BITS-Pilani

1st Semester 2022-23

MATH F213
BITS Pilani (Discrete Mathematics)
Pilani|Dubai|Goa|Hyderabad
Implications of two propositions

How many Implications can be made from two

propositions.

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Some versions of implication

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Step 2 : Apply definition of contrapositive.

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Equivalences among Implications

Law of contrapositives :An implication is equivalent to

its contrapositive.
• Converse of an implication is equivalent to the
opposite of the same implication.
• An implication is not equivalent to its converse.

(Verify by writing their truth tables)

Thus sometimes finding truth value of an implication can

be replaced by finding the truth value of its
contrapositive.
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 Some important equivalences

1) De Morgan’s laws :

(Verify by writing their

truth tables)

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Negation of an implication

Without using the truth table

Note : Negation of an implication is not an implication in an

obvious manner)

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

 Some important equivalences

1) De Morgan’s laws :

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Write a proposition equivalent to the negation of the proposition
`If Euclidean Geometry is true then congruence of triangles
ABC and DEF is sufficient for similarity of ABC and DEF’ .

Step 2 : Use results of negation and equivalences

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 Cont..

Step 3 : convert back to wording.

Thus the required proposition is
‘The Euclidean Geometry is true and the triangles ABC and DEF
are congruent and the triangles ABC and DEF are not similar.’

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

 Ex (Distributive Laws)

Approach 1: Check by comparing the truth tables of LHS

and RHS.

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 Alternate solution?

This attempt has a problem.

In this argument, we are using exactly what we are proving.

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

 Double implication

Use

p  ~p is always False, therefore, if q is T then q  (p  ~p) is T and if q

is F then q  (p  ~p) is F
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 Cont..

Step 2 : Its negation, symbolically, is :

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 Cont..

Step 3 : Verbal formulation of the negation

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Exercise : Show that, in the last column of the truth table
of the propositional function
( (p→ s)(q t) r)→ (s t),
one truth value occurs exactly once. Determine this
truth value and the truth values of the propositional
variables corresponding to this truth value.
Solution : The truth value T of the propositional function
can occur if the consequent is T, irrespective of the truth
value of antecedent.
Hence for truth value T of one of s,t, and arbitrary truth
value of any of the remaining propositional variable, the
propositional function will have truth value T. Hence T
has more than one occurrences in the last column of the
truth table.
The truth value F of the propositional function can occur
only when the consequent (s t) is F and antecedent
(p→ s) (q t) r is T. Thus each of s,t is F.
p→ s must be T, hence p is F. q t is T, t is false, hence
q is F. Also r is T.
Thus the truth value F of the propositional function
occurs exactly once in the last column and the
corresponding truth values of (p,q,r,s,t) are (F,F,T,F,F).

p q p→q p q pq
T T T T T T
T F F T F F
F T T F T F
F F T
F F T
Quiz-I Question

• Knowing truth values of p and q, how did we decide the truth or

falsities of compound proposition? We will come to rules soon.

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Quiz-I Question

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Midsem 2022

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956