1001 RM DRM 902 RM Unit 01

01
DRM 902 - Research Methodology

• Unit I: Introductio to Research and Literature Review
 Definition , Purpose
 Types of Research
 Significance of Research
 Literature Review
 Gap Identification , Topic Selection
 Intellectual property rights(IPR)
 Trade Mark (National and Internationals)
 Copy Right
 Royalty
 Patent Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan
Addl. Dean (Research)
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• Purpose of Research
• The purpose of research is to discover answers to questions through the
application of scientific procedures.
• The main aim of research is to find out the truth which is hidden and
which has not been discovered as yet.
Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan

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• Though each research study has its own specific purpose, we may think
of research objectives as falling into a number of following broad
groupings:
• 1. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into
it (studies with this object in view are termed as exploratory or
formulative research studies);
• 2. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual,
situation or a group (studies with this object in view are known as
descriptive research studies);
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• 3. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or
with which it is associated with something else (studies with
this object in view are known as diagnostic research studies);
• 4. To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between
variables (such studies are known as hypothesis-testing
research studies).

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• The basic types of research are as follows:
1. Descriptive vs. Analytical research
2. Applied vs. Fundamental:
3. Quantitative vs. Qualitative
4. Conceptual vs. Empirical Some Other Types of Research

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• The basic types of research are as follows:
• (i) Descriptive vs. Analytical:
• Descriptive research includes surveys and fact-finding enquiries of
different kinds.
• The major purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of
• affairs as it exists at present.
• In analytical research, on the other hand, the researcher has to use facts
or information already available, and analyze these to make a critical
evaluation of the material. Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan
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• (ii) Applied vs. Fundamental: Research can either be applied research or
Fundamental (to basic or pure) research.
• Applied research aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem
facing a society or an industrial/business organization,
• Whereas fundamental research is mainly concerned with generalizations
and with the formulation of a theory.
• Examples: Gathering knowledge for knowledge’s sake is termed ‘pure’ or
‘basic’ research.” Research concerning some natural phenomenon pure
mathematics are examples of fundamental research.
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• (iii) Quantitative vs. Qualitative:
• Quantitative research is based on the measurement of quantity
• or amount.
• It is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of
quantity.
• Qualitative research, on the other hand, is concerned with qualitative
phenomenon,
• i.e., phenomena relating to or involving quality or kind.
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• Qualitative research, on the other hand, is concerned with
qualitative phenomenon,
• i.e., phenomena relating to or involving quality or kind.

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• (iv) Conceptual vs. Empirical:
• Conceptual research is that related to some abstract idea(s) or
• theory.
• It is generally used by philosophers and thinkers to develop
new concepts or to reinterpret existing ones.
• On the other hand, empirical research relies on experience or
• observation alone, often without due regard for system and
theory. Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan
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• (v) Some Other Types of Research:
• All other types of research are variations of one or more of the
above stated approaches
• Based on either the purpose of research or
• the time required to accomplish research on the environment
in which research is done or
• on the basis of some other similar factor.
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• Significance of Research (Reference Research Methodology Methods and
Techniques 2004 C.R. Kothari, New Age Publications )
• All progress is born of inquiry.
• Doubt is often better than overconfidence, for it leads to inquiry, and
• inquiry leads to invention” is a famous Hudson Maxim in context of which
the significance of research
• It can well be understood. Increased amounts of research make progress
possible.
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• Research inculcates
• scientific and inductive thinking and it promotes the development of
logical habits of thinking and organization.

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• Significance of Research “All progress is born of inquiry. Doubt is often
better than overconfidence, for it leads to inquiry, and
• inquiry leads to invention” is a famous Hudson Maxim in context of which
the significance of research
• can well be understood. Increased amounts of research make progress
possible. Research inculcates
• scientific and inductive thinking and it promotes the development of
logical habits of thinking
• and organisation. Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan
15

• Literature Review:
There are a number of preliminary steps to consider:
Determine whether the literature review will be
quantitative (must be theory-driven) or qualitative.
Either choice will determine your emphasis on statistics.
Topic selection and narrowing.
Research, research, research . . .
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• Topic Selection
Work with your professor and/or research project mentor to select your topic.
Examine a wide array of resources for ideas on topic selection like Textbooks,
Titles and abstracts of other articles etc
Broad theories (as areas for exploration)
Remember to brainstorm with other individuals Remember to brainstorm with
other individuals

04

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 What is Research Gap?
 When you read papers or books on topics of your interest.
 You may realize there are some areas that have significant scope for more
research and they have not been tapped by other researchers.
 A research gap or a literature gap refers to such unexplored or underexplored

areas that have scope for further research.

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Why is it important to identify a unique research gap?
If you have completed your research work and published the
findings only to find out that another researcher has already
published something similar.
Therefore, it is necessary to find out those problems in your
research field which have not been addressed before.
Not only would you be investing your funds and resources in the
right project but also increasing the chances of your research
findings getting published.
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• Research Gap analysis:
• 1.Identify the broad area:
• The researcher has to narrow down his area of
• 2. Research gaps identifying methods
• It is necessary to formulate questions that will require more research and investigation to formulate
a research gap.
• This can be done by collecting data or resources from books, journals or databases that will help in
identifying the research gaps.
• Reviewing data over a period of 5-10 years is the best way to narrow down the search at the same time
identifying the literature gaps.
• 3. Viability of the research gap
• After the first two steps, if the research question is not viable then modifying the research problem which is
the best way to move ahead. This may be due to the confusing literature review methodology
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• 4. Selection of research gap
• This is totally dependent on the researcher, his interests and his contribution.
• This may be due to availability of literature easily to the researcher
• 5. Expected outcome
• The researcher should have some expected outcomes in mind when he sets
his foot into the research problem.
• If the gap identified by the researcher doesn’t bear any usefulness than the
gap can be described as vague and unnecessary and the researcher should
consider revising the entire process.
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For References:
https://ipindia.gov.in/policy-pages.htmhttps://ipindia.gov.in/policy-pages.htm
https://ipindia.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/National_IPR_Policy_English.pdf

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• Intellectual property rights (IPR)
• IPR have been defined as ideas, inventions, and creative expressions based
on which there is a public willingness to bestow the status of property.
• IPR provide certain exclusive rights to the inventors or creators of that
property, in order to enable them to reap commercial benefits from their
creative efforts or reputation.
• There are several types of intellectual property protection like patent,
copyright, trademark, etc.
• Patent is a recognition for an invention, which satisfies the criteria of global
novelty, non-obviousness, and industrial application.
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• IPR is a prerequisite for better identification, planning,
commercialization, rendering, and thereby protection of invention
or creativity.
• Each industry should evolve its own IPR policies, management style,
strategies, and so on depending on its area of specialty.

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• Trademarks
• What is a trademark?
• A trademark is a sign capable of distinguishing the goods or services
of one enterprise from those of other enterprises.
• Trademarks are protected by intellectual property rights.

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Trade Mark Processes

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 Copyright
 What is copyright?
 Copyright (or author’s right) is a legal term used to describe the

rights that creators have over their literary and artistic works.
 Works covered by copyright range from books, music, paintings,
sculpture, and films, to computer programs, databases,
advertisements, maps, and technical drawings.
For more details: https://copyright.gov.in/

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• What Is a Royalty?
• A royalty is a legally binding payment made to an individual or
company for the ongoing use of their assets,
• including copyrighted works, franchises, and natural resources.
• An example of royalties would be payments received by musicians
when their original songs are played on the radio or television, used
in movies, performed at concerts, restaurants, or consumed via
streaming services.
• For more details: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/royalty.asp
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• Patents
• What is a patent?
• A patent is an exclusive right granted for an invention,
• which is a product or a process.
• In general, a new way of doing something, or offers a new technical solution to a
problem.
• To get a patent, technical information about the invention must be disclosed to the
public in a patent application.
• For Details: https://ipindia.gov.in/patents.htm
• http://www.cedarville.edu/Offices/Writing-Center/Workshop-Inform
ation.aspx
• https://pubrica.com/academy/uncategorized/a-framework-for-the-i
dentification-of-the-research-gap/#:~:text=Research%20gaps%20ca
n%20be%20identified,which%20researchers%20have%20already%2
0published
.
https://www.editage.com/insights/dont-know-where-to-start-6-tip
s-on-identifying-research-gapshttps://www.editage.com/insights/d
ont-know-where-to-start-6-tips-on-identifying-research-gaps

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DRM 902 - Research Methodology

DRM 902 - Research Methodology

Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan

DRM 902 - Research Methodology

DRM 902 - Research Methodology

Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan

DRM 902 - Research Methodology

Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan

DRM 902 - Research Methodology

DRM 902 - Research Methodology

DRM 902 - Research Methodology

DRM 902 - Research Methodology

Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan

DRM 902 - Research Methodology

DRM 902 - Research Methodology

DRM 902 - Research Methodology

DRM 902 - Research Methodology

Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan

DRM 902 - Research Methodology

DRM 902 - Research Methodology

DRM 902 - Research Methodology

Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan

DRM 902 - Research Methodology

Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan

DRM 902 - Research Methodology

 When you read papers or books on topics of your interest.

 A research gap or a literature gap refers to such unexplored or underexplored

Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan

DRM 902 - Research Methodology

DRM 902 - Research Methodology

DRM 902 - Research Methodology

DRM 902 - Research Methodology

Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan

DRM 902 - Research Methodology

DRM 902 - Research Methodology

Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan

DRM 902 - Research Methodology

Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan

DRM 902 - Research Methodology

Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan

DRM 902 - Research Methodology

 Copyright (or author’s right) is a legal term used to describe the

Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan

DRM 902 - Research Methodology

DRM 902 - Research Methodology

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