Viva questions

Q1. Why is it important to keep the amplitude of the oscillation small?

Ans. As time period doesn’t depend on the amplitude, so amplitude of
oscillations are kept small in order to satisfy the condition of hormonic motion.
Q2. What is the definition of radius of gyration?
Ans. The radius of gyration is the distance from an axis of a body to the point in
the body whose moment of inertia is equal to the moment of inertia of the
entire body. The radius of gyration is equal to the square root of the ratio
between the moment of inertia of the entire body and the mass of the whole
system.
Q3. What do you mean by acceleration due to gravity?
Ans. Acceleration due to gravity is the acceleration gained by an object due to
gravitational force. Its SI unit is m/s2. It has both magnitude and direction;
hence, it's a vector quantity. Acceleration due to gravity is represented by g.
Q4. Define amplitude, frequency, time period?
Ans. Amplitude
The maximum displacement of the pendulum bob from its mean position on
either side. It is denoted by the letter a or A and is measured in meters (m).
Frequency
The number of oscillations made in one second. It is denoted by f or n and is
measured in per second (s-1) or hertz (Hz).
• Time period
The time taken to complete one oscillation. It is denoted by the symbol T and is
measured in seconds (s).
The relationship between frequency and time period is f = 1/T.
Q5. Define hormonic motion and simple hormonic motion?
Ans. Harmonic motion refers to repetitive oscillations around an equilibrium
position. Simple harmonic motion (SHM) is a specific type of harmonic motion
where the restoring force is directly proportional to the displacement from the
equilibrium position and is directed towards that position.
Q6. What is G?
Ans. The universal gravitational constant is represented by the symbol G. It's a
constant value that's the same at any point in the universe. The value of G is
6.67408×10-11Nm2/kg2. Dimensional formula is M-1 L3 T-2.

Q7. Dimensional formula of g ?

Ans. M0L1T-2

Q8. Why is kater’s pendulum called reversible pendulum?

Ans. Because it has the same period of oscillation when pivoted about either of
the two points.

Q9. why kater’s pendulum is used over bar pendulum?

Ans. Kater's pendulums are more accurate than bar pendulums. Kater's
pendulums are more accurate because they:

•
Eliminate errors from thermal expansion, non-uniform density, and other
factors

•
Allow the center of mass and length of the pendulum to be adjusted

•
Use two knife-edge supports to reduce friction

Q10. what is meant by oscillatory motion?

Ans. Oscillatory motion is defined as the to and fro motion of the body about its
fixed position. Oscillatory motion is a type of periodic motion.

Q11. What is hall effect.

Ans. When a current carrying conductor or a semiconductor is introduced to a
perpendicular magnetic field, a voltage can be measured at the right angle to
the current path. this effect is known as hall effect.

Q12. define p-type and n-type semiconductor?

Ans.

Q13. define carrier mobility and density?

Ans. Carrier mobility is a measure of how quickly a charge carrier can move
through a material. It's often used to refer to the overall movement of electrons
and holes in semiconductors. Charge carrier density, also known as carrier
concentration, is the number of charge carriers per volume. It is measured in SI
units in m−3.

Q14. what is SI unit and dimensional formula of magnetic field?

Ans. The dimensional formula for a magnetic field is [M L^-1 T^-2 A^-1]. The SI
unit for the magnetic field is Tesla.

Q15. what is Lorentz force?

Ans. Lorentz force is defined as the combination of the magnetic and electric
force on a point charge due to electromagnetic fields. It is used in
electromagnetism and is also known as electromagnetic force.

𝐹 = 𝑞(𝐸 + 𝑣 ∗ 𝐵)

Q16. Define resistivity and conductivity?

Ans. Conductivity and resistivity are two ways of describing how well
electric current flows through a material. Resistivity is the reciprocal of
conductivity. The unit of conductance is the Siemen, which is the
reciprocal of the Ohm, the unit of resistance. Conductivity is a material's
ability to conduct electricity or heat.
Q17. Define energy band?
Ans. an energy band is a range of energies associated with the quantum
states of electrons in a crystalline solid. Energy bands arise from the
interaction of electron energy levels in closely packed atoms. In a
semiconductor or an insulator, there is a valence band containing many
states, most of which are occupied. At room temperature, the conduction
band of the semiconductor is slightly filled. This is because the forbidden
energy gap is small, and the thermal energy at room temperature is
enough to push the electrons from the valence band to the conduction
band.
Q18. Stefan’s law?
Ans. The rate of emission of radiant energy from a black body per unit
area is directly proportional to the 4th power of its absolute temperature.
Q19. Define black body?
Ans. A black body is an idealized physical body that absorbs all incoming
electromagnetic radiation, regardless of frequency or angle of incidence.
Black bodies radiate at all frequencies with a spectral energy distribution
dependent on their absolute temperature.
Q20. What is absolute temperature?
Ans. Absolute temperature is temperature measured using the Kelvin
scale where zero is absolute zero. The zero point is the temperature at
which particles of matter have their minimum motion and can become no
colder (minimum energy).
Q21. What do we need Stefan’s law for?
Ans. Stefan's law is used to calculate the temperature of the Sun and
stars. It can also be used to predict how much heat the Earth radiates
into space.
Q22. What is boltzmann constant.
Ans. The Boltzmann constant (k or kB) is a physical constant that relates
temperature to energy. The Boltzmann constant is defined as:
• 1.380649 × 10−23 joule per kelvin (K)
• 1.380649 × 10−16 erg per kelvin
• 8.6173303 × 10-5 eV/K
Q23. Formula of stefan’s law?
• Ans. E = eσAT4
Q24. Define emissivity and radiant energy?
Ans. Emissivity is a measure of a surface's ability to emit heat by
radiation. It's the ratio of the radiant energy emitted by a surface to that
emitted by a blackbody at the same temperature. Emissivity is a
dimensionless number between 0 (for a perfect reflector) and 1 (for a
perfect emitter). Radiant energy is physical energy that comes from
electromagnetic radiation. It's also known as electromagnetic radiation
(EMR).
Radiant energy is made up of tiny particles called photons. These
particles are like small packets of energy. Radiant energy travels in
transverse waves.
Q25. Define terms young’s modulus, modulus of rigidity, plasticity,
poisson’s ratio, stress, strain, hook’s law?
Ans. Young's modulus is a mechanical property of solid materials that
measures the ability of a material to withstand changes in length when
under lengthwise tension or compression. It is also known as the
modulus of elasticity. Young's modulus is the ratio of the stress applied to
the object and the resulting axial strain in the linear elastic region of the
material.
 • Stress: The force per unit area applied to the object.
• Strain: The displacement or deformation of the object.
• Hooke's law: A fundamental law of elasticity that states that the
ratio of stress to strain is a constant quantity for the given material.
• Plasticity: The ability of a solid material to undergo permanent deformation.

Shear modulus, also known as Modulus of rigidity, is the measure of the rigidity
of the body, given by the ratio of shear stress to shear strain. It is often denoted
by G sometimes by S or μ.
Poisson ratio is the ratio of transverse contraction (or expansion) strain to
longitudinal extension strain in the direction of stretching force. Tensile
deformation is considered positive and compressive deformation is considered
negative.
Q26. Define thresh hold frequency?
Ans. The threshold frequency is defined as the minimum frequency of incident
radiation below which the photoelectric emission is not possible completely.
irrespective of the intensity of incident radiation.
Q27. What does plank’s constant indicates?
Ans. The Planck constant (Planck's constant) says how much the energy of a
photon increases, when the frequency of its electromagnetic wave increases by
1 (In SI Units).
Q28. SI unit and dimensional formula of planks constant?
Ans. The SI unit of Planck's constant is joule-seconds (J⋅s). The dimensional
formula of Planck's constant is:
• h = [M][LT⁻¹]² / [T⁻¹] = ML²T⁻¹
Q29. Define photoelectric effect?
Ans. The photoelectric effect is a phenomenon that occurs when a material
absorbs electromagnetic radiation, releasing electrically charged particles. It's
often defined as the ejection of electrons from a metal plate when light falls on
it.
Q30. Define diffraction, diffraction grating, dispersive power, dispersion,
refractive index, coherent sources, monochromatic, refraction , reflection.
Ans. Diffraction is the spreading of waves around obstacles.
A diffraction grating is an optical element that divides(disperses) light
composed of lots of different wavelengths(e.g., white light) into light
components by wavelength.
Dispersive Power: Dispersive power refers to the ability of a medium, such as a
prism or a diffraction grating, to separate different wavelengths of light.
In the context of light, dispersion refers to the separation of light into its
constituent colors, which is commonly observed when white light passes
through a prism or a diffraction grating.
Refractive index is a measure of how much a ray of light is bent (i.e., refracted)
when it enters a particular medium. It is the ratio of the speed of light in a
vacuum to the speed of light in the medium.
Coherent sources refer to two or more sources of waves that emit waves with a
constant phase difference. In the context of optics, coherent sources are
essential for creating interference patterns and other wave phenomena.
Monochromatic refers to light composed of a single wavelength or color.
Refraction is the bending of a wave, such as light or sound, as it passes from
one medium to another with a different density.
Reflection is the phenomenon where light, sound, or other waves strike the
surface of an object and bounce back into the medium they came from. It is
the change in direction of a wavefront at an interface between two different
media so that the wave returns into the medium from which it originated.
Q31. What is CRT?
Ans. It is a type of vacuum tube that displays images when the electron beam
through the electron gun strikes on the fluorescent screen.
Q32.What is the principle of this experiment?
Ans .- When a focused beam of electrons (cathode rays)moves inside a cathode
ray tube (CRT). Then an electric field can be applied to deviate the path of that
electron beam and a magnetic field (perpendicular to the electric field) can be
applied to nullify the effect.
Q33. Why CRT tube is placed along the north-south direction?
Ans .- This is because the magnetic field of the Earth is along NORTH-SOUTH
and when the CRT tube is placed in the same direction then the motion of
electron beam is not affected by Earth's magnetic field.
Q34. Define magnetic field intensity?
Ans. Magnetic field intensity (H) is a measure of how strong or weak a
magnetic field is. It's defined as the force experienced by a unit north pole at
any point in the magnetic field. The SI unit of magnetic field intensity is
Ampere/meter (A/m).
Q35. Dimensional formula of electric field and magnetic field?
Ans. The dimensional formula for an electric field is [E] = [M L^-1 T^-3 I^-1].
The dimensional formula for a magnetic field is [B] = [MT^-2 I^-1
Q36. Why is the current kept constant for measuring the resistivity of a
semiconductor using four probe at different temperatures?
Ans. In Four Probe Method, the voltage across the inner two probes at different
temperatures is recorded. This voltage is an indication of resistance or
resistivity only if V is proportional to R or I is constant. This is why a constant
current source is necessary.
Q36. How do the conductivities of metals and semiconductor depend on
temperature?
Ans. The conductivity of a semiconductor increases with increasing
temperature while that of a metal decreases with increasing temperature.
Q37. What is a pn junction diode?
Ans. A PN junction diode is a semiconductor device that controls the flow of
electric current in a circuit. It has a positive (p) side and a negative (n) side
created by adding impurities to each side of a silicon semiconductor.
Q38. Define forward and reverse biasing?
Ans. Forward biasing is when a voltage is applied to a diode in a direction that
allows current to flow easily. Reverse biasing is when a voltage is applied to a
diode in the opposite direction.
Forward biasing is useful for:
 • Changing AC current to DC current
• Manipulating electronic signals
Reverse biasing is useful for:
• Changing AC current to DC current
• Manipulating electronic signals
Forward biasing occurs when:
• The positive end of the device is connected to the anode of the source
• The negative end of the device is connected to the cathode of the source
• The current flows in the direction of the diode current
Reverse biasing occurs when:
• The negative side of the external bias voltage is connected to the p
region of the diode
• The current flows in the opposite direction of the diode current
• The voltage doesn't produce any significant flow of current.

Q39. Zener breakdown?

Ans. Zener breakdown is a temporary breakdown that occurs in a Zener diode
at low reverse voltages. The breakdown occurs when the voltage across the
diode's terminals is reversed and reaches the Zener Voltage. This allows current
to flow in the opposite direction.
Zener breakdown is temporary and does not cause any permanent change in
the material structure as long as the temperature is kept within limits. As soon
as the reverse voltage is reduced below the breakdown level, the diode
becomes non conducting again.
Q40. Application of PN junction diodes?
Ans. PN junction diodes are semiconductor devices with many applications in
electronics. They are used in:
Rectification, Voltage regulation, Signal demodulation, Clipping, Clamping,
Current steering, Solar cells, LED lighting, Voltage-controlled oscillators,
Photodiodes, Laser diodes.
Q41. How does PN junction diode work?
Ans. A PN junction diode allows charge carriers to flow in one direction, but not
in the opposite direction. The diode works by:
• Developing an electric field on either side of the junction
• Changing the electric potential between the P and N-regions when an
external potential is supplied to the PN junction terminals
• Altering the flow of majority carriers for the diffusion of electrons and
holes by the PN junction
• Diffusing free electrons in the n region across the junction and
combining them with the holes in the p region near the junction
• Creating a layer of positive charges near the junction
• Creating one positive and one negative ion near the junction