn, and think. It helps society and determines how ● Communication- technology allows people to connect
people interact with each other on a daily basis. with one another from all over the world.
● Most powerful 21st century technologies—robotics, ● Education- enhance learning experiences
genetic engineering, and nanotechnology: threatening to ○ Researching is more easy due to ai
make humans an endangered species.” ● Transportation- improved safety and convenience, fast
● Increasing computer power that will lead to Artificial ○ Convenient and faster buses, airplanes, and trains
Intelligence (AI). ● Overall, technology is an integral part of human life, and
● Genetic engineering will create new crops, and it is constantly being developed and refined to meet the
eventually new species including many variations of needs of society.
humans. ● The relationship between technology and society is
○ Used in humans as well due to genetic markers reciprocal. Society drives technological change, while
● Nanotechnology (simplest splices of atoms) confronts changing technologies in turn shape society.
us with self-replicating nanobots that are driven out of Technological decisions should take into account both
control costs and benefits.
○ Used in medicine like CT scans, imaging, and
sometimes drugs ROBOTICS VS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
LOOKING BACK...
● Questioning technology and
what we can do about it
○ J. Robert Oppenheimer
is among those who are
credited with being the
"father of the atomic
bomb“. Later in life, he
vigorously lobbied for
international control of
nuclear power.
○ Rachel Carson An
american marine biologist,
author, and ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
conservationist whose WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
book Silent Spring and ● Simplest definition: is a field, which combines computer
other writings are credited science and robust data sets , to enable problem solving
with advancing the global ● Artificial intelligence is the simulation of human
environmental movement intelligence processes by machines, especially computer
● What is left for us humans? systems.
○ In the Industrial Revolution, machines took over ● Specific applications of AI include expert systems, natural
many of the physical tasks we used to do. But we language processing, speech recognition and machine
humans were still left with all the cognitive tasks HOW AI SYSTEMS WORK
○ Key roles that will still remain for humans in an AI ● ingesting large amounts of labeled training data,
economy: creating, training, managing, and analyzing the data for correlations and patterns, and
maintaining AI systems. using these patterns to make predictions about future
○ However, there will also still be jobs that involve states.
uniquely human skills like nursing, teaching, ● Chatbots that are fed examples of text can learn to
caretaking, etc. generate lifelike exchanges with people, or an image
HOW DOES TECHNOLOGY AFFECTS HUMANITY• recognition tool can learn to identify and describe objects
in images by reviewing millions of examples.
POSITIVE IMPACTS
● It makes our lives easier / convenient ROBOTICS
● Improved Communication INTRODUCTION
● Access to Information ● Definition of a Robot:
● Medical Advancements - chips na nilalagay sa utak ○ "A reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator
NEGATIVE IMPACTS designed to move materials, parts, tools, or

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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY SECOND YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER
LECTURE TRANSCRIPT ACADEMIC YEAR 2023 - 2024

specialized devices through various programmed ● Finally, as the technology improves, there will be new
motions for the performance af a variety of tasks ways to use robots which will bring new hopes and new
● With growing developments in the field of mechanics and potentials.
mathematical modeling, robotics has come a long way THE ETHICAL DILEMMAS OF AI IN ROBOTICS
● From an iron piece than could move only a few inches,
there are now machines capable of jumping from ● Ethics in Safety – no law covers intelligent machine
high-rise buildings, detecting landmines, performing ● Holding Robots Accountable – spontaneous &
operations and troubleshooting unpredictable actions
WHAT IS ROBOTICS ○ Only the creator of robots can be held accountable
● Robotics is a branch of engineering that involves the ● Robot Rights - higher intelligence needs rights
conception, design, manufacture, and operation of protection
machines assigned for specific high precision and ● Ethics in Privacy – invade privacy in homes & places
repetitive tasks. ● Ethics with Emotional Attachment – assistive robots in
● The word robotics is used to collectively define a field in medical patients
engineering that covers the mimicking of various human THE USES OF TECHNOLOGY TODAY
characteristics.
● Use of Technology in Business
WHY ROBOTICS
● Use of Technology in Communication
● Speed
● Use of Technology in Human Relationships
● It can work in hazardous/dangerous environment
● Use of Technology in Education
● Efficiency
● Use of Technology in Purchasing
● Accuracy
● Use of Technology in Agriculture
● Adaptability
● Use of Technology in Banking
TYPES OF ROBOTS
● Use of Technology in Transportation
● Mobile robots
● BCHEPABT
● Rolling robots
● Stationary robots
● Remote-control robots
● Humanoid robots
COMPONENTS OF ROBOTS
● Structure
● Power source
● Actuation
● Sensing
● Manipulation
HUMAN ROBOT INTERACTION
● The people who interact with them may have little or no
training in robotics, and so any interface will need to be
extremely intuitive
● Easy ways for humans to communicate with robots are:
○ Speech
○ Gestures
○ Facial Expressions
APPLICATIONS
● Rob Surgery
● Robots in danger zone
● Assisting disabled individuals
● Underwater, space and remote locations
● Machine loading
● Industries
CONCLUSIONS
● Today we find most robots working for people in
industries, factories. warehouses, and laboratories.
Robots are useful in many ways.
● For instance, it boosts the economy because businesses
need to be efficient to keep up with the industry
competition.
● Therefore, having robots helps business owners to be
competitive. because robots can do jobs better and faster
than humans can, e.g. robots can built, assemble a car.
Yet robots cannot perform every job, today robots roles
include assisting research and industry.

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