BITS-Pilani

1st Semester 2022-23

MATH F213
BITS Pilani (Discrete Mathematics)
Pilani|Dubai|Goa|Hyderabad
Prove that the sum of a rational number and an irrational number
is irrational.

Let r is a rational number, and x is an irrational number. Suppose

that r + x is rational.
Then r =a/b and r+x=c/d for some integers a, b, c, d, b ≠ 0, d ≠ 0.
Now x = c/d – a/b = (bc – ad)/bd.
Here bc – ad and bd are both integers and bd ≠ 0 implies x is
rational, which is a contradiction.

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
⌊A⌋: The greatest integer less than or equal to a number A
⌈A⌉: least integer more than or equal to A

We prove that some pigeonhole contains at most ⌊A⌋ pigeons.

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Show that the square of an odd positive integer is of the form
8n + 1.
Using the Euclid division lemma , let a = 8q + r where 0 ≤ r < 8.
Case 1 - If r = 1 , a = 8q + 1
By squaring on both sides,
a2 = (8q + 1)2 = 642q2 + 16q + 1 = 8(8q2 + 2q) + 1 = 8n + 1 , where
n = 8q2 + 2q
Case 2 - If r = 2 , a = 8q + 2
a2 = (8q + 2)2 = 64q2 + 32q + 4 (even number) ≠ 8m +1

Here for every odd value of r, square of a is of the form 8m +1 and

for every even value of r, the square of a is not in the form of 8m +
1.
We know that, a = 8q + 1 , 8q + 3 , 8q + 5 , 8q + 7 are not divisible
by 2. It means that all numbers are odd numbers.
Therefore, the square of an odd positive is ofto bethe
BITS Pilani, Deemed form
University 8m 3+of 1.
under Section UGC Act, 1956
Prove: If p is a prime, then if p divides the product of two integers
a and b, then either p divides a or p divides b.

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956