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C e rR e n d vI o r y o u rE x a m4 p 4 B

c o m p u t i n gp h E s e sa n d u s e r u l v e l b s Vocabulary:
Science (dtogrosls,
/ose.el.) votabula.r ctine (a6on, butgtor etc )
Technorosycomponents (oerlal,batteryet ) who'safraidof desisne,babies? who are the jailbfeakeu?

C e tR e a d y l o r y o u r E x a5mp 5 8

fj Talkinsabouihealthy
eatins Vocabulary:word formation
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oryonicet )

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e odals,
g e r u n d sa n d i n f i n i t i v e s

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p n i t s1 - 6 p 6 9

p74 ne postali€ryi.e
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o Talking
aboutTwitrer
G a m m a r :i n d e f i n i t ep o n o u i s
Youve gol maill
G e rR e n d vf o r y o u ,E . 6 m7 p 8 0

p84Ihe final dum pirt ground

Enelgyand the environment(cool,solatetc) p€fixeswithpadicula
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Wildlifeand eidantercd sped es (@pti vitt, conse Ne) \donoge, hom etc.)
I t I a l k i n ga b o u is l o b a lw a m i n E flverticatiarmine
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G € lR e d d yf o ry o u rE x a mI p 9 2

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O RebeccaElack

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r x a m9 p 1 0 2

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spodsvenues (crrcutt,ftocl €ic.) l J I a l k r n ga b o L rtth e r o l eo f m o n e vi n s p o r t
vocabulary:Noun su6xes
. L a n g u a gR
e e v i e wU n i t 59 - 1 0 p 1 1 2 . Skills Round.upUnits l-10 p113
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In EnglishI can...
7-4 1- 10

Listening
81 T- th. t"'t p.ktrsof speechaboutfamili
"rd.rtt""d
lextended discussion.1A,2C,10C
B 2 ...understand extendeddiscussions 5c' 6c, 8A
viewpoints.
on familiartopicsandidentifyspeaker
9 2 ...understand andreactto currentaffairsradioprogrammes. 4A' 5C'6C
on familiartopics'2C' 4C'5C'6C
linesof argument
B2 ...followcomptex
82 ...understanddetaiLedandlinguisticallycomplexdescliptiVeandnarrativepassages.lc'5D'9c
c1 ndersranrl
a wideraneeof broadcast andidentifyfinerpointsof detail.38' 8A' 9A
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viewpoints.
8 2 ...understand
3D,6C,8D
82
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speaking
personal
81 | ...express viewson familiartopics.7A,2A'2E 6t
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9 2 ...oresentdetaileddescriptions
on familiartopics.1B' 28' 3D
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82

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 Lookat the photobetow.WhatmentaIquatitiesdo
peopleneedto climbmountains?
Readthe text and find the name,ageand nationalityofthe
personit is describing.Thengive your own answersto the
two questionsat the end ofthe text.
AT FIRSTGtAt{CE,lordan Romem
-4 appedrs to bea typicalArnerican
teenager, butfor the pastthreeyears
he hasnotbeenleadinganordinary
life.Sincehewasten,he'shada single
goal:to climbthe highestmountain on
everycontinent in the world.
Nowthirteen,Jordan hasalready
climbed sevenqf the eightmountains
on hislist,including MountEverest
heis dueto climbthe last.Mount
Vinsonin Antarctica. nextmonth.He's
beenusingFacebook andTwitterto
publicisehisclimbsandraisemoney.
Andrecently, Jordan hasbeengiving
motivatidiraltalksto schoolchildren
aroundthe worldviaanonlinelink.
'l'velearned
a lot aboutsettintgoals,
healthyeatinBandlivlng,andof course
climbing mountains.'He hasalsobeen
appealing on TVchatshows.
Butsomeexpertshavebeenvoicing
concerns aboutthe climbs. Havelordan
andhisfamilybeenconsidering the
rlsks?0r havetheybeenthinkingmore
aboutthe oublicitv?
Readthe leom this! box.Thenunderlinealt the examoles
of
the present
perfectcontinuousin thetextin exercise
2 and
matchthemwithuses1,2 and3.
Presentperfectsimpleandpresentperfectcontinuous
1 Weusethe presentperfectcontinuous formfor
an actionin progress and,thesimpleformfora
completed action.
I'vebeenleorningRussian,but I can'tspeokit well.
I'velearnto newpieceon thepiano.I canploy it now,
2 Weusethecontinuous formforsomething whichhas
beenhappening recentlyandrepeatedty:
I haven'tbeendoingmyhomeworkthis term.
Butwe usethesimpleformforoneoccasion or an
e x a cnt u m b eor f o c c a s i o n s :
I hoven'tdonemyproiect/mylostthreeprojects.
3 Wecanusethesimpleor continuous formwithfor
or srnceto sayhowlonga currentactionhasbeenin
progress. Thecontinuous formis morefrequent:
I'vebeenwoiting/l'vewaitedfor hours!
l J n i t1 O u to f t h eo r d i n a r y
Completeeachsentence in twoways:withthe presentperfect
simpleandcontinuous. Explain thedifference.
1 l- (read) the newStephenie Meyernovel.
2 We ( n o tp l a y f)o o t b afl ot ralongtime.
3 she (do)wellin herexamsthisyear.
4 He ( f i n i s hh)i ss c i e n cheo m e w o r k .
5 My.parents
- (go)to the newgym.
6 You- (eat)mycrisps!
Stateverbs are verbswhich describestates,whereas
dynamicverbs describeactions.We do not use stateverbs
i n c o n t i n u o utse n s e s .
I've olwoys been hdting::: X I've alwoys hoted dogs.
Someverbscan be stateor dynamicverbs,dependingon
the meaning:e.g.tdsteis a dynamicverbwhen it meanstry.
We'vebeen tosting different cheeses.
lsiuas+inilTrflIv7 X Does it toste funny?
Readthe laok oufl box.Thenfind a verbin thetext in
exercise
2 whichis usedonceasa stateverbandonceasa
dynamicverb.Whatis thedifference
in meaning?
.::.: :. :.,.,:.:,..:.t1..,'..1'.,:.
. :: ..'/':,,1:,.:...t?j
Complete the sentences aboutJordanusingthe present
perfectcontinuous, affirmative or negative,orthe present
perfectsimpleformwhenthe continuous is notcorrect.
I H i sd a da n ds t e p - m u-m ( h e l ph) i m .
2 H e- ( l i k em
) o u n t a i n - c l i m bsiinngc eh ew a s
ni n e .
3 H e- ( c t i m bt )h eh i g h e smt o u n t a iinn A u s t r a l i a .
4 H e- ( n o tc l i m bt)h e . h i g h em s to u n t a iinn
Antarctica yet.
5 He- (notgo)to schootvery regularly thisyear.
6 He- (appeatonTVa lot recently.
Lookat theprompts belowandwritequestions usingthe
presentperfectcontinuous if possible.lf it is a stateverb,
usethe presentperfectsimple.
1 what/ you/ watchon TV/ recently?
2 howlong/ you/ tearn/ English?
3 you/ workhard/ recently?
4 howlong/ you/ know/ yourteacher?
5 yourbestfriend/ seem/ happy/ recently?
6 h o wm u c hl i t I r a i nl t h i s m o n t h ?
7 whattime/ you/ goto bed/ recently?
8 h o ww e l l/ y o u/ u n d e r s t a n/ d
t h i sg r a m m al er s s o n ?
Workin pairs.Askandanswer
thequestions
in
exercise
7.
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 1 Workin pairs.Discuss
the quotationbelow.What Teachers firs,tn"oticed_Cameron Thompson's talentfor
personality
adiectives
couldyouuseto describethis person? numbers whefhe wasfouryearsold andat pre-school.
Doesit soundlikeyou? Throughout primaryschool,Cameron ThomDson's best
subjectwasmaths.Then,whenhewaseleven,he tooka
mathstestpriorto entering secondary schoot.Thetestwas
CameronThompson,fourteen_year.old
mathsprodigy out of 140;Cameron scored141,'l brokethesystem,' he
recalls.
2 6) 1.05 Readthe textoppositeaboutCameron Thompson. Sincethen,he hascontinued toirogressquickly.He
Doyouthinktheadiectives youchosein exercise1 are passedtwo GCSES (mathsandfurthermaths)at the ageof
accurate?Whatotherscouldyouaddto yourdescription? elevenandthengotthe highestgradein hismathsA-level
lustifyyouranswerwithevidence
fromthe text. beforethe endofthatsameacademic year.Heis now
fourteenyearsold and studyingfor a degreein maths,a
remarkable achievement bearingin mindhisage.
Whenyoudo a multiplechoicereading task,readthe Buthisacademic achievements havenotalwaysbeen
matched bysocialsuccess. .l havethe
optionscarefully andchoosetheonewhichmatches socialabilityof a
the text in termsof inlormatioln.
Do not be distractedbv talkingpotato,'he admits.In otherwords,he feelsmore
specific wordsor phrases, at easewithnumbers thanamongotherteenagers. .Most
focuson themeaning.
peoplemyagedo despiseme.I'vebeenlikethisforyears.'
3 Readthe Examtip. Thenchoosethe correctanswersfor the Communication is notoneof Cameron's strongpoints
questions(1-5). and,asidefromthe problems thiscausessocially,it is
nowbeginning to affecthismarksin mathematics. Thisis.r
1 Between theagesof fourahdten,Cameron because,at undergrdduate level,he is expectedto give
a demonstrated outstanding abilityin maths.
b allowedhis passionfornumbers to dominatehis life.
c excelled at variousschoolsubjects.
d didn'treallyfulfilhis promiseat maths.
2 Cameron's problems withcommunication
a havebeengettingworserecently.
b haven'tbeenaffecting his popularity at school.
c areirrelevant whenhe'sdoingmaths.
d havebeeninterfering withhisabilityto do mathswork.
3 Cameron meta boyat hisnewschoolwho
a h a ss o m e t h i ni ng c o m m ow n i t hh i m .
o nasevenmoresevereproblems withcommunication.
c is evenbetterat maths.
d tooka strongdisliketo himfromthefirstday.
4 Professor Leader thinksCameron should
a continue withhis degree.
b havea temporary breakfromhisdegree.
c giveup mathscompletely for a fewVears.
d tryto increase the speedof his progress.
5 Recently, Cameron hasnoticed
a a deterioration in his relationshio withhis riarents.
b a l o s so f a m b i t i oanc a d e m i c a l l y .
c an improvement in his sociallife.
d a suddenimprovement in hisschoollife.

s lUnit1 . Outoftheordinary
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 . Workin pairs.Discuss howstronglyyouagreewith '.*r34 ,:r.:1;t
en]lI prefetto be in the bockgroundthon in the
spotlight.Giveit a markbetween5 (stronglyagree)and0 Theverbsremember, forget,stop andtry canbe followed
(stronglydisagree). by an infinitiveor -ingform,butwithdifferentmeanings:
Irememberedto vote.I I don't remembetvoting(but ldid).
;l Workin pairs.Doquestions 1-3 ofa personality
quiz.Arethe I'll neverforgetvisitingthe Tote.I I forgotto visit the Tote.
resultssofarsimilarto yourideasin exercise
1? She'sstoppedsmoking.I Shestoppedto light o ciqorette.
Itried to standup buttcouldn't.I ttriedstondingup but t
stilltouldn'tseethestoge.
Fitting in or STANDINGOUT:Which do Theverbssee,hear,watchandfeelarcfollowedby an
YOUprefer? obiect+ -ingformforongoingactions,or an object+
Takethe pelsonalityquizandfind out! infinitivewithoutto for completed actrons:
Horea.sthan b's?Youliketo standout! I canfelt him sta ng at me.I I felt the boll brushmv orn.
I sowtwo cotsfighting.I Didyou seehim steolthe cor?
Doyouletyourfriendsborfowyoufclothes?
a Sure - andI helpthemchooselb Nowayl
lf youwantyourroomdecorated, Readthe look out! box. Thenexplainthe differencein
doybu
a nviteyourfriends meaningbetweeneachpairof sentences.
to comefora,painting
pdfty,?
b decide to paintit byyoufselfoneweekend? 1 a l h e a r dm y n e i g h b o usr h o u t .
lf a strangerseehsto beupsetinthestfeet,doyou b I h e a r dm y n e i g h b o u r s h o u t i n g .
a offerto helpirfmediately? 2 a 5 h e t r i e ds m i l i n ga t t h e p o l i c e m a n .
b avoidhelping because youJeelshy? b S h et r i e dt o s m i l ea t t h e p o l i c e m a n .
3 a The buskerstoppedchattingwith the crowd.
b The buskerstoppedto chatwith the crowd.
Readthe Lesrn fh6J box. Completethe secondexamoleof 4 a Y o um u s tr e m e m b etro s p e a kt o S a m .
eachpatternwith phrasesfromthe quiz in exercise2. b Y o um u s tr e m e m b esrp e a k i n tgo S a m .
tffi ,,i;.1.?tt4:,,et,:i..:..a ....1.i'.zi.,i .;:..:&

Completequestions4-6 of the quiz.Usethe infinitive(with

or withoutfo), pastparticipteor -,r9 form of the verb in
brackets.
Thenanswerthe questions-
':. 2 verb+ -ing form
a | gaveup doingkarateofterschool.
b 4 lf youforget_- (wear) snartclothesfora
3 verb + obiect+ infinitive speridloccdsion,doyou ,_
a Theyforced him to get into the car. a enjoy_- (look)differenr?
D - b spend allday_ (feel)embanassed?
4 verb+ obiect+ infinitivewithoutto 5 lf youseea groupof teenagers -- at
{look)
a Shemademe woitoutsideher office. you,doyou
h a conslder_ (chat)to them?
5 verb + object+ past pa(iciple b avoid _ (make) eyecontact?
a Let's qetyour bike repoired tomorrow- 6 lf youteworking ina groupat school andtheteacher
D wants_ (know) howit,sgoin8, doyou
a immediately offer_ (speak)
onbehatfof
Findthreemoreexamples thegroupT
ofverbpatterns
in questions
1_3
of exercise b deiay-'- (offef)andlet somebody etse
2.Whichpatterndoeseachonebelongto?
_ {speak)?
Canyouremember if the verbsbetowarefoltowedby(A)an
or (B)an -,n9form?LabelthemA or B thencheck
infinitive
youranswers in theGrammar Builder1.3on page116.
,l " ., .l . t"i 'r1.-

" In pairs,writetwomorequestions
forthequiz.
' . - , , . . i .
lnc(udeat leastoneverbpattemfromtheLeomthis!ot Look
oud box.Swapwithanotherpairandanswer theireuestions.
10 Unit1 Outofthe ordinarv
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 Readthesayingbetowanditsdefinition.
Doyou Matchfouradjectivesfromthe wordsbelowwith Connor
agreeor disagree?
Giveexamples youropinion.
to support andfourwith Bess.Justi[,youranswersusingphrasesfrom
Opposites a ct the text.
Peoplewhoareverydifferenttendto geton welltogether.
Readthetext.Canyouexplain
thetitle?
Comptete
thesecontrastingpai15of phrases
ford.escribing
character
andbehaviour. Usetheverbsbetow.
Whichphrasesrreinthetextin exercise
2?

be up for anything/ 1 it safe

(always)'z- on the brightside / expectthe worst
s p e a ky o u rm i n d/ 3 _ y o u ro p i n i o n st o y o u r s e l f
' things in your stride/ get stressed
'- your hearton yoursleeve/ not 6
muchaway
neverbe lost for words/ 7_ tongue-tied
you never3- me down / | can't e_ on you

"m completethe secondsentenceso that it

meansthe sameas the first.Write2-5 words,inctudingthe
word in brackets.

Connor andBessarecompletely different

fromeachother. Shetakeseverything
in herstride.
They're bothseventeen yearsold,butthat'saboutall b She (stressed)
aboutanything.
they'vegotin common! Youcanalwayscounton m e .
Fora teenager, Connor comesacrossasverVconfident. D l' down.(never)
Hefindsit easyto talkto peopleandis neverlostforwords. 3 a Suddenly, I got tongue-tied.
He'sgota goodsenseof humourandreallyenioysmaking D I was words.(lost)
peoplelaugh. 4 a He doesn'tgive muchaway.
Asfuras clothesgo,Connor dresses in quitean unusuat H ed o e s n ' t
D his sleeve.(heart)
wayandbuysa lotof hisoutfitsin second-hand markets 5 a I usuallyexpecttheworsi:
andchaiityshops.Heoftenchanges hishairstyletoo. b I rarely side. (bright)
Connor is redtlygoodfunto bewith.He'sup foranything,
andwhenyotgo outwithhim,youendup doingsome Readthe look outl box below Findan examDleofthis useof
crazythings.Havingsaidthat,he isn'tthatreliable. We the presentcontinuousin the text in exercise2.
oftenmakeplansto go outat theweekend, buthe'satways
phoningmeat the lastminuteto change thearrangement.
UnlikeConnor, Besshatesbeingthecentreof aftention W en o r m a l luys et h ep r e s e nsti m p l ef o rd e s c r i b i nr g
egular
andisn'tparticularly interested
in fashion.Whenit comes a c t i o n sH. o w e v ewr ,e c a nu s et h ep r e s e ncto n t i n u o uwsi t h
to clothes,Bessusuallyplaysit safe.AndwhilstConnor olwoysor foreverto express disapproval.
regularly changes hishairstyle,
Bess'shairhaslookedthe Tomolwaysgoeshone by bus.(fact)
samesince| first mether. Lucyis olwoysaskingmefor money.(disapproval)
WhenBessis withclosefriends,shetendsto be
verytalkative, butsheoftengetstongue-tied in sociat- In pairs,discuss
whichpersonin thetext,Connor
situations. However, she'sa verygoodfriend.Shealw:ys
or Bess,is moretikeyou,in youropinion.
Whowouldyou
thinksof othersandsheneverletsyoudown.
ratherbefriendswith?Givereasons.
Connor andBessarecomplete opposites.Nevertheless,
I geton wellwithbothofthem- andsurprisingly, perhaps,
theygeton welltogether.

12 U n i t1 O u to f t h eo r d i n a r y
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 Listening
kflf?lElfilEiTltl Lookat the summercoursesbelow
anddecidewhichyouwouldmostliketo aftend.ThenexDlain SU.,_-lU
M ER ;"-'=,;;;',,;-:-"*.1.
yourchoiceto yourpartner.
a an intensive English
coursein theIJSA
# CAM P l1"Iln;f
of a Hollywood
i[":"'*Ti..l',
stuntperformer in a sateandcloselyj_
b a survival coursein theArctic environrnent.youcanlearnswordplay,4_ combat, high
c a meditation andmartialartscourse fallsandsafetandin8 techniques,allunderthe s_ eyeot
d a performing artscourse(music,drama.etc.) prcfessionalstuntmen.
One-week aid_two.week courses areavailabte,withthe 5
Dothe examtask, oiferingthe chance to doa fallfroma mn_netre towerl
Thecampincludes otherspecialities,
including,
circus
skills,watersports
andtashion, €achFridaynight thes_
PaliShowcase €ivescampers tromdiflerentspeciatitiesthe
f ) f . O a V o uw i l lh e a r i n f o r m a t iaobno u t v a r i o u s opponunity to demonstrate theire_-skills
summercourses. to eachother.
Matcheachextractto the correct
summary sentence (A-0. Thereis oneex(rasentence.
Speaker 1 S p e a k e2r Speaker
3
Speaking
S p e a k e4r Speaker
5
A E x e r c i s i nygo u rm i n dc o u l db e t h e a n s w e r y o u r
to
everydayproblems.
a
b
m e an i n g . c
D T h i sy e a r ,e x c i t i n gf u n i n t h e w a t e ri s a v a i l a b l e d
to all.
E l f y o u k n o wt h e b a s i c sr, e f l n ey o u rs k i l t sa n d
train
with the best.
F S p e n dy o u rd a y so u t d o o r sa n d l e a r n
t o m o v ea t
s pe e d .
Compare
andcontrast
the advenisements
for summer
camps.Answerthe questions.
Useof English 1 W h a ta c t i v i t i ecsa ny o ud o a t e a c hc a m p ?
3 Dotheexamtask. 2 W h i c ho f t h e t w o c a m p si s m o r ea p p e a l i n gW . hy?
3 W h a tp e r s o n a l q u a l i t i w
e so u l dt h e s ec a m p sh e t p
to
develop?Howdo the advertisements show this?
Readthe text. Fill in the gapswith best word
from a_j
below.Thereis one item you do not need.

E
tr
complex
tr off-beat

tr
hand-to-hand
tr sensitive

tr
heart-stopping
tr supervrsed
latter
E watchful

tr newty-learned
u weekly
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 Doyouknowanyonewho haswonmoneyon the lottery?Do 4 Sof,eof thesesentencesareincorrect. them.
Correct
youthinkbuyinga lotteryticketis a goodidea?Givereasons. 1 Danuseto workin a bank.f
Danu6adio }lorkin a bank.
Readthe text andanswerthequestions. but I do now.
2 I'm not usedtowearglasses,
1 HasMollyalwaysbeenwellofn 3 Didyouuseto havelonghair?
2 Whatwasherlifelikein Bristol? 4 Mydadwouldhavea beautifulold sportscar.
3 Whydidn'tMollycheckwhethershe'dwonthe lottery? 5 Sallyusedto be a teacherfortenyears.
6 Joeusedto smoke.He'dsmoke30 a day.

5 Complete thd sent6iceswith would,t/sedto oI the Past

simple.Sometimes morethanoneansweris possible.
1 MVdad- (have)a creditcard.He- (use)it
forbuyingexpensive things.Buttwoyearsagohe
Get) rid of it. Thecreditcardcompany - (charge) a
veryhighrateof interest andhe- (end)up deepin
debt.
2 My grandad (be) a factoryworker. He
(work)in a carfactoryfor 30 years.He- (haveto)
worklonghoursandhe- (notealn)verymuch
money.Buthe- (do)the tofteryeveryweekand
eventuallyhe (win)enoughmoneyto buya car.
. 1 :P A G 1
l E G R A M M ABRU I L D E2R E1 7 @

tooKouT!
lf we stressworld,it suggestsirritationandcriticism.
In this case,we don'tusethe contracted form'd.
Hewouldweorthoseold ieansto schooleveryday.

Q t.1O rronulcnnor Readthe Loot outt box.Then

listen,repeat,andsayif the speakeris irritated.
Comolete the secondsentence sothat it has
the samemeaningasthe first.ljse no morethanfivewords
of
3 Readthe leorr fhisl box.Ihen underlinealtthe examples includingthewordin brackeG.
usedto andwouldin the text.
l l t w a st y p i c aol f S u e t o i n t e r r u p t a l l t h e t i m e !
usedtoind would sue- atlthetime!(would)
1 W eu s e u s e d t ao n dw o u l d t o t a l k a b o u t h a b i t s a n d 2 l w a si n t h eh a b i o t f s p e n d i nagl lm yp o c k em t oney.
situations thatarenowfinished. l- all my pocket money. (used)
Weusedto livein London.Butnowwelivein Btighton. 3 Inthe'90smydadalwaysdroveto work.
WhenI wasat primaryschooll'd olwoysplayfootball Inthe '9osmvdad- work.(would)
ofrerschool. 4 Inthe pastwasyourhairmuchlonger?
2 Wedon'tuservouldwithstateverbs. - muchlongerhair?(use)
)( | usedto hoveo cot. 5 Therewasn'ta bankat the endof the street.
3 Wedon't useusedto ot wouldto sayhowlonga There- a bankat theendof the street.(never)
situationor habitcontinued. Weusethe pastsimple.
r a Workin paits.Thinkaboutwhenyouwere
5he workedin a bankforsixyeors. younger.Usingwouldor usedto, tell yourPartnerabout:
4 Nevetusedto andwouldneverarecommonnegative 1 something ridiculousyouoftenworewhenyouwere
forms. little.
I neverusedto saveanynoney. 2 something boringyoudid at weekends.
Hewouldneveradmithe waswrona. you
3 something did thatannoyed otherpeople.

t6iunitz.Richandpool
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 Lookat the texttitle andthe photosonty.Whatis happening In the programme, mitLionairesgo undercover to deprived areas
in the photos?Whatdo you think the textwiI be about?Then of Britain,wherethey votunteer in the [oca[community. For
lookquicklythroughthe text to checkyourideas. a fortnight they give up their affluent lifestyteand tive with
littLemoneyin substandard accommodation. Theirexperiences
Readthe introductionto the text and markthe sentences
true oftenpromptthemto handoverlife,changing sumsof money
cr) or false (F). to deserving individuats andinstitutions.At the end,they
I T h ep e o p l ew h o m e e tt h e m i l l i o n a i r eksn o wt h a tt h e ya r e revealwho they actualtyare.
r i c hs t r a i g hat w a y . Therehavebeeneightseriesof the programrne in the IJKso
2 T h em i l l i o n a i r ehsa v et o l i v ed i f f e r e n t lfyo r a w h i l e . far,with mittionsof poundsbeinggivenawayto goodcauses.
3 T h em i l l i o n a i r ehsa v et o d o n a t el o t so f m o n e y . Whitewatchingthe programmes. ifs sometimes hardto tetl
4 T h es o c i a l l dy i s a d v a n t a g epde o p l eb e n e f i m t o r et h a nt h e whois benefitingmostfromthe retationship. At[ of the peopte
r i c hp e o p l ei n t h e p r o g r a m m e . involvedhavetatkedabouthowit haschanged their Lives.But
5 Themillionaires don'tstayin touchwith the peopletheymeet. interestingty, it seemed that it wasthe miltionaires whofound
their experiences the mostrewarding. Somediscovered that
therearemoreimportantthingsin [ife than makingmoney,
F o rm u l t i p l em a t c h i n tga s k s ,l o o kq u i c k l yt h r o u g ht h e andforgedlastingretationships with the peoptethey met.
t e x t st o g e ta g e n e r aild e ao f t h e i rm e a n i n gT. h e nr e a d HILARYDEVEY, who, as a singlemother,riskedeverything
t h e q u e s t i o ntsh a ty o u h a v et o m a t c hw i t ht h e m .l t m a y to startup a now hugetysuccessfut transportcompany, tives
b e e a s i e tro w o r kt h r o u g ht e x t sA D i n o r d e r m , atching on her ownin herenormous mansion.
t h e q u e s t i o n tso t h e ma s y o ug o ,a n d u n d e r l i n i ntgh e Shereturnedincognitoto the placeshe . l ^
r e l e v a npt a r t so f t h e t e x t ,r a t h e trh a nw o r k i n gt h r o u g h grewup in, andoneof the projectsshe
t h e q u e s t i o n isn o r d e ra n d s e a r c h i ntgh r o u g ha l l f o u r got involvedin wasa toca[community
t e x t se a c ht i m e . supportcentrewhichwasin dangerof
closing.

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 Readthetext.lJnderlinetheexamptes CdmDtete the sentences with theverbsbelow.Usethe past
of the pastperfectandpastperfect perfectsimpleor pastperfectcontinuous. Saywhichuseof
continuous, the tensesin the tearn thisJboxeachsentence follows'
//
1 Thegrasswasslipperybecause it hadbeensnowing uAe2
RAGSTO RICHESe*ri" 2 Ed -to drive for two years when he took his test.
1994,J.K.Rowling,creatorof the Harry
3 WhenJofinatlyarrived, we for overan hour'
Potterbooks,r,vaslivingin Scotland,and feelinga complete
4 They eachotherformanyyearswhentheygot
failure.Shehad just returnedfrom Portugal,whereshe had
.engageil, butthey- onty- fora year.
beenlivingfor two years.Shehad beenteachingEnglishin
5 | w a st h i r s t b
y e c a u s|e- a d r i n f
k o rh o u r s .
Porto,and had marrieda Portuguese manthete.But the
6 S u e ' sh a n d sw e r em u d d ys.h e i n t h eg a r d e n .
marriagehad only lastedfor a few years,
and she had moved
backto Britainwith her babydaughter.Shehadn'tbeenfeeling ComDlete Usethe past
the textwith theverbsin brackets.
brellfor monthsand was eventuallydiagnosedvrith depression. simpteor pastperfect
perfect continuous.
So,thereshe was:a iobless,pennil€ss, depressed single
mother.Shedecidedthat the only thing she wantedto do was
Now in his 70s, Americandesignef
write a story that had beengoingaroundin her headfor a RalphLaurenis a multi-millionaire,
longtime.And-therest, as they say,is history. but he wasn'tborn into fameand
fortune.In 1957 Laurenwas looking
for a job in fashion,but he didn't
Readthe teaff fhisl box. Choosethe correctalternativesto haveany qualifications at all. Earlier
completethe rules.Then match an examPLe from the text to that year, he r- (drop out) of
eachrule. night school.He 'z- (study)for
a businessdegreein the evenings, but he r- (not
Pastperfectsimpteandcontinuous finish)it. By day he r- (sell)gloves, but he knew he
1 Weusethe pastperfectsimple/ continuous fora had to makea change.As a child growing up in New York,
completed actionthathappened beforea specific time fashion-conscious Ralphs- (not have)muchmoney
i n t h ep a s t . for niceclothes,so he 5- always- (work)
2 we usethe pastperfectsimple/ continuous foran after schoolin departmentstores,lt was this experience
e s p e c i f itci m ei n t h ep a s t .
a c t i o ni n p r o g r e sbse f o r a that eventuallyled to his own hugeclothingempire.In
T h i so f t e ns h o w st h ec a u s e o f s o m e t h i ni n g t h ep a s t 1967 he startedworkingfor a tie maker,and by the end
3 Withstateverbs(know,be,like,elc.),we usethe past of 1968 he 7- (start)his own tie design(ompany.
perfectsimple/ continuous withfor orsinceto say By the 1970s Lauren3 ,- (design)his own ties for
howlongan actionhadbeenin progress. severalyears,and they were very popular.So he started
4 Withactionverbs,we usethepastperFect simple/ designingsuits to match.
continuous with/or ot sinceto sayhowlongan action
hr.l haan in nr^orpcc

Workin pairs.Thinkaboutthelasttimeyouwere:

Choosethe correcttense.
past
feltthatway.Useappropriate
Findoutwhyyourpartner
1 H o wl o n gh a dy o u h a d / b e e nh a v i n ga c r e d i tc a r dw h e n
you got rid of it? IenseS.
2 The roadwas floodedbecauseit had rained/ been
r a i n i n gf o r h o u r sa n d s h o w e dn o s i g no f s t o p p i n g . Whywereyoudetighted?
3 She had learnt / been learningEnglishfor threeyears
beforeshe visitedBritain.
4 Hadyou evereaten / been eating iapanesefood before
y o uv i s i t e dJ a p a n ?
5 l w a s t h i r s t yb e c a u s eI ' d r u n / b e e nr u n n i n ga l l m o r n i n g .
mus i c
I'd beenlisteningto somefantastic
Because
6 M a r t i nt o l d m e t h a t h e h a d n ' ts e € n/ b e e ns e e i n gt h e
C h a m p i o nLse a g u ef i n a lo n W .

20 l..lnit2 Richand poor

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aluo noi lpql luasald poo8^lleal P lnoqe aul llel €
Zlou :pagueql ssullaal.raqa^PHiuaql l33i lrr8a\: : : v!! 5
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pue'3urlae,pue 5u!lutql U!33ql s! lPqM I
Z^qr'^ iraFls -: -
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9
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b_i:-*.
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 Workin pairs.Askandanswer.Haveyouevellost Co'mptete in the Lookout box.Usethe correct
the examptes
or foundanymoney?When? Where?whathappened? tenses.Thenfind examplesof eachusein the storyin
exercise2.
Readthe story.Wheredo youthinkthe moneycamefrom?
Pastsimpleandpastcontinuous
1 W ec a nu s et h ep a s tc o n t i n u o ut os s e tt h es c e n e ,
It (rain)ond the wind (blow).
2 W e u s et h e p a s t
s i m p l f
e o ra c t i o ntsh a th a p p e n eodn e
-'afterahother. -
,She (standup), (open)thedoorand
'
- (leove).
3 W eu s et h ep a s ts i m p t ef o ra n a c t i o no r e v e ntth a t
i n t e r r u p t eadb a c k g r o u ne dv e n hw e u s et h ep a s t
continuous forthe background event.
whileI (reod)my book,my phone- (ring).
'4?
? 2.4.':p',,.1"146&
1,.:,,.,1{:
a:,itl.'..r:t,..,

Readthe teorn th,s! box.Findan exampleof eachtypeof

sequencingclausein thestory.

Sequencing clauses
Foran actionwhichhappens beforeanotheraction,we
I t w a sa d a Vl i k ea n yo t h e ra n d G r a h a mH i l lw a sd o i n gh i s c a nu s e :
normalroundas a wastecollector.He was puttingbags 7 ofter+ -ing
o f r u b b i s ho n t o h i s h a n d c a r tw, h e nh e n o t i c e ds o m e t h i n g Afterlosinghiswallet,he colledthepolice.
u n u s u ailn o n eo f t h e d u s t b i n sL. e a n i n o g v e rt h e b i n , 2 hovrng+ pastparticiple
he took a closerlook and saw a fllthy ptastic bag with
Hovingfoundthemoney,he tookit to thepolice
w h a tl o o k e dl i k em o n e yi n s i d eA . s h e p u l l e di t o u t ,h e
stotion-
gasped.lt was money.Insidethe carrierbagwere lots of
w h i c hh a p p e nast t h es a m et i m ea sa n o t h e r
F o ra n a c t i o n
banknotes!But they were all cut into pieces!
a c t r o nw, ec a nu s e :
As soon as he realisedwhat he'd found,Hitlcalledthe
police,who quicklyarrivedon the scene.Havinglooked 3 as + pastsimple
in the bag,they catculatedthat there must be about
As he put hishondin his pockethe realisedhiswollet
flo,OOOin torn notes.The policethankedHill and said wosmissing.
that the monevmust havecomefrom a robberythat had 4 themomentlos soonas+ pastsimple
gonewrong.As they were leaving,the policetold him ' fhe moment saw hisface,I knewhe'd beencrying.
I
t h e yw o u l df i n d o u t w h a th a d h a p p e n e d . 5 a presentparticiple
Six monthslater,Hill had forgottenall aboutthe incident. Lookingup,shesowo policeofficeropprooching.
Out ofthe bluethe policephonedwith some unexpected T h es u b j e cot f t h ep a r t i c i p cl el a u s e
a n dt h em a i n
and wonderfulnews.Surprisingly, for
after investigating clause m u s tb et h es a m e .
a longtime, they had beenunableto discoveranything Crossingthe road,she washit by o cor. /
aboutthe bag of notes.Therewas no crimeor robbery Cro<<ing ths rea+ a cdt hit hef. X
that they couldlink the moneyto. Apparently,under
Britishlaw,the bag of moneynow betongedto Hill.
What'smore,the Bankof Englandsaid that for everynote Combine the pairsof sentences intosinglesentences. Use
that he could put backtogether,Hill woutd receivea new thesequencing ctauses in theledrnthrslbox.Morethanone
one. He had beengiventhe ultimatejigsawpuzzlel answeris possibte.
1 'l'velostmywaltet,'saidlvlary. At thesametime,she
closed h e rh an d b a g .
ldentify the foltowingstagesin the story in exercise2. 2 | steppedoutside.Atthe sametime,it startedto snow.
. backgroundinformationthat setsthe scene 3 H es a td o w nT. h e nh eo p e n etdh en e w s p a p e r .
. a first event,often a problem,that triggersthe action 4 | walked t o t h es h o p sA. tt h es a m et i m e ,I t h o u g hat b o u t
. latereventsthat foltowfromthe first event w h a tm ym u mh a di u s ts a i d .
. the final resolutionor outcome 5 S h eh a dl u n c hT. h e ns h ew e n to u t .

22 U n i t2 R i c ha n dD o o r
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e papnllu!
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pasn
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 U n i t1 Unib2
I Complete
the sentenc€s (Morethan
witha suitabteadiective. 5 Choosethe bestword(a,b or c) to completeeachsentence,
oneanswermaybe possible.)
1 A broken m i r o ri s - .
1 Lucyis very- : sheonlythinksaboutherself. a priceless b wofthless c mean
2 Mydadis so-: nothinggetshimangryor excited. 2 Mygrandfather ownsthreeshops,andthe rentfrom
3 I'mvery- : I wantto be CEOof a bigcompany. thosegiveshima good-
4 Mydadis 42 butactslikehe's12: he'sso-. a income b budget c allowance
5 lan is very- : hewritessongsandpaintstoo. 1, Thehotelisn't expensive; in fact,it's very- .
Mark:_ /5 a extoftionatd b pricey c reasonable
'4 , | rvouldn'tsayl'm rich,butI'mcertainly not- .
2 Completethe sentences withthe presentperfectsimpteor a comfortably off b affluent c hardup
continuousof fiveofthe verbsbelow. 5 | lovethat iacket,but I can'tbuyit - it's too - .
b e l o n g d o g o r e a d r e m e m b e rs t a y w a n t a dear b vatuable c precious
1 - you- whereyou put the tickets? Mark: /5
2 | -fhe HobbitI'mabouthalfwaythroughit.
3 MyEngllsh teacher-to England threetimes. 6 Complete the sentences uyiththeverbsbelow.
4 My pare_nts
- at that hoteleveryyearsinceit ' d d i d n ' tu s et o u s e dt o w o u t d w o u l d n ' t
oDened. 1 Mygrandmother - work,butnowshe'sgota job in
5 Karen-a horsesinceshewasa littlegirl. a bookshop.
Mark:_ /5 2 |- be a footballfan,but I preferbasketballnow.
3 Wehadsomegreatpartiesin thosedays,but the
3 Complete the email.Usethe infinitive,the infinitivewithout neighbours - alwayscomplain aboutthenoise!
60,the -itg formorthe pastpartlcipleofthe veds giyen. 4 Everytimemy unclewentabrcad,he_ buya
paintint.
5 Sheboughta chocolatebar everydayafterschool,but
she- eatit untilshegothome.
I went into town this afternoon becauseI needed to get my Mark:_ /5
phone1-(repair).The man atthe shopsarditwouldtake
an hour.Ididn'tfeellike':-(stand) around,so Idecided
I (go) to a coffee shop instead. I saw some friends of Choosethe b€stverbforms.
mine '- (play)chess,so I sat down with them.They let me Elenathad looked/ hadbeeplookingforuardto the day
5- (Join)in the gameand we playedfor ages.When I got ofthe gardenpartyfor weeks.Now,finally,it ?hadarrived/
backto the phoneshop,itwas closed! hadbeenaniving.Sherhadgot up / hadbeengettingup
earlyto givehermoretimeforthe preparations. Anxiously,
Mark:- /5 shelookedoutof thewindowto checktheweather, which
4hadgot / hadbeengettingworseandworseeachday,
4 Complete
the diatoguewlththe wordsbelow. eventhouthit wasJune.Toherdismay, shesawthatthe
appletree bythe backwall 5hadhlten / hadbeenhtting
couto tike say should though
downduringthe night.
Boy Haveyouseenthisphotoof dadwhenhe wasyoung?
Girl No,I haven't.Letmesee!Hetooks'- he's Mark: 15
feelingsick!
Boy No,he doesn't.I'd '?- he'siusttryingto lookcool. I Writean extremeadiectivewhichmeans;
Girl Helooksas r- he's gettingreadyto go out. 1 veryangry: - 4 veryugly:
8oy Howold do youthinkhe is? 2 verydirty:- 5 veryfunny:
Girl I {- thinkhe'saboutfifteen. 3 veryclean:-
8oy Yes,I agree.He be gettingreadyto go on a
Mark: 15
datewithMum!
Ma*: - /5

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 1
questions.
Tatkin pairsaboutthefoltowing
Thenreportyourideasto the class. n Advenising
will be cleverly
us moreaccurately
deployedto persuade
to buythe productson show.

1 Do you think you are influencedby advertising?

Givereasonsforyouranswer.
2 Whatdifferent
marketing do companies
techniques
to makeus buytheirproducts?
3 Whatdo youthinktheterm'neuromarketing'
use

mightmean?
I Theyalsoneedto keepin mindthatincreased
activityin the braindoesn'tnecessarily
increased oreferencefora oroduct.
mean

Tiis cannotbe a goodthingforthegeneral

andsomCthing
public
willhaveto be doneaboutit.
It seemsthatpeopledo notalwaysknowwhat
theyarethinking.

Completethe text with the missingsentences(A-E).

Thereis one extrasentencethat is not needed,
B i gb u s i n e s h s a sa l w a y sw a n t e dt o s e ei n s i d eo u r h e a d s .
t theyfoundthattheycouldpredict
Eventually
whena oersonwouldmakea ourchase.

T h em a r k e t i n ag n d a d v e r t i s i ndge p a r t m e n tosf t h e m a j o r Speaking

c o r p o r a t i o nssp e n dm i l l i o n se v e r yy e a rt r y i n gt o w o r ko u t
w h a tw e w a n ta n dt h e n f i n dw a y st o t r y a n d s e l li t t o u s . 3 lGlEEElEEEEll Workin pairs.Makea tistof thingsyou
T h em o r ea c c u r a t e lbyu s i n e s s ecsa np r e d i cw t h a i w e ,t h e coutdbuyin a jewellery
shop.whichpaircanwritethemost
c o n s u m e r sa,r e l i k e l yt o b u ya n d w h e na n d h o w mu c h in twominutes?
f o r ,t h e m o r em o n e yt h e yc a ng e t u s t o s p e n d .
U n d e r s t a n d i nc go n s u m e rhsa sn o t b e e np a r t i c u l a r l y
4 Dothe examtask.
e a s yM . a r k e t i n tge a m sh a v ew a t c h e dw h a tw e b u y
i n s u p e r m a r k e ttsh,e yh a v em e a s u r e h d o ww e h a v e
r e s p o n d etdo t h e i rv a r l o u sp r o m o t i o n acla m p a i g n sa,n d e ep i c t u r eT.h e na n s w etrh eq u e s t i o n s .
D e s c r i bt h
t h e yh a v ec a r r i e do u t e n d l e s s u r v e y sa s k i n gu s w h y
w e b u yw h a tw e d o . H o w e v e ri t, i s n o t b y a n ym e a n sa n
e x a c ts c i e n c er.- A n d e v e ni f t h e yd o , t h e yd o n o t
a l w a y st e l t t h et r u t h .
T h i si s w h e r e' n e u r o o' r b r a i ns c i e n c e s t e p si n . F o rt h e
f i r s tt i m e r e s e a r c l - ehr sa v eb e g u nt o w i r e( o n s L r m e u r sp
t o i v l R(l m a g n e t irce s o n a n ciem a g i n dm a c h i n e tso w a t c h
w h a ta c t u a l l yh a p p e n si n s i d ep e o p l e ' sb r a i n sw h e n
t h e ya r ef a c e dw i t h c o n s u m ecrh o i c e sT. h er e s e a r c h e r s
f o l t o w e dt h e a r e a so t a c t i v i t yl i g l l i n gu p i n s i d et h e
s h o p p e r sb' r a i n s'.] S o m e t h i nw g h i c hi s d e f i n i t e l y
o f i n t e r e stto t h e m a r k e t i n sgp e c i a l i s t s .
T h i sn e wa r e ao f s c i e n c ei s c a t l e d' n e u r o m a r k e t i n g ' .
i v l a r k e t i ndge p a r t m e n tosf c o m p a n i essa yt h e yw o n ' t
n e e dt o w a t c hu s s h o p p i n go r a s k u s w h a tw e ' d b u y ,
t h e y ' l l j u s 'tr e a do u r m i n d s ' I. T h i si s g o o dn e w s
f o r c o m p a n i e sa,s t h e i rm a s s i v em a r k e t i n bg u d g e t sc a n
be used moreeffectivelv.but where'sthe benefitfor us?
l f b u s i n e s s ecsa nk n o wm o r ea b o u th o ww e t h i n k
t h a nw e d o o u r s e l v e st h, e y ' l lh a v et h e p o w e rn o t j u s t
t o i n f l u e n cu e s , b u t a l s ot o m a n i p u l a tues .o
50 far, advertisingregulationshavemerelyrestricted 1 W h yd o y o ut h i n kt h i s c o . r o l ei s b u y i n gs o m e t h i n g
in
c o m p a n i efsr o m m a k i n gu n s u p p o r t ecdl a i m sf o r t h e i r t h i ss h o p ?
products.In future,they may haveto go one step W h a ta r et h e a d v a i : a g e a
s n dd i s a d v a n t a g e o sf h a v i n g
FrnFn<ivp
f u r t h e ra n d a s s e s sw h e t h e trh e m a r k e l e rasr e h a v i n g
o u r b e h a v i o uar s c o n s u m e rasl t e r e di n w a y sw e c a n n o t l p a b o - - : - - : : - ( p e r ( : v e r h i n g y ohda v ee , e r
T e lm
ourselvesdetect. DOUgnt.

26 G6t Re.ady16ryour Exam2

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 Rewrite questions
thesixindirect fromthedialogue
in
exercise1 asdirectquestions.
1 tould.{ousoaraz momenf

Rewritethequestions belowasindirect questions.Usea

differentphrasefromthe Leon #lls, boxfor eachone.
1 Doyousharea bedroom?
Whodo youbickerwithmostat home?
? Areyouthe onlyteenager in yourhome?
4 Howoftendo youall havea mealtogether at home?
A v a E x c u s em e . I ' m d o i n ga s u r v e ya b o u tf a m i l i e s . 5 Whogoesto bedfirstin yourfamily?
1- you could sparea moment? Areyouoftenalonein yourhome?
Tom OK,fine. Doyouhelpwiththehousework?
Ava Thankyou. First,I needa few detailsaboutyou.
'z- old youare? In pairs,askandanswer questions
theindirect in
Tom I'mtwenty. exercise
4. Addthreeindirectouestions
ofvourown.
Ava 3- youdo?
Tom I ' ma w e bd e s i g n e r . Canyoutellmewhetheryousharea bedroom?
Ava a- youworkfor?
Tom I ' ms e l f - e m p l o y e I wd o. r ka t h o m e .
Ava G r e a tS. o ,q u e s t i ognn e W Readtheledn this!box.Aretheunderlined ouestions
in the
. had t ov o ua r q u ea b o u t
rnostin vour family? dialoguein exercise1 subiector obiectquestions?
Tom E r . .w
. h o s et u r ni t i s t o u s et h ec a r .
Ava O K .Q u e s t i otnw o .W h oc o o k sm o s to f t h em e a l si n Subiectandobiectquestions
v o u rh o m e ? QuestionswithWho,Whotot Whichcanbe subiector
Tom W ed o n ' th a v ef a m i l ym e a l sW . eh e l po u r s e l v e s . obiectquestions.
Ava Andfinally,questionthree.Whodo vouset on with Objectquestionsincludethe normalinterrogative form
bestin vourfamilv? of theverb.Theanswers arethe obiectof theverb.
Tom Mysister,definitely. We'vegota lot in common. Whotdid you buy?(l boughta scotf.)
Ava That'sall.Thanks verymuchforyourhetp. Whodid yousitwith? (l satwithJack.)
Tom Noproblem. 5_ | canaskyo, a question. Subiectquestionsincludethe normalaffirmative form
Ava Sure.Goahead. of theverb.Theanswers arethe subiectoftheverb.
Tom 6- you'refreethisevening. WhoboughtthisDVD?(Dorrenboughtit.)

O 1.20 Read, listenandcomplete

thediatogue.
DoesTom
likeAva?Howdoyouknow? Writequestions in thepresent simpleusingtheprompts
betow.ls eachquestion a subject or obiectquestion?
Readlhe Leomthis,lbox.Thenlookagainat answeE1-6
in exercise
1. Whichoftheseindirect 1 Who/ live/ nextdoorto you?
ouestions
include
a
questionwordandwhichincludeif or whether? lrlholivesnerl doorto 1ou?
2 What/ you/ have/ forbreakfastT
3 Whichletter/ yoursurname / startwith?
Indirectquestions
4 Whichmonth/ have/ thefewestdays?
I n d i r e cqt u e s t i o n as r e m o r ep o l i t ea n d m o r ef o r m a tl h a n
5 W h i c hs u b i e c/ ty o u l h a v el f i r s to n M o n d a y s ?
directquestions.Theyusethe sameword orderand verb
5 W h o/ b u y/ y o u rc l o t h e s ?
form as a statement.Theybeginwith a phrase[ike:
7 W h a /t m a k e/ y o ul a u g h ?
Canlosk (you)...? Con/Could you tell ne ...
8 W h o/ y o u/ a d m i r e m o s t/ i n t h ew o r l d ?
l'd like to know... lwonder...
9 W h o/ h a v e/ t h em o s it n c o m m ow n i t hy o u ?
Wouldyou mind tellingme ...7
Thesephrasesare followedby a questionword (who( In pairs,askandanswer
thequestions
in
how, etc.)or, in yes/no questions,by if ot whether. exercise7.
ConI ask where Emma lives?Do you know if she,s in?

28 U ni t I Generations
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'a6e
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P u a d sq
raql lnoqSnotql^qlleaqale aldoadalou asnela8 9 'satlq6ta l r a q l u r a r , i a q ]u a q M3 u t 5 6 ool 3 l l l l s E
aldoedssnelaq IlureurpasPellulseq Alue]ladxasJrl €
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a€e a S u l s t n ug
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PPei
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 Readthe quotationbetowand say ifyou agree
At what agedo peoplebecomeadults,in yout
oI disagree.
ooinion?Givereasons.
A bo1becomes an aduhlhrse le,ar$bofomhis parenlsthint
br. does.and aboutl\to Jeama{tsr hf thinksh0 doe$

Readthe title and the lastsentenceofthe text opposite.

Predictwhichsentence(a-d) bestsummarises the opinions
ofthe text's writer.
Parentsshouldlet their teenagechildrenspend more
t i m ea l o n e .
P a r e n t s h o u l dt r e a tt h e l rt e e n a g ec h i l d r e nm o r el i k e
a du l t s .
T e e n a g e sr sh o u l dr e m e m b etrh a tt h e i rp a r e n t sa r et r y i n g
t h e i rb e s t .
lfteenagerswant to be treatedlike adults,theyshould
b e h a v el i k ea d u l t s .

Readthe text, ignoringthe gaps,and checkyouranswerto Slxteenyear old Cllie,who liueswith her
exercise2. Doyou agreewith Ellie'sview?Why?/Whynot? parents,louase,38,andPete],43,has
4 Doesthe text containmainlyfactsor mainlyopinions?Find wrltten a bookto tell us what perentsot
evidencein the textto supportyouranswer, teenagersare doint wlong...
All adultsthinkteenagers area nightmare. AccordinB to them,
were moody, argumentative rudeanddisruptive. Buthaveany
Whenyou do a gappedsentencestask, look for
adultseverstoppedto thinkthat perhaps theyareresponsible
c o n n e c t i o nbse t w e e nt h e m i s s i n gs e n t e n c ae n d t h e
for the unpredictable andconfusing waywe behave?
s e n t e n c easr o u n dt h e g a p ,F o c u so n w o r d st h a t o f t e n
Takeme,for instance. I maybea teenagenightmare, but
r e f e rl o g i c a l ltyo i d e a si n o t h e rs e n t e n c e s :
. pronouns(we,it, this, etc.)- what do they referback
thisis allto dowith myparents, notme.[^/ithmymother,t
stampmyfeet,sto|qloul of shopsin the middleof arguments
to?
. for example- does it exemplifywhat comesbefore?
andmoanuntilI getmyownway.1! Butmyfathet on
. comparatives - what is beingcornpared? the otherhand,turnsmeintoa shinintexample ot teenaBe
perfectlon. t doii iie asks,'ldont answerbackandI happily
. more I the some- what idea is being repeated?
. but I however- what ideasare beingcontrasted?
acceptthat nomeansnol ,''
MyparentshaveverydifferentparentinB styles.I^/hilemy
dadbrinBsoutthe bestin me,by beinBcalmandreasonable
Readthe Examtip. Matchthe gaps(1-6) in the textwith the andtreatin8melikeanadult,mymum,likesomanyother
sentencesbelow (A-H), Thereare two extra sentences. parentsof teenagertinadvertently makesmewantto rebelby
A W h yw a si t s u c ha b i g d e a l ? beinBcombative andspeaking to measthoughI'mstilla child.
B Evenmoreworryingwas the factthat my parentsweren't Lastsummer. afterli|etanothermwin a shopwith mymothelI
talkingto eachother. decided to startwritinedownthe wayI fett aboutthings., n
C A few morerowslaterand I'd writtenmorethan 10,000 In December, havingcontacted variouspublishers. I siBned
wordsof advicefor parents. a bookdeal.Myparenting book,HowTeenaters Think,is
But part of beinga teenageris feelingfreeto take steps BoinBto bepublished nextyear.the first of its typeactually
down new paths and learningfrom our own mistakes. writtenby a teena8er. Muchof mybookis basedon myown
Afterthat, the argumentswith my dad iust got worse. experiences, but l'vealsoinlerviewed myftiendsabouttheir
F Justlast week,for example,I persuadedMum to buy me parents. r it usuallycornesdo^rn to the factthat our
!And
a p a i ro f s h o e st h a t s h e h a ds a i dI c o u l d n ' ht a v e . parentscaretoo muchaboutusanddont wantto let usgrow
I t m a k e sr n en o t w a n tt o c o n f i d ei n y o u . up.Forexample, mumdrovemecrazya fewweeksagowhen
n S u r p r i s i n g lw
ye, a l [ s h a r es i mi l a rv i e w so n w h a to u r shekeptworryingI'dbrokenmy neckafterI felloff mybike.
p a r e n t sa r ed o i n gw r o n g . Yes,ny neckhurt,but ld beento the doctorandhe'dtoldmeI
wasfine,sowhydidstlewantto takemeto hospital?

30 Uni3
t Generations
It suoilE'iau0g
t llun
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aM'a^pqaq aMIeM aql a]ldsaosluajpdllaql ol asollAlleat
" ' p l n o q ss i a S e u a a l Suraq,ro eapraq] pa^ollooq ful ro'tpaMal^ralur I auofla^3
'Ilpuoras 'ssorloq
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lou dn puafaql npMauesaql laalspualllfu lo fuEh
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au rol raltaqs,trflarns E s iuin6
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sraulluosro3uerls ol SurllPlMouIsrateuaallso!.1pldnls]ou
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Surpuelsrapun lsnrl ssorls lro,l looqls ]ladsar urorjslreuJa 3ur^ralaruaaqp,lsluaiedAUJ plolI uaqM.iadual
I:err.rd ,(euou aruapuadapur IroA asnoq raqlsol unh 'o8psqluor!MolV astoMsSurqlsalplxlsnl
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asaql ur saserqdpaurpapun aql JoSulusau.l eql utqdxl
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I l u E u ep u P^ l l l r n b a ^ P a lI
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( I l l p u o r l u a l u t uuna U o )u o l l p n l t se i e a ^ u t e s
A qp a u r e l d xaaq u e : 7
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I n p e u Pa u o r o q ^ l l e n p e r 8Z
tllro]suerl:a8ueql I
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e
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a

Horvdoyouandyourfriendsspeakcompared with Readthe Lookout!box.Thencompletethe sentences with a

peopleof yourparents'generation?
Discussthe ideasbelow clauseto showsimilarity.Usethe wordsin brackets.
in pairsanddecideon thebiggestdifference. 1 | loveBradPitt (myfriends)
:. : ': :|:.' 2 We've s o l do u rh o u s e-,. ( o u rn e i g h b o u r s )
3 S h ec a ns p e a kR u s s i a-n. , ( h e rd a d )
6) 1.25 Readthetext.Howmanycomparative and 4 Theschoolwillbe closed, . (thepre-school)
formscanyoufind?Aretheyadiectives
superlative or 5 Shelovedthefilm,_ . (herbestfriend)
adverbs,regularor irregutar?
Matchthe two halvesof thecomparative
sentences.
Although teenagers in the UKgenerdll\, understandabout i I speakfarmoreclearty n
40,000different words,the numberofwordstheyactually 2 l ' m m u c hm o r ei n t e l l i g e n t n
useis farsmaller thanyoumightthink- sometimes only 3 Theharderyouwork,
800words.An inabilityto distinguish between formaland n
4 | lovesport, n
informaltanguage is almostasworrying. Eversincethe
5 I'm nowhere nearas moody f
1950s,speaking correct Englishhasbeennowhere nearas
important forteenagers 6 Thisdessertis evenmoredelicious I
assounding coot.Butexpertsare
worriedthattoday'steenagers areevenworseat talkingin 7 She'sgettingmoreandmoreconfident, !
formalsituations thanprevious generations were. 8 Thisexercise isn'tnearlyasdifficult I
- + Ttiqla=n$uagethat teenagersuseis nothinglike asvariec a t h a ne v e r y o nt he i n k sI a m .
as!oU.would imagine, withthetwentycommonest words
b a sd o m o s o t f m yf r i e n d s .
re-iresentingabouta thirdof altwordsspoken. Andif
c assomepeopleI know.
youlookat ydunger agegroups,thesituationis iustas
worrying: d t h a nI u s e dt o .
children aredeveloping speechprobLems more
andmorefrequentli.'Childrenwatcha totof TV,asdo e thanI thoughtit wouldbe.
adults.Thiscreates background noise;andthe noisier f asthenextone,
theirsurroundings, the harderit is for babiesto hear g t h em o r es u c c e s s f u l y obue' l.l
conversations aroundthem. h as aremostteenagers.
. . r : a . . i . : . 1 , :. . 1 ; . : , - : r ' , , ' 1 . ' : . . , . : , , ; . , - , : .t): tZ, a
Readthe lean fhis! box. Findat least one examolein the text
in exercise2 for eachpoint(1-5) in the box. Writenewbeginnings
fora-h in exercise
5.
a l'mfar more,
$lubborn
lhanevcrlone
ihinksI am
Comparativestructures
1 We can qualifycomparatives usingfar, m uch, even,a Rewritesentences 1-7 betowusinga differentcomparative
little or no: or superlative
form.Inctud€thewordin brackets anddo not
She'sno befter ot swimming thon her sister. change themeaning. Thereis morethanonepossibte answer.
2 W ec a nq u a l i f yc o m p a r a t i v ewsi t h d s . . .a s u s i n g / r s f , 1 Nobodyin myclassis asoutgoing asI am.(most)
almostlnearly o( nowhereneorlnothing like: I'mlhe mo6toutgoing peroorin ml .'\as6.
I'm olmost os toll os mv dod. 2 jackis farmoretalkative thanSam.(nowhere)
3 Comparatives often havea clauseaftetthon. 3 Gettingonlineis becoming easierandeasier.(less)
She's lessatgumentative thon she used to be. 4 Mysisterdrivesbadly.Mydaddrivesbadlytoo.(as)
It's much hotter todoy than I realised. 5 Everybody in theclasssingsbetterthanI do. (singer)
4 We can use doublecomparatlves for changes: 6 Heplaysfootbal[muchbetterthanhethinks.(badly)
He'sgefting toller and taller/more and more hondsome. 7 Thetowncentreis muchemptierthan lt usedto be.(busy)
5 We can usethe followingstructureto saythat two
t h i n g sc h a n g et o g e t h ebr e c a u s et h e Va r e c o n n e c t e d : In pairs,thinkof anappropriate wayto finisheach
fhe faster he works, the more mistokeshe mokes. sentence. Thencompare yourideasvyiththeclass.
1 Thelongerpeoptelive,...
2 lt's gettingmoreandmoredifficultto ...
W e c a n u s ea c t a u s eb e g i n n i n g w i t ho s + a n a u x i l i a r o
yr
3 T h eh a r d e st ht i n ga b o u bt e i n ga t e e n a g ei sr. . .
m o d aI v e r bo r t h e c o r r e cfto r mo f b e t o s h o ws i m i l a r i t y . 4 T h ew o r l di s g e t t i n m
g o r ea n dm o r e . . .
P a ya t t e n t i o nt o t h e w o r do r d e r : 5 Thequickest wayto improve yourEnglish is ,,,
'he's a great singer, as is her fother.

32 U n i t3 Generations
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I
 Askand answerthesequestionsin pai15,
1 D o y o ut h i n k y o uh a v ee n o u g hf r e e d o ma n d
M a k es u r ey o u re s s a yi s d i v i d e di n t op a r a g r a p hasn d h a s
independence from Vourfamitv?
a clearand logicalstructure.Forexample:
2 Whatarethe positiveeffectsof givingteenagersmore
Paragroph1i (introduction)Rephrase the questionand /
f r e e d o ma n d i n d e p e n d e n c e ?
o r g i v ea n e x a m p l eo f t h e s i t u a t i o ni t d e s c r i b etso s h o w
3 Whatare the negativeeffects?
that you haveunderstoodit.
Workin pairs. Readthe task below and agreeon Parogroph2: (pros)Listtwo or threeadvantages.
one advantageand one disadvantage. I n c l u d ee x a mp l e s .
Porograph3: (cons)Listtwo or threedisadvantages.
Manyteenagersspendtime lookingafterthemselvesat
I n c l u d ee x a m p l e s .
homewhile the adultsare away.Writean essaywhich
Porograph4: (conclusion) 5um up the most important
p r e s e n ttsh e a d v a n t a g easn d d i s a d v a n t a g e
o sf b e i n g ' h o m e p o i n t sa n d / o r g i v ey o u ro w n o p i n i o n .
alone'when you'rea teenager.

Readthe essay.Doesthe candidatementionyourideasfrom Readthe Examtip. Answerthe questionsin relationto the

exercise2? essayin exercise3.
1 Doesthe essayfollowthe structurein the tip?
2 How manydifferent(a) advantagesand (b)
Some paGnts are happy to leavetheir teenage children disadvantage d so e st h e c a n d i d a t m
e ention?
alone in the house because they trust them to look after 3 U n d e r l i n ae l l t h e p l a c e sw h e r et h e c a n d i d a t g
eives
e x a m p l e sH. o wa r et h e e x a m p l eisn t r o d u c e d ?
themsetues.There can sometimes be drawbacks, bd the
4 W h a tp h r a s ed o e st h e c a n d i d a t e u s et o i n t r o d u c e
a
situation can,also bring oLrtthe best in te€nagors. p e r s o n aoI p i n i o ni n t h e c o n c l u s i o n ?
Firstly,it's a perfect oppoftunfty to learn how to cook your
iavourite dishes. Finding good recipes online for, say, lasagne, Concessions
couldn't be easier Secondly,it means nobody is there to nag We can rse olthoughot eventhoughto introducea
you or tell you what to do, which is great - even though you c o n c e s S t ocnt a u s e .
may torget one or two little things. Thirdly,not having adults He won the raceeventhoughhe'd hurt hisfoot.
around is a chance to prove that you can be independent Although he'd hutt his foot, he won the rcce.
Despite and in spite of also expressconcession but a re
and even deal with difficult situations occasionally.
followedby a noun or.irg form, not a clause.
On the other hand, there ar€ definitelydisadvantages
Despiteln spite of his injury, he won the roce.
to being at home while your parents are away.Although
preparingyour own food may be fun, many teenagers will
Readthe Ledrafh6l box. Underlinealt the examplesof
end up eating lots of unhealthysnacks and no proper meals.
concessionin the essayii exercise3.
Secondly,if your parents aren't there lo remind you, you may
forgetsom€thingimportant,like Rewritethe sentences withoutchangingthe
a doctor'sappointment. Thirdly, meaning.Includethe word in brackets.
withoutyourparentsat home,you 1 Eventhoughthey get on well, they'resplittingup.
needto copewjthanydomestic (despite)
emergencies yourself. For Daspitcgrttingon ual\,'tha1're splittng up
example, if thebathroom floods, 2 Eventhoughthey'refriends,they often argue.(despite)
you needto sort it out! 3 Althoughwe teaseeachother,we're actuallyveryclose.
( i n s p i t eo D
Overall,I thinkthe
4 I n s p i t eo f t h e r a i n ,t h e yw a l k e dh o m et o g e t h e r .
advantages for teenagers (although)
of spending a littletime 5 M a n yp a r e n t sw a t c ht o o m u c hr y d e s p i t el e c t u r i n tgh e i r
homealoneoutweigh the c h i l d r e na b o u tt h e s a n ' rteh i n g .( e v e nt h o u g h )
disadvantages. Despitetherisk 6 S h ed o e s n ' tr e s p e clt' e rd a d ,e v e nt h o u g hh e ' sg o t a w e l l -
of problems, it'san important p a i dj o b . ( i n s p i t ec F
ffi;*#;"*-' \ In pairs,dis{ussthe conclusion
ofthe essayin
exercise3, Do you agreeor disagree? Givereasons.

3t lunitr ' Generations

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 [istening f a c t o r- i t w a sa s i m p l ep u b l i ch e a l t hc a m p a i g n about
I T!ftf!ildl$ftfi In pairs,talkabouthowyoupreferto t h e d an g e r so f s m o k l n g ,
spendyourweekends: I n 1 9 7 1 ,m a n yt h o u s a n d o s f m e n i n t h e i re a r l y6 0 s
d i e dr s m o k i n g - r e l a th ee d a r td i s e a s e4.
aloneor withcompany?withfriendsor family?
2 0 0 0t h e f i g u r ef o r t h i s a g e g r o u ph a d h a l v e dw , hi l e f o r
indoorsor outdoors?beingactiveor retaxed?
c a n c etrh e n u m b e rh a d g o n e d o w nb y a t h i r d ,a n d s t r o k e -
2 Dothe examtask. r e l a t e dd e a t h sh a d f a l l e nb y t w o - t h i r d sT.h ed r a m a t i cf a l l
i n t h e s en u m b e r sc a nb e a t t r i b u t etdo t h e f i r s tg e n e r a t i o n
o f n o n - s m o k e rasr r i v i n ga t o l d a g e .
, B u tw h a ti s t h e l i k e l i h o o o d f i i F ee x p e c t a n c y
6) 1.28 Youwill hearfivepeopletalkingabouthow i n c r e a s i n gH?e a t t hp r o f e s s i o n aal sr ec o n c e r n etdh a tt h i s
theyspendthe weekend. Matcheachsentencein the t r e n d5 b y t h e t i m et o d a y ' sy o u t hr e a c ho l d a g e .
tableto the correctspeake(s).
S m o k i n gh a sb e e nr e p l a c e d b y l h e e q u a L luyn h e a l t h y
h a b i to f o v e r - e a t i n ag n, d u n l e s sa s i m i l a rp u b l i ch e a l t h
lovesto expandhis/her c a mp a i g nt a k e s6 s o o n ,w h o k n o w sw h a tt h e
wardrobe? f u t u r em a yb r i n g ?

spendshis/herweekend A Dueto B Accordingto C Basedon

gluedto the screen? D Apartfrom
A growth B acceleration C improvement
3 lovesto chillout?
D advances
hasan expensive hobby? 3 Aon B from Cat D for
5 hasa hobbywhichannoys 4 A Since B In C By D After
his/herfamily? A i s r e v e r s i n g B h a sb e e nr e v e r s e d
doesn'tmindgettingdirty? C witl be reversed D reverses
A effect B result C action D control
7 hasa rolemodel?
I appreciates
nature?
9 spendsweekendswitha
femalefamilymember?
4 @lftftIlstflt! whatthingsdo peoplegeneratly
get
betterat asthdyget otder?Whatdo theygetworseat?
In pairs,maketwolists.
Useof English
5 Dothe examtask.
3 Dothe examtask.

Do you agreeor disagreewith this statement?Give

Readthe text. Choosethe correctanswer(A, B, C or
rea50n5.
D)for eachgap to createa logicaland grammatically
correcttext. ln our society,we do not ottochenoughvolueto the
wisdom ond experienceof the old.
U Kl i f ee x p e c t a n chya sr i s e nq u i t ed r a m a t i c a l ldye, s p i t e
c o n c e r nosv e ro b e s i t ya n d i t s a t t e n d a nht e a l t hp r o b l e m s .
r e p o r t sp u b l i s h e d
r h i sm o n t h ,a v e r a g e lite
e x p e c t a n chya sr i s e nt o 8 0 y e a r so l d ,e i g h ty e a r sh i g h e r
t h a ni n t h e 1 9 7 0 s .W h a th a sm a d et h e m o s td i f f e r e n c e
t o t h e p o p u L a t i o nh' se a t t h ?H a si t b e e ni n c r e a s i ntgh e
governrnen b tu d g e ft o r h o s p i t a l ss,t a t fa n d n e di c a l
e o u i D m e n tH?a si t b e e nt h e ' ? in medicine with
e x c i t i n gb r e a k t h r o u g hi ns n e wt r e a t m e n tfso r t a c k l i n g
d i s e a s eH ? a si t b e e nt h e [ a c tt h a tw e ' r em o r ec o n s c i o u s
of slayinghealthythese days?Thesefactorshave
o b v i o u s l cy o n t r i b u t etdo t h e h e a l t ho f t h e n a t i o n B. u to n e
t h i n gi n p a r t i c u l ahra sb e e na n e n o r m o u cs o n t r i b u l i n g

foryourExam3
36 GetReady
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s l o n t f NIrr N ns t H r
 Choosethe coffectanswers. wheremorethanoneanswelis
1 6) 1.31 Readandlistento the dialogue.Answerthe
possibte, exptainthe differencein meaning.
ouestions.
1 WhoareSandyandRyan? 1 Thisexercise shouldn't/ mustn't / won'ttakeyoutoo
long to complete ifyou've read the leornthis!box.
2 What'shappeningandwhy? 'lt's
2 freezing in here.The window must / could/ should
b eo D e n . '
Ryan HeySandy,-move it! HuIryup!Graba placardand 3 'Where's Aidan?''l'm notsure.Hemight/ should/ will
somewater.Chances arewe'ltbe out all day. be playingfootball.'
SandyOK.Whe]eaie weoffto? 4 The 6taneleft Londonfol Parissixhoursago.lt will atrive/
Ryan Theuniversity library.Thousands of students wilt - havearrived/ be arrivingby now.
be heading thereright now.Hurry! Youshouldn't/ mustn't/ can'tbe listening to the
SandyoK, oK. Blimey, thereareloadsof usl Peoplemust teacherifyouarewhispering to the studentnextto you.
bewondering what's goingon. vervhardfor herexamsso she
Emmahasrevised
Ryan That'sthe idea! Come on! shoutd/ may/ won'tdo well.
Sandy what's the plan then? nextSaturday. The
7 Bringwarmclothesto thebarbecue
Ryan Well,at leasta hundredstudents aretikelyto weathermustn't/ can't/ mightnot be aswarmasit's
occupythe tibIary. Therestof us couldmarchto beenrecentlv.
the TownHatt,or it mightbe betterto stayin the
' - f,cntreof townto protestthere.Eitherway' people Rewritethe sentences usingthe wordsin
..- areboundto sit uo andtakenotice. brdckets. Keepthe meaningthe same.
Crowd Noto studentfeeslNoto studentfees! 1 T h ep h o n e 'rsi n g i n gl t.h i n k i t ' s T o m( w. ilD
Ryan And,theTv cdherasshouldbe heretodayaswell! Thephonasringing.li'll beTom
'
TheGovernment can'tignoreus anylonger.Come will be defeated. (bound)
2 I'm certainthattheGovernment
on! Noto studentfbes!Noto studentfees! There's no
3 t rangLiamat homebuttherewasno answer.
wavthathe'sat home.(can't)
2 Readthe tean tl,is.tbox.Underlinein the dialogueall the 4 Doyouthinkthatloshwiltarrivesoon?(likely)
modalverbs andphrdsesthatexpressprobability. 5 l r e a l l yd o n ' te x p e csta mw i l lf a i lh i s d r i v i n g t e s t .
(shouldn't)
Tatkingaboutpossibitity 6 Franis probably lying.(chances)
1 Weusewr'llto makeDredictions aboutthefuture. 7 lt's oneo'clock.lassumeshe'shavinglunch.(witl)
t don't thinkthePresidentwill be re-elected-
andthefutureperfectto WoIkin pairs.Describe whatis
the photo.Discuss
Weusethe futurecontinuous
happening nowandwhatmighthaPpen. Uselanguage from
makeassumptions aboutthe present.
It's 8.0o. Catolynwill be driving to work the learn thisl box.
I thinkEnily will haveIefttheofficeby now.
Weusemusttoconclude thatsomething is certain.
Dad isn'tot home.Hemustbe at work.
Weusecan'tto expressimpossibility.
Hecon'tbe otwork.Hiscot'soutside.
we vsemay,might andcouldto talkaboutthe
possibility of something happening.
'Wherc'sMax?''Hecouldbe doing hishomework'
tt mayruin later,so wemightnotplaytennis.
Weuseshouldto saythatsomething wiltprobably
h a p p e ni n, o u ro p i n i o n .
SpainshouldbeatEnglond-
Wecanuseotherphrases probability.
to express
It'sso cold.lt's boundto snowtonight (:,certain)
Chonces ore it'll toin tomoffow.(: veryprobable)
Are you likely to go to Jeffs party?

T S } G R A M J V iB
AUR I L D E4R. 1 : P A G E1 2 1 &

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 irlI

1 Haveyouor someoneyouknoweversigneda petitionor

Freeilomol demonstrated
against
you?Givereasons.
something?
lf so,why?lf not,would

O 2.02 Readthroughthe textsquickty.Decidewho

specchand believesthatthereshoutdbe limitsto freedomofsoeech.

Whichkeywords/phnses
Slmonulileon -
hetpedyoudecide?
unloss._

inlormation inlerterc .. as little as possiblc

lrcm?vi?ws... ba alloned

howmuchshouldwe hanu? Skim readthe text beforeyou readthe multiplechoice

questionsin orderto get the generalmeaning.
SlM0 WlLS0 - libenarian Thenreadeachquestionand identifythe part of the text
Welibertarians believe thattheGovernmed should interfere in oeooles lives that containsthe informationvou neeo.
aslittleaspossible. Thatmeans thatpeoples rightto freespeech should not Rejectanyoptionsthat are cleartywrongand identifythe
berestricted bylawunless whattheyaresaying iscertain t0 inciteviolenceI correctanswerby lookingcarefullyat the relevantpart of
believe thatextreme right-wing or left-wing viewsandenremereligious views the text.
should all beallowed. eventhough mostpeople findthemabhorrent. Thisjs the lf you are unsurewhich oftwo answersis correct.make
essence ofbJreesociety. Extreme viewsshould beexpressed andchallenged. a n i n t e l l i g e ngtu e s s .
ThatistheonlVwavto defeatthem.
JAS0 RoMFoRD - comrdian
Its difficult to be'polite incomedy because youareusually making funof
people. Soyou'rebound to offendsbmebody at somepoint.Butjustbecause ANI{IETHATCHEI - lounatisr
somebody is offended doesn't 'lle
meantheyareright.I believe thatI havethe pressmustnotinvade peopleb
rightto offendyou,andif youareoffended, thatsnota problem. Thatdoesn r pflvacy,
norcanit saythingswhich
meanthatl tryto beoffensive. I d0n'tltrytobefunny, l rryt0 behonest andI hurta person's reputationwithout
tryto makepeople think.ll someone feelsotfended at something I say,thats clearevidence thattheyaretrue.
toobad.Thatstheirproblem. Butis itfairt0 investigatetheprivate
JAI{ESl[M0l{S - politician lives0t publicfgures? Journalists
Governments havetherightt0censor information andrestrictfreesDeech tendt0 justifytheirintrusi0n intothe
intheinterests 0l national security, forpreserving publicsafety, 0rforthe livesoffamous people byctaiming
preventi0n thalcertaininformati0n 'in
of disorder or crimeForexample, its a crimeto lncitepeople to is thepublicinterest'(asopposedto something
the
catryoutactsof terrorism Mostpeople agreethatthisis sensible However, publicis interestedin).Forexample, theyargue.
ifthecaptain
of theEngland
thereis a danger thatgovernments will use'thedefence of national security, footballteamis having anaffair,thenthepubtic
should knowaboutit,asheis
asanexcuse t0 silence legitimate protests andstifleopposition to their ina position of authorityandresobttanda role
policies. lt'simportant therefore thatpeople areablet0 challenge thelimitsof modelfor youngboys.Ultimately, though.
freespeech ina courtof law someofthepresswill printanything that
PEIEBGREET{Wo0D - civit righb acriyisr sellsnewspapersiftheycangetaway
There's a dangerthat pe0ple canusefreespeech withit
to undermine thehuman
rightsol others. Liberalism is a g00dthing,butwe should limitpeoplesghts
t0 express racist, sexist, ageistorhomophobic views.Therearelessons we
mustlearnfr0mhistorylftherehadbeennofreespeechforthe Naziparty in
Germany duringtheearly20s,it is possible thatfascism maynothavegrownin
powerandinfluence. Thelesson is:beintolerant 0f intolerance.
-
SARAHIIAITIIEWS online adiyisl
lc0ntribute to a website calledWikileaks, whereanonymous volunteers
leakconfidential government inlormation orhackintogovemment computer
filesworldwide andputthemontheInternet. Governments safouractions
aredangerous lthinktheyjustwant t0 concealtheir wrongdoings fromus.I
wantt0 expose thetruth People havetherightto knoweverything thattheir .
government is doing.I mabsolutely opposed to censorshjp 0f thepress

lC I thit4. Takingastand
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 : Readthe flyer.Whatsort of thingsdo you think the school Future continuous
counciIdoes?Doyou havea g]ouplikethis at your schoot? t osm a k ee n q u i r i e s .
W ec a nu s et h ef u t u r ec o n t i n u o u
Willyou be votingin the election?

W {aSArl'MA?.'drlL9t{\4.2: 1AAL i.2} &

Readthe ledm th,sl boxand rephrasethe questionsusing

the futurecontinuousto makepotitequestions.
1 W h a tt i m ea r ey o u l e a v i n gs c h o o l ?
2 W h a td o y o u p l a nt o d o t h i s e v e n i n g ?
Helpingto improveyourschool 3 W h oa r ey o ug o i n gt o s e ea t t h e w e e k e n d ?
4 W h e r ew i l l y o ug o f o r y o u rn e x th o l i d a y ?
By the end of this weekwe'll havebeen running 5 W h a ta r ey o u i n t e n d i n tgo w e a rt o s c h o otl o m o r r o w ?
your new SchootCouncil for a wholeterm.
We'vealreadyhad an impacton the waythe Askand answerthe questionsin pairs.Usethe
futurecontinuousin the questions.
schooIis run.We askedto havea say in the
new schooluniformand the teachersagreed. Whatwillhave
f) 2.04 Listento the conversation.
Nextterm,we'l[ all be wearinga uniform happenedby tomorrowafternoon?
designedby you.
f) 2.04 Comptetethe sentences with averb inthecorrect
And by the end of the yearwe'll havemade tense.Thenlistenagainand check.
our schoolevenbetter.We'l[be meetingmore
1 We'lt in Birmingham soon.
regularlynextt€tm. Comealongwith ideason 2 B y t h et i m e I a r r i v eh o m eI ' l l f o r e i g h th o u r s .
how to improveour school. 3 Willyou s o m e t h i ntgo e a tw h e ny o u a r r i v e ?
4 N o ,l w o n ' t b e h u n g r yI.' l l
5 By five o'clock,we'lt down to a lovelymeal.

Comptete the predictions.

Usethe futurecontinuousor the
future perfectofthe verbs betow.
1.,t1.; lc iivi: n!ii ,iti,;k iprelii

2 Findfourexamptes of thefuturecontinuous,futureperfect
andfutureoerfectcontinuous in thetext.Thenmatcheach
examplewith a useinthe Leornthis! box.

By 2030 scientists1 a cure for cancer.

Futurecontinuous,futureperfectandfutureperfect
continuous By 2o4o democracy2 to everycountryin the world.
1 W eu s e t h ef u t u r e c o n t i n u o u s t o : By 2050 most people' Englsh as their first language
a t a l ka b o u st o m e t h i nwgee x p e cwt i l lh a p p e n . By 2060 the ma.jorityof people4 beyond110.
b t a l ka b o u at na c t i o ni n p r o g r e si ns t h ef u t u r e . By 2080 the polarice{aps 5 completely.
2 Weusethefutureperfectto talkabouta completed
By 3000 people6- on holidayto Mars.
actionin the future.
3 Weusethefutureperfectcontinuous, usuallywith
w i l l v eb e e ni n
f o r . . ., t o s a yh o wl o n ga n a c t i o n h a
progress in the future. Workin pairs.Discusswhetheryou agreeor
withthepredictions
disagree in exercise
8. Givereasons.

Tlanslatethem into
3 Explainthe meaningof thesesentences.
I don't think scientistswill haveinvented
your ranguage.
a curefor cancerby 2013 because..
1 A t 4 p . m .w e ' l lw a t c ht h e f i l m .
2 A t 4 p . m .w e ' l lb e w a t c h i n g t h e f i l m .
I a g r e e . / dl o n ' ta g r e e I. t h i n k. . .
3 B y 4 p . m .w e ' l lh a v ew a t c h e dt h e f i l m .
4 B y 4 p . m .w e ' l lh a v eb e e nw a t c h i n g t h e f i l m f o ra n h o u r .

42 ] U n i 4t , T a k i n g a s t a n d
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 Howwouldthe beginningand the end of the tetterbe in thelefterninephrases
Sindandunderline fromthelist
differentif Junedidn't knowthe nameof the personshewas below.
rvritingto?

42 Mill Lane
Greenford
JK4 9PM
Councillor Mary Jones
Town Hall
Greenford
JK47GrI
4 April2013

Dear Mrs Jones,

I am writing to protest against the planned closure of the public
Iibrary in the centre of GreenJord. I undentand that it is to clos€
at the end of the year.
I am particularly concemed about the primary and secondary
school students who cu[ently use the library to rcsearch
homework assignments arld prcjects. It is important to recognir
that the library is of crucial importance to young people in the
town.
In addition, many elderly and less well-off people might not be
able to afford to buy many books. The fact is that the closute is
bound to adversely affect many such people who rely on the
library as their only source of reading matter.
Furtherniore, the library serves as a social cmtre wherc
people drop in to read the papels and meet their friends. The
consequences of the closure will be very damaging to peoPle
who use the library in this way. Add one ofthese phrasesto eachgroupin exercise3.
It is for these reasons that I think the council should reconsider a l t i s / l f i n d i t u n a c c e p t a btlhea t . . .
its decision and keep the library open for the benefit of all the b l w o u l d l i k et o p o i n to u t t h a t . . .
citizens of Greenford. c I wish to obiectin the strongestpossibletermsto ...
d I urgeyou thereforeto reconsideryourdecision/ proposaI
I look forward to your lesponse.
$o...)
Yours sincerely,
e ...witl havea devastatingeffecton ...
duneKnight Comptetethe Examtip. Findthe featuresin the letter.Check
you understandthe key featuresof formal letters.
JuneIftight

. P u tI a t t h e t o p o n t h e r i g h t .? address
Readtheletter.Answerthe questions. just belowon the left and 3 belowthat.
. Startand end the lettercorrectlyiDeara -- or
1 W h a its t h ec o u n c pi l l a n n i ntgo d o ,a n dw h e n ?
2 H o wm a n yo b i e c t i o ndso e sJ u n er a i s ei n h e rl e t t e r ? M a d a m/ n a m e. . .Y o u r sf a i t h f u l t/y 5
usethe library?
. A v o i d6 l a n g u a gaen d 7 - , direct
3 Howdo manystudents currently
q u e s t i o nas n d 3 marks.
4 Howwillthe closure affectelderlyandlessaffluent
. A t t h e e n d ,s i g ny o u r ' - , t h e np r i n ti t
people?
Howelsedo peopleusethe [ibrary,apartfrom to borrow underneath.
books?
Whatactiondoeslune request?

44 Unit4 Takinga stand

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 U n i t3 unit4
I Readthe sentences.Desclibewhat is happeningusingthe 5 Comptetethe sentenceswith the velbs betow.
verbs betowand correctprepositions. g a u g e i n f l u e n c e l a u n c h t a c k l e t a k ep a r tI n
boasting conliding praising telling warning 1 Did you -the demonstrationlast night?
1 'Rover.sit! Goodbov, Rover!'said Joe. s r ea g o o dw a yt o - p u b l i c o p i n i o n '
2 o n l i n es u r v e y a
the dog - obeyinghirn. 3 Localpoliticianshavedone nothingto vandalism
Joewas--
'l
2 can olavfootballbetterthan anyof you'' Brandonsaid' in this city.
his friends. l 4 c a h . y o u- g o v e r n m e npto l i c yb y d o n a t i n gm o n e yt o
B r a n d own a s
'Youcan'tswimhere,therearerocks,'saidthe lifeguard . politicalparties?
3
Thelifeguard was- them- the rocks 5 The Government plansto - a new anti-smoking
4 ' A c t u a l l y ,
I ' ms c a r e od f c a t s ,K' u r st a i dt o h i ss o n . campaignfocusingon teenagers.
Kurtwas- - hisson- hisfearof cats. Mark: - /5
5 'Tom!Putthosecrispsaway!'saidtheteacher.
Theteacher was- Tomoff- eatingin class. 6 Completethe dialoguewith the vYordsbelow.
Mark:- /5 bound chances might must won't
Writethemissing questions. Boy Where'sour taxi?lt 1- be at leasthalf an hour
s i n c el c a l t e d .
1 Keiiawentto Spainwithhersister'
Girt are it's stuckin traffic.lt is rush hour.
Q :- ? A : H e rs i s t e r .
Boy The gig startsat 7.30.We missthe
2 Theystayedin a hotelfortwoweeks.
beginning...
Q:-? A:Twoweeks. Gir[ Don'tworry.There'sa- to be a suppon act on
3 T h e y
w e r eu n h a p payb o ut h e i r o o m . first.We t- missthe main band.
Q:-? A:Theirroom. Mark: 15
4 Theycomplained to the hotelmanager.
Q:-? A:Thehotelmanager. Choosethe correctverb forms, a or b.
7
5 H et o l dt h em a i do f ff o rn o tc l e a n i nt gh er o o m .
1 He goneto bed yet, it's only 9 P.m.
Q :- ? A :F o rn o tc l e a n i nt gh er o o m '
a won't havegone b won't havebeengoing
Mark:- /5
2 | can'ttext you tomortowafternoon,l - an exam.
' l l h a v ed o n e b ' l l b e d o i n g
a
Comptete the text.Writeoneor twowordsin eachgap. a greattime, lexpect.
3 Sue'son hotiday.She-
Thanks to technology, it'sgettingharder for a
'll
havehad b
'll be having
teenagers to experience independence. In the past' togethe-rfor a yearthis December.
4 They-
travellingabroadwithoutyourparents wasoneof ?- a
'l[ havegoneout b 'll havebeengoingout
waysof learning
effective survivaIskilts.Buttoday'going 5 Youneedto say it again.He - You.
is
abroad nowhere r-liberating asit usedto be a won't haveheard b won't havebeenhearing
because teenagers canstayin touch texts,as'-
via Mark: _ /5
theirparents. Themoreconnected theworldbecomes,
easyit is forteenagers to findspaceto grow. the dialoguewith suitablewords.
Comptete
Mark:- /5 Boy Here'san t - . Why don't we write a letterto the
4 Addquestion tagsto thedialogue. newspaper?
B o y L e t ' sg oo u tf o rd i n n etrh i sw e e k e n dt -, ? Girl l'm not ')- about that Theyprobablywon't
2 - ? p r i n ti t . I r - w e s h o u t dl a u n c ha c a m p a i g no n
G i r l G o o di d e aW . es h o u l db o o ks o m e w h e r e '
Facebook.lt's easyand effective.We" . - always
B o y Y e sI.' t ld o t h a t .H o wa b o u t h en e wl t a l i a np l a c e ?
g e to u r f r i e n d st o j o i n . . .
G i r t Y o uh a v e n 'bt e e nt h e r eb e f o r e , ' ?
Boy I see you'resayingthat, but will anyone
B o y N o .N o b o dsya i da n y t h i nbga d a b o u i
t t , 4 - ?
5-? n o t i c ea c a m P a i g o nn F a c e b o o k ?
Girt OK!Don'tforgetio askabout vegan food,
Mark;- /5

Revie'xl-4
46 | Language
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 Reading
A f t e rl h e w a rt h e a n i m a l sh a d d i e d ,t h e s u n h a d
I Eftl?tlillftftr:[$l Askand answerthesequestionsin s t o p p e ds h i n i n ga n d m o s tp e o p l ew e r ee n c o u r a g et d o
pairs: emigrate.
1 Whatareandroids? E e f o r eW o r l dW a rn . m i n L s t h e b u i l d l n gl . a qb e e n
2 Willtheybe partof ourlivesin the future? w e l lL o o k e a d f t e r ,b u t n o wt h e o w n e ro f t h i s a n d o t h e r
Why?/ Whynot? a p a r t m e n ths a dd i e d o r e m i g r a t e tdo o t h e rp l a n e t s .
3 Doyouthinkthefuturelooksbrightor bleakforthe I t c a m ef r o mt h e w a l l s t, h e f l o o r ,t h e c e i l i n ga n d f r o m
humanrace? a l l t t r em a c h i n e isn t h e a p a r t m e ntth a th a d s t o p p e d
workingyearsbefore.
2 Dothe examtask. , D Lifeusedto be so easyand carefreeand leavingEarth
b e h i n dw a ss u c ha n o r d e a l .
E O h ,i t ' sw o n d e r f ut lo h a v ea n a n d r o i dt h a ty o u c a n
Readthe extract from Do Androids Dreon of E|ect c d e p e n do n .
Sheep?by Philip K Dick.Completethe text with the
missingsentences(A-E).Thereis one extrasentence
that is not needed.
Useof English
I n a g r e a te m p t ya p a r t m e nbt u i l d i n gf a r f r o mt h e c e n t r e 3 Dothe o(amtask.
o f S a nF r a n c i s caos i n g l et e l e v i s i o p nl a y e d . ' _ T h e r e
were few peopleLeftto missthem.
Nobodyreallyremembered why the war had started Compteteeachgap in the text with a word formedfrom
o r w h o ,i f a n y o n eh, a dw o n .T h er a d i o a c t i vdeu s tt h a t the word in brackets.
c o v e r e tdh e E a r t hh a d c o m ef r o mn o c o u n t r ya n d n o b o d y
T h en u m b e ro f p e o p l ew i t h o u ti o b si n t h e U Kh a sr i s e n
h a d p l a n n e di t . ' ? _ U n d e rU n i t e dN a t i o n st a we a c h
b y 2 8 , 0 0 0t o 2 . 6 7 m i l l i o nd u r i n gt h e t h r e em o n t h st o
p e r s o nw h o l e f tw a sg i v e na n a n d r o i dt o w o r kf o r t h e m .
It becamevery easyto go and difficultto stay.Thefew i a n u a r ya, c c o r d i ntgo t h e 1 - ( L A T Ef i)g u r e sw, h i c h
t h e g o v e r n m e nsta y ss h o ws i g n so f s t a b i l i s i n gl t. i s t h e
t h o u s a n dw s horemained m o v e di n t oa r e a sw h e r et h e y
l o w e s rt i s ei n o v e ra y e a r ,b u t 8 . 4 %o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n
c o u l dl i v et o g e t h ear n d s e ee a c ho t h e r T . h e r ew e r eo n l V ,.
i s s t i l la f F e c t e d ( E M P L O aDm o n g stth e f e m a l e
a f e w o d d i n d i v i d u a lw s h o s t a y e da l o n ei n t h e s u b u r b s .
populatioa n c c o u n t efdo r m o s to f t h e r i s ei n t h e n u r n b e r
, o h nl s i d o r el,i s t e n i n gt o t h et e l e v i s i o a
n s h e s h a v e dw , as
of r ( O B ) p e o p l eT. h e yh a v eb e e nm o s r, _ _
o n eo f t h e s e .
'Let's ( S E V E RhEi)t ,m a k i n gu p n e a r l v8 O %o f t h e i n c r e a s eT.h e
h e a rf r o mM r sM a g g i eK l u g m a nt,h' e t e l e v i s i o n
f i g u r e sa l s ou n d e r l i n etdh e e x t e n t o w h i c ht h e i n c r e a s e
p r e s e n t ewr a ss a y i n g'.5 h e e m i g r a t etdo M a r sa s h o r t
i n t h e n umb e ro f p a r t . t i m jeo b s i s m a s k i n gt h e p r o b l e m .
t i m e a g o .M r s K l u g m a n h ,o wd o e sy o u re x c i t i n gl i f e i n
Theyare often 5- (ADEQUATE) paid and therefore
N e wN e wY o r kc o m p a r ew i t ht h e d i f F i c u l t i eosf y o u r
cannotreplacethe fulL-time 6_ (EARN) that people
previouslife on Earth?'
g e n e r a l lrye q u i r eM . e a n w h i l et h, e g o v e r n m e ncto n t i n u e d
T h e r ew a sa p a u s e a , n dt h e na t i r e dm i d d l e - a g evdo i c e
t o e m p h a s i s teh a td e s p i t et h e l a t e s tc u t si n p u b l i cs e c t o r
said,'r A n d b e f o r ew e l e f t ,m y h u s b a n da n d l w e r e
a l w a y sw o r r i e dt h a tw e m i g h tb e c o m es p e c i a l sN. o wo u r i o b s ,m o r ei o b sw e r eb e i n gc r e a t e di n t h e p r i v a t es e c t o r .
However,thereis some7_ (COLJRAGE) data for the
worrieshavegonefor ever.'
L , Ke c o n o m y . 3 - ( S U R P R I SrEe)t,a i sl a l e sr o s eb y
F o rm e t o o ,J o h nl s i d o r et h o u g h ta, n d I d i d n ' th a v e
a n u n e x p e c t e0d. 9 %i n J a n u a r ya,s f e a r so f a r e c e s s i o n
t o e m i g r a t eH. e h a d b e e na s p e c i anl o w f o r o v e ra
disaDoeared.
yearS . i n c eh e h a d f a i l e de v e na b a s i ci n t e l l i g e n ct e s t ,
t h e p o p u l an r a m ef o r h i m a n d o t h e r st i k eh i m w a s
'chickenhead'-
b u t h e s u r v i v e dH. e h a da j o b d r i v i n ga
t r u c kf o r a f a l s e - a n i m rael p a i rc o m p a n ya, n d M r S l o a t ,
h i s b o s s ,a c c e p t e d h i r na s a h u m a nb e i n g T . h e r ew e r e
c h i c k e n h e a dwsh o w e r em u c hm o r es t u p i dt h a n l s i d o r e ,
l s i d o r eh a df i n i s h e ds h a v i n ga, n dt u r n e dt h e t e l e v i s i o n
o f f .S i l e n c ea. - - H e e x p e r i e n c et h d e s i l e n c ew i t h h i s
e y e sa s w e l Ia s h i s e a r s .l t a l m o s tf e I a L r v e .

{8 GetReadyfor your Exam4

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ideasto complete Ihencompare
thissentence. youropinions Whenwe use adverbswith passiveverb forms,we often
in pairsandgivereasons. p u t t h e mi m m e d i a t e tbye f o r et h e p a s tp a r t i c i p l e :
Tryingthingson whenyougo shopPing for ctothesis ... Theresults will be thotoughly checked.
' I n c o m p o u n dt e n s e s a, d v e r b so f f r e q u e n cuy s u a l t yg o
. . . - i t t . , t . a . : . : t i ] ; t i , i a a . , r . , : . a a a r , a , , t - : t : . a j , , at a : : .
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y n db e o t b e e n l
",.a|
They'llnever be told. She's often been worned.
with thewordsbetow.
the sentences
ComDlete P r e p o s i t i o nwsh i c hb e l o n gw i t h t h e v e r bg o i m m e d i a t e l y
afterlhe past participle:
i.:,,:'ri.', titi.,.at't a'..:,1.: a:tiiita,.:a.:i t.:)-.tir?a .;t;:.
Will she be listened to? My loptop is being looked ot
1 About40'l" of clotheswhich have been- 0nlineare
-, f a r m o r et h a no t h e rg o o d s . Readthe Lookoufl box.Thencompletethe textwith the
2 Theadvantageof high streetclothesstoresis that the Dassiveforms of the verbs in brackets.Usethe corlecttense.
c l o t h e sc a nb e - on.
3 Newtechnologyis being- to storesto make
s h o p p i n ge a s i e r .
4 B y 2 0 2 5 ,m o s ts h o p p i n gw i l l b e - o n l i n ea n d m a n y
h i g hs t r e e st t o r e sw i l l h a v eb e e n- .

? Studythe sentencesin exercise2 and say:

1 which differenttensesthe passiveformsare in.
2 w h i c hp a s s i v ef o r mi n c l u d e sa m o d a l v e r b .

Passive:all forms
1 W ec a nf o r mt h ep a s s i voef a n yt e n s eb yu s i n gt h a t Magicmirrorshavebeena commonfeaturein children's
t e n s eo f t h ev e r bb ep l u st h ep a s tp a r t i c i p l e . storieseversincethe faiMaleSnowWhiteI
(make/ famously)into a film by Disney'But recently,
Wi-Fihosbeen/isbeing/willbe instolledot school.
real'magicmirrors"- (install)in severalstores
2 W eu s et h ep a s tc o n t i n u o uasn dp r e s e ncto n t i n u 0 u s
in the UK.Thanksto theseneatdevices, wholeoutfits3
f o r m so ft h ep a s s i v eb,u tw ed o n ' tu s eo t h e r (can/ try on) withouthavingto undressor even
-
c o n t i n u o uf osr m sb e c a u st eh e ya r ev e r yc l u m s y findthe itemsin the store.
I'm beingwatched./ Theniirroris in facta computerscreen.Standin front
x of it andyourbodya- (scan/ instantly). An image
hosbeenwotching
Someone me./ ofyourself5 (display) on the screenandyour
withpresentandpastforms
3 Wecanusethe passive measurements6- -ilcalculate/automatically).
of modalverbs. Oncethis 7 - (do),itemsof clothing3 - (can/
Shoesmustbe wotn.Thispuzzlecon'tbe solved. choose)fromthe on-screen menus.Thesee-
. I noy hovebeenburyled.Youwouldhavebeentold- (superimpose) ontoyourown image.Shoesand
: 1
accessories (may/ add)to completethe outfit.
:...':.':: : . a2 And becausea secondopinionr1- (often/ need),
?'.t,
V73 -v.a,a.?+ 7.1-',,.::.t'..
yournewlookl'?- (can/ share/ instantly) with
in the y o u r f r i e n d s r i f y o u c l i c k o n a n i c o-n , i t r '( p o s t ) o n
Readtheledrnfhis!box.Thenrewrite thesentences
Facebook a few secondslater.
passive, untess theycontain a tensenotusedin thepassive. (notfind / often)in
At the moment,magicmirrors'o-
1 A g i a nat s t e r o im d i g hdt e s t r otyh ee a r t h . independent clothesshops,butthey'5- (introduce /
2 T h e y ' rtee s t i n og u rt h e o r i easb o utth eu n i v e r saet C E R N . quickly)in largerstoresacrossthe country.
3 T h ec h i n e s m e a yh a v ei n v e n t egdu n p o w d e r .
4 Y o uc a n j o i nt h eW i . Fni e t w o rfkr e eo f c h a r g e .
5 T h e y ' hl l a v ec o m p l e t et hd en e wM e t r ol i n e sb yt h et i m e
In pairs,think of an appropliatewayto finisheach
theyhotdtheOlympics.
sentence. Thencompareyourideaswith the class.
6 S o m e o nhea db e e nr e a d i nagl l m ye m a i l sI ,r e a t i s e d .
7 lf they'dreceived yourcomplaint, theywouldhave 1 Shopping c o u l db e m a d ee a s i e rb y . . .l - ' i n g l o r n )
notified you. 2 l f a l l s h o p p i n gw a sd o n eo n l i n e ,. . .
3 A p a r tf r o mc l o t h e ss h o p p i n ga, m a g i cm i r r o rc o u l db e
u s e df o r . . .

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 Readthe definition below.what would it mean
ifyou saida computerhackerwasa'poachelturned
gamekeeper'?

poacher turned gamekeeper {rdiom)Somebody

lht
whousestheskillsth"yt"u-"a'nu,.'iri"gui".-n-;,;,., H E
getalegihmatejobheIPin8topIeventthatactiVityFor
H O A R E T
'
lffi,oli:l.1"fl"""nkrobb€rwhos'jvesadvicetobanks
tAl IB R EAKE R S ?
2 Readthe text,ignoringthe gaps.Findand undertine:
a a definitionot the te(mjoilbreoker.
b t h e o n l i n en a m e so f t w o j a i l b r e a k e r s .
c t h e n a m e so f t w o u n a u t h o r i s eadD o s , Computerhackersraretyshowtheir fucesin pubtic,attowingthe
d t h r e eh i - t e c hc o m p a n i e s . stereotypeof the sociattyawkwardloner sitting in the dark in
fiont of a cornputerscreento flourish. But the reatityis rather
different- at teastwhenit comestojaitbreaking.Jailbreakers do
Whenyou do a gappedsentencestask, checkyour not commitcriminaIactstike hackinginto governmentcomputer
answersby readingeachrelevantpart of the textwith systemsor wdting maliciousviruses,Instead, they write code
the missingsentencein place.Doesit flow?Doesit which removesthe manufacturersrestrictions on everyday
m a k es e n s el o g i c a l lay n d g r a m m a t i c a l lD
y ?o u b l e - c h e c k devicestike smartphonesand gamesconsotes- A lailbroken'
by tryingthe extrasentencesin eachgap.Theyshould devicecan run unofficialsoftwareand be used in ways which
not fit any of the gapswell. the manufucturerdid not intend. Someof the big technology
companies havetakenlegaIactionagainstjaitbreakers but with
o 2.12 Readthe Examtip. Thenmatchthe gaps(1-6) in [ittte success,
the text with the sentencesbetow(A-H). Thereare two extra JamesWhetton,a smooth-talkingtwenty-year-otdfrom Cork,
sentences. startedmessingaroundwith computersat the age of nine. and
beganprogramming soonafterwards. lE It happened whenhe
A T h a ti s e a s i l ye n o u g ht o c o v e rh i s c o m p u t esr c i e n c e 'Basicatty
won a pink iPod Nano. I was on a planeand I was
educationso far at the Universityof Georgia.
bored,so I just startedtinkering with it and found something
B H e m o w e dD e o D l e 'lsa w n sn e a rh i s h o m ei n P e a c h t r e e
interestingjhe explained.
City,Georgia,to earnmoneyto buy the partsfor a
Hediscovered a vutnerabititiin the iPod'ssoftwarethat coutd
c o m p u t ehr e w a sb u i l d i n g .
possibtybe exptoitedto jaitli?eakthe device.'n Within a few
C A p p t ew a sa p p a r e n t lsyo i m p r e s s ew d i t h h i sj a i l b r e a k i n g
dayshe was contaded by anotherhackerknownas DarkMatloc
s k i l l st h a t i t p e r s u a d e hd i m t o i o i nt h e c o m p a n yi n s t e a d .
- in reality a sixteenyear otd from WatescaltedJoshuaTucker.
D Withoutthose,it was impossibleto developsoftwarefor
He introducedWhettonto other hackers- big namesin the
anVof thesedevices.
E H i si n t r o d u c t i oinn t ot h e w o r t do f i a i l b r e a k i nwg a s hachng scenelike chronicand ih8snow.Chtonic- a teenager
from the UnitedStatescattedwitt Suafuch- is the founderof a
accidental.
jaitbreaking teamcalledChronicDev whiteihSsn0wa sixteen-
F However,manyotherformerhackershavetaken up
yearotd call.edStevenftom Canada,is the developerof several
positionswith softwarecompanies.
we[t-knownjai[breakingtools.
G T h a t ' ss o m e t h i n g y ocua n ' td o i f y o u a r ea n o f f i c i a I
Insteadof tahng up a plice at universityeartierthis month,
developer.
H l t w a s u n u s u ael n o u g ht h a t h e w r o t ea b o u ti t o n h i s b l o g Whelton decidedto use the exposurethat his jaitbreahng
activities haveearnedhim to help get investorsfor a software
companycalled DisruptiveDevetopments that he founded in
'I
June. did my final examson a Friday,and becamea chief
executiveon the Monday:
AaronAsh is anotherhacker-turned-entrepreneur. WhenMr
Ash wasfourteenhe got his handson a calcutator which he

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 Howmuchdo you
knowaboutthecompany
AppleInc,its co-founder
Stevelobsandits products?
Discusswithyourpartner,
Readthe factsbelow.
Whichcolumn:
1 focuses mainlyon the
company Apple?
2 focuses maintyon Stevejobs?
t containsmainlypassiveverbs?
4 containsmainlyactiveverbs?
AppteComputerswas
foundedbySteveJobsand
SteveWozniak.
Inthe 19803,thecompany
wasrunbyJohnScutley.
' the indirectobject.
Sculleywassackedby
Apple'sdirectors
in 1993
because marketsharewas
beinglost.
T h ei M a cw a sl a u n c h ei d
1998,afterJobshadbeen
reappointed
CE0,andit was
an instantsuccess.
Willthe company's
reputation forcreativity
innovation
be maintained
nowthatJobs'spersonal
ut hasbeenlost?
g 2-13 Rewritethe underlinedpartsof thesesentences in
the passiveto makethe focusmoreclearlyon Google.Then
listenandcheck.
I Google is theworld'sbest-known searchengineand
about620millionoeopleuseit evervdav.
2 Google beganasa research project,andLarrvPageand
Sergey Brincreated it in 1995.
Thefirst.Google storage unitwas4GB- lessthana
modernphone- andthevmadeit fromLEGO bricks.
loday,morethan45O.OOO serversaroundtheworldstore
Google's information.
Peoplehavecriticised Google forstoringtoo much
information aboutthe publicwithouttheirconsent.
ln a surveyfor Eusrness E^cellence
magazine, British
adultsnamedGoosleasthe companv theywouldmost
Stevelobshelpeddesign liketo workfor.
the flrstMacintosh
tooK ouTt
JobsleftApplein 1985after Verbslikegive,ofer, send,award,show,etc.oftenhave
a disputewithSculley. hvoobjects:a personanda thing.Thepersonis usually
J o b sb o u g hat s m a l l
computer graphics company fhey offeredHotrya lob. (l'heyoffereda lob to Harry.)
andtransformed it into Weusuallymakethe indirectobiect(i.e.the person)into
Pixar, thecompany behind the subiectof the passive.
A ioh wn' cfferrd , ro X Harrywosoffercd a iob.
n ".
Jobsearnedonty$1 a
yearascEoofApple, Readthe look out! box.Underline the indirectobiectin these
sentences. Thenrewritethemin the passive.
althoughhewasalready
a
multi-billionaire. 1 Myunctegavenea phoneforChristmas.
I dai givenz phonofo( 4hrislmasby m1uncle.
Millionsfirstlearnedof
2 Hergrandfather iefthersomemoneyin hiswill.
and l o b s ' sd e a t hi n 2 0 1 1o n
3 Mycousins taughtusto ski.
a devicewhichhadbeen
4 Somebody hassentmea reallyfunnyvideoclip.
invented byJobshimself.
5 Thecomputer shophaslefltmydada laptop.
6 Somebody hadtold myneighbours aboutthe party.

Activeandpasslvevolces Makenotesabout:
1 Weusethe passive whenwewanttodescribe an . thefunniestemailyou'veeverbeensent.
actionbutdo notknowwhoor whatperformed it. . the coolest
appyou'veeverbeenshown.
Ourcarwindowhad beensmashed. . thefirstphoneyouweregiven.
2 Wesometimes chooseto usethe Dassive evenwhen . a Sadgetyou wereoncelent.
we do knowwhoor whatperformed theaction,
because it allowsusto change thefocusofthe Talkto yourpartnerandfind out the information
sentence. 6. Usethe questionsbelowandyourownideas.
in exercise
JonathanlvesdesignedtheiMacwhenhe wos30 yea$ Inctudepassive formswhereappropdate.
old.(focuson lonathanlves)
TheiMacwosdesignedbylonothonlvesand was Whatwasthe ...you'veeyerbeensent/shown?
ovailablein sixcolours.(focuson the iMac)

to explainyour
3 Readthe teorn fhis! box.Usethe information
answerto the questionsin exercise2. Howdid youfeelwheflyouwer€given,/lentit?
0D GRAMMAR
BTJtLDER
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ur04 sasetqdapnltu! noI ejns olew .suosparlno^ apnllul roJsu uou^sareqltq,t sqte^oalqtpuu .dn ue4 aq1peag
'6 eslraxa urlssl aql op ol
sulnl alel .sJtpdul oI
"' asnDeq ndwts aql ptd t,upqotvl I
"'tDrl] s! -' aq )oJ ob ),umno^a I uosDu aLl!
,
"' asnDaq -. aql asooq) ),uplnou I
-' asnoJaqs.]Dqf aqt aq plnou
lotp Aw oS
"' asnDaq uolldo tsaqlallaq aql aq p\ot^ ... aq \ultll I
-' asnDaq , .. aql )ol ,oS
4uDw ]do p,l
:noAdlaq ol Molaqsasplqd
aqt asn '(s)uottdoraqto aql Surllalalare no^ IqM pup
SursooqraJpno^ alnl]d qltq,v\IUpall ^es no^ a.tnsaleW
, Zuotldolaqto aql €urllalal
no^ are IqM Z^q^ pup asooql no^il|MfuollpJqlqM
' t u o p p Jp u r E u ! ) l o Mq o l l E p r l o q
e l o JI l d d p o l S u r o Sa r , n o ^
ZlualaJrtplo euJpseql suosea,slq alV Znoi se
fuo1re1aues aq1asooql aq saog .t aslllaxa ur soloqd aq1o1
uollelarur,rolaqlspl eql Sulopluapnlsp ol uelsr.l tI.zo
'suosPar
luaraJrrPeaiql
'qol ^eprloq e loJ ut
,o )turql ol fuI llo/\ laqlu plno/t no^
I asDraxeu! sauollE aqlJo rll .l/t^ssnlslp ,slted ul
Uuolldolaqloaql turtlalar
noI are^qn ZIqM pueasooqlno^llrMaslnolql!qn .looqls
o8pn8uel e lp aslnolUoqsp loJIlddpot EutoFal,no
€uo.raqloaql SulpalaltoJsuosearor,^lpue
a:goqrrnol ro; suospalo/r^luo aalspue|{|.looqlsaspnsuele
esoor])'IsEl aql ppelpupsolotldaql le loo.l .s!ed u! lto/!
'l asllraxauolJ saselqd
luaraglpaagasn.trasl:raxe
u! soloqdaql lnoqpSullelnladssa)ualuase^UalllM
' ' 'l o u u P q l
I alow
" osql)arP
" lPqt '
! p.t Iq Fut8pn[
, p l n o q sI
" t1tt
''"7- ;;Hff'll
"'aq ol r 3raql
otoqdEnoEEE"
Itelnrads
qEnoql
s u a a s l e s a l q r s s o dI 1 a 1 l 1a u l S e u l ts a l u p q l
'sesn aqgl:91pueulptpuals!l
luapnlsoql sasetqd
uaql ',\ olaqspto/lsql qlt^rsaspJqd
aql a1a1duro1
g 1.7 qj
s l o o l u o t l l a l o j d a u l lu o t l l n p o j d
ZauoloqloaqltutpalalloJuospalu!pt.u
sluauJnrlsul Atollpl slspu alef sluauodtr.tot sunou
raqs! lpqr\ pupasooqraqssaopfuo1:e3 qltqm 'E aslraxa
urlspl aqltuloptuapnlslualaJJlpe ot uets!.Igt.z leuorlrPPrl
O aluals asnald urapoul qlal-tq sa^ij-fDe
'sasnluePnlsaql qllq,u
Zpppno^ uer splol elou ^ueult oH
dlt ulpx!aql ulsasprqd
aqtll!-t.ulpteuals!.ItI:Z 'qloq ro oloqd auo qlyrurolaq
O sploM aql qllew .stled ut lro/$ I
 Askandanswerthese questionsin Pai]s' iuture In the past
1 Wherewouldyouusea satnavandwhatdoesit do? whenwetalkaboutthe futulefroma pointof viewin the
2 Howmightit causea Problem? Dastwe canusetheseverbforms:
tt wasMonday.Dadlwoscominghomethenextdoy' We
Readthe taskandthe storybelow.ls the mainideain the weresurehelwould be happywiththe chongeswewere
storythe sameasyouranswerto question2 in exelcise1? mokingto the house.Butiwerewegoingto finishthen
Writea storyin whicha pieceoftechnologycauses on time?
forthe maincharacter. Thesethrceverbformsarethe pastequivalents of (1)
Droblems
Dresentcontinuous forfuturearlangements present
OR
simoleforfuturescheduled events(2)willfuture(3)
going to tulwe.
In writtenEnglish,we canatsousethe expression wasl
wereto ... to referto futureplansin the past:
My ountaftivedeorlyon Soturdoymoming.Shewasto
spend the weekendwith us-

Readthe tedm thr's!box.Howmanyexamples of futu]ein the

pastcanyoufind in the storyin exelcise2?
5.3:PAGE724
BUILDER
IID GRAMMAR @

Thereareseveralgoodwaysto begina story:

1 set the scene:/t waso warmeveningin Augustand I
wason holidayin Thailondwithny porents.Thesun
wasgoingdownond the insectswerecomingout'
'Wow!Lookot thisplace!'soid
2 Startwith diatogue:
my dados the taxistoppedoutsidethe GrcndPoloce
Hotelin Phuket,hoilond.
3 Startby lookingbackzI oftenthinkbackto thefrrst
it
foreignholidayI wenton withmyporentsondhow
changedmyrelationshipwiththem.

Readthe Examtip. Whichtypeof beginning(r-3) doesthe

2 contairi?Write
storyin exercise for
altemativebeginnings
the samestoryusingtheothertwo types.

Rewritethe storyopeningbelow.ChangEit fromdialogueto a

paragraphsettingthescene.Includesomefuturein the past'
'Thesummerholidays startsoon!'exclaimed Anna''And
lacquiis comingto staywith us for two whoteweeks!'
'l know.I'm reatlyexcitedaboutthat,' saidHarry,who always
'We'llgo to the
enioyedhavingtheircousinlacquito stay.
beacheveryday.we'll teachlacquito surf-'
'We'lthavea greattime.'agreed Anna.

ForAnnaandHarq.the summorholidap...
r! ln pairs,dividethe storyin exelcise2 intofoursections' I In pairs!comPare 5 and
youransweEto exercise
I settingthe scene(charactels, background' etc') checkeachothe/s wolk for Can
mistakes. youtakeideas
2 the firstevent:a Problem arises ftomyourPartne/sversionto improveyourown?
3 effortsto solvethe Probtem
4 howthe probtemis finallyresotved

55 j units . Technotogv
l g i , { 6 o 1 o u q r "a 1g l r u p
'nal )aq ol 6unla6'palsrsu aqs ou a^NrL
areuulertpuE3ulllads rnol pqlaql ,iA
'palo! aqs
easnppald!trlupdauo]sealle pepnlf,ul .ipDap aq D ,aM, ,'aw!l lDql A6-
eall0e fuolsrnol ua !6 :satougra
isqra^qlasdsJoaelJe^e pasn aql Ipnls 'spuurol payaaur3ulso;raq1ero;aql1lpul
ie^llslreu pupqJaadsl]ol!p Joalnu!u e pasn uorlpurpllxo.roUeu uollsanb
'puurol e pup ualods
2sproM 052-002uaDlrM spro^!aql punoreseuurol pel]e^urspeeuqlaadsDaJrO
Z8uluadopooEe puearnphlp.real:e fuolslno^ ua^!8 )la 'a6Jn 'ls!su! 'uDow 'qos 'apl 'lnoqs
:no^ aAPH ,aJlrul :q)aadsllal!p raUpsqlaAqleadsJo Alaup^p asr
upf no^ 'pr^r^arourSutlDr,r\.tno^ aleul ol'sallols lnol
ul 3^!lerpu fupurpropue qlaadslraltp Jo xru e apnllu{
'lPlol ur spro/u alul't
052-002 Pue € sasl}axa
u! appu no^ ueld aq1rrro11o1
'fuo1srnoA;o
lsat aql aluil
'saulltuluado eql a r/! '9SaSeduo dll aql u! 3u!uu!8aq
ro ol ueql PPepue$ar'^suPJo lu!qI'uaql lnoqPsuolF.a
sadA aeiql aql lp l)pq loo'l 'Itols.rno^ ultaq ol ^ oq aplleo aarqllse pufsueld s..raqloqlpa lp lool 'sllpd ul
'spr - eq
lr prpsnoI upqt asloMs,ll urlll slql eleq I s :spuafuols eql ^\oH t
'Eurr\oul - arls
lou sr 8u!ql ls]oMaql t :llnsal e se suaddeq leqi\ g
'sn roj '-
tq8rejlsSurppaqs,]t aq euolg lno lool € :,r puP
oq sasnPl l! ulelqololPq,U
' p u n o r eS u r u u r d's a q sa t e qS u t o pa q s t l p q M Z :pa^lo^ut ISolouqlal Jo uall Z
'alel ool s,lr aloJaq aq laq llsl tsnu no I :(s)rallereqlureyl
'aldurs :uaddeqslua^aaql areqr\/uaq^a:punolSllegI
lsed aql u! qla qfaads alplldordds
ue pup uollenllund llerJor rlllr salualuas asaql a ryrau 'n olaq ssutpH{
aqt rapun salou Su pu Iq fuols lno^ uqd 'lnoqp atufl q
Sulos are no^ z pup I sasDrax) uot, pap! qllq apllao
aZpauaddpqlpql uaq^^l)pal X plnor /\ oH
'g u! u^uou^se ql!^ urqJa^q)aadsqlpaqIpW
V tno^plno^leqM
elespuaUJ/raLPpe]/ppp
Z9gatPd uotuolsaql
^usurrroH'dDr.upEaql ppad
u! aJpsqra^qlaadsluareJJlp Zuollenl!sleql Jolno lat no^ plnoMrr^oH
a
'slrPlaPerour 'rlm
PPv
raqloup qlli I asDraxauro{ seaprlnol ssnlsto
'suelqoid asnel plnol soloqd
aql u! ISolouqlallo sualr eql r'^oqssnls!p'sltpdul '9S a8pd
'Z asl]laxa u!
Ispl turl|l^ aql op ol Sutot ele no^
 Useiif English
Workin pairs.Matchthetwo hatvesof 3 Dothe examtask.
nouns.
thecompound
l scientific a creatures
2 sea b sledge Completethe text with an appropriateword in eachgap.
3 m ar i n e c staflon I n t e ny e a r s ' t i m er,o b o t sw i l l b e u s e di n e v e r y
4 research g cnange h o m e ,a ( c o r d i n g t e c h r o l o g ev x o e r l sa n d
5 ice e research r n a n u f a c t ! r e rAst.t h e C o n s u m eEr l e c t r o n i cSsh o wi n L a s
6 dog f cap Vqgas,al[ )- of domesticrobotswereunveiled.
7 climate g biology r- t h e mw e r er o b o t sw h i c ha r e l i n k e di n t ot h e
h o m e ' sb r o a d b a n sde r v i c ea n dw h i c ha c ta home
2 Dothe examtask.
o r g a n i s e rT s .h e s ea r ec a p a b l e 5 r e s p o n d i ntgo t h e
F a m i l y 'vso i c ec o m m a n d s i n t h e h o u s ea n d a t t h e
6 t i m ec a nb e o p e r a t e db y m o b i l ep h o n e so u t s i d e
f) 2.15 Listento an interviewwith a scientist.For t h e h o u s e I. n t h e f u t u r e r, o b o t s/ - - t h e s ew i l l b e
eachsentence,selectthe correctending:A, B, C or D. r e s p o n s i b Lf oer o p e r a t i ntgh e h o u s e h o l d 'dso r n e s t i c
1 Atthebeginningofthp e r o g r a m m et h, e r a d i o a p p l i a n c e s3,- a s w a s h i n gm a c h i n e sa,l a r mc l o c k s ,
p r e s e n t esra y st h a t heating, L i g h t i n g
m , u s n dT Vs e t s .e
s i cp l a y e r a
A E l a i n ec o m e sf r o ma f a m i l yo f s c i e n t i s t s . e f f e c tt,h e yl v i l la c l a s h o u s e h o l d m a n a g e rasn d w i l l
B A n t a r c t i cias a p p e a l i n tgo s c i e n t i s tbse c a u s e it's e v e nb e a b l et o a c t i v a t es m a l l e cr l e a n i n g a n dv a c u u m i n g
u n t o u c h e bd y c i v i l i s a t i o n . robots.r0 o f t h e s et y p e s t h e m a n a g i n rgo b o t
C it's diFficultto exptoreAntarcticabecauseit's so a n d t h e c l e a n i n gr o b o t w i l l b e a b t et o p r o v i d es e c u r i t y
vast. s u r v e i l l a n cAes. t h e yt r a v e rl o u r d l h e n o u s e a , non-board
D m a n ys c i e n t i Fdi ci s c o v e r l ehsa v et a k e np l a c ei n c a m e r aw i l l s e n dp i c t u r e tso y o u ro f f i c el a p t o p .
A n t a r c t i cian t h e l a s t7 0 y e a r s .
2 A t a y o u n ga g e ,D rG l o v e r
A d r e a m e do f s t u d y i n gi n s e c t sa t u n i v e r s i t y . Speaking
B w a sn e v e ri n t e r e s t eldn s o c i a sl c i e n c e s . workinpairs.
4 EEEEIIffEEII Think iobsthat
ofthree
C collectedsea creaturesbecauseshe lived by the couldbedonebya robotandthreethat couldnot.Discuss
sea. yourideagwiththe class.
t o m a k i n gf r i e n d sw i t h o t h e r
D p a i dl i t t l ea t t e n t i o n
kids. 5 Dothe examtask.
3 D r G l o v esr a y st h a ts c i e n t i s tws o r k i n gi n A n t a r c t i c a
h a v et o l e a r n
A h o wt o u s ea p p r o p r i a tfeo r m so f t r a n s p o r t . Discusshow new kindsof robotsmight affecteveryday
B how to relaxwhen not at work. life in the future.Talkabout:
r nnf t^ eot diqtra.tFrt
. r o b o t si n t h e w o r k p l a c e
D t o t h i n ko f t h e r e s e a r csht a t i o na s t h e i rh o m e .
. r o b o t sa t h o m e
4 W h e na s k e da b o u tt h e f u t u r e D , r G l o v esr a y st h a t
. r o b o t si n l e i s u r ea n d e n t e r t a i n m e n t
A h e rg r o u pn e e d sn e wm a p so f t h e a r e at h e y ' r e
. p o s s i b l ed a n g e r o s f s u p e r - i n t e l l i g er n
o tb o t s
l n t e r e s t eidn .
B t h e i c e i n A n t a r c t i cma a ys o m e t i m eps r o v et o o l h i c k
to driLlfor data.
c m o r ep i c t u r e o s f t h e w h o l ea r e aa r en e e d e df o r
f u r t h e rs t u d i e s .
D t h e s t u d i e sw i l l i n v o l v ec o o p e r a t i owni t h s p e c i a l i s t s
from other fields.

5E Get Readyfor your Eram 5

6t I alselJoraDBurV ' 9llufl
u e a r l - a l rq l l MS u l P P n3de - : l :
D) 6€r lgvd :l'9 Ul0llng AUVInSVIoA @
'no^ dleqol I aslllaxeu!
'slemsuelnol lol suoseaiaAlE01tuI 'aAOl
salualuas aql esn
'alPq ol pasnro alPq (P)no^
ol pasnlo a^ol (q)
sarqlro oMllnoqeieuuPdlnol llal slled u! uoM
'sueaq -
aql Jo arnlxsl qlooulseql | I
-
' s u P a qp a l e q l o J u o r s s e e d | pl) e sv 9
'u3ql - u a ^ al . u p l n o la H I
J ol l s l l s a q ]
'slnoldsslassnl€- 'no^ dlaq ol Z asllJarJ
-
Ilatnlosqpraqlorq/{urpuP- illn^ - laMoullnPl | t aql asn 'soloqdeql ulsPoolaql equlsao f
u!sa^rl)alPP
' M o ua s a a q s e d l l M a lP s l l l o l - a ^ , 1
lo €
.alsel '-s -- n s l q l P e ds r q l I
P U eP l P qs , l l
- - ' - 1r(]]eal s.ll lllseluPj s!leals slql 9
aqt l a ^ a u' l u P s e a l d ul nr i o l l a u i sa q l | z
- -l raqlPlal,,{aql
'alnlxsl aql t,uplnol AllearI I
'slrnlstqlnol Sulleaal,no^uaqMaleld aql la^o ueal 5
puels pulul -s
'/{lsrrql
au aleu r(aq1 illPal alP sdsul asaqf t
paqtPol peq lo3 punoJ palsalaP leaq palope
q atrnbsalsPlreSnslnoqllM sajJolSuorls €
'Ilaql pue ualsrluaql
.Molaqsqra^aql qlltnsalualuasaql alalduo) 5I'Z
O I l ralard ^i]:]lf
1'1eara:1selrea,q
zpuelsl,uplnol
;alr:,::]j:i:TJ i
'uaql
a q s / 3 ql P q l p o o j a q l a ^ o lo l p e s ns l u a r e da s o q M 9
zpa^ol alelsuprluaqf'sa)ualuasasaqlu! sa^llra!peaLllalsldruo) I
^llparaqs/aq PooJaql sur^nqPaddolssluaredasoqA S
IuPul t'^oH
z8u|]eaa]rl l,uprP ZPuUnoI uPl sallsoddolPeulo sellsoddo
qr!q/!l f
a q s / a qS u r q l a u r oqsl t Ml P a pa s l aa u o a u r oP s a d l a qo q M t lnol rol uorlPlouuol a^llPtau e e^eq sa^lrralpe
ia)rll.uplp
ad!lun lussealdun q5nol laPual ^lsel
a q s / a qS u r q l a u r ol es a r a q / u l q a P e u s l u a r e da s o q M €
ssalalsel laaMs /{le8ns Suolls ^.EPols lrlls alels
i a r P l dl a q l o u eu l l r P a u la q s / a q q:tr
Ilrds rnos q)ootls Alorus ^lles ^uunr adtr
u a q Mp o o j u r e u a lP l n o q ep u r L lua q / s l qP a S u e qor q M z
mer ,{reddad SuualPM-qlnoul Pllul I)rnl IsealS
isjrl ul lalPl pool
r l a t e l d u r oolq l I r{ltnt; qsal; ^lP SullsnEslp Alqulnll Aqlun]l
u r e l r a re l n o q PP u r u r . r a q / spr qa 8 u e q A
^dsur AurParr ,ir,raqr puElq -ra11rq[oqTur31r5laq
(atsou)U
'arnlxat
eq!rlsaplPql ssoql puPalsel aqulsePleql
t o ( p t ) t ' ( I u u a [ ) / : l e ! l ! u ! ] l s l l o3r q l a l l l l ' a l ! l l , u o P p u ea ) | ! l
rt"qlpool lnoq" suulel sletPueel aaiql o] ualsl'l 8I'e Q! Z asoql:sdnorSorulolulMolaqsplor aqlePl^|o z
'l!aqlllsaP ol 'suassaPpueseslnol u!eul'slauPls
Pasnsa^llra!Peaql
qslp eueu aql a]!rl D u!
'pup
' l u elnoqe
r n e l sSulllel
alsulS are
u l ^aql
uteld u o rlos lPooJ
a u o l3ql
s n lio
olualsll tolulrlLZaq PPot lDlftr'tuunDrsu
p\o nolt tnoDisanb slql ssnlslo 'e!ed u! I
ll'Z I 9
a r e l d P l o u o l d r ) r s a P. 3 u l l l r f f
- o r d r i l c e ps n t - u i r l 5 r g u l l e a d s
s r a U D u p n bp u Ps e l ) D ) Pr s a r n l l n r l s p a l u e ^ P p: a ^ l s s P dr r e u u B l 9
u o ! l P t u . l opJl o M r
olsel p reileu v s u r o r pP
r o o l r t l o r l u l n uP U Pp o o l r P o o lS u l q l r r s a pr f i e l n q D l o ^
slonl)Nl IlNn slHr
 '1 WA comPletethe secondsentence sothat it
checkyour
& 2.20 Dothe foodquiz.Thenlistenand meansthe sameasthe fiIst. Startwith the wordsin brackets'
answers,
1 Forcenturies itwasthoughtthat mercury wasn't
ooisonous. (Forcenturiesmercury wasn't...)
2 lt is knownthatthe universeis about 13.7 billionyears
old.(Ihe universeis ...)
It is thoughtthat thereare fewerthan 500 Siberiantigers
livingin the witd. (Thereore --.)
In l6thcentury Englandtakinga bath was consideredto
O lt is betieved thaticecreamwas be unheatthy.(tn 16th centuryEnglonditwas...)
'The
invented in a Chinain about650 Chineseare thoughtto haveinventedtea. (/t is )
b ltalvin about1500c theUSAin
a b o u1
t 850.
Passivemodals,gerunds andinfinitives
O Wheatis firstthoughtto have withmodalverbs'
beencultivated in TurkeYin about 1 Wecanusepassive structures
a 1000Bc b 4000Bc c 9000Bc. Thesauceshouldbestirrcdcontinuously.
C) Thepotatois knownto have. 2 Verbsthatarefollowedbyan infinitiveor gerundcan
originated in a NorthAmerica alsobe followedbya passiveinfinitiveor gerund:
b SouthAmerica c Africa. My dodhopesto be promoted. (/tope+ infinitive)
a SaftgnbVanillac cardamom
@ 'is-qtnsidered I hotebeingphotographed.(hote + 'ing)
to be the most
eio-6nsive spicein theworld.
O Unt'{the 19th centuqaa oranges t Readlhe Leon th6.r box. Completethe sentenceswith the
b,apples c bmatoeswerethought correctoassiveform. Usethe verb in brackets.
bymanypeopleto be Poisonous. l l n du p
1 l f y o u c o n t i n u et o b e h a v eb a d l ya t s c h o o l y o u ' e
(O In the 17thcentury itwadthought
- (expel).
thatbathingin a milkb seawater (love)!
2 Everybodywants -
c vinecarwouldcuremostills. (find)
3 The grammar reference forthis lessoncan-
@ thereire knownto be over7'5oo
typesof a appleb banana on pages 124-5.
c strawberrv. 4 Puton this creamto avoid- (bite)by mosquitos'
5 Tablesmust- (book)in advance
6 | hooe- (choose)forthe schoolfootballteam'
Readthe Leatn this! box. Findexamplesof each passive 7 Thesebooksshould- (handle)with care'
structule in the quiz. 8 Canyou imagine- (tell) you'd won the lottery?

Passivewith ktow, beueveetc- 4 Workin pairs. Decideif theverbs betowtake a gelund,

an infinitive or both. Then add them to the correctgroup'
.,?-. - l j r qi ? r' | : ' lnl

velb+ gerundavoid,be usedto, can'tface'don'tmind,end

want,r-,
hope,refuse,
verb+ infinitivearrange,
: Therearethoughttobe obout5,2OOvorietiesof potato'
or past)+ to doJtohove
(present
i 3 subfect+ passive
prefer,5-
verb+ gerundor infinitivecontinue,
donesomething
until obout 1850, bleeding was believed to cure fevers'
Workin pairs.Makeas manydifferentsentences
lf we are expressinga presentbeliefabouta past 6 followedby passive
asyoucanusingverbsfron exercise
event,we usethe presentsimptepassivefollowedby a
gerundor passiveinfinitiveformsofverbsbelow.
Derfectinfinitive (to hove done something):
TheMayonsin CentralAmerico are thoughtto hove t i t e a t t : a i l a ] : : , t a t a . ': - g ve ignore invlte
'tn.4cljte
used tobacco- ir:et. ...2 l- at photograph rob
".:-:.
ieaie i{taa,

the examptes passive

in the quizusingalternative Most people can'l sland b?ing ignorcd
Change
structuresfromthe leam this! hox. W al'.;.:'. IERa '1:PAGE
124 'i€l
I lLe rl,zm is believcdlo havebecn

60 I U n i t 6. A m a t t e r ot af s t e
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 6 Workin pairs.Answer thequestions, giving
Workin pairs.Lookatthe photosofthe three
Discuss
, coffeeandCoca-Cola. thesequestions reasonswhereaPProPliate.
andmakenotes. 1 Whichofthethreedrinksdo youlikemost/least? Put
themin order,andexplain yourreasons to yourpartner'
1 Wheredid eachdrinkoriginate?
t n dc o m p a r e
N o wp u tt h e mi n o r d e or f u n h e a l t h i ef isrts a
2 Whatfactsdo vouknowaboutthethreedrinks?
t h e ma g a i n .
6) 2,23 Qui.ktyt.ad the threetexts.wereyourightabout 2 w h a td o y o ul i k et o d r i n ka, n dw h e n ?
wherethe dlinkscami from?Wereanyofyourideasfrom Whatis thehealthiest drinkyouhave?
exercise1 in the texts?lfso, telt the ctass. )s thereanydrinkyouthinkyouhavetoo muchof?
3 f o w m u i hw a t e sr h o u l dw ed r i n ka n dw h y ?
Readthe textsandchoosethe correctstatement. '
D o y o ud r i n k e n o u g h w a t e r ?
1 Allthreedrinksbecamepopularpartlyasan alternative 4 l f t h e r ew e r eo n ed r i n k y o cuo u t db a ni n t h ew o r l d ,
to alcohol. whatwouldit be?WhY?
2 Allthreed r i n k sb e c a mpeo p u l a r t h r o ucglhe v e r
advertising.
3 Allthreedrinksbecamepop.ular because of royal
connections.

task,readthewholetextonce
Wittf; multiple-matching
andthenreadthe questionsMatchanyquestions that
areimmedi4tely andunderline
obvibLrs, the relevant
readeachsectionofthe
Dartsofthetext.Thencarefully
textagainandlookforthd to the remaining
answers
questions.

4 Readthe Examtip. Forquestions1-9, choosethe conect

drink,
coffee Coca-Colatea
Whichdrink:
1 doesn'thavea legendattached to it?
2 wasn't popular
immediately in Britain?
of specialplaceswhereit was
3 ledto the establishment
drunk?
4 wasusedbya government asa meansof raisingmon€y?
5 wasn't by
endorsed someone highup in society?
5 is the secondmostpopulardrinkin theworld?
7 wasat firstunpopularwithreligious authorities?
I is theworld's
second most important commodity?
9 became popular
followinga big campaign?
advertising

write nounsformedfromtheseverbs'The
nounsareall in the texts.
1 discover 5 Prohibit 9 operate
2 know 6 consume 10 argue
3 approve 7 succeed 11 endorse
4 converse 8 advertise 12 invent
6'3: PAGE139 @
BUILDER
[tD) voCABUtARY

62 | unit6' Amatteroftaste
€ 9 I a l s e l J o r a l l e u V- 9 l l u n
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's^epeMoN
sl3npo]d pasluSosarlsoulaqllo auosreloleloC
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]o
'^llo('punole elnllldSuqlr6a
urpassatpuPrxpaplPeq-allq^ lo
aqlpue'llnpoldaql llasot pasnse'l/\ lsqqelut:
seu4suLlS
'tate/v\laue'!ullP PaLUnsuol
'188[
A prMlsotll puolss s,pllo/{3q} pue uro4elnullol aq]Iq8noq ralpueO esvueussaulsnq q
'aper plloMut^llpoululol]uefooullue '^ePol suel ar::
'Illnj8t'€a:
aurosaqol eal podl3qsequorlua^ul slr.ll Seqeelaql - uoque^ur uoaaslltlsue3aMleqlSuuelalleultllostqsl l pue
EJrrauv/{lnlualql6I alol/vlosleuosulqou l!\ 'lnuelo3ll3rl-aulaj+el aql sellaf,;
lsalelslr ol puoa aql]o lsal aq] palnpo4ur '906I 3
aurelo3 ll lllun'asnesaq aurP-
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 thePhotobelow.
Describe
Weusefew/litllein steadof a fewlo littleto emphasise the
to comptete
thecolrectarticles
Choose
I €l Z.Z+ s m a l l n e sosf t h en u m b eor r q u a n t i t yC. o m p a r e :
Then
thetext. and
[isten check. Therearco fewgoodrestourcnts in town Let'seotout
fhereorefewgood restourontsin town' Let'seat ot nome'

Readthe tetn fh,s! andloak out! boxes'

Thenchoose thecorrect wordsto complete thesentences'
1 S h e i v a s shou n g r y t h a t s haet e e a c h/ w h o t e/ m o s t o f
. the cakewithina few/ a little/ someminutes'
2 'There's no / any/ noneuse-bydateon thisyoghurt'
'Putit backandchooseother/ another/ anyone'then'
lThe / - Foodis centralto most festivalsin 2the/ - Spain' 3 ltakemyteawitha tittle/ much/ a fewmilk''No'
3a aa
But it isn't alwaysfor eating!once / the yearin / the 4 'AreVouboth/ each/ eithergoingto town?' both/
smalltown of La Pobladel Duc,about 100 kilometresfrom either/ neitherof us is.'
Valencia,up to 90 tonnesof grapesare broughtin by lorry 5 Hefinishedoff atl / each/ wholeof the chipshimself!
6the
from 5the/ - surroundingcountrysideand dumpedin Therewereany/ no / noneleftfor me!
next is 7a /
/ - cornerof the marketsquare.Whathappens . . . : . : t ' . -:.,:::.." . ' t ; : , : , ' : ' : . :
the massivefood'fightas the inhabitantsofthe town hurl ":17-i.
grapdsat eachother.sA / The fight,which marksthe end of Numbertheexpressions of quantity from 1-9: 1 = theleast'
the grapeharvestand of summer,can last all day! =
9 the most.
a a fewof/ a littteof ...I f noneof... n
(-)' and g allof ...
ComDletethese ruteswith a/on, fhe or no articte b allof... n nearly tr
matcheachanswer in exercise2 with a lule Check atl the h someof...
c hardlyanyof ... tr tr
rutesin the GIammarBuilder on page 125' i veryfew/ tittleof ... !
d many(o0 I
a We often use - when we mentionsomethingfor the e mostof... n
f i r s tt i m e ,b u t - w h e nw e m e n t i o ni t a g a i n '
Workin pairs'Findout this infomationaboutyour
b W eu s e - w h e nt h e r ei s o n l yo n e o f s o m e t h i n g '
e expressionsfrom exercise6 in your adswers'
c W e u s e- t o r c o l t i n e n t sa n d m o s tc o u n t r i e s
d We u s e- w h e nw e t a l ka b o u ts o m e t h i n g in general' t h o w m a n yo f h i s / h e rf r i e n d sa r eo n F a c e b o o k
to meanper; for each' 2 h o w m a n yo f h i s / h e rf r i e n d st i v ew i t h i na b o u to n e
e We somelimesuse -
general expressions that refer kilometro e f h i m /h e r
f We use with some
3 h o w m a n yo f h i s / h e rc l a s s m a t ehse / s h es e e sa t
t o t n e P h y s i c ael n v i r o n m e n t .
weekends
g We sometimesuse- whenwe referto one ot
4 h o w m u c ho f h i s / h e rm o n e yh e / s h es p e n d so n s n a c k s
s e v e r asl i m i l a tr h i n g so r p e o p l ea n d w e d o n ' tn e e dt o b e
a n dd r i n k s
moredefinite. an
5 h o w m a n yo f h i s / h e rf r i e n d sh e / s h ew o u l dt r u s tw i t h
importantsecret
6 h o w m u c ho f h i s / h e rt i m e i n t h e e v e n i n gi s s p e n tu s l n ga
Lookat the useof articteswith othernounsin the text in computer
exercise2. Howmanyotherrutescanyou identify? 7 h o w m a n yo f h i s / h e rf r i e n d ss h a r et h e s a m et a s t ei n
'br
lorn'- Ne don'tusoan arlic\DNiih'b1'rhon uo am mu S t c
talfinq aboutmean$o\ icansPorl.
r H o wm a n yo f y o u rf r i e n d sa r eo n F a c e b o o k ?
Quantifiers
Examolesof quantifiersare:all, both, mony,eoch'every'
severol,some, few, no, o lot, a liftle, etc
Most ouantifierscan be followedby o/:
Most of the peachesIre ripe. A tew of them ore unripe'
However.no and everycannotbe foltowedby of;
instead,we sav not e of and everyone ofl
I've rung all my friendsbut none ofthem ore ot home'

64 Unit6 A mattelof taste

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-
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 in
Woutdyoutiketo eatin eitherof the testaurants
the ohotos?Givereasons.
, Readthe modettext below.Putthesethingsin the orderthat
Readthe ExamtiP'Thentookat the taskbetowandunderline whichthingis notdescribed?
theyaredescribed.
the vetbs.

It'sveryimportant to readtheexamquestlon very

or three times so that you fullyunderstand Whichof theseptanshasthewriterfollowed?Discuss the
carefullytwo
thetask.lt's a goodideato underline theverbs meritsof altfourplans.Oheyarealt acceptable')
that tellyouwhat you have to do' describe
e.g. 0 thingsasyouwoutdencounter them
1 Shedescribed
teacher.recommend o film, present advontoges ond if youvisitedthe restaurantfor a meal (location' first
disodvantages, iustifyyour opinion, etc' impressions, decor, etc.).
Shedescribed whatsheparticularly likedabout
Describe which,because
a restaurant of its location' by any minor complaints or
as therestaurant followed
atmosphere and valuefor money,youwoutdrecommend
reservations.
place
an ideal forteenagersto meetand eat' of the restaurant' one
Shedescribed aspects
different
aftertheother,with thg most imPortant first'
Whatarethe keyelementsthatmustbe includedin the one
Shedescribed aspectsof the restaurant'
different
2?Hint:lookat thenounsin the
in exelcise
descliDtion
aftertheother, withthe most important last'
instructions.

.A AAl. I'A 1 . Al' j'A l' /' l' )'t' I' I ' A / , ' A l - / ' ) ^ l. A / '
).t.t'l
of a rcetaurant-bYgeakY
lt
'fhere'| 6ut what l foundmost aPryalingi5 the waythey servethe food
a newPlaaeln town tryinq a 6lilhtly different zPProach styled llkean
isnl orderedfron the waitere;you7et lt yourcelfllt'e
ti food,and thatb the lzte1t restaunnt in ForeStreat'
for both the town centreand tke university upma*et cafetqia. Thecoldsection ha7a wae varietyof delicioug
aonvenienusltua offars
salads,freshlymadeandquicklyrepleniahedThemiddlesection
TheOreatthinq ie that itb veryrcasonablecomParcdwith other geveal one or two 5?icy
a wrieA gelectbn of hot ai1he1: meat ai5he1,
restaurants in town f'hat aervesimilarfood Youcan^elt two courses have a mouth-watennq
fiehdiahes,and ve4etarianoPttons FinaM thay
anda k for underE2O WhenI wentin I w25immaAiat€lyetruck by
selectionof cakesanddeseerts' whichare to aie fot! fhe eticky toffee
the ot itb mo em, with lots of wood,TlassaniC6teel' and it feels
pudainTwaoout of this woda,and the pear tart hada wnderful
crumblypa5fiy madeMth almonds'whichwastruly ^mazin^!
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 Uni?6
U n i t5
foodwhichmeanthe opposite
for describing
5 Writeadiectives
1 ComDtete the sentences with suitableverbsin the pasttense'
of:
t u yt h eC D- | d -
1 | d i d n 'b t h et r a c k lsw a n t e df r o m
1 mouth-watering 4 tasteless
iTunes. 2 tender 5 sweet
I l- on to myaccount thismorning, buttherewere
3 iuicY
no newmessages. Mark:- /5
Morethana thousand peoplep- comments on our
video. 6 tompletethesecondsentence to meanthe sameasthe first'
Wes- thefilmfroma website to theTVso everyone - tlsethe passiveforms.
couldwatchit. magnetlsm'
1 l t i s k n o w nt h a ts o m ea n i m a lsse n s e
Theyu.- all theirholidayPhotosto a website' magnetism'
someanimals-
Mark:- /5 fromdinosaurs'
2 lt is believed that birds evolved
Bilds- fromdinosaurs'
Complete the sentences with.thecorrectPassive folm ofthe
3 lt wasthoughtthattomatoes werepoisonous'
verbsbelow. _-
Tomatoes PoiSonous'
b u i l d d a m a g er e P a i r s t e a l t e l lo f f In our
4 lt is knownthatthereale manyothersolarsystems
1 Yestefuay, -
the children forbeing[ate' galaxY.
.- over the nextthreeyears' There- manyothersolarsystems in ourgalaxy'
2 Thenewstadium
3 Ohno!lthink mYPassword - ' 5 lt wasbelieved thatsnakeoil curedvariousdiseases'
4 I haven'tgotmyphone;it -- at the moment' Snakeoil- variousdiseases'
5 Wesawhousesthat bytheearthquake' Mark:- /5
Ma*: - /5
7 Choosethe bestoptions(a-c)to completethetext'
'Arriba!'catlsitselfa Mexican
restaurant' '-
in the Passive.
Rewritethe sentences Although
to theweddingsoon' 1- areAmerican vari4tions
1 Theywillsendus invitations its dishesareauthentic;
nearly3-the food
2 Theydidn'tteachui Latinat school' on Mexican food'Havingsaidthat,
3 Theymayhavestolenmycreditcard' was fast'but that
wetriedwastastyandfreshTheservice
t-
4 Theyhadwarnedmeaboutthedangers' wasa surprise:wearrivedearlyandhad
5 Theycan'tofferhimtheiob because he'stooyoung'
to ourselves!
restaurant
Mark:- /5
l a many bl9* c veryfewof
2 a much b m6st c manyof
Comptete the dialoguewiththe lvordsbelow' b mostof c all
3 a muchof
i m a g i n el i k e l y s a y s e e m t h o u g h 4 a none bno c a tittle
5 a thewhote b all of c alL
Boy Doyoufancygoingto thishotidaycamp? Mark:- /5
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theageIange?
g tt h e m ,I ' d
e o y t t ' sf 6 - f e . a u tl o o k i n a mostof
8 Write the missingwords to completethe comments'
thesekidsareunder14. ltalian
3- it's aimedat older
'Tomv 1- , Frenchfood is moreinterestingthan
Girl Thisothercamplooksas '1- , ltalianfood is verytasty'-
food.At the same
kids.
a- they'vegota
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Boy Let'scheckonline.I should 4-
ethnicfood. But again'they lovetheir fish and
website.
Girl More thannot,we canfindotherstoo' chiDsl'
.-Mark:- /5 'l'm ofthe'- that Scandinavian food is ratherbland"
Ma*: - /5

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a n ds o d i u mO . n l yI g o t o t h e l o c a lm a r k e t tso b u yf r e s h ,
fillln.lFlt!ftnf#m In pairs,write a definitionof onore{io'
l o c a lp r o d u c ei n p a p e rb a g s ,a n d o r g a n i cw h e r e v e r
Thencompare yourideaswiththe class.
p o s s i b l eA. n d o n l yI s u f f e fr r o me x t r e m eg u i l ti f I s o m u c h
2 Dothe examtask. a s c o n s u m ea s i n g l eg r a mo f c h o c o l a t el t.' s n o w o n d e r
t h a tt h e yd o n ' ti n v i t em e o u t s o m u c ha n ym o r e .T h e y
f i n d i t r e a i l ys t r e s s f u bL u, t l c a n ' t h e t pi t . '

Readthe text and answerthe questions. 1 W h a ti s t h e d i f f e r e n cbee t w e e na n o r e x i a n d

E a t i n gd i s o r d e ras r es o c o m m o ni n m a n yd e v e l o p e d orthcirexia?
countriesthat two out of everyhundredteenagers ? A c c o r d i ntgo D r B r a t m a nh, o w d o e sr a d i c a l lcyh a n g i n g
w l l l b e s t r u g g l i nw g i t ho n e o f t h e mi n a n yg r v e ny e a r ' y o u rd i e l a l t e ry o ur o p l n i o no f o t h e rp e o p l e ?
A n o r e x ia n d b u t i m i aa r et h e m o s tr e c o g n i s eddi s o r d e r s ' 3 How canyou tell the differencebetweenorthorexia
H o w e v e tr h, e r e i s a n e w e rd i s o r d ew r h i c hi s b e c o m i n g a n d a n o r m a dl e s i r et o h a v ea h e a l t h yd i e t ?
nore common - o r t h o r e x i a . 0 r t h o ren x lear v o s al 5 a n 4 W h a tw a sS i m o nW h e e l e r 'fsi r s ts t e po n t h e r o a dt o
unhealthy o b s e s s i o wn i t h h e a l t h e
y a t i n gU . n l i k ei t s orthorexia?
relation, a n o r e x i a s ,u f f e r e ra s r e p r i m a r i l c
y oncerned 5 I n w h a tw a yh a sS i m o nW h e e l e r 'sso c i a l i f es u f f e r e d
with q u a L i t y
r ,
a t h e r
t h a n q u a n l i t y l t ' s n o t a b o u tf e e l i n g a s a r e s u t ot f h i s o r t h o r e x i a ?
t h i n ,b u t a b o u tf e e l i n g ' p u r e a ' n d h e a t t h y H. e a l t h ye a t i n g
is, o f c o u r s es, e e n a s a g o o d t h i n g ,b u t w h e nt a k e nt o
extremes, m a l n u t r i t i o ns e
, v e r ew e i g h l
t o s sa n de v e n Speaking
o c c u a
r s a r e s u l t .
d e a t hc a n
3 fa:fnfilll6G|imm Workin pairs.Thinkoftwokindsof
D rS t e v e nB r a t m a nI M Dc o i n e dt h e p h r a s ef r o mt h e foodwhichinctudea tot of:
G r e e k ' o r t h om' e a n i n g ' a c c u r a taen' d o r e x i sw, h i c h
' a p p e t i t e 'H. e f e e l st h a t t h e m e d i c apl r o f e s s i o n a fat d vitamins
means
b salt e fibre
r e m a i n sl a r g e l yu n a w a r e o f t h i sv e r ym o d e r nc o n d i t i o n '
c sugar f protein
H e h i m s e l fr e a [ l s e tdh a t h e w a sa s u f f e r ear f t e ra y e a r
o f h i s o w n e x t r e m ed i e t i n gH . e b e g a nt o v i e wo t h e r
4 Dothe examtask.
p e o p l ea s g r e e d ya n d a n i m a t i s t i ce,a t i n gs u g a r l a d e n ,
fatty foodswith no restraintor regardfor their health'
' B e c a u s iet r e q u i r e cs o n s i d e r a bw l ei l l p o w e r t o
H es a y s ,
Describethe photo and answerthe questions.
a d o p ta d i e tt h a t d i f f e r sr a d i c a l lfyr o mt h e f o o d h a b i t so f
c h i l d h o o da n dt h e s u r r o u n d i ncgu l t u r ef,e w a c c o m p l i s h
the changegracefulLy. Most rnustresortto an iron self-
discipline b o l s t e r eb d y a h e f t yd o s eo f s u p e r i o r i toyv e r
t h o s €w h o e a ti u nk f o o d . ' T w o f t h e q u e s t i o n as s k e do n
' D o e sy o u rd i e ts o c i a l l iys o l a t ey o u ? a ' nd
h i s w e b s i t ea r e :
' D oy o uc a r em o r ea b o u tt h e v i r t u eo f w h a ty o u e a tt h a n
the pleasureyou receivefrom eatingit?' lf the answerto
b o t ho f t h e s ei s y e s ,t h e n D r B r a t m a nf e e l sy o u m a yh a v e
a problem.
S i m o nW h e e l e ra, s e t f - c o n f e s s m e di l do r t h o r e x i c ,
t a L k sa b o u tw h a ti t i s l i k et o h a v et h i s p a r t i c u l af ro r mo f
'l
i l l n e s sH. e s a y s , s t a r t e do u t s m a l l ,a n dt h e ng o t m o r e
a n d m o r ec a r r i e da w a y F i r s lt g a v eu p c a f f e i n ew, h e nI
r e a dt h a lt h e p l a n tw o r l du s e si t a s a n i n s e c t i c i d e T h e nI
g a v eu p d a i r yp r o d u c t sA. f t e rt h a t I s t o p p e de a t i n gs u g a r '
A n d s o o n . E x a g g e r a t i tounr n i n gi n t oo b s e s s i o nt h, i s i s
what you needto look out for.' And how has it affected 1 H o wh e a l t h yd o y o u t h i n ky o u rd i e t i s ?G i v ee x a m p l e s '
' W e l l ,n o n eo f m y f r i e n d sp l a na L l t h e im r eals 2 H o wc o u l dt e e n a g e rbse e n c o u r a g et do e a th e a l t h i e r
h i sl i f e ?
i n a d v a n c ea, n d k e e pa f o o dd i a r yw i t ht h e c a l o r i f i c foods?
W h yd o y o u t h i n kt e e n a g e g i r l sa r e p a r t i c u l a r al yt r i s k
b r e a k d o wonf e a c hm e a iI n i l N o n e o tf h e m l o o k a t t h e
i n g r e d i e n tosf e v e r ys i n g l ep a c k e itn t h e s u p e r m a r k e t , f r o me a t i n gd i s o r c e r s ?

70 GetReadyfor YourExantti
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the repoftedspeech.ldentifythetensechangein Reada reportofa conversati{rn. matdreachquestionwith a
eachexampte(ifthereis one). sentence in the reDort.
'Mybrother'sa newscorrespondent.' lake asked mewhetherI hadboughta newspaper thatday.
Shetold methatherbrother a newscorresoondent. I saidI had.Thenhe askedmewhichoneI'd bought.I told
--, himI'd boughtTheDoilyMoil-Heaskedmeif he could
PrcscnlsimPl? PastsimPle
'Heworksfora newspaper in ourhometown.' borrowit. ltold himhe could.Heaskedmewhenlwantedit
S h es a y st h a th e : f o r a n e w s p a p e rtihne i r h o m e b a c kl.s a i dI d i d n ' t .
town. 1 'Whendo youwantit back?"|don't.'
'He'sgoingto Afghanistan tomorrow to reporton thervar.' 2,-:whictFone did youbuyl''fhe DoilyMoil.'
3 'Can lborrowit?''Yes,voucan.'
Shesaidhe- to Afghanistan the nextdayto report- '4
"Have
youboughta newspaper today?''Yes,I have.'
on Inewar.
'He'dbettercallmenextweek.'
Answerthe questionsaboutreportedquestions.
Shesaidthathe- callhernextweek. 1 Arethetensechanges the sameas in reported
'He'llbethereforthreemonths.'
statements?
She'stoldmethathe- thereforthreemonths. 2 lsthewordorderin reDorted ouestions fromthe
different
wordorderin directouestions?
2 Readthe learn this! boxbelowandfind examDles
in exercise
3 Whichworddo weaddwhenwe reportyes/noquestion?
1 ofthe two rules. (twoanswers)
4 Whatarethe rulesforreportingshortanswers?
Wedon'tchange thetqnsewhen: E Reportthe conversationusingpastsimplereportingverbs.
1 ',thereporiing
verbis presentor presentperfect. ?ai if shehadsronhis M?? plajar.?at 6aid6h?
9cn as\tad
2 we arereportinga past,perfectverb,would,could, hadnt.
shouldot hod befter.
Ben HaveyouseenmyMP3player?
I I D G R A M M AERU | L D I 7 1 2 6( K
R. 1 :P A G E
Pat No,I haven't.Whyareyouaskingme?
3 Studythe examples
in exercise
1. Whathappensto Ben Didyouuseit yesterday?
(a)personalandpossessive
pronouns?(b)timeexpressions? Pat Yes,I did,but I put it backin yourroom. .J
Ben Well,it isn'tthereanymore.
,.e*#. i:t:7i Pat Haveyoulookedproperly?
Reportedspeechwith soy andfell Ben Yes!Willyouhelpme lookfor it?
1 lf we mentionwhois spokento, we usuallyusetell.We Pat I can'trightnow.I'vegotto go out.
don'tuseto beforethe Derson
sDoken to. Ben Whereareyougoing?
2 Weusetellwiththe innnitiveto reDortinstructions. Pat Whydo youwantto khew?
3 Aftersoy,we don'thaveto mentionwhois spokento. Ben I'mjustcurious.ls it a secret?
4 Aftersdy,if we do mentionwhois spokento, we put to Pat No,it isn'ta secret.Butl'd rathernottellyou.
beforethe Derson.
tt f]F !G':IVn'4\lYlComplete the secondsentence sothat it has
Readthe look out! box.Makeup a simpleexampleto
a similarmeaningto the firstsentence. Usethe wordsgiven.
illustrateeachpoint.
1 a ' C a n I b o r r o w y o u r s c a r f ? ' R o b am s ke e.( idf )
Change the directspeechto repoftedspeech.Usethe b Robaskedme
flhe peopleare/werespeakingto
reportingverbin brackets. 2 a 'l'll phoneyoutonight,'Annsaidto Fred.(thatnight)
you.)
b A n nt o l d- .
1 Linda:'lhaven'tseenthe news.'(says) 3 a 'HasSueeverbeenskiing?'Jo askedme.(whether)
2 Kate:'l'llbuya tabloidtomorrow.' (told) b J oa s k e dm e- skiing.
'l (said) '
3 lo: hadnevervisiteda newswebsitebefore.' 4 a 'Haveyouhadlunchyet?'DanaskedWill.(had)
4 Ed:'You'dbetterlooksmartforyourinterview.' (told)
b D a na s k e dW i l l - vet.
5 Naomi:'l'm goingto buya broadsheet.' (says)
'l'll be flyingto Paristhistimetomorrow.' (told) 5 a ' l w a n t t ok n o w w h a t y o u d ' roei n g , ' D i t o lEdd .( a s k e d )
6 Marcus:
b Di wasdoing.
.:.\

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 Lookat the pictures.Ask and answerthe
questions.
? 0 wd o y o ut h i n kt h e
1 W h a ti s h a p p e n i n ign t h e p a i n t l n g H
g i r l sa r ef e e l i n g ?
2 W h a ta r et h e p e o p l ed o i n gi n t h e p h o t o ?

O 2.31 Readthe text.Whichsentence(a-d) best

s u m m a r i s et hs e m a i ni d e a ?
a A p o s t m a n 'jso b h a sc h a n g e d g r e a t l yo v e rt h e p a s t2 0 0
years.
b T h ep o s t a l s e r v i cwea s r e v o l u t i o n i s ei ndt h e m i d -
n i n e t e e n t che n t u r ya n d h a sb r o u g h m t a n yb e n e f i t st o t h e
average B r i t i s hc i t i z e n .
c R o l a n dH i l tp e r s u a d etdh e G o v e r n m e n t ot a l l o wh i r nt o
c h a n g et h e R o y a l M a i l .
d T h ea v e r a g w e o r k i n gp e r s o ni n B r i t a i nc o u l dn o l o n g e r
a l f o r dt o p a yt o r e c e j v e a l e t t e rs o s t a m p sw e r ei n v e n t e d .

W i t h i n s t a n tm e s s a g i n ag n d s o c i a l n e t w o r k i n g se , nding
a r n e s s a g be y p o s tm a y n o t b e s o m e l h i n gt h a t y o u w o u l d
a u t o m a t i c a l tl yh i n k o f . H o w e v e ru, n t i l v e r yr e c e n t l tyh e
p o s tw a s t h e m ai n m e a n so f c o m r n u n i c a t i oann d m a n y
p e o p l et o d a ys t i l l l o o kf o r w a r dt o t h e p o s t m a n ' sa r r i v a l
e v e r ym or nI n g .
B y c o n t r a s ti,n t h e 1 8 0 0 st h e k n o c ko f t h e p o s t m a n
w a s s o m e t h i n gt o d r e a d .A t t h a t t i m e ,t h e p e r s o n
r e c e i v i na g [ e t t e rh a d t o p a y[ o r i t . T h ec o s tw a s
d e p e n d e nut p o nl h e d i s t a n c et h e l e t t e rh a d t r a v e t l e d
a n d t h e n u m b e ro f p a g e si t c o n s i s t e d o f . M o s to r d i n a r y
p e o p l ec o u l d n ' ta f f o r dt o r e c e i v ea l e t l e r .5 o h o w h a d t h i s
s i t u a t i o nc o me a b o u t ?
I n 1 5 1 6 K i n gH e n r yV l l l s e t u p t h e R o y aM l a i lf o r r o y a l
c o m m u n i c a t i o nasn d r e a s o n so f n a t i o n asl e c u r i t yF. r o m
t h e r ea d e m a n da r o s e[ o r a p u b l i cp o s t a ls e r v i c ed u e t o
a n i n c r e a s ei n l i t e r a c ya m o n g s t h e g e n e r a l p o p u l a t i o n
a n d f o r b u s i n e s sr e q u i r e m e n t sB.y t h e m i d - n i n e t e e n t h
c e n t u r yt h e B r i t i s hh a d t o p u t u p w i t h a v e r yc o m p l e x ,
expensive p o s t a ls e r v i c e -
R o l a n dHi l l , a y o u n ge n t h u s i a s t iVci c t o r i a nm a n ,
w a n t e dt o r e f o r mi t . H i s i n t e n t i o nw a s t o m a k ep o s t a g e
a c c e s s i b lteo a l l c i t i z e n sb y i n t r o d u c i n mg u c hc h e a p e r

V\ ir'i; ar-\it:!: --:--.'-

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 Readthe sentences.Thencompletethe tearn fh,s! boxwith
who doesthe potitician
f) 2.32 t-istento the interview.
Whatspecificmeasures the baseformofthe reportingverbsin bltre.
blameforthe stateofthe economy?
doesshepromiseto calryout? 1 Freddie demriedhittingthe policeofficer.
2 Martha insl on goingoutwithouta coat.
O 2.32 comptetewhatthe ministelsaidin herinterview. 3 Theminister to givean interview.
Usethe reportingverbsbetow.Listenagainandcheck. 4 Mvteacher thatI shoutdstudylawat
:::I.iritr ::i, J::1'!f: , . ' . t :\ ' r . , ) ,."1\'..'a?a '1.\''.a'-:: university.
5 Jonty iinrded meto postthe letter.
1 T h em i n i s t e r - t h a t t h e e c o n o m yh a d n o t b e e n 6 Dad@n meon passing mydrivingtest.
performingwell. Sheiim thatheweara tie.
she- thatit wastheGovernment's fault.
3 She- the interviewer thatthe previous government otherreporting structures
leftthe nation'5 finances in a mess. Wecanuseotherstructures whenwe reportoffers,
S h e- t h a ti n c r e a s i npgu b l i cs p e n d i nwgo u l db e p r o m i s erse, q u e s tcso, m m a n dssu, g g e s t i o ne st c, .
verydangerous. 1 v e r b + i n f i n i t i v e w i t hf o
She- thatthe Government wasgoingt0 cuttaxes agree,offer,promise, , threoten
andcreate jobs. verb+ obiect+ infinitivewith to
odvise,osk,beg,encourage, forbid,instruct,invite,
Repo_4!!gverbs order, , tell, warn
Wg'canuseotherverbsinsteadof sayandtellwhen verb+ gerund
e.g.exploin,
we reportstatements, deny,insist'agree' admit, , tecommend, suggest
petsuode, convince;Yepeot,beg, ossure,etc verb+ preposition + gerund
;l stole o 1l/,' he said. 'l also stole o DVDplayer" opologisefor, boostof, confessto,
He odmittedthot he hod \tolen o TV He added thot he verb+ obiect+ preposition + gerund
hod also stolen o DVDploYet. accusesb of, , wamsb ogainst
He convincedme thot he wos telling the truth vetb+ thst + shouldctause/ verb+ thof+
subiunctive ctause
using demond,propose,recommend, request,
Readthe Leoztth,s! box.Thenreportthesentences
oneofthe verbsin brackets. MoIe than one is
answer
possible.
1"4:FAGI1:: {Kl
B!1|DER
D} GRAIIMAR
1 Mattsaidto Sue,'The filmstartsin ten minutes.'
(remind/admit/warn) 6 Comptete the sentenceswith a prePosition and
if necessary
2 Jessica said,'l'vealready donemyhomework.' (point
the correctformofthe verbsbelow.
out/announce/warn) ';'.e\ rt'ti
I hadn'tsleptwelt.' i'-lt i?::! .;,. 1'o.','..1- a:14 ti::'!; stt
3 Rosssaid,'lwastiredbecause
(promise / exptain/ assure) Myparentsthreatened - mefortheweekend if I
'l if therehadn'tbeenice
4 Jimsaid, wouldn'thavecrashed didn'tkeepmy bedroom tidY.
on the road.'(argue / explain/ persuade) 2 Ourteacherwarnedus- essays fromthe Internet.
5 Mandvsaid,'sallylostmygloves!'(deny/ complain / 3 lMydadforbademe- aftermidnight.
announce) 4 Timinsisted- melunch,eventhoughltriedt0 pay.
'You'rewearingmyscarf!'(ctaim/
6 Bethsaidto Emma, thatl- hermylD.
5 Thepoliceofficerrequested
insist/ assure)
6 Sallyorderedherdog
O 2.33 Listenandmatchthe speakers (1-6) withthe 7 I recommen -d t o s e et h en e wJ o h n nDy e p pf i l m .
reportedspeech(a-0. 8 Jo apologised- hertemPer.
a 5headmittedthatshe'dstayedoutlate.
Workin pairs.Usingreportedspeech,telt each
b Shebegged herparentsto altowhertostayout late.
outlate. otheraboutsomething:
c Sheassured herparentsthatshewouldn't.stay
d 5heinsistedthatshewasstayingoutlate. 1 thatyourparentsaskYoudo.
e Sherepeated thatshewouldbe stayingout late. 2 thatyourparentsforbidyouto do.
3 thatvouwereaccused of doing.
f 5hedeniedthatshe'dgothomelate.
4 thatvoupromised to do.
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 Workin Dairs. Askandanswer,
7 Doyouenjoygoingto the cinema? Why?/Why not?
C) | recenttysawthe comedyEruceAlmighty.Made
2 W h e nw a st h e[ a s t i m ey o uw e n t o t h ec i n e m aW
? hat in 2003,it wasdirectedbyTomShadyac andstars
d i dy o us e e ?
JimCarrey, oneof myfavouriteactors.However,
Thinkof yourfavourite film. it receivedmixedreviewsfromthe critics,and mv
. Whatkindof filmis it?
friendsweren'timpressed by it, so I wasn'tsureif I'd
. Whostarsin it?
enioyit. Despite myinitialdoubts,however, I haveto
. Whydo youlikeit?
- sayI waspleasantly surprised.
Whatkindsof information
wouldyouexpectto findin a film O TheproAgonist is BruceNolan,a TVreporter who
review? - 'coverslocalinterest stories.Myfriendsnaintainthat
Carrey givesan unconvincing performance in the
ReadtheExam tip andquestions betow.ldentifythe Ieadingrole,but I couldn'tdisagree more.Hecomes
particularangleor pointof viewthatyouneedto adoptin acrossto measverywelfrounded andextremely
eachquestion. funny.Theothermaincharacter is God,ptayedby
MorganFreeman. Freeman is a fineactorandthe
perfectcomplement to Carrey.
In the examyou will not be askedsimplyto write a @ Thestoryis setin a TVstationandbeginswhen
straightforward reviewof a film, book, magazine,etc. Brucecomplains to GodthatHeis makinghislife
that you tikedor disliked.Youwill haveto approachthe miserable. In response, GodgivesBruceall His
task fromthe particularangleor point ofview specified powersfora weekandtellshimto do a betteriob!
in the task. Therearesomehilarious moments andverywitty
1 Writea reviewofa film that got ravereviewsbutwhich lines.Somecriticswereofthe oDinion thatthe
you wered isappointedbi/. storywasfar-fetched andsilly,butI thinktheyare
2 W r i t ea r e v i e wo f a f i l m t h a t y o ud i d n ' t t h i n k y o u missing the point.Bybecoming God,Nolanlearns
w o u l dl i k e ,b u t w h i c hy o u r e a l l ye n j o y e d . the importance of helpingotherpeople. That'sthe
3 Writea reviewofa fitm thatyou reallyliked butwhich seriousmessage of thisentertaining comedy.
your friendsdidn't enioy. @ Tosum up,BruceAlmightyisn'tjust a light-hearted
comedy; it's atsothought-provoking. Andin spiteof
theviewsof myfriendsandthe critics,lthoroughli/
Readthe introduction
to thefilm review.Whichofthe
enioyed the filmandwouldrecommend anyone to
questionsin exercise
3 is it answering?
seeit.
Readthe wholereview.
U n d e r l i np
eh r a s e a
s n d s e n t e n c eisn t h e r e v i e ww h e r et h e
writer reportsother people'sopinionsof the fitm.
Findwherethe writercontraststheseoDinionswith his./
her own views.

In whichparagraphdoesthewritermainlytatkabout(a)the
(b)the plot?
characters?

Whichtensedoesthe writerusein the reviewto describethe

characters
andwhathappens in thestory?

Findeightof the fotlowingadiectives

in the review.

Thinkof filmsandfilm characters

youknowthatcouldbe
describedusingadlectivesfromexercise
8.

Workin pairs.Tatkaboutthecharacters
andwhat
happensin oneof thefilmsthatyoumentioned 1.
in exercise
Usethepresentsimpte.

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 Listening
1 Em$ilESE[I In pairs,discusswhichof thesetypes
or snowyouwouldliketo se€most,andwhy,

2 Dotheexamtask. fhe HungetGomesis at6 a cleversatireon

today'srealityry showsand an excjting
thrilter.lt is
highlyeffectiveentertainment
and well
'. worth seeingon
Listento descriptions t h e b i gs c r e e n .
.f).3.04 of fiveperformances.
(t-5) withtheappropatesummaty BhavingC with
I::1"':l (A-F).
sentence "lTThere 1lfi, D inctuding
isoneextra sentence
thatisnot 2 Aplaced Bset C located Dput
needed. 3 Aln Btike CTo DAs
4 A confes B tells C c o n f i d e s D o w n su p
Event1 Event3 Event5 5 A having B h a dt o C must D t o h a v et o
Event2 Event4 6 A time B once Cfirst Dutmost
c e t i n l i n et o b e d a z z l e db y a l e g e n d .
6S i n ga l o n ga n d b e p a r to f t h i s a m a z r n sgh o w .
L Y o uw o n ' tg e t a s e c o n d
Speaking
c h a n c ef o r s u c ha t a u g h !
D Act quicklyto see a great performance show fiee o harge.
E S t a n du p f o r t h i su n u s u a l p e r f o r m a n c e
w h e r ea c t o
d o n ' ts p e a k .
F l t ' sl i t e r a t u o
r en s t a g eb u t ,u n l i k e
t h eb o o k i,t , sn e v e r Dothe examtask.
t h es a m et h i n gt w i c e .

Readthetext.Choose the correctanswer(A,B, Cor

D)for eachgapto createa logicaland
grammatically
correcttext.

TI nheea c t it o ni s ,, _ i n a f u t u r eN o r t hA m e r i c a
with
a populationsufferingchronicfood shortages
undera
totalitariangovernment. Theoutlyingdistri;ts ofthe evil
W h a kt i n do f s h o wd oy o ut h i n kt h i sw o m a ni s
a u d i t i o n i nf ogr ?
W o u l dy o ul i k et o a u d i t i ofno ra T Vt a l e nst h o w ?
W h y/ W h yn o t ?
D oy o ue n i o yw a t c h i nTgVt a l e nst h o w s ?
W h yi W h yn o t ?

80 (;et
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 Readthe sentences. Underline whichrefer
the exDressions 4 Complete the secondsentencesothat it has
to ability. a similarmeaningtothe first.Usethe wotdin brackets.
1 lf developing countries don'tcutcarbonemissions, we 1 lowasabletofinda iobwhensheleftschool.(managed
won'tbe ableto prevent climatechange. lo - whensheleftschool.
2 NewYork'sfirstpowerstation,builtin 1882,could 2 Perhaps I canringyouafterwork.(might)
supplyelectricity to only59 customers. I afterwork.
3 Thebiggest windturbinescangenerate enoughelectricity 3 lt annovs methatI can'tdrive.(able)
to Dowermorethan2.000households. ) | dbnl like- drive.
4 we managed the loft.
to cutourfuelbill by insulating , 4 Susanwasableto geta placeat Oxford. (succeeded)
5 I can'thelpyoutakethe bottlesto the bonlebankthii Susan- at Oxford.
evening as I'mgoingout.ButI'll be ableto helpyou 5 lwas ill so lwasn'tableto goto schoot.(couldn't)
tomorrow. l- b e c a u sIew a si l l .
George W.Bushboughtan oil company in Texas,butthey
6 Thehousewasvisiblethroughthetrees.(see.)
couldn'tfindanvoil andit wentbusl.
l- throughthetrees.
7 Aswe approached the factory,we couldsmellthefumes
fromthechimneys. . 1 :P A G 1
I t D G R A M M ABRU I L D E8R E2 8 G
8 TheGovernment isn'tableto cutcarbonemissions.
5 Describethe photo.Whatis the persondoing,andwhy?Then
2 MatcFeachsentencein exercise1 with a rulein the Leorn 6 andcheckyoulideas.
readthe textin exercise
ftris! box.
6 Complete the textwith the correcttenseandformof car,
Presentability coutd,be ableto, monogeor succeed.Sometimes thereis
. Wenormally usqra, to talkaboutabilityin the morethanoneoossibleanswer.
Dresent.
. However, it's alsocolrectto usethe present tense
of beableto, butit's less natural.
Abilityin the past
.' Weonlyusecouldforgeneral abilityin the past.
. Whenwe'retdlkingaboutoneoccasion, we use
a differentexpression, suchas monaged to do o(
succeeded in doing.
. However, we usethe negative couldr'twhetherwe
aretalkingabout general or oneoccasion.
ability
. Weusecouldwithverbsof perception, likesee, foraslong
JasonEdwards hasbbel involved in eco-protests
smell,heor,toste,feel,evenif it's oneoccasion. 1- 'One
remember. of the most memorable was
as he
Ability in the future 'We prevent them from
in 2010,'saysJason. weretryingto
. Wenormalfyusewi be ableto to lalk aboutability
buildinga bypass throughsomeancientwoodland. We
in the future. '?-
. Wecan Jsecanor will be ableto to talk about digtunnelsunderthe routeof the roadandwe hid
in them.Fortwo monthsthe policer- findus.But
futurearrangements.
despiteourbesteffortswe4-. In the end,the police
5- to evictusandthe bypass wentaheadas planned.
3 Choosethe bestansweB.Sometimes bothanswersare going to takedirectactionto stop
Somefriendsof mineare
acceotable. I hopel'll
thembuildinga newairportnearLondon.
1 I c o u l d n 'ht e a r / d i d n ' th e a r t h er a d i os o l t u r n e di t u p . getinvolved in thattoo.Thistimewe might7- prevent
2 Canyou / Areyouableto playthe piano? the proiectfromgoingahead.'
3 | don'tmanage to / can'ttypeveryfast.
4 | wasshortof moneyso I couldn't/ wasn'Lable to goto Workin pairs.Telleachotherabout:
the cinemawithmyfriends. 7 twothingsyoucoulddo whenyouwerethreeyearsold.
I'm havinga partyon Saturday. Canyou / Willyoube 2 two difficultthingsthatyoumanaged to do (orsucceede
abteto come? in doing)lastyear.
Afterthreeaftempts I managed to / couldpassmy twothingsthatyouhavetriedto do in the pastbut
drivingtest. couldn't.
something thatyoudon'tlikenotbeingabteto do.
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 -'
Workin groups.Lookat the photosand the
title.Whatdo you understandby the tetmspocejunk
andwhy might it be a probtem?

O 3.08 Readthe text quickly,ignoringthe gaps.

Checkyourideasfrom exercise1.

Readthe text againand matchthe sentences (A-G)

with the gaps(1-6). Thereis one sentencethat you do
not need. A dangerousmisslon
A T h eo t h e r9 0 % i s a i u n g l eo f i u n k l e f t o v e rfsr o m A pieceof rubbishin outer soacehasthreatenedthe livesof six
h a l fa c e n t u r yo f h u m a na c t i v i t yi n s p a c e . astronauts,promptingcallsfor somethinBto be doneaboutthe mess
B F o r t u n a t e lmy ,o s to f t h e ml a n d e dr n r n e s e a . we havecreatedaroundour planet.The six astronauts- threeRussian
C E e c a u so e f t h e e x t r aC 0 , i n o u r a t m o s p h e rneo w , two Americans andonelapanese- form the crewoJthe lnternational
s p a c ej u n ki s s t a y i n gu p l o n g e r . SpaceStation(155).rn Thepieceof debriscameverynearto the
Theywereforcedto getto their escapecapsulesand stationbut fortunatelypassed by withoutcausinganydamage.
preparefor an emergency iourneybackto the Earth. What a load of rubbish
T h e s es a t e l l i t etsh e na t t a c ha d e v i c et o t h e d e b r i s
w h i c hp u s h e si t i n t ot h e E a r t h ' sa t m o s p h e r ew,h e r e A Russianofficialsaidthat only a tenth of all objectsin spaceare
workingpiecesof equipment. a Therearenot only22,000large
i t b u r n su p . tr
piecesof rocket,shuttle,satellite andsputnik, but alsoover500,000
A n di n t h e n e x tt e n y e a r st,h e n u m b e o r f satellites
smaller bits,whichareonlya few centimetres in size.Surrounding all
witl grow by around50%.
ot thesearealsomillions of tiny particles,
for example, flakesof paint
On average,one objecta day survivesre-entry.
that havecomeoff spacevehlcles. Theproblem is thdtdll oI this stuff
is travellinB
at several
kilometres persecond. Eventhe tiniest,almost
invisiblespeckcouldcreatea centimetre-deep holein the sideof a
rocketor spacestation,potentially causinBa leak.Anda largerchunk
couldpossibly destroyit - andanVhumanlifeon board.
A growingproblem
Unfortunately,the situationcanonlygetworse.Thenumber of satellit
beingsentrntospdceis increasing In the pastten years,
rapidly. an
averdge peryearhavebeenlaunched.
of 76 satellites r
E Thelatest
analysisol the situationsuggeststhat 1,145newsatellites couldbe
launched duringthattime,mostlyfor broadband andsatellitephone
systemsWhensatellites become defunct,theystayin low-Earth
orbit,eventuallyiallingandb0rningup whentheyre enterthe Earth's
atmosphere, asmeteorites do.Newsatellites willhaveto be builtto neu
standards,soIhatwhentheyreachthe endof theirusefullife,theywill
haveenouBh energyleJtto travelbackimmediately intoouratmosphe
to burnup.At the moment, B0%of allspace junkis around1,200miles
abovethe Earth, whichis ralledlow,Earthorbit.Spacecraft haveto orbi
lowerthanthisto avoidallthe debris,andsatellite compdnies haveto
navigatea waythroughthejunkto placetheirequipment.
And r,{e'renot safe down here. either
Unfortunately, not allspacejunkburnsup whilere-enterinB the Edrth'
atmosphere. 4 An American womanin Oklahoma wasknocked down
tr
inlanudry1997whenshewasstruckby a lumpof metal.Fortunately
shewasn'tinjured.'The weightwascomparable to an emptysodacan,
the womansaid.lt wasidentified asdebrisfroma rocket.otherparts
of the rocket, including a steeltankanda titantumsphere, fortunatelV
d i t h o uct a u s l naPn vA a f r
l a n d ew

84 U f l i t8 O u rp l a n e t
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 ; Readthe quotes.Whichof thesecauseswouldyousupport?
Whichothercharitiesdo youknowabout?
? All thesesentences containmistakesin grammar,
punctuationor style.Conectthem.
1 Theman,who'swearing a tie, is myuncle.
2 Spacejunkis a problem, whichis gettingworse.
3 I'vegota friendwhatlivesin Japan.
4 Solarenergy is an ideawhichtimehascome.
5 Whomdid youdancewithat the nightclub?

_ {tfu {,at ?dtih'l ?,titL.tit.ft

n.t. ?p.{tt1}9 rc
t Rewriteeachpairofsentences asonesentence.
Usedefining
r 'ThecharitywhichI supportraisesmoneyfor
or non-defining relativeclausesandapproptiate punctuation.
children
whoareseriously ill.' 1 H e r e ' s t hm
e o n e yI .o w ei t t o y o u .
2 I runthreetimesa week.lt keepsmeheatthy.
'l donateto charities to helping
dedicated 3 | madeJoea sandwich. Heateit at once.
poorpeoplein drought-affected
areas,who 4 | livein a viltagecatledSoUthMilton.lt hasa population
areat riskfromstarvation
anddisease.' of 600.
5 Welookafterstraydogs.Theirownerscan'tbetraced.

5 Readthe learn tt s! boxbelow.tind oneparticipteclausein

the quotesin exercise1.
DefininSrelativeclauses
1 Adefiningrelativeclauseaddsessential information. Shortenedrelativeclauses
Thesantence oftendoesn'tmakesensewithoutit. 1 Shortened relativeclauses
containeithera oresent
Thisis the coolminewheremygrandodwo*ed- participle,
whichreplaces an activeverb:
2 Wedo notouta commabeforethe clause. Thechorityprotectsonimolsfocing extinction.
Non-definingretativeclauses or theycontaina pastparticiple,whichreplacesa
1 A non-definingretative clauseaddsextrainformation. Dassive verb:
Thesentence stiltmakessensewithoutit. Globalwarmingis mostlycausedby COremiftedby
Globalwarmingis causedbygreenhouse gases,which powerstations-
includecotbondioxideand methane. 2 Theverbtheyreplace canbe in anytense.
2 Weputa commabeforethe clause,andalsoafterit if Thedodowoso bird huntedto exinctionwithina
the sentence continues. centuryof its discovery
Fossilfuels,whichincludecoolandoil, ore running
out.
Relativepronouns Rewlitethe sentences usingshortenedrelativeclauses.
1 In informalcontexts,we can rcplacewhoot which 1 People whoworkforprivatecompanies usuallygetpaid
withthatin definingrelative clauses,butnotin non- morethanthosein the Dublicsector.
definingrelative clauses. 2 l s t h a t y o u r d o g t h am
t ' sa k i n g a
m e s s o nt h el a w n ?
2 ln definingrelativeclauseswh,'chor who canbe 3 Thisself-portrait, whichwaspaintedbyVanGoghin
omittedif it is the obiectofthe clause. 1889.is oneof hisfinest.
lwelcomethemeasures the Government is tokingto 4 I sawa younggirlwhowasstealing a CD.
combotclimotechange. 5 Wevisiteda castlethatwasbuiltin the sixteenth century.
3 Wecanreplace whowithwhomif it is theobiectof the 6 | onlyeatfoodwhichis madewithfreshingredients.
clause.butit is formal.
f f i r , r at u $ a Re L J t L * r t 1 , :. :: ' : .G

2 ReadtheLeomthis.tbox.Thenlookagainat the quotesin Workin pairs.Howmanysentences canyoumake

exercisel and: in oneminutebyaddingdifferentrelativeclausesandother
1 decidewhich aredefiningrelative
clausesandwhichare wordsandphrases?
non-defi ningrelativeclauses. 1 L a s t w e e kml e t s o m e o n e . .4. I'vegot a friend...
clausein whichthe relativepronoun'
2 identifythe relative 2 . . .i s t h ep l a c e . . . 5 l w a sb o r ni n 1 9 - . . .
canbe replaced withthot 3 Whatdid youthinkof the 6 A goodstudentis one...
3 identifythe relative pronoun
clausein whichthe relative film...
canbeomifted.

o6lunite. ourplanet
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r 'suospelo^41
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 Read examquestions a-d.Thenlookquickly attheessay Lookat theseexpressions. arein
Whichoftheseexpressions
belowandsaywhichquestion it is answering. "theessayin exercise1?
a Globalwarming is themostsignificantenvironmental
problem facing
ustoday. Doyouagree?
b Whobears thegreatest forpollution:
responsibility
businesses, individualpeople orthegovernment?
c lt is impossible
to improvepeople's standardof living
andatthesametimeavoiddamaging theenvironment.
Doyouagree?
'Linkthesesentences phrase
d lt'snotworthcombatting global Weshould
warming. togetherusingan appropriate
learnto livewithit. Doyouagree? ,from exercise
3 to start the secondsentence.
1 In the past,huntingelephants andtigerswasconsidered
acceptable.Mostpeoplehadno regard whatsoeverfor
It's worth acknowledging from the stan that while we thewelfareof wildanimals.
havemadeourselvesricher,we havedone enormous 2 Today wearemuchmoreawareof environmental
damageto the environment. Thequestionwe needto problems.Governments oftenignorewarnings givenby
askis whetherone is an inevitableconsequence of the environmental scientists.
other.Myviewis that it is possibleto carefor ourworld 3 Therearelotsofwaysindividuals canreducetheir
and at the sametime improveour standardof living. carbonfootprint.Tomakea reallybig differencewe need
HrsW;les importantto recognise that in the pastwe governmenl aclron.
relie?exclusively on fossilfuelsto geneEte energy,and Youcan'tdenythatglobalwarming is takingplace.Not
pouring everyonebelieves is
it causedby humanactivity.
we couldn'tavoid miltionsof tonnesof CO,into
Weshoulduserenewable sourcesof energy.Wecan
the atmosphere. Weshouldatsoremember that we had
usenuclear power,whichdoesnotproduce greenhouse
little alternative but to di3poseof factorywastein rivets gases.
and the sea.Nowadays. we havesourcesof renewable
energy,suchassolarandwindpower,andthetechnology Readthe Examtip below.Thenreadthe finalpangraphofthe
to disposesafelyof mosthazardous waste.Secondly, we essayandidentifyall the elementslistedin the tip.
mustbearin mindthatwe usedto be simplyunaware of
the damagewe werecausing.We now understand the
consequences of ouractionsandcanthereforeact more A goodwayto finishan opinionessayis to:
wisely.Somepeoplearguethat you cannotmakecarc 1 startwitha concludingphraseandstateyouropinion
andtelevisions withoutusingup naturalresources. That 2 concede an opposing opinion,thenrepeatyour
said,scientists arecontinually developing newmaterials strongest
argumentin favour.
whichreduce ourreliance on naturalresources. Moreover,
nowadays we are able to recyclemanynon-renewable Rewritethe lastparagrdoh
ofthe essayto expressthe
materials. All thingsconsidered, I reallydo thinkthit we oppositeopinion.Usethe samestructure.Choosea different
canmakeour livesbetterandmorecomfoftable without concludingphrasefromthe list betow.
seriously harmingtheenvironment. Whilea littledamage
may be inevitablerwe now havethe knowledgeand
technology to avoidthe mistakes ofthe past.

Lookattheplanfortheessay 1.Thenmarkwhere
in exercise
theparagraph
divisionsshouldbe.Which wordshelped you
decide?
. Pangnph1 Introductionr thetitleandgiving
explaining
yourinitialopinion.
. Paragraph2 1stargument in support
ofyouropinion.
. Pangraph 3 2ndargument ofyouropinion.
in support
. Pardgraph4 Argument(s) in support
oftheopposite
opinion,andcounter-argument(s)
. Paragraph5 Summary, re-stating opinion.
tt U n i t8 O u rp l a n e t
6 8 i t a u e l d r n o .8 ] ! u n
-' - quoM s,ll 8
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uo € asrliaxstllorlsaseiqdInjssnoql Jo auos pasn -
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z
'0OZueql la/ua, are araql
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teql uels aql uo.lj Sur5pslMoullP
'uoluldo ui o lno^ :gtuolurdotno
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u! uo$sanb^al aqlgululqdxaAq ul8ag aslllaxaol iat
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'z esllrexa ur palsll no^ slu!od aql alnpoJlu! aq ol spaauteql uollsanbIq aql uo aPllao
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 U n i t7 '
U n i t8
I Matchthe tr,vohalvesof the compound
nouns. 5 Complete
l breaking the missingwords.
a broadcasts
2live b journalism 1 Weshouldall try to reduceour.
footptints.
3 human-interest c news 2 TheGovemment js planningto
buitd twentynewwind
4 citizen d accounts t_off the coastof Devon.
5 eye-witness e stories 3 In the past,we all reliedon f_ fuelsfor our energy
4 Theyhaves_ panelson the roofto generate
Mark:_ /5, electricity.
Readthe quotations,
thencompletethe feportedspeech. 5 Theybuilta damacrossthe riverin orderto generate
n_ DOWer.
Mark: 15
6 Complete
the textwith thewordsbelow.
b ea b L e c o u l d c o u l d n ' t m a n a g et d
o s u c c e e d ei nd
lasonnoticedthecrowdin thestreet,buthe see
whattheywereall lookingat. Hetriedto pushhiswav
through,butonly, _ annoying a largemanin a leathe
jacket.Thenhe hadan idea:if he returned
to the caf6and
1 My mum-=-- my clothesaway. wentupstairs, hewould3_ to lookdownontothe
2 Mary-- go home. street.Heracedthroughthe door,up the stairsanda_
t Dadaskedthe mechanic finda tablebythewindow.Finally, he 5_ seewhatthe
_ reaoy.
4 Myaunthastotdme _-- crowdwerelookingat. Heturnedaway.
holidaythisyear.
5 Thepolicemanaskedme-- so angry. Mark:_ /5
Mark:_ /5
Complete thesesentences with a relatiyeclause.your
Completethe sentences
withthe verbsbelow.lrsethe past sentencesmustbe true aswell ascorrect.
simple. 1 A v a n d ai ls a p e r s o n- .
c r a r m c o n v i n c ei n s i s t o f f e r w d r n 2 Barack Obama,_-' _- , wasbornIn 1961.
3 A device--- is calleda satnav.
1 They-that I tellthewholestoryagain. 4 MountEverest is in,ttreHimalayas,
2 He_- meagainst tatkingto the potice. ( A stadiumis place-
a --.
3 Thecheck-out assistant--to helpne pack.
4 Mysister_'- meto applyforthejob. Mark:_ /5
5 My brother_ notto knowwhymylaptopwas
Writethe missintwordsto completethe monologue.
broken-
'TheGovernment
shouldbanplasticbagscompletely. why?
Mark:_ /5 Well,forone1_ , theycauselitterbecause DeoDle
Complete the sentences dropthem.On,_ ofthat,theyharmtheenvironment
with rnusf,m,?ht or can,t.
because theyaren,tbiodegradable. Clothbagsaremuch
1 She--tike J L SS. h e ' sg o t a l l t h e i r a l b u m s . better.Themainr_ is,youcanre-usethemlotsof
2 They- havebeenswimming. Thepoolis closed. times.4- thingis thatthey'reverystrong.paperbags
3 I ' mn o t s u r e w h e B
r er a n d oins .H e - - - b e intown. aren'tasstrong,butthey'_ biodegrade,
at least.,
4 You_ haveseenthisfilmlastmonth.ltwasonlv
releasedtoday. Mark:_ /5
5 Elsieknewaboutmyaccident- Somebody =- have
totdher.
Mark:_ /5

90 J Language
Reviewz-8
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,
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 Theferryis closernow,and everyoneis lookingat the
bird. Eventhe noisyyoungmen are quiet.The bird's eyes
s h i n e .l t l o o k sb a c ka t u s ,a t m e . I a m s u r eo f t h i s . l t h a s
flown allthe way from Bengal,to bringme a message
that will saveus - if only I can hearit.
Theintelligenceofwild thingr by ChitraBanerje€Divakaruni

1 The narratorofthis story

Readth€ text. Foreachquestion,selectthe correct A h a sh e r w h o l ef a m i l yc o m ea n d s e eh e r o f f .
option:A, B, c or D. B is unsureof her spouse'saffection.
I a m o n t h e b o a t ,t o o k i n go u t b l i n d l yc, o u n t i n go n m y C i s d i s a p p o i n t ewdi t h h e rf a m i l y .
frozenfingersthe peopleI love.Sandeep,my daughters, D has a brotherwho wantsto go with her.
my mother,my brother.lt is a pitifullyshort list, and does 2 Whenthey seethe bird
n o t c h e e rm e u p a t a l l .M y m o t h e ri s d y i n g- p e r h a p s h e I . A it looksscaredby the boat.
i s a l r e a d yd e a d .H o wm u c ho f m y h u s b a n d ' fso n d n e s s B s h e l e a r n st h a t i t h a sa n a m ei n B e n g a l i .
f o r m e i s s i m p t yd a i l yh a b i t ?I n h o w m a n yw a y sw i l l m y C she recognises it as a bird from her mother'sstories.
d a u g h t e rasn d I d i s a p p o i net a c ho t h e ra s t h e yg r o wu p ? . D h e rb r o t h e sr u r p r i s ehs e rw i t h h i st e n d e r n e s s .
- -..
And my brother?ls he as anxiousfor me to go as I am to : Whenthe childrenwereat Third |'Jncte's house
leave? A s o m eo f t h e i rr e l a t i v ews e r eu n k i n dt o t h e m .
Don'tcry,I ordermysetf.illakeyourselfsmile.Youdid B they ran awaybackto their mother.
your best.You'regoinghometomorrow. C t h e yf o u n do u t t h e i rf a t h e rh a dd i e d .
'Look!'Tarun pointing
is t o s o m e t h i nw g h i t eo n a D they had to learnhow to milk cows.
nearbypieceof floatingice. I hope my eyeshaven't ;.: l How do the childrenreactto the flockof sharash?
turnedred, and try to showsome interest.Willthis . A Theywavetheir armsin the air.
m i s e r a b lbeo a tt r i p n e v e re n d ?' L o o k ! l' t ' s s o m es o r to f B Theyfoltowthem acrossa floodedfield.
largebird,with thin red legs.As the boatgets closer,it C T h e yl o s et h e m i n t h e s u na n d c l o u d s .
s p r e a d si t s w h i t ew i n g sa n d l o o k sc a l m l ya t u s .I ' v es e e n D Theykeep still and watchthem fly away.
a birdlikethissomewhere before. Seeingthe sharashmakesthe narratorfeel
' D i d i d, o e s n i' t t o o k[ i k ea s h a r a s h ? ' A bitter. B hopeful. C irrititated. D nervous.
Yes,indeedit does.ButI am moresurprised bythe
Bengalinamefor the bird,so unexpectedin my brother's -
mouthA
. n dt h e c h i l d h o o dn a m ef o r m e .w h i c hh e h a s n ' t .u?!
usedforyears.Didi.A smallwordof love,likea magic
iewelfromoneof mvmother's stories.
I r e m e m bw
e rh e nw el a s ts a ws h a r a s hl t.i s s o o n
a f t e rm y f a t h e r ' sd e a t h .I a m e i g h t ,m y b r o t h e trh r e e .M y
Comptetethe text with a suitableword in eachgap.
m o t h e rh a ss e n tu s t o s t a ya t T h i r dU n c t e ' h s ouseo , u ti n
t h e c o u n t r yW . e a r eh o m e s i c ak n d m i s e r a b l ea,n d d o n o t A narrowrockthatstandsr- thanthe EmpireState
g e to n w i t h o u r c o u s i n sw, h o k n o wh o wt o m i l kc o w sa n d Buildingdoesnot looklikethe'?- welcoming place
swim acrossthe river.We hurt ourselvestryingto climb to setup home.Butthatdid not stopan insectwhichwasr
t r e e sw i t ht h e m ,a n d t h e yl a u g ha t u s w h e nw e c r y . to be extinctfor 80 yearsfrombuildingits lastknown
colonyon the 562-metre 4- Ball'sPyramid in the South
B u to n ed a y ,a f t e ra m o r n i n gf i l t e dw i t h r a i n ,t h e s u n
PacificOcean. Scientists havediscovered 24 of the creatures
c o m e so u t ,a n dT a r u na n d I r u n a c r o s st h e F i e t d sW. eg e t
livingarounda planton the rock.The'treelobster'insect,5
m u d d yf r o mh e a dt o t o e ,b u t w e d o n ' tc a r e .P e r h a pw se
is as largeas a humanhand,hadsomehowmadeits
c a nr e a c ht h e r a i l w a yi ,u m p o n a p a s s i n g t r a i n ,a n d m a k e
camp6- the lackof food.
o u r w a yb a c kt o o u r m o t h e ri n C a l c u t t aT?h e ns u d d e n l y
In 2001Australian scientists
decidedto investigate
we see lhem, fifteenor twentysharashfeedingin the
claimsby climberswhotackledBall'sPyramid thattheyhad
f l o o d e dr i c ef i e l d s M
. y b r o t h e rl i f t sh i s d e l i g h l e dh a n d s , seenfreshdroppings there.Theytoo sawthe droppings and
L o o k ,D i di l a s t h e b i r d sf t y u p , a s p e e d i n g c l o u do f s i l v e r uponreturning / darkwithflashlightswerestunned'
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o t h e ru n t i lt h e yd i s a p p e a r . Jurassicage,' insectsruledtheworld.'
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 $ 3.14 tistenandcompletethe dialoguewith the words
below.ls Archierightto be annoyed?
Why?/Why
not?
could might needn'tshoutd shouldn't
ArchieYou1- haveinvitedAvato yourparty.I only
splitup withhertwoweeksago.I didn,twantto
seeheragainso soon.
libby Butyouknowshe'sa closefriendof mine.I didn,t
__ wantto takesides.I hadto invitebothof you.
frrchie Butyou,_ havetold meshe$/ascoming!
tittby Sheaskedme notto. Maybeit wasa mistake, but I
pr.omisedherthatI wouldn,ttellyou.
ArchieWbll,your_ havegivenmea hint.lfvou,d
warnedme,I'd davestayedat home.
Libby Butit wasniceto seeher,wasn'tit?| mean,you
goton fine.You4_ havebeenso worried
aboutseeingher!
t_
ArchiqTrue.Butstill....you havewarnedme.
shouldlcouldlnightlneednl hove+ pastparticiple
1 Wecanuseshouldn'thaveto express disapprovalof
pastactions.
Sheshouldn'thoveloughedot her brother.
2 Weuseshouldhove,mighthaveo( couldhaveto sav
whatthe rightwayto behavewas,in ourooinion.
Sheshould/could/nighthavebeenkinder!
3 Weuseneedn'thaveto sayan acttonwas
unnecessary.
Youneedn'thoveshouted,I wasright besideyou.
2 Readthe Leorn th6.r box.Thenioin the sentencesusing
should have, shouldn't hove or needn't have, and becouse.
1 Shetold me Sam'saddress.I alreadyknew it.
odn'l havetold metam'r addrosrbaeauoo
I alraad,l
D G R A M M AERU | L D E9R
. 1 :P A G 1
E3 0 @
gllunltg.Mistakes
Thirdconditional
1 W eu s e t h e t h i rcdo n d i t i o n a l t o t a l k a bhoouw
ta
situationin the pastcouldhavebeenavoided.
lf wehadn'tstoyedoutso late,I wouldn'thave
overslept. (Butwedid stayout lateso I did oversleep.
2 The,fclausecancomebeforeor afterthe mainclause
Weusethe pastperfectin the,fclauseand,vould/
wouldn'thovein themainclause.Becareful: hadand
would bothhavethesameshortformd.
I'd havecomeifyou'd invitedme.(Butyoudidn,t
inviteme,so I didn'tcome.)
3 Readthe teom ftr's.rbox.Findan exampleof the third
conditionalin the dialoguein exercise1 andwritean
explanation likethe onesin bracketsin the box.
I I D G R A M M ABRU I L D E9R
. 2 :P A G 1
E3 0 @
4 Complete the secondsentenceso it means
the sameasthe first.Includethe wordin brackets.
1 Weonlyarrivedon timebecause we ran.(wouldn,t)
lf we_ arrivedon time.
2 lwishyou'dtakensomephotos!(might)
You_ Dhotos!
3 lt wasa badideato eatat the hotel.(shouldn,t)
We_- at the hotel.
4 Hepanicked - that'sthe onlyreasonhe gotlost.(iD
Hewouldn'thave_- panicked.
5 We'dneverhavewonwithoutyourhelp.(helped)
lf-- wewouldn'thavewon.
6 Youdidn'thaveto buymea present. (needn,t)
You_ a Dresent.
5 Makenotesaboutwttatyouwouldhavedoneifyou had
foundyourselfin thesesituations:
1 a petwassickon yourschoolbag
2 youoverslept byan hour
3 allyourschoolclothesweredirtv
4 yousawa houseon fire
5 youcouldn'tfindyourkeys/phone
6 In pairs,taketurnsto askandanswerouestions
situationsin exercise5.

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 1 , ' : - , '. lfyou had beenbroughtup by a differentfamily, 3 Readthe Examtip. Thencompletethe diagrambelowwith
whatthingsaboutyou mightbe the sameor different? the correctnamesfrom the text,
Discussthe ideasbetowin oairs.
a p p e a r a n c ee d u c a t i o n f o o d f r i e n d s [ a n g u a g e
money religion sport

6) 3.17 Readthe text belowabouttwo girls broughtup by

the wrongfamilies.Whichsentence(a-d) is true?
a T h ep a r e n t sa n d c h i l d r e na l l g e to n w e l lw i t h e a c ho t h e r .
b The childrenget on betterthan the parents.
c T h ep a r e n t sg e t o n b e t t e r t h a nt h e c h i t d r e n .
d N o n eo f t h e p e o p l ei n v o l v e d g e to n w e l l .

Whenyou reada comptextext, it's often helpfulto make

s i m p l en o t e st o r e m i n dy o uo f k e yd e t a i l sT. h e s em i g h t
evenbe in the form of a diagram do whateveris most
. o re x a m p l ey, o u rn o t e sc o u l ds h o w :
u s e f u lF ln thehouseis Naimatlskanderovthe manAnyathoughtwasherfather.
. retationshipsbetweencharacters
Naimat is fromTajikistan Hehadmarried a Bussian woman, buttheyhad
. a b a s i cs e q u e n c oe f e v e n t s divorced. lt wasNarmat whobrought upAnyaandhisotherchildren asdevo!t
. t h e l a y o u to f a p l a c eb e i n gd e s c r i b e d . Muslims Whenpolice t0idhrmabout themistakeatthematernity hospital and
thatAnyawasnothrsdaughter, to beginwth herefused it
t0 believe
'Then
thedetective showed mea photoof theothergirl,kina.theonethey
saidwasmyrealdaughter,' Naimat tellsme.WhenI sawherface,it wasllke
seeing myself. Myannsandlegsbeganshakinglt wasawfulto thinkthatmy
childhadgrownupwithanother familyandthatI hadbrought ups0meone elses
daughter'
Thetwo families meetregularly now,8uttheparents admitthereis tension
between tnem
'lt 'one
isdifficut, concedes Naimat. familyis Christian. the0theris Muslim
TWORU$SlAt{FAMILIES areunitedbya tenibleeventthattookplacemore WehavediFferent traditions.Whatlfear mostis thatthedaughter l'veraised
thana decade agoTheir newborn daughters wereaccidentally mixed upinthe wrllstartgoingtaking druqs,thatshewill stoppraying andworking. l'm
'wrong'parents '
maternity hospital a0dgrewupwiththe wo|ried shewillloseherreligion
'There 'Naimat
Ina tinyflatin theUralMountains, YuliaBelyaeva andhertwelve yearold is tensi0n between theadults,'saysYulia doesn't likes0me
daughter innaafel00king throughfanrilyph0t0s. thingsthatgoonin ourfamily,l dont likesomethinqsintheirh0meBoth0f us
oneof thepictures shows lrinaasa newborn babywrapped in a blanket lt areusedt0 lifeasit hasbeenNotasit is now.Nowit is a nightmare
wastaken thedaymother anddaughter lefth0spital Buttlvelve years on,Yulia [.4ore thanan],thing Yuliafeais4hat borhchildrenwilldesertherShecansee
Belyaeva hasdiscovered thatthebabyshe'd takenhome - thedaughter she'd thatthedaughter shebrought uptskeento spend timenowwithherbiological
thought she'd given birtht0- isn0therchild father. Andthechildsheactually gavebirthto is likea stranger
'lfound 'l 'But
thrsoutwhenmyex-husband refused topaymaintenance,' saysYuia try t0 showAnyamotherly love,'Yuliasays, shedoesnlacceptit
'l
tookhimt0colrtt0pr0ve thathewaslrinas father. WedldalltheDNAtests Shes beenbrought updifferently She's notusedt0 tenderness Wedon'treally
Buttheresuts werea totalsurprise Notonlydoesmyex'husband haveno understand eachotherWhenyourowndaughter looksat youlikea stranget
biological linkt0 lrina neither ' that's sopainful'
do|
Policebeleve that0n17December 1998, therewasa terribie mix'Lrpat the Bothfamillesare suingthe Kopeysk MaternityHospital
'W for morethan
localrnaternity hospitalTwobabies weregiventhewron!nametags andthe $300,000 in damaqes its chiefdoctor went0n Russian to apologise for
wrongparents themistake, butargued thehospital couldnotaffordto senlesucha claim
'At 'Then
frst I thought it wasa j0ke,'recalls
Yulia coudn'tstopcryingl\y'y Prosecutors areconsidering bringing criminal
charges againstthehospital staff
whole wotldhadturned upsidedownI keptworrying whatliinawouldsayAnd responsible fofthemix-up - although thatseems unlikely,
considering s0many
keptthinking about myrealdaughter. l\.4aybeshe'dbeenabandoned 0r putin vears haveoassed
anorphanage. 0r perhaps shewasbegging onthestreets' Fornowthetwogirlssaytheyd0notwantt0swapparents. They arejust glad
oesperate t0findher,Yulia wefttothep0lrce andtheyaunched a searchfor to haveloundeachother
'To
herbiologica daughter. Withinweeks theyhadf0!ndher. begn w th wewerea brtshy, . natellsme,'butnowwe'vebecome the
lna village halfanhouisdrivefiomYulia Belyaeva's flatlivestwelve-year-0ld b e sot ff re n d s '
'What 'LS
Anyalskanderova Ina meadow opposite herh0use, sheshows meherfavourite I d ike,saysAnya, icrati0f usto ivernonebighouse'
cow,AprilAnyaisthegiriYulia hadgiven binhto Sheisthespittrng mage 0f rina and Anya were bOrir fill::r-TtnltesapartNowthetruthabout what
herbio{ooical mother. happened n hosp talhasbr0:!'::.emt0gether

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 Lookata droductthat Readthe leon fhis! box.Underline altthe examplesof mixed
wasinventedby mistake.What conditionats 2. ls eachonetypeA ot
in the textin exercise
doyouthinkthe inventorwas typeB?
trying to make?
Matchthe twohalvesofthe mixedconditionalsentences.
Choosefrom the
Thensayifeachoneis typeA or typeB.
ideasbelow.
a c t e ani n g p r o d u c !
1 lfyou'd acceptedthat job at the bank, E E
2 lf sheweren'tso romantic, tr !
f o o df o r a n i m a L s
glue
-3 lf we"were Australian, ! n
a weapon lf youhadn'tforgoften the map, tr !
5 l f i t h a d n 'rta i n e d
s om u c h , nT
O
j.t9 Comptete
the textwiththe wordsbelow.Then 6 lfyourgrandparents werealive, I tr
listenandcheck a shewoutdn'thavegotmarried afterthreemonths.
c o u L dd i d h ' t h a d n ' t w e r e w o u t d w o u l d n ' t D wewouldn't be lost.
'Mistakes C theywouldhavebeenproudofyourresults.
arethe portalsfor,discovery,'wrote the lrish
o we'dhavegrownup speaking English.
novelist James Joyce, and it's true that certain mistakes you'd now.
e be on a highsalary
by
in historyhaveturnedoutto be luckyforthe people
t the gardenwouldn'tlookso beautiful.
r 4o.Imd€them.Manyfamiliaritems1- notexistif
th4ftjnventors'?- madeluckymistakes. ln 1886,a . 3 :P A G 1
E D G R A M M ABRU I L D E9R E3 1 G
pharmacist's assistant usedfizzywaterbymistake to mixa
newmedicine. Theresult? Coca-Cola. LOOKOUT!
Arbund1940,a scientis! calledDrPercy Spencer Weoftenusewereinsteadof wasin the rf clauseof a
wasdoingmititaryresearch withmicrowaves whenhe secondor mlxedconditional sentence.
discovered thata chocolate barin hisDocket hadmelted. lf she wereolder,theywouldhavelet her into the
Asa result,he realised thatmicrowave radiation 3- CIUD.

be usedforcooking. lf he hadn'thadthatcandybar, Weuse.ouldto meanwouldbe obleto (would+ con).

a lf you hadn'tusedall the milk, wecouldhovecoffeenow.
microwdve ovensprobably existtoday!
Perhaps the mostimportant accidental discovery was
penicillin. lf today'sdoctors 5- have peniciltin and Readthe Lookautr box.ThenwritemixedconditionaI
otherantibiotics, many of the students in your class sentences whichexpressthe sameinformation aseachPair
wouldn'thavesurvived chitdhood. WehaveAlexander of sentehces below.
Fleming to thank for its discovery. Back in 1928,he noticed 1 l t ' ss u m m e r . T h a t ' s wI w
hey n to u t w i t h o u t m y c o a t .
thedrugwhenit grewbyaccident in hismessylaboratory. lf it 'd?ren'isummcq| lrouldnthavcgoneout $ithouimI
Thisprovesanotherinteresting fact:lf scientists 6 Loal
alwaystidyandwellorganised, theywouldn'thavemide I can'tspeakPortuguese. That'swhyI didn'tvisitBrazil.
someofthemostimportant discoveries in history! 5 I leftmyphoneat home.That'swhyI can'tcatlfora taxi.
4 Wegoton thewrongtrain.That'swhywearen'tat
Mixedconditionals Heathrow Alrportnow.
A mixedconditional is a mixtureofthe 2ndand3rd I don'teatmeat.That'swhyI didn'tgoto the barbecue
conditionals. lt tellsusaboutan imaginary situation lastweekend.
whichmixespastandpresent. Therearetwotypes. It didn'tsnowagainafterthe burglary.That'swhythe
A Whentheifclauseis aboutthe past,we usethe burglar's footprints
arestillvisible.
DastDelfect. Weusewould+ baseformforthe main
Work in pairs. Completethe sentenceswith your
cl a u s e .
own ideas.Thendiscussthemwith anotherDair.
(past)If I had workedhorderot school,(present)/
I wouldbe rich now. 1 l f m o b i l ep h o n e sh a d n ' t b e e ni n v e n t e dp, e o p l e t o d a y
B W h e nt h e , f c l a u sies a b o ut h ep r e s e nw
t ,d u s et h e w o u l d / w o u l d n.' .t .
l
pastsimple.Weusewouldhave+ pastparticip le for 2 lf my familywere billionaires,I would/wouldn'thave...
t h em a i nc l a u s e . 3 lf I had studiedhardersincethe ageof six, I would/
(present)lf lwere reollytoll, (past)lwould haveioined wouldn'1...
the bosketbollteom.

gtlunitg,Mistakes
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'9
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 It was a Saturday night in January and I was on my way to a Then the door ooened
sleepover at Nathan's houre. l'd never been to hi5 house before, abruptly.Therewere no
but lrd been sentthe addressby text: 39 WesternAvenue. liqhtson in the houseso I
As I turned the corner into Vvestern Avenue, a cloud went couldn'tseemuch.There
in front of the moon.Wasthis next houseNathan,s? lt was so wasa shoutand a man
. dark now that I couldn,tseethe numbersclearlv,
but I walked pushedpastme and ran
up the drivewayanyway,rangthe bell and waiied. Nobodv towards the street.Another
cameto open the door so I rang again.ThenI saw I had gone
man followed.Theywere
to number37 by mistake. in sucha hurryto leave
that they droppedmostof the thingsthey were
car4/ing.I pickedone of them up so I couldlook at it more
d the taskbelowand the storyabovein pairs.
own wordswhat mistakethe maincharacter
makesand lvhyit turnsout to be a goodthing.
W r i t ea s t o r yi n w h i c ht h e m a i nc h a r a c t emr a k e sa m i s t a k e
w h i c ht u r n so u t t o b e a g o o dt h i n g . while the other askedme for a descriptionof the men,,you
Putthe eventsof the storyin the orderthey happened.
did well,' he said.,lt reallywas heroicof you to interrupt
thoseburglarsand chasethem awav..

It's importantto find a goodendingfor your story.you

c o u l df i n i s hw i t h :
. a surpr|seor a revelation
It turned out our cleanet was reolly o spy!
. s o m e t h i n g w h i cl hi n k sb a c k t ot h e
Talkingabout mistakes beginningofthe
1 W ec a nu s et h e s ep h r a s e sf o r t a l k i n ga b o u tm i s t a k e s : story
to make a mistake (doing sonething) So finolly, lfound the book I'd been searching
for.
. somefhinw g h i c hi i n k st h e s t o r yt o t h e p r e s e n t
to do sonething by mistoke/by occident
to get somethingwrong(e.g.t got her namewrong.) And now, yeors loter, I still think obout her everyday.
. something m y s t e r j o u cs h
, i l l i n go r o p e n , e n o e o
the wrong + noun (e.g. t phoned the wrong person.)
mistokenly(e.g. I mistokenlypoid twicefor the tickets.) As he was leaving, he turned ond gove me on evil
2 We add the prefixm6- to someverbsto show error: look: 'Thisisn'tover,,ftesnarled.
I misread/m isheord/m isspelt/m istypedh is odd ress.
They misj u dged/ mis und erctood/ misquoted m e. Readthe Examtip. Thenchoosethe bestendingfor the story
in exercise1 from a-d below.Thinkaboutwhy you preferit.
Thereis no correctanswer,
Readthe tearn this! box.Thencompletethe
secondsentenceso it meansthe sameas the first.Includea a ' 0 h , l d o n ' t n e e da r e w a r d , ' rt e p l i e dp, u t t i n gm y h a n di n
word or phrasefrom the Leom this! box. m y p o c k etto f e e lt h e d i a m o n db r o o c h .
b Thedetectivesput everythingthe burglarshad droooed
1 | d i d n ' tp u t t h e c o r r e cat d d r e s so n t h e e n v e l o p e .
In a bag,got into their car and droveaway.As theVleft,
I theenvelope. a p o l i c eo f f i c e ar r r i v e do n a m o t o r b i k e. .D i dy o uc a l tt h e
2 S h ed i d n ' tm e a nt o m e n t i o nh e r p a r t yo n F a c e b o o k . p o l i c e ? ' h ea s k e dm e .
S h e_ on Facebook. c I s t i l lt h i n ka b o u tt h a tn i g h to f t e na n d w o n d e ri f i t w a s
3 Theydidn't spell my namecorrectlyon the poster. h e r o i co f m e o r j u s t f o o l i s h !
They_ on the poster. d T h e r ew a st h e n o i s eo l a n e n g i n es t a n i n ga, n d I t u r n e d
4 W ed i d n ' tm e a nt o g e to n t h a tt r a i n . r o u n dj u s t i n t i m et o s e et h e b u r g l a r d s r i v eo f f i n t h e
W e_ train. p o l i c ec a r ,l a u g h i n ga n d w a v i n go u t o f t h e w i n d o w .
5 H e d i d n ' tu n d e r s t a ntdh e i n s t r u c t i o npsr o p e r l y .
.:r" . Discussthe endingin pairs.Doyou agreewhich
H e_ the instructions. endingis best?Canyou thinkof a betterone?
100 Unit9 Mistakes
tol i u oa u r s 9 0 t l l u n
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aql lo suo!u!doraql tu!^13eldoada^Uol ual:
D) €tl lgvd,z or ulottne,\uvtnd
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 mistakesby the actors,which provedso popularwith
a u d i e n c etsh a ts u b s e q u e nf it l m sc o p i e dt h i s .N o wt h e r e
areTVshowsdedicatedto these outtakes.
W h ya r ew e s o e n a m o u r ew d i t ht h e s e, b l o o p e r s ' ?
Actorsare often not keento be seen makingmistakes.
O b v i o u s l yi t,' s e m b a r r a s s i nf ogr t h e mt o s e e ms i l l y
a n dr - _ (PROFESSTO wh Ni)c, hi s p r o b a b l wv hv
O 3.21 lirt.n to account of a hotidayfuttof w e , t h e a u d i e n c el ,o v es e e i n gf a m o u sp e o p l eg e t t i n g
problems. Foreach"n sentence selectthe appropriate i t w r o n g [. t m a k e st h e ms e e mm o r eh u m a na n d a l o t
option:A, B,C or D. less"- (GLAM0UR)t Everyone can identifywith
1 T h eF i r s t p r o b l ewm s a y t n gt h e w r o n gt h i n ga t t h e w r o n gt i m e ,o r h a v i n gt o
iththeirtripwasthat
do somethinge_ (REpEAT) becauseit just won't go
A l h et i c k e tws e r ev e r ye x p e n s i v e .
r i g h t .A n ds o m e o n ek n o c k i n g i n t ot h i n g so r t a l l i n go v e r
B t h ef a m i l w
y e n t o t h ew r o n ga i r p o r t .
"- (INTENTI0N)? Thathasalwaysmadeus laugh.
C t h e yh a dt o c h a n gaei r l i n e s .
D t h et i m eo f t h e i rf l i g hw P r o f e s s i o ncailr c u sc l o w n sh a v et a k e nt h i s o n e s t e p
t a sc h a n g e d .
2 In St lvlaarten f u r t h e rT. h e i rw h o l ep e r f o r m a n ci e s c o m p r i s e od f t h e s e
A t h e f a m i t yh a dt o p h o n ea l t t h ea i r t i n e o ctassic'bloopers'.
s n eb yo n e .
B the airportotficialswere not veryeagerto help.
C they realisedthey had left some luggageon the
plane.
D they were relievedto havethe basicnecessities.
W h i c hs e n t e n c e i s t r u ea b o u tt h e c r u i s e ?
A lt was delayedso the familyhad to wait a few days.
B Althougheveryonewas a little upset,it was
wonderful.
C T h e yh a dt o b u yn e we q u i p m e nbt e f o r ej o i n i n gi t .
D Theyhad to wear dirty clothes.
Whenthe cruisewas over,
A t h e yf e l tt h e a i r l i n e s h o u l dg i v et h e ms o m em o n e y .
B the airportstaff said some new baggagenao
a rnved.
C all their luggagewas waitingfor them in the storage
room.
D t h e f a m i l yh a dt o s i t i n t h e a i r p o r tf o r a l o n gt i m e Youand two relativesare stayingat a hotelthat has
again. madeseveralmistakeswith lrour reservation.Speakto
the manageraboutthese problems:
Yourtwo hotel rooms
are too far apart.
Youhave beengiven
t w o d o u b l er o o m s
i n s t e a do f o n ed o u b l e
Completeeachgap in the text with a word formedfrom a n do n es i n g l e .
the word in bEckets. Youaskedfor quiet
r o o m sb u t t h e y
Technically, an outtakeis anv Dartof a film or a TV
overlookthe street.
p r o g r a m mteh a t i s r e m o v e di n t h e f i n a l c u t .H o w e v e r ,
Youbookedfor five
outtakeshavenow cometo representthe humorous
n i g h t sb u t h a v eb e e n
m i s t a k em s a d ei n t h e p r o c e s o s f f i l m i n gT. h er
(INCLUDE) t o l d t h e r o o m sa r e
ofouttakesin a fitm startedwith the action.
o n l ya v a i l a b l feo r
comedyfilm Hooperin 1978.Thedirectorwantedto
t h r e en i g h t s .
s h o w v a r i o uas n g l e so f t h e f i l m ' s , _ (IMpRESS)
s t u n t si n t h e e n d c r e d i t sH
. e a l s oi n c l u d e df u n n v
€al lrc aurPg r olllun
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sl0n])ilr ltiln stHI
 youundetlinedin the message
Rewrltethe sentences board
withoutemphasis.
'$
1 f look'ngfoftard lo w ittglorah Frilhl

LOOKOUT!
AftetAIIot Whot(l) did was...we usean infinitivewith or
withoutlo.
Whatshedid was(to) finishthe courseon one ski.
However, afterAll thotI Whothappened was...we needa
sublgctanda verb.Wecanput thdtbeforethe subiect:
Allthot hoppenedwas(that)theydeductedfivepoints.

Readthe took oufl box.Thenrewritethe sentences with

The person l'm looking forwardto watching is TorahBright. Whot... ot All (thot)...at the beginning.
It's her techniquethat I reallyadmire.Australiansa€ just 1 Theyhadto postpone the snowboarding finalbecause of
naturalsportspeople.She'll win gob, I'm sure.SHREDoER the weather.(What...)
Not sure I agree about Torah,Shredder.lt's Aimee Fullerwho 2 Theyjustheldthe finalthenextmorning. (All...)
has shown the best torm in the first hall of the season.All 3 There was a snow storm. (What...)
she needs ls a-bit of luck. RoxY 4 Nobodvcouldseethesnowboarders in action.(What...)
I'm a bigTitnee fan too. What's amazingis that she's from 5 5o they iust turned the floodlights
on. (Atl...)
Northefnkpland,a countrylvithno mountains! Howshe
snowbqardin the firstplaceI reallydon't know!
learned,to I I D G R A M M ASRU I L D E1R
0 . 1P
: A G !E3 2 < g

Rewritethe sentences belowstaftingwiththe wordsin

It's no mystery Dreamer.What happenedwas that she went
brackets.Usestructuresfromthe learn this! boxin exercise
to live in the USA for a few years as a teenager.That's where
2 andthe look ouf! box.
she learntto snowboard.RoxY
1 ThesDectators weremostexcited aboutseeingtheyoung
Aimee Fuller?No way will she win. The personwith the best
Czechsnowboarder. Ohe person ...)
chance, in my'opinion,is Cilka Sadar.She's trom Slovenia.
What gives her a big advantageis that she used to be a 2 TheCzechgirlhadthe bestchanceof winningthe event.
gymnast.She has lots of strengthand stamina.GooFY 0t was...)
3 Sheiustneededto finishthecoursewithoutfalling.
(Au...)
message
Readthe snowboarding board.Whatarethe names 4 5helostherboardwithintenseconds the
of starting
snowboarders
ofthedifferent
andnationalities it mentions? c o u r s eM. h a t . . . )
5 A crowdhasrarelylooked'so (Rarely...)
disappointed.
Haveyouheardof anyofthem?
ofthese
atltheexamples
ReadtheLedn fhislbox.Underline Askandanswer thequestions in pairs.Beginyour
in themessage
structures board. answers with thewordsin blacketsandusestructulesfrom
the Leon this! andLookoutr boxes.
EmDhasis andinversion 1 Whichsportsstardo youmostadmireandwhy?
1 W ec a nm a k ea s e n t e n cme o r ee m p h a t ibcy a d d i n g a n (Thesportsstar| ...)
extraclauseto highlightkeyinformation. 2 Howcansportsstarsbe goodrolemodelsforyoung
tt waslohn whobrokeyoutbot. (Johnbrokeyourbat.) oeoole?
Thepersont feelsorryfor is Evo.(l feelsorryfor Eva.) (Whattheyneed...)
AIIweneedto do is (to)osk.(Weiust needto ask.) 3 Whatshouldsportsstarsneverdo,in youropinion?
Whathoppenedwas(thot)it begonto rcir. (lt beganto (Underno circumstances ...)
rain.) 4 Canvoudescribe the lasttimeyouwatched or played
2 Wecanalsomakea sentence moreemphaticby, - sport?
' (vvhatI did ... what happened ...)
puttingimportant wordsat the start.Aftera negative /
adverbor phrase, thesubiect'verb wordorder 5 Whichsportis theeasiest to startplaying/doing? Why?
changes. ( l t h i n k . .i.s t h ee a s i e sbte c a u sael l y o un e e d. . . )
NeverhodI seensuchon excitinggame.
Underno circumstonces wasI going to leoveeorly

lrl Unit10 . Gameon!

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2 D oy o u w e a ra n y t h l n g( b r a c e l e t cs r' y s t a [ se,t c) w h i c h
h a sb e e nd e s i g n € tdo i m p r o v ey o u rh e a l t h ?
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t h e f o t L o w i nwgo u L dy o u b e m o s tl i k e l yt o d o 7
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b p u t i c e o n i t d nothing

ls each
Cd 3.2 5 Lookqui(klythroughthe text opposite
section (1-5) about (a)
somethingyou wear?(b) eat? or
(c) lie in?

Foreachparagraph(1-5) choosethe bestsummary

(A-F).Thereis one extrasummary.
A T h i sc a nd e f i n i t e l iyn c r e a steh e s p e e do f r e c o v e r y 1 Cashew nuts
f r o r nm i n o ri n j u r i e sb y i n c r e a s i nbgl o o dc i r c u l a t i o n gold medalllst,said cashew
KellyHolmes,Britains double-OIympic
B T e s t sh a v es h o w nt h a tt h i s c a ni n c r e a s a en athLete's
were her secret weaponIn wardingoff fatigueat the Athens
nuts
a b i l l t yt o u s eo x y g e nm o r ee f f i c i e n t l y . Olympics.Cashewnuts are my li e secret" she said' addingthat
C T h i sp r o d u cct a ni m p r o v ep e r F o r m a npc a e r t l yb y
they helpedto boost her powers recoveryso she was fully
pnmed
m ak i ng y o u L o o km o r ei n t i m i d a t i n g . g
for her next race.A 50 serving cashews providesone-fifthof a /
D U s e di r n m e d i a t e bl ye f o r ee x e r c i s et h, i s h a sb e e n woman s dai y iron requirementsand around one-tenthof a rnans
s h o w nt o i n c r e a s set a m i n aa n d p e r f o r m a n c e ' zrncneeos, l
'All nuts are a rlch sourceof dletaryprotein-
E N o to n l yw i l l t h i s a i d t h e r e c o v e royf y o u rm u s c l e s Exped verdict:
a f t e re x e r c i s eb,u t i t w i t l a l s or e p l a c el o s tn u t r l e n t s ' neededlo enhancelhe recoveryprocessof musclesafter intense
F W h i l et h i s p r o d u c il s i n t e n d e dt o b o o s tt h e a m o u n t
o f o x y g e nt a k e ni n d u r i n ge x e r c i s et h, e r e ' sl i t t l e
mrnerals,includrngpotasslumLostin sweat,!!hlch makesthem a
e v i d e n c teh a t i t w o r k s .
very useful Postexercisesoack-
. iil'l Findthe wordsbelowin the text.Usethe
2 lce baths
contextto workout the meaningand matchthem with
the correctdefinitions. Takinga drp in a balh tub filled
with ice-coldwaler ls amonglhe
most fashionabletheraPlesln
sport at lhe moment Belleved
to allevratemusclesoreness
: a n i n c r e a s ien s i z eo l p a r to f t h e b o d y ,o f t e n and tissue swellingthat occur
after hald exerclse,it sPeeds
c a u s e db y i n j ur y
up recoverySome England
2 : t i n y ,t h i n p i e c e so f t i s s u ei n y o u rb o d y rugbyPlayershavetaken the
3 : m o i s l u r ew h i c hy o u rs k i np r o d u c ew s nen
obsessionLoextremesoY
y o ua r e h o t a n d / o re x e r c i s ien t e n s i v e l y v sltinga cryotheraPY cnamoer
: a s h o r tp i e c eo f t j s s u ei n y o u rb o d yt h a t (essentiallya human deeP
c o n n e c ttsw o b o n e s freeze)al an OlymPictrainlng
centreIn PoJand. TheYspend
5 - : a c o n d i t i o ni n w h i c hy o u c a n n o ct l e a r l ys e e
four minulesshiveringat rnrnus120-160 degreesCe sius
o b l e c t sw h i c ha r ec l o s et o Y o u
6 : t h e o r g a n sw h i c ht r a n s f eor x y g e nf r o mt h e
a i r t o y o u rb l o o d area whlch boostscirculationand speedsup healing says sports
7 : t h e m o v e m e nol f b l o o da r o u n dt h e b o d y Jlll Hendry Sometlmestinytears occurto musc e
physiotherapist
8 i a n yt u b e si n y o u rb o d yf o r a i r ,f o o de t c t o fibresand Ligaments after a hard workout,and lce can he p
m o v et n l o u g n to hea them
g I a c o n d i t i o ni n w h i c hy o u c a n n o ct l e a r l ys e e
o b j e c t sw hi c h a r ef a r a w a y

105 L i |t 1 0 Gan:.i

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 I who ii lesskeento go to the gym,Avaol
Readthe diatogue. hod betterlmightos well
Bella?Doyouagreeor disagree with herreasons? Why? 7 Weusehod better(not)ot mightas wellto giveadvice
or warnings andsaywhatthe bestcourseof actionis.
Betla There'sa newleisurecentrein Western Road.l'm 2 Hadbefterimpliesthat not followingthat courseof
thinkingof joiningso I cangoto the gymandgetfit. actionwill havebadconseouences. we oftenuseor +
Ava Really? lt's timeI gotfit. ButI don'tlikegyms. willto talkaboutthoseconseouences.
Everyone's so irnage-conscious. She'dbetterapologisefor missingtheclossor she'll
Belta Whatdo youmean? hoveto seethe heodteacher.
Ava They're atl posinginfrontofthe mirrors. Theyactas You'dbhttetnotforgetmy birthday!
if theywerecontestants in a beautycontest. J Mightaswellimptiesthatthecourseof actionis
Belta Well,I'd rathertheydidn'thaveall thosemirrors. unappealing butthereis no betteroption.
Butit doesn'treallybotherme. We'llneverfind it. Wemightas wellgiveup.
Ava ljust don'tfeelrelaxed.
Belta Suppose we wenttogether. You'denioyit moreif ,{ Studythe lean fhis! box.Ihen giveadviceor warningsto
youwerewithsomeone.
thesepeopleusinghad bettet(not)...ot mightas well.
Ava Yes,maybe.Butrunningon a treadmillis so boring!
Bella Stopmakingexcuses. lmagineif we wentto the I ' S o m e o fm y b r o t h e l s f r i e n d spal ar en n i n g a s u r p r i s e
gymeverydayafterschool.We'dbothbe so fit! birthdaypartyforhim.'
Ava. Oh-OK I'll giveit a go.ls it expensive to join? You'dbettornott?llhimaboutit.
'l'vehadthiscoughforthreemonthsnow,andI thinkit's
Betta No-,it's reallycheapifyou'reundereighteen. Shal[
we starttomorrow, then? gettingworse.'
'l'vehadthesejeansforyears.They're too smallfor me
Ava I'd soonerwe left itlntil afterourexams.
B e l l a B u tt h e y ' r w
e e e k sa w a yI!' d b e t t e r j o i n o n m y o w n . now.'
Youcandecidelater. 4 'Thisprawnsaladsmellsa bit funny.'
e eh a da n e x a mt o d a yu n t i l g o t t o
5 ' l d i d n ' rt e a l i sw
school.'
; ReadtheLeomtfusJbox.Findandunderlineall the examDles
5'l borrowed a friend'swhiteT-shirtandgottomato
oftheunreatpastin thedialogue.
ketchuD on it.'
7 'We'reso late,we'vemissedthreequarters of thefilm!'
TheunreaIpast
Weusethe pastsimpleaftercertainexpressions even IID 6RAMMAR 10.3:PAGE
BUILDfR 133 {3I
thoughthe meaning is present
or future.
It's (high)tine wewenthome. 5 the secondsentencein eachpair
Complete
I'd tothermv brotherweten'there. so that it meansthe sameasthe first.lncludethe wordor
I'd soonetyoupoid for you ownticket. wordsin brackets.
lmagine(ifl you livedhere! I thinkwe shouldtravelby boat.
Supposeyougavemeyourphonenumber. I by boat.(sooner)
Heoctsas if/as thoughI werehisservant! Saying sorryforinsultingheris the bestthingto do.
Notethatwe normally uselvereinsteadof lvdsin this You- her.(bette,
for insutting
kindof sentence. Heseemsto thinkhe ownstheschool!
Heacts theschool!(asthough)
Rewrite the sentences belowusingthe unreaIpastandthe 4 I'd preferyouto comewithmeto the gym.
phnsesin brackets. I'd to thegym.(rather)
1 I'd preferhimto meetmeat the arena.(l'd rather) 5 Weshouldbuya newcar- ourskeepsbreaking down.
2 | thinkwe shouldgo swimming again.(lt'shightime) It's - ourskeepsbreaking down.(time)
3 She'dprefermeto stavat homethisafternoon. (5he'd
6 Theparty'sover,sothere'sno pointin staying.
sooner) Theparty'sover,sowe- home.(might)
4 Please don'ttellanyoneaboutthisconve rsation. -(l'd
rather) 6 Workin pairs,takingturnsto beA andB.
o p a y f o r m y t i c k e( lt'.ds q o n e t
5 I d o n ' t w a n t y ot u StudentA: Inventanotherproblem or situationlikethe ones
6 Whydon'tyoutry sendinghera textmessage? (Suppose)
in exercise
4. TellstudentB.
glJtLrJtF.
€* ,:.tA?j.1t37. 1{t.2:pAGa113 {m StudentB: Listento studentA andgiveadviceor a warning
usinghod befter(not)or night as well.

1 0 8l U n i t l o . G a moen !
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 The only time I've been to a professional basketball game was last winter in New
York. I was on a city break with my parents and rny cousin Connor, who lives in
Boston.Corinor, who's a real sports fan, was deq)erate to see lhe lGlicks play at
Madison Square Garden. I wasn't so keen but I agreed to go along - and I'm glad I
did because il was the best evening of the holidaylWe arrived at Madison Square
Garden about an hour before the start of the game and went straight to our seats'
In the ftont row sat-dozensof Krricksfars all dressed in the team color.lrsJMycousin
expldned that it was a crucnl game, one that the Knicks rcally needed to win He
was feeling nervous and so were thousaadsof other Kriicks fans.1[rhenthe match
I
started, the crowd went wjld. They were cheering every point For most of the
match the Knicks were neck and neck with their onents,the New JerseyNets
Ten seconds ftom the end, the Itricks had a ftee throw to win the game,When the
ball went through the hoop, the arena erupted The Knicks had wonl And then it
was time to leave. Into the cold niqht air we went, surrounded by ecstatic lftricks
fans.The excitement and
adrenaline rush meant
we hardly noticed the
Describe thephoto.Doyouthinkthisis an freezing temperatures.
amateur or a professional game? Whydoyouthinkso?
All h all, it was an
ReadthetaskandthedescriDtion betow. How weltdoesthe unforgettable expenence
description address the unde inedparts ofthetask?Give and one I d love 10repeat
examples your
to support opinion. some day
Writea description of a sportingevent,amateur or
professional, thatyouremember forits ereatatmosphere
andexcitement. Readthe information betow.Howmanyof
theseexpressions canyoufindin thetextin exercise
2?
In pairs,decidewherethe paragraph breaks shouldcome Youcanmakedescriptions morecolourfulby usingextreme
in the text.In thistext,thereshouldbe fourparaglaphs. equivalents of simpteverbsandverbphrases.

A d e s c r i D t ioofna ne v e nnt e e d sa c l e a rc, h r o n o l o g i c a l

structure - forexample:
A s e tt h es c e n e - w h e r ew ?henw ? h ow i t h ?
B Thebuild-upto the event- atmosphere, feelings,etc.
C Theeventitself- focuson kevmoments
D Aftertheevent- howdid it affectyou?
Makesurevourdescription matches thetaskand
i n c l u d easn ys p e c i f i cn f o r m a t i or enq u e s t e d .
Rewritethesesentencesusingmoreextremeequivalentsof
Readthe Examtip. Thenlookagainat youranslverto exercise the verbs.
matchtheplan.
3 andcheckthatthe paragraphs 1 Whenthe substituteran onto the pitchthe crowdgot
excited.
Matchthetwohalvesofthesecompound
2 | w a n t e dt o p l a yh e ra t t e n n i sb e c a u s es h e ' db e a t e nm e
threeofthemandwrite
nounsfromthetext.Thenchoose
the last time.
yourownexamptesentences,
3 Thetwo teamswere level,and both managerswere
l basketball a row s h o u t i n ga t t h e i rp l a y e r tso t r y h a r d e r .
2 sports D COtOUTS 4 S h ef e l ts a dw h e ns h e l o s tt h e m a t c hb e c a u s es h e h a d
3 front c throw r e a l l yt r i e d .
4 team o game
5 free e rush In pairs,discussthe advantagesand disadvantages
6 adrenaline f fan of watchinga sportseventliveratherthan on TV.

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 U n i t9 U n i t1 {
1 Matchan adiectivebelowwitheachstatement. theconectpreposition
5 Circle thesports
andcomplete
venues.
considerath e e r o i c o v e r - s e n s i t i vreo m a n t i cI U t h l e s s
'l'm goingto becomeleadelofthispoliticalpartyandI 1 in / on a boxingr-
2 in / on a footballp-
don'tcalehowI do it.'-
'l'm goingto diveintothe lakeandsavethatdog!'- 3 i n / o n a s k si -
4 in / on a swimming p-
3 'A dozenredrosesforyou,mydarlinS. Andhere'sa
i n / o n a g o l cf -
5
poemI'vewrittenaboutyoureyes.'-
'l didn'ttellyouaboutthe partybecause Mark:_ /5
I didn'twant
vouto feelbadthattheydidn't invite you.'-
'Whydid thatpersonlookat me 6 Matchthe tnvopadsofthe sentences.
lustthen?ls myhaira
1 Whathappened a go to a cafeandwatchthe
mess?Doesthistop notsuitme?'
was newschannel.
Mark:_ /5 b everybody hadto leavethe
2 U n d enr o
circumstances stadium.
Complete yviththe wordsbetow'
the sentences c feelsorryfor arethe players.
3 Whatwe did was
c o u t d h a d n ' t n e e d n ' t s h o u L d n 'w
t outdn't 4 lt wasmycousin d wouldtheyallowthe matchto
who continue.
Tharlksforthe food, but you- havebroughtso the events
5 ThepeoplewhoI e thoughtofvideoing
much.Thereareonlythreeof us. withhis phone.
lf I'd knownhowdifflcultthisjob wasgoingto be,I
Mark: 15
- havestartedit!
J These bags areheavy. You haveofferedto helpme!
in eachpairso it meansthe
the secondsentence
Complete
4 I don'tmindherwinning, but shereally- have
sameasthe first.
boastedaboutit.
1 Weneedto buyourtickets.
I wouldn'thaveknownaboutit if you- toldme.
I t ' sh i g h- .
Mark: 15
2 There'sno reasonnotto takethe bus.
we mightas- .
Complete the secondsentence so it meansthe sameasthe
(Ihey 3 tt woutdbe a badideato carryyourPassportwith you.
first. are all mixedconditionals)
You'dbetter- .
We're because
lost youforgotto bringthe map' should invitethe neighbours.
4 | don't thinkyou
Wewouldn't- map-
l ' ds o o n e r - . ._
He doesn'tlike you becauseyou teasedhim.
5 Howaboutleaving the carat home?
He would- him.
Suppose - ?
He screamedbecausehe's afraidof spiders.
Mark:_ /5
lf he - screamed.
I'm tired becauseyou woke me up at dawn.
I Complete with thewordsbelow.
the monotogue
I wouldn't- dawn.
I boughttwo DVDSbecausethey'reon specialoffer. also first foremost importantly start
lf DVDS- two. Matk| - 15 and'?-, exercise is goodforyou.Fora
it makesthe muscles in yourbodystronger.
word(s).
eachwishor regyetuviththe appropriate
Comptete let'snotforgetthatit hasa positiveeffecton your
mindandemotions. Butmost5-, it makesyourheart
1 | wishI - actedso foolishtv.
moreefficient.'
2 lf - | hadbeenableto sDeakltalian.
youhadn'ttoldanyone. Mark:- /5
3 I'd-
4 | wishl- havetakena yearoff.
5 | really- youhadbeentherewithme.
Mark: 15

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 * " r , , U o r uh a sn o w b e c o m ea l m o s tc o m p l e t e ldye t a c h e d
Which of the following adjectivesdo you f r o mi t s r e t i g i o ucso n t e xat n d i s t y p i c a l l u
yndertaken
a s a f o r mo f e x e r c i s ew, i t h i l s p o w e r f ucl o m b i n a t i oonf
c o n t r o l l erdn o v e m e natn d d e e pb r e a t h i n g .
religious
Yogais nowmorepopularin theWestern
worldthanin India,its country
of origin.
a calmandpeaceful
Achieving stateis an
elementof yoga.
important
Readthe text. Markthe sentences(1-6) true (T),false(D HathaYogais physically
moredemanding
or not stated(N)? thansomeothertypes-
D o i n gy o g aa s e x e r c i s ies i n c r e d i b lpy o p u l a lrn t h e
w e s t e r nw o r l d ,T h e r ea r e n o wc l a s s e si n m o s tl e i s u r e
tour,yogawas
Priorto SwamiVivekananda's
c e n t r e isn E u r o p ea n d A m e r i c ab, u t w h a te x a c t l yi s i t a n d Unknown to westerners,
w h e r ed i d i t c o m et r o m ?Y o g ao r i g i n a t e idn a n c i e n It n d i a ThefirstHathaYogaschoolin the USwas
a s a p h y s i c a lm , e n t a l a n ds p i r i t u adl i s c i p l i n el t. e v o l v e d primarily by Hollywood
attended stars.
a s p a r to FH i n d up h i l o s o p hayn d r e l i g i o nT. h eo r i g i n a l
g o a lo f y o g a ,o r t h e p e r s o np r a c t i s i nygo g a ,i s t h e Although mostwesterners do yogato
a t t a i n m e not t a s t a t eo f p e r f e cst p i r i t u atlr a n q u i l i tw y hi l e improve theirbody,theyhavenot lostsight
m e d i t a t i nogn t h e c o n c e pot f d i v i n i t yT. h eS a n s k r iwt o r d of its spiritualaspects.
' y o g ah ' as
t h e l i t e r a rl r e a n i n g ' t oj o i n ,u n i t eo r a t t a c h ' .
T h ei d e ai s t o u n i t et h e b o d y ,b r e a t ha n d m i n di n t oo n e
quiet energy,lt was used as a word to describea system Speaking
o f m e d i t a t i o an s e a r t ya s t h e 2 n d c e n t u r yB C .S o m e o n e
t !!ttr!!!llff[st! inpairs.
Work Divide
theadiectives
w h o p r a c t i s eyso g ao r f o l l o w st h e y o g ap h i l o s o p hw y ith
belowintotwo groups:(1)teelingsassociaied
with winning,
a h i g hl e v e lo f c o m m i t m e ni ts c a l l e da ' y o g i 'f o r a m a n (2) you
and feetings
associatedwith tosing.
Can addanymore
o r ' y o g i n if' o r a w o m a n T . h e yv o wt o f o l l o wa p l a i na n d
adjectives?
s i m p l el l f eo Fs e l f - d i s c i p t i n i neo r d e rt o a c h i e v et h e
p e r f e cst t a t eo f h a r m o n ya n dt r a n q u i l i t y . deiected despondent devastated dismayed ecstatic
Thereare severaltypesof yoga.The one that we elated inconso[able overioyed relieved triumphant
a s s o c i a tm e o s tw i t h i n t h eW e s ti s H a t h aY o g aw , hich
i s s o m e t i m erse f e r r e tdo a s ' p s y c h o p h y s i c a l y o g a ' . 4 Do the examtask.
' H a 'm e a n s ' s u n '
o r ' v i t a ll i f ef o r c ea' n d ' t h a 'm e a n s
' m o o n 'o r ' m e n t a fl o r c e 'w , h i l e' y o g a s' i g n i f i etsh e u n i o n
b e t w e e nt h e t w o .T h eH a t h aY o g as c h o o el m p h a s i s e d the picture.
Describe Thenanswerthe questions,
mastero y f t he b o d yt o f o c u st h e mi nd . l t e v o l v e di n 1 5 t h
c e n t u r yI n d i a a, n d i n s t e a do f j u s t s i t t i n gw h i l ep r a c t i s i n g
meditation,HathaYogadevelopeda seriesof posesfor
t h eb o d yY . o g ac a m et o t h e a t t e n t i o n of aneducated
w e s t e r np u b l l ci n t h e m i d - 1 9 t hc e n t u r ya l o n gw i t h o t h e r
f o r m so f H i n d up h i t o s o p h yT.h et i r s tH i n du t e a c h etro
activelypromoteaspectsof yogato a westernaudience
w a sS w a mV i i v e k a n a n dw a ,h o t o u r e dE u r o p ea n dt h e
t J n i t e dS t a t e si n t h e 1 8 9 0 s .
l n 1 9 4 7t h e f i r s tH a t h aY o g as c h o o iLn t h e U So p e n e d
i n H o l l y w o o dI n. t h e ' F t o w ePr o w e i h i p p i ey e a r so f t h e
1 9 6 0 s ,i n t e r e sitn H i n du s p i r i t u a l i trye a c h e di t s p e a k .
1 W h yi s t h i s m a ni n s u c ha s t r a n g ep o s e ?
P o ps t a r s s, u c ha s t h e B e a t t eas n d m a n yH o l t y w o o d
2 W o u l dy o u l i k et o b e a p r o f e s s i o n a l a t h l e t e ?
a c t o r sf,o l l o w e dH i n d um e d i t a t i o an n d p h i l o s o p hfyo r
W h y/ W h yn o t ?
a w h l l et o i n s p i r ec r e a t i v i tayn d a s a n a n t i d o t et o t h e
t h i c hy o u
3 T e l lm e a b o u ta n i n t e r n a t i o n a l s p oervt e n w
materialism o f w e s t e r nc u l t u r eH . o w e v e fr o, r u s i n t h e
a t t e n d e do r w a t c h e do n t e l e v i s i o n .
 i
I
'sasual
s n o n u r l u oul r p a s na q u P l a s u a sl t u l p u i p e q l I l u o ' S u t u p a u l
a q l u o S u l p u a d a lpr u r p u l pJ o a l p l sa q u e l s q l a ^a u o s
( 5r+p!€fsJ€p{r+5qAa€!i ION) (Aa+Sufl:ed-u.aq-aq-ssf+ 10 N) (,+ol.i).J1?pdrr\ .rf l1
ll?q?szqP00+sJ?Purl r?^?ut^.1
! lrtrrrc;ruLnlq lpr'lqr ra,17| Lr.ronlpv.r.ry r.r 1
sJs?^Joj eA?uMoux?A,l 'I'rcf ol 6Lrrtrr..lgurJi:llcrlfJ^.111?cf
ol ualoi$ tslrf.z\l
(." 5+4+s{+r+l
ION) 6uos srql cleq | ?eazq?xi?r.lI 'lat
'sasualsnonulluol ur pasn 3q
louuel sqla^ alels qlrMu.uolsnonurluolaql asn lou 0p 0M'la^a/vloH/pDa./I,
q,lait 'waas 'paau 'Jallou 'l 'puadap 'lso 'utDluol sJeqlo . pue jsnl qll^ ul.tolsnonutluol.toalduts aql esn uet aM .
puq apun 'as!uDOa) p?n0Jt .r^,rtv\
H€aj,{qql atlMl sulnsre uaeg aA,ai jON)
'uDau '^r,oui 'lqnop 'a 'atatlaq 'aat6o
ODstp lq8noql c 1 0 1r , 0 L r r r t 0u. rJui t qt r J N \ I
'rluoJsnonurluolaql
ssessod'ut',/',o '6uo1aquolssassod r
luDM
'Jalud 'pulu 'a^ol 'an 'alDr,l\DaJ'IAua'uD uotloue . asn louuPf aM 'suorsellojo laqu.lnullexa up iJllsds aMll .
: s P e pllt e r l s q Pq l r Mp a l l a u u o l
uauo are Iaqf suortlp lou 'selels aqulsap sqta^ alpls
(rol tlllM ssaiEotd :a.reouol'alslourol
uluorlle =) sJn0q??Jql.ro;,116urq:1er, uaaqs,aq'6u|ue,ra s|q1 sr uorlle ue leql aslseqduao1uUolaldultsaql asn aM .
( lpalpedal lsPlluo) ro sluloo lPuotl!pPv
puP^lluelar =) i??r'\srq++q6tul..u,raAI p?q?t?N\szq ?izJ s uurl 6ur)'e1d
ullq (s f) r^,1Je rrJq pi.lrl Ll.l
(Mou=) J?uurpbur;eLu s,aql?uoqd?Llla+2uo2 +!e2 ?ee 'slue^a
lualal Jo suual u! uorlpnlrs]ua.rinle urpldxaol .
(Ipeln8er=) I'ept.r-t
lrzar J?uurps?iurxp?O sJnoqr?Jqt.io11110u1q:1cu uuq lrq.J:1rf
:aJedulo)
'sgsuSlsnonutluol ('6uolMoq to aJurs'rol asn aM) ssalEord
ur uaaqspq uolllp ue SuolMoq^es ol sqtan:rueulp qg4r o
ro eldurs u! pasn aq uel pue suorllp equlsap sqra^llueu^o
ruJxi!irqtpJIq 0u11.r0,,rultq ,'n.'
sqra^
rlruPunP alels J.1lua:a.t
auLre0
r?l duro?r,\?ur 6url.r,ylu.;aqu.lp,
PuE '^lpalPaoa.r
-ta^e
ru
iuortlteduo) suods e ul Ued (alel) no^ a^eH O! pue illualal 3u!uaddpquaaq a^pqlpql suotllp roj .
snonutluolllsJlao luasstd eql asn aM
io!qsuo!0r!Eql
plroMaql (urM)- a^eq puelSuf illlseluej 6 snonu!luol lla+ao luasard
Zsn Lll!/v\pua (lotr)r.romauoqJ,urauopl,uareq1 '1noo6 l,urr'
aql aas ot lupM no^ oO'ltlall!fiJ (qlle/'^)- a^,aM 8 'aptsutoB uet ?M st?l?rl?qt +q6noq(lprrlle) ..ra.
'Aepol 'luasardaql ur
llnsar e e^pqleql slua^alualat loJ .
saqlpur sruualoaJql(Aeld)- a^,1asnelaq pal|t ul,l /
,'raqoes pup SuolpoB uel no
'fuerqrlaql _,''o'-ll,ll1iixl
ll
ur ()UoM) - (6uol Moq lo Duts'JoJ esn
aqs 'sa^,.Zpquew(eas no^)-,
/ 9
- e^,1 s
3l'i\) Palslxaseq uorlpnlrs p Suol ,\ oq ^es ot 'sqra^ elels qlr/',r.
illnJos ur,l turu.roujllp (lea)
i.ro^ r4?N0l u??q?^.
irsq qllM ProMlllnD nol' aarr.
ae\?oXe axxs (.ta,ra)
e lupM no^ oO 'auoqd eql uo AqqVol 0llel / lsnD - | t (.elduirslspd aql esn eM 'au l aql ^lllads aMrD 'tsed
'3u!ulouislql
aql u! aull paljDadsunauroslp pauaddpqleql uortte up ioJ .
alurs lr r0J()loot)- -
| lqllp^\ Iur (aas/ nol) pzu6rs,a-r
(tsnf) szq luaplsa-rd ?qI cpJe?q no,,?^r..
'aurp8 'sMauEul^r8uaqMIUelnlt!ed 'slua^a
llPqasPqe (eas lualal loJ .
- -
r3^au) lnq seurl Mel p VSn aqt o!sl^) | l l a J a o l u a s a r 0e q l 3 s n a f
'la^ auoqd aldurlslra#od tuasa!
Au (puu lou) - -
Dnq enoq ioJ (q)eas) I
'slal)uq
snonulluot_
u! sqra^
aqlJosnonulluo)
puealdur!s
paJladluasaidaql qllmsa)ualuaseq1a1a;duo1
pupeldutlsllalad
- I
luaseld L--.J
lili
 !'Verbpatterns
think l ' m t h i n k i n gu U o u *t o r t . I t h i n ks h e ' sa t w o r k .
Whenwe puttwoverbstogether, the secondverbis usuallyin
feel I'm not feelingconfident. He feels I'm selfish. the infinitiveor -ingform.Sometimes it is an infinitivewithfo
have He's havinga shower/ She has three cats or a pastparticiple. Whichpatternwe usedependson the first
a p i a n ol e s s o n / l u n c h . verb.
look Whatare you lookingat? He looksvery calm. verb+ to infinitive
see I'm seeingDan tater. I see what you mean. ogree,arrcnge,osk,beg,dare,decide,expect,foil, hoppen'
s m e l l W h ya r ey o us m e l t i n g D o e st h e s a n d w i c hs m e l [ hope,monogP,meon,offer,prepore,pretend,promise,refuse'
thatsandwich? all right? seem,wont,wish,wouldlike,wouldpreler,hetp(canalsobe
withoutto)
infinitive
taste She'stastingthe soup. Thesouptastesgreat!
a p p e a r H e ' sb e e na p p e a r i nogn S h ea p p e a rtso b e q u i t e verb+ -ing form
stagein London. assertive. odmit,odvise,avoid,con'tbeor,con'thelp,con'tstond,mrry
on, consider,detoy,dislike,deny,enjoy,envisoge,foncy,feel
1 Choosethecorrecttense. Iike,finish,give up, havedifficulty,like,imagine,intend,it's no
'Stop good, it's not wotth,justifu,keep(on),mind,miss,postpone,
1 it!You- (behave)
selfishly.' prcctise,propose,put off, rccollect,rccommend,risk,stop,
'Why?l- (notunderstand)
whatyou- spend(time),suggest
(mean).' . Someverbscanbe followed6yan -ingformor an inRnitive
2'Why-(you / l a u s ha) t m y T ' s h i r t ? ' withlittleor no changein meaning: begin,continue, hote,
'Because it - (notfit)you!' intend,like,love,prcfet,start.
3 'This bagthat| - (carry/ weigh)a ton!' A fewverbs(orget, go on, regret,remenber,stop,try)
'l -- (know).lt (contain) all my books.' c h a n gteh e i rm e a n i ndge p e n d i nognw h e t h et rh e ya r e
4 '- (you / tike) this play?' followedby an infinitiveor an 'ing totm.
'Notreally,but it - (notmatter).I - (notmind) 1 non t {org meetinglha ?ft.lidofi / I {orgoi 10 asK
Ha'rent
He noina/ Ay vlcnion to becomea lcathv
uenl on nqing lczLhYr.
s t a y i nugn t i l t h ee n d . '
I rcgr0t'ioinform1outhalJouraPP\ication / l
vrasunsuccassfu\
5 'We (need)to go home.lt's midnight!'
'l - ragreJnot iel\lnghim ho\llI
(notcare).| (enioy)mysetf!'
I remsmborlocringtho doo \ezsvrvmtmberIo
2 Complete with the correctformof the verbs
the sentences door
below.useeachverb oncein a simpteandoncein a
twice, ihe stopprd sirlging
/ i stoPPed io iig h9r 5h0e5.
continuousform. v,leiri?dbhoutingfor hs but nobodlhcard./ I trird t0 sPrak
but no soundcam?oul
. Theverbssee,heor,watchandfeelcanbe followedby object
1 I n o t i c etdh a ta m a n- a t o u rc a r . withoutto to talkabouta completed
+ infinitive action,or
2 Mygreat.gra ndfather- a clothesshopin Londonin object+ -lngformto tatkaboutan actionin progress.
t h e1 9 5 0 s . I hezcd9en answar thenlaugh
hit phone,
3 l- t h ed o c t otro m o r r oawb o u m t yc o u g h . I sa$Dznnlpialingbasreiball in ihegardan
4 | missed m ys t o pb e c a u sle- a b o udt inner. verb+ object+ to infinitive
5 Whenwe arrived, the teachers - a meeting. allow,osk,command,dare,enoble,encouroge, expect,fotbid,
6 l t ' sr a i n i n gb,u tl - i t w i l l s t o ps o o n . get,
force, inspire,invite,order,permit,persuade,
remind'
7 | t h a ty o u ' v eb e e ne a t i n gm yc r i s p s ! request,teoch,tell,trust,urge,worn,want,wish,would like,
8 Thatgame fun.CanI havea go? wouldprefer
verb+ object+ infinitivewithoutto
have,moke,let,help(canalsobe infinitivewithto)
verb+ obiect+ pastparticiPle
get,have,need,want
 :,. . ) > : , . - : . , ,- . a ) : . . : . a) :! .)
's.rcal
ue1 x1;Jori of lrng x\q xulesxqL o$ eH
rsedaqlosnaM:panurluol
rsedaqlurlrqpq ,"il:fii:
(rlnsa4 (uorlenll p SuolAaoqles aM ua\M ppoltt,
)o ol pesna l,uopeM.
plroM?q+punoJl?^?Jlplnon ,[.uow
| ,o +ole peqI apeu eq+'0 pu2 eq++e doqsnuso.t e ag o+2 aJ2t1+
?to
, $0u 0P I mq'ueerj nl e^t\ol .sn
aql aglrrsapol ot lnoq]!i^a^tlluuu!+l l,uplpI
,uppoto)o p4ol)n:::
aM lu3^aro uollenllsaql aq[]sap ol asual
lspdaql asneM .
'l+rcurrtun p6
o+u! l,uppon1,,teel1uurrn,,, M p:lt;tlj] .paqstuU
^ ou ale l e q l l s e da q l
ulsuollPnlrspup sllqeq aqlrrsapol p\olrr )o posn
'ue[+ ot 6sn ol| c
xq+
loot4)st),.29ppo,^
| ,\eqpo,+e.*rJl;tj?
ppoil Pueo,Pesn
ioruaserd
aqrolraJar
uel' .rlnsar
sl!or",r"^..,""J:llJ;rul z
fueurSeur
uElnoqe>||elol lpuorlrpuol
puolasaql asneM . " alpl ol I Eutlpl q alpl p
'le
),oolol aul roJsoloqd 3uos -laquauJaj aseald
lPuo!l!Puol pa)uppI Sulluppq alupp e
.-
PuoresE
'ralseqlupW Ipoqfue^e lat .llell
ul fuollpJ e ut ajtl strlllp pallo/$ q lltM ll lpalt e stq-[
'ratsaqlueW lqSnpl I tutqllet q qllel ol e
ut tuolleJ e ut ajtl s!q lle lJorr^plnoM p
.alqlssod
sp uoos sp _
.sutell
puesaupld
u,O"rr",r,r, u r q l u e r ua : 1 1 oadq l p u p , l p u t r ! ! j ls n o l a 8 u p p
e s.aH
'sulejl pue "OtJ',,lJjt
saueldu! palsalelutaq 01pasn e puels ol I Bulpuels q puels e
'poluP/,^
aq lPqM
.r"0,
;;1,,.;1,:"1,:Jt, u]|q palsp | ,uaplet lno u! - ueul p /,4es ueqM l
'8op p uMo
l,uptp aM e urMol f F u r u u l aql u ! A 4e
uopuol u! Pa^!le^ ueqM g 'qlleur 3ql -
.sessel8 uo
tpe^ ol asn l,uplp aq q l u a r ^ a q l l n q ' a u l t J I e q l eu / v \ o p
.sassel8 s l p o 8o , rl a j a n l o o d j a ^ l-l
ol
Jea/v\ pasnla^eu aq p
llel o1 I S u r l l e lq l l P l P
Ioq llplls e seMaol ueqM s
.a)uPll .zlaqLU nu
u! a^ll ol pesn q u/v\olnol - patjl no^ a^pH,,.auoqdAu puu
t,upl l,
'saluoluasasoql
.sllpl
aM'so66r ul utroJqra lseq aqlosool]l
0uoqd ^urpaldnllatu! "';;i;jJ#ffJH'
^lluelsuolaq q '(dols)--
.slleleuoqd
Iu urq pelue^lurooi oql u! auotua^a
ldnJalur plno^,1 aq e qEnoqlua^aJelln8aql (Ield)- uo pau.re:
_
esnelaqt0qlojqIu ql!/i^fuBue lot saullaulos | € a;i
.6u!ulourfue^a 'uoslad
))oil,o ua^esle dn la8 ol pesn Iq
'Suruourfua^a
lloll.o ue^as an plnoa,r e^rtPluaun8lp up qIM dlqsuollplal e (a^pq)--
lp las je
looqlstupuludlp sp/vl ra^aa8esr^ua J,upf,| pup(an&p)- altlslp
I uaqM Z ^llpelI
.aurll
lxauolse)-- pasrutord
pueplaurel^ur (a1e1) -;- p311,rpe
,.;Hi:li:flffi: taqlotg 1619
|,pllqt e seMI uaq/!lnq.MouslotJela^olI I .uoorauPs
aq] ut (aq)_ puPls
'qloqlo q .e:s8utpua l,uel aqstlpJul lnq .urq (eltl)-
llerJolaql esooq) tr spualaldaqs s
.roouaqt uo
(daals) _
'..,--r i' 'g?l.A pulurl,uop no^Jt,lpu ^ul le (Ipts) -
- i.2t 2A?e\p1r10M , ,", ,^rtl:|,:trf lsas8ns| r,
;';:;91 .(tul)-
.tullouue daa) lt,tlnq
'njadut sutsnol
^u - peteueu
- : : - ; * : - - c . a $ t e q ls a t i d r l t
l r , p / n o ,p l o l e q l s s a j l sa M J I. orpluor) l,ue^eq | €
.(dnurnl)_
palteJ
alellnq eueull aqt aptslno -
'u,ro Iu uo 0aour) paet8ep.aM Z
^auplno4 pueol pasn)a^au . (oA-lsu ro aurql!,l Eurduet(auoJ)
,-eu.,.arrlod _-
e aq plnoMpppIW IeN) puatrJe apenslad o1raqlaq,!\ apnap].uel I I
-z_z: :C e ?q ol p?snp?pl.W
-!' lsr
-- - s:-ar a:e= qlta plnofl,,asnt.ue) aM . u!qra^
aqlJo
uroJ aql
lrarrol qr!,$
selu"rr", ,ilr"o'lr"jl
"u,
 . Theifclausecancomebeforeor afterthe mainclause.lf it . with'actionverbsandfor or srnceto sayhow longan action
comesafter.we don't usea comma. had beenin progress.
l'd b?enplalingihe I 11for lcars boforcl*on anfhing.

I completethe sentences. Usethe conectpastPefectsimPle

. In the ,fctause,we canusewereinsteadof wasasthe past
fiormof the verbsin brackets.
to be a little formal.the
tenseof be, singular.lt is considered
1 Hewasin debt becausehe - (notbe) carefulwith
meaning doesn'tchange.
his rnoney,
. 2 Shewasnevershortof moneybecause she-
(alwayskeep)somebackfor a rainyday.
I Comptete the sent.nces'Usethe secondconditional' she- (not
3 | didn'tknowwhereshewasbecause
1 lf you- (workout)yourtotal income'you- telDmewhereshewas going.
(know)howmuchyou hadto sPend. 4 lhey - (be)comfortablyoff beforethe stockmarket
2 Yourchildren- (manage)their moneybetterif crasn.
you- 0e0themtakeresPonslbility forfinancial 5 - youever- (visit)Germanybeforeyou
decisions. startedto leamGerman?
3 You- Oe able)to afforda holidayifyou - 6 Shewaslatefiorworkbecauseshe- Get up) late.
(notspend)allyourmoneyon musicdowntoads. 7 lf | - (know)youwerea vetetarian,t wouldn'thave
4 lt'yqi:- Give)me a biggeraltowance'l- (not
cooked meat!
.,b.e)
b'tokeall the time.
5 Mlilad sayshe "* (not have)a creditcardifinterest 2 Comptete Usethe Pastperfectcontinuousand
the sentences.
(not be) so low at the moment. a phrase
below.
rates
6 lf my dad- (win)the lottery,he _- (retire). s u n b a t hael ld a y c o o kd i o n e r n o ts l e e pw e l l
w a l ki n t h ew o o d s n o tp a va t t e n l l o n r a t n
2 Writesecondcondltionalsentences. t - r a v ef ol rg i t . h o u r ss i t a t m yd e s ks i n c en i n eo ' c l o c k
I I can'tafforda holidaybecauseI'm hardup. I Thepathwasslipperybecause it -.
2 Franlookedtiredbecause she-
2 Hewon't tendyou moneybecausehe's stingy.
3 WhenI got home,therewasa lovetysmell.Ctare
3 Thepaintingisn't wortha fortunebecauseit's a copy.
4 Therestaurantis ratherpricey,so we don't eatthere 4 when we finallygotto Devon,we -.
5 Lian couldn'tdo the exercisebecausehe - .
often.
5 He'scarelesswith his money,so he's alwaysbroke. 6 | hadbackache because l- .
6 Hedoesn'tbudgetwell, so he getsintodebtallthetime. 7 Theirshoes were muddy because they- .
7 | don't borrowmoneybecauseit's difficultto payback. E My facewasverysunburptbecause | - .
6 Youwasteyourmoney,soyou'realwaysshort.
@ eastsimpleandPastcontinuous
@ n"it perfect
simpleandcontinuous o Weusethe pastsimple:
Pastperfectsinple a for an actionor eventat a definitepointin the past.
Weusethe pastperfectsimPle
. fot an actionthat happenedbeforea sPecifictime in the
pasr. oneafteranother.
b fol actionsor eventsthat happened

. with stateverbs(know,De,like,etc) andFr or s,nceto say

how longan actionhadbeenin progress. tenses:
c wlth certainverbsthat arenot usedin continuous
for example,beteve, hote,know,like,love,need,prefer,
want.
Pastpedectcontinuous
Weusethe pastperfectcontinuous
in the past.
. to showthe causeof something the past.

1 L 4 G a n ' n a 1r ' , r i i ( jaerrd R e i e r e n c e

 ?^01ur ?J,l?i.i-;j!?q"vjl J?Puori I
,;ro1 ur I'aqlar;
')aqlaqM)o
Jt
a s na M ' u o r l s a n ob u / s a l p s t u o t l s a n b
] l a l l p l u a l e ^ l n b saq l J l .
CP€s s,?qIqH zrPl luz nol''arzg
Zpesaq sr fqM
0euroJ sseDaol l'?uor! ?rll ?^16n0l' PrPoqM 'uollsanbilal!p lualp^rnbaaql ut se (')la' aqtA'LlJtLlM 'ollt't')
(leuro, il?uour arll a^16n0[ plP u]oqn oI
plo^\ uorlsanbauresaql Aq paMollo]ale a^oqPssse.iqdaql .
'l! arolequorltsodelde lnd aM ueqMuotl,,i4 salloleq 1l
'or./,44pro,M 'uels 2 nouXnol' 0472 s?Pll.uz nol.?^zH
sr uorlsanb aql 'ploM uollsanbaql slojaq
Jl
'qs!l8uf I nol.lsz 1 ue112 tu 6u111e1
aql le uollrsodardaqt lnd sautlau.iosaM lPurlolul .
([11e9o1 9a11e1 1) 10111e1nol' 91poqpt
plnosTi'',
pulur
nol. u,r"'^;;;lr*,jilJ]iilfJ:l
(uoou ?ql p 6ur1oo1 ur,1)clu 6ulx0o\noi' z.tz lzqg ' p u aa q l
le ueur
'pua sql uolllsodardaql lnd 'LtrloJ
le llensneM uollsanbp erlnbal]ou op oMl lsJIJaLlllPql aloN uorlsanb
aql uaqM.
l l a l q o a q l J s n a M ' u o r l t s o d a lpds a p n l l u ru o r l s a n b
llarpur up a.lnpojlulol sasetqd5ut/v\olloj aql asn uPl eM .
(t.rtqs-1 e 1q6noq1) 2l'nqnol' ptp teqlr nol'plno7
(uonsanblrartpuDirnl1nol'a.raqr'r aur11e1
(fgoql;aaa noux 1) 2lped etql lz Aout nol'^ogoqm . (uoDsanbllerlp) 4aar1 nol'op a.l?qNt
:uloJ qla^ a^!lebollalu!
:slueualels
ue Iq poMolloJ sr lr 'llalqo eql st ptoMuorlsanbeql uaqM . eql asn
a^rlPri.iluJP se suriojqlaApue laplo pJoMau.iPs
(atet 'zql uon tet gat aqy) anu \I uoa )e1 q1l\lt\ o a p n Jp u n o sl q S l u u o l l s a n b
s u o r l s e nlb: a t t p u l' a ^ t s s a l 8 8t e
(2lttto +eqlur slron :1e;) aottto wql ur slJo^\oqM
:uiloJqlsAa^llPull!J.lP'lPtlllou ]ra.rp e leq] laal aM uaqMuollsanbllailpul ue 3sn uel aM .
e lq paf'lollolsr 'llafqns aqt s! ploM uortsanb3ql uaqM .
lr parlPul
suollsanb
C lzqN\Puei (sauolauo) q?lqM'a . oqN\:uollsanbe E -
'(tno -- uns aql asnoq aqt (3^eel)
Jollalqo ro lralqns aqt aq uPl sproMuorlsenbSurMollojaql . auor) lsV 8
'p.iojxo u I
suollsenb
lralqo/palqns -'aq -
n (a^rD a|lqM llPqloojJolol P (Aeld) tulPH I
- 'sprerua{e^l!oqs -
u no^ plnol )n aql ol }leq (a^our)
1 o ^ 1 o 1u ; ( a ^ r D - I ' a l p n b q e a s q l J oa u r l a q l l V 9
zlleqlslseqlo llpqloollalard no^ o0 8
- a)!lP,l
'laded aitr)
Peal ol (Uels)
-
pue (uMopl!s) -'txool aqt olut ()jleM) aqs 5
a q s l u ut l j l ua q l s a o pu a q M / 'urpr - 'no^rojoteM)
- M o u l n o ^o O o t ( u e l s ) l r a M a l r q M t
i - -lPqi1
Znoi 0ler) aol uaqM(oP) no^ €
ielsed lea lalsls lnoAsaoc 9
-- e a p l^ u e n o ^a ^ e H
'sroJaqu.ilq
Z -
laur p,l (asrlea, | uirq (33s) lluaLlloulaql Z
iaraq uorJ loodra^r-lol urerllspJe alaql sl I .asnoq -
-luel aql (a^eaD |
L-- -
uaq.,\(8urs) sPllq aql PUe(aulqs) uns aql I
lnol ale Plo/nloHt
- norlue1 'alq!ssodatP
;
sasualqloq sauJllaulos 'slsllPiq ulsqla^ eqlro snonulluol
zueau.ploM s l q l s a o Pl e q M €
- r e P u o MI lspd ro alduilslsed aql asn salualuasaql alalduro) tr
lsnlro paueui ^aql alv Z
apasP8ua '!e? ztl+ J1^0
- P?d(lJl I LtrooJ?ql D?\ I 9v
: Pulurno^ PlnoM 'aurl sLi.rEs
aqt lp psuaooPqleq]
i6urq8nelno^ arP/{tlM I suoille lroqs oMlroj aldultslsed aql qltMsa asn uauo aM .
'suollsonbllallPU!
luale^!nbaaql elalduol puPsuotlsanbllallp eql pee8
'al!q/"1Pue sD'uaqlA
'sl lallPul aql lPqMispuoM | 9
qlrMsnonurJuollspd aql ro aldLr.t!s lsed aql asn uel aM .
; l r e q a q l l , a q sa u l t ll e q me a p lI U Pn o ^a ^ p H 9 p?^rJJ?| u?qu 11 6u1q:1zr'r ?J?r,\sPu?ujIw
ld1aqr(uepaau noi l! au.rllal no^ uPf t 6uet eroqd ?q+u?qa +ssg??Jq6u1,rzq seu 1
lsi luPq aql araq^,1 aur llal no^ plnol € 'lr paldnralur leql lua^a
iuado sr Isap dlaq aql laqlaqrvtrvroulno^ o0 Z l o u o l l l er a u o q sp s a q u l s a pa l d L U lt s e d a q l : l u a ^ al o u o l l l e
'slsol
lirqs slq] qlnu Moq/v\oulol al!l p,l I p u n o r 8 l l p qe s a q [ ] s a ps n o n u q u olts p d a q 1 ' a l u a ] u a as u P s
'suollsanblrarlp otu! suollsanbpallpul aql aBueql a q t u r a l d L u llss E da q l p u ps n o n u r l u ol ls P da q l a s n u a u oa M .
 . Wecantsethiscomparative structure to showthattwo
1 Readthe statements. Thentompletethe questionsfol the
answers thataregiven, thingschangebecause theyareconnected.
Themorcha spends, iha poor?.r
h? gv1i.
1 HegavehisnumbertoGrace. . comparisons oftenhavea clauseafterthan.
Who- ? Grace. Drivingio Londonis slowerihan i'l usgdio b0
2 Theywona brandnewcarl
What- ? A brandnewcar. 1 ComDlete sothat it meansthe sameasthe first'
the sentence
3 Mydaddrovethemto theairport. 1 Londonis farbiggerthanParis.
Who-?Mydad. P a r i iss n o w h e r-e London.
4 A faultyW causedthe fire. |
2 expected yoga to be but notthisdifficult!
difficult,
What-?AfaultyW. Yogais even- lexpected.
5 TheFiatwonthe ratly. 3 NewYorkis almostasfarsouthas Madrid.
Whichcar- ?TheFiat. Madridis onlya bit- NewYork.
6 Sandyalwayssitsnextto Noah. 4 Greentand is muchsmallerthan it lookson mostmaps.
W h o- ?Noah. Greenland isn'tnearly- on mostmaps.
5 Theicecapsareshrinking dueto climatechange.
I comparison Theicecapsaregetting- dueto climatechange.
. comparative andsuperlative ad,ectivesareformedwith-er 6 lfyoudrinkmorecoffee, youwon'tsleepaswell.
and -est or moreandnost, unlesstheyareirregular: Themorecoffee you'llsleep.
(regular) difficult morcdifficuli mostdifficult
2 Rewritethe sentences to includea comparative formfoltowed
hot hotter hottcsi
(irregular) good brtt?r best bya ctause. Keepthesamemeaning.
far further furth?5t 1 I d i d n ' t r e a l i sMea r k w asso r i c h .
. comparative andsuperlative adverbs areusuallyformedwith Markis murhrichprlhan I roaliecd.
moreandmost,unlesstheyareirregular. 2 Thisrestaurant didn'tuseto be so popular.
(regular) sloirll morcslowll mostslowll 3 Thisphoneshouldn'tbe so hardto use.
(inegular) badll $orse worii 4 | didn'tplanto spendso muchmoney.
wzll be.iir best 5 Thishoteldidn'tlookso comfortable fromthe outside.
. A fewcomparative andsuperlative adverbs areformedwith 6 | didn'timagineChicago wouldbe suchan exciting city.
-er and-esf,like adjectives:eorly,fast,hord,Iate,neaLsoon.
Ne,llbe theresoon?rthanI lhoughi.
I tags
Question
Nho gcisup ih? earliesiin lour {amilP . we usequestion tagsto turna statement intoa question.
. Somedeterminers alsohavecomparative andsuperlative and
Weusuallyaddnegative tagsto affirmativestatements
forms. affirmative tagsto negative statenents.
fevrfwrar fanrri li's hot iodal,r5n'tii?
liiil? l?ss lo.a5i Youdon'lnoeda lift io school, do 1ou?
much/man1 mor? moit . Withalfirmative sentences whichhavea negative meaning
. we canuse(so)muchorfar to makethe meaning of a
because theyincludea wordlikenever,nobodyot nothing,
comparative formmoreextreme. we add an affiImativetag.
It'sfar uarmerlhanI ?Ipe.lgd. l'vahadnothingfor bcealfasl, havel?
Shedrivesso muchmoreszfallthansh, usgdlo. Shcnaverezlsthanv1ou',doesshe?
. Weuseeverto express surprise. . lf thesenten ceincludesa modalverb(con,might,should,
l'm tall but 1ou'reevontaller! nll, etc.)we useit in thetag.
. we canusea litfle,o bit ot no to modifya comparison.
5hocan'ising,canahe?
It'i a bit hardgrihzn I roalisad. It vronlhuri, rill it?
Thol plaladno betterihanlastYrecK. . lf thesentence includes an auxiliaryverb (islore,have,had,
r Wecanmodifya comparison withds ...as by using1ust, etc.)we useit in thetag.
olmost,neorly,nowhereneorot nothingIike. Thgl'r?I?zving, arsn'tthtl?
6he'sjusi as acgumtnlative asher brothar
, Youhavan'l har,have1ou?
iold
iratebozrdingrs novihere a5difficuha5skiing.
near . lf thesentence includes a simple,finiteverbform,we usedo
. we cantalkabouta gradualchange by repeatinga (ordtd) in the tag.
comparative form. Thisphonobelongs to jou, doesn'tif
tis gcitinghardprandhzrderio flnd aPartmenis. You wanl home lzit night,didn'ilou?
 'ulM Aaqlos 'luau.loul
aql ps un ralsaqluew
]e uPql lallaq qlnul ele euolalleg 6 +Jodsszd z 1oBl,uszqaqg pzorq??q +.uz? ?qg
' a l q r s s o d uerr p
,'Surddoqs alnpap upl aM q)tqMsSutqtlnoqp Sutllpl roJl.rrl asn aM .
u M o lu r a q - a H M 0 u )1 , u o pl , , z p t ss , e l a q M ,g
??Ljlosrq LxoJ)eu-rpa11zrlsnf.ag trom +e?q lenur?H
i]r ut ApoqouspMelsql - poo5 'anrl Ilatruljapare
tua^aq - 1l umol u!ipq alpoou /r\au eqllsed lua^ | alr+?apupl aM qlrqMsFulql
'ItuoMl e^Ulaue - lnoqp €urllet loJlsn.u asn aM .
lsnl aLuoqla8 I l,uD) Pue$nu
os 'salnururAluaMlsalel snq aql pue Moulloll,o e^!Jstll
'eJaql r'loul.q prqsrurl?^?r1llrN qTleullluqlooj?q+?Jnsu,l
rauurp6u1.rzda..rd
?q \lru ulrlld i.20170{ts s,+l
ra^o 3ad eqt uo s.I teol stq SuueaMaq - a)pl 'luasajd
'urPl uruPls
o l 6 aql lnoqp suorldunsselno ssaldxaol l/.1n4 asn osle aM .
aq- 'sellarqurn I a q l S u t u a d o
a l d o a da
ll o su e l I ,auzldaq1uo 6u1g,a6 ualag
oq 111r,r
'IPp auo
?uroql.?Mstq uo ?q llt'q urll '*'ou1q6r2 oyg s,11
- 'l-uasard
luapDle ue a^pq no 'lseJos a^up l,uplnoqs no E €ql lnoqp suotldunsspaleu ol //.,iuasn osle aM .
'pasoll s,ll a[ua] ainsral aql -
lp aq euorl z . J?uuns l*?u Al?ll+r9r^ ll?qsaNlulql I
' e u l a u l la q l 'uourr!ol aroul lnq
s! /1141
'aM pue qltM peatsul
ol oE all'moriouol Suropal,aMleq/v\alns lou ru,l I Luo$ l llt/t^)o l,uDrls/llrr.is asn upl al1 .
'alqlssooslJe,\sue lqGluotl^ous11'+l lulq++uoPI
'llur q]!lr.
euo uPql arourssurllaulos 'plrorls pue ppo,tt16!u ,iDu lulql l,uop I pue 1ulqt I asn
'l,uD'$nw uauo aM aJnlnJeql lnoqe suotl]|pardSutlpr! roJ/il1aasn aM .
lo w)o! llaJtol eql ql!/usalueluas aql alalduof I
ll!t^
a'\oJJourol urz.ro1 \axr11rs1
fi;1;q;ssod
(alqPqordaq =) naw aq lnoqsEutIlPIE
(alqPqord 'au alt^utol Suro8al,no^
Z OI
tua =) ?rull uo tJo!\?uoq l,u.rur pueq +,oot\| aJegbueqt -'ajaql
i e^ll ol pasn sluaipdlnoi 6
([leql]alqeqords,]r=) ()Dql)arDsaiuDrp -
Z loop aqt Iq sSeqrno^ o^pal g
ulr\ 0+punoqe.r,)'rq1o6 ol s?lnuru.r 0f,\1,
qlrrnio-t sl eJolsx\t -'Sutuur8aq
(uretal s,lt =) ol punoq aq Z a q l t p u e t ss , t e l I
-
'Ilrlrqeqotd ssatdxa ol sasetqd laqlo asn uet aM . Z
'pal|taj aq teup paSueLll.8urqtfua^l
9
-'aL!
ur1qo.,rd i ot Surualslluaaql,ue^pqno^ 9
-'Eurlulqt
? ?q +,uplnoqs lsq++nq'6u[??u]?q+r0] ?lzl !q z ?q rq6tu Lu[ Z ar,nol lpqM sMoul ApoqoN t
-'iauou
)?o\?,0{rs lq €uroq?q p\noqsI i q ) n u lo o l p u a d sl , u o c €
'uo!urdo -
rno I
'Allualal E
lol Peurplsrll z
u! 'uaddeqo111a111 sr Eugqlauros -'sulaas
teql ^ps ot p/roqrsasn aM . e l t s e e l d u l ss e t a ^ as , S u t q l o Nt r
PlnoLls 'stP] uollsanb ppV
pualaar.r1zq1I'zne
aq 11,1l,5rzds,u€X0+uorl?1^ur 2t1+ (tPqt Moul qloq
+dxre \qtssod1,uplno:1
'Alqtssodt)ltn pasn uauo s,ll ' aM) anol'l.uJr?'puarr)
l!?q \u rr.no1nol d1:q11.1 as.rnor 16
ltltqtssodrltI ' J J M S uupp
sassardxapup J.urJ ol tutupaw )elluts e se\llpno . l l a d x at o p a a ul o u
op a,lnuaqM3el uotlsanbaqlllo uotleuolutSurlleJe asn aM
(.a^urepu-p+E€Jlr lnq ,prellsodp raq lues e^,11ON)
a,rr.ie1ou1q6ru.r71ou
lzu 11nq'p.rzrlsodu r?q lu?s ?^,1
( aqlq5rulr turqlDcll_g{+ }.ul,ust11
'asuas 'teMsue uP lradxa.io
slt|l u!l,uplnoi Lurolanrle8aueql asn louupl a/v\la^aMoH paauaM uaqM8pl uorlsanbaql uo uotleuolut Sutsu p asn aM
'lou 'Aou
lLlotu puelou ADwsu)oJa^Be8auaql asn uel aM . cll e?oP s.ra1lzu 6u'q1o5r
'eiJorv\
u?q+x??rqtqDturr0A s?{eld?soq+q+t$ln}?JZ,?4 c+l+,ue?oP 6urqlj''rea2
'lua^a atnlnJ e ol taJel ueuoAaql . 1l.aq1op'dn a,rr6o1*rrr* 1OoOo"
+sol?q plno? traq1a1e1J,.ren ?J?spu?rrjJnoA cl'?ql f,u?Js
'lPzet sauolnt2
2\qen\e^2q lqDluril tr?r,\??s?^+?qtaoJql l.uod Z?J?q+ ?J?'suor+g?nb lu?.+,r2JeeJet)I
auoqdno),l,uop I,q6 unol ur aq l.zu pal-]
1u.rrq C?r4ll?qs
'ePu?iJ) s,l?-]
?q
'anrl AlqrssooarP
2nol.11ru'qbnz1 +,uod
leqt s8ulqtlnoqp Surleqn:ads -ro;pino: I o ltl6!u ,IDu esneM .
Tnol1,uot,'psateta4
pFD pue l6!w 'iDu : s a s e ll p D a d sa s a q la l o N
 ''::',"
".

2 Rewrite
sentencesl, 3,6, 7,8 and9 fromexercise1' [Jseone 2 Cornplete the sentences with the futureperfectsimpteor
ofthesephrases:
be bound to, choncesare, andbe likely' futureperfectcontinuous.
Youmayneedto make othel changes too' 1 BychristmaslMandy - (know)Roger forfiveyears'
I ahatlcesare \{r \\
l'm rlot surr $hai de'redoingtom0rr0\'J 2 NextEaster mymum- (work) at thedoctor's
go lo tho lrnema surgery forsixmonths.
3 l f D a v ep a s s ehsi sp h y s i cesx a mh, e- ( p a s sa) l th i s
: I Future futurePerfect
continuous, s c h o o l - l e a vei nxga m s .
simpleandfutureperfectcontinuous 4 I hopeyou- (washup)the dishesbeforeyougo
ou t .
Futurecontinuous
5 Bythistimenextyearwe- [live)in Londonforsix
We usethe futurecontinuous
. to talk aboutan actionthat will be in progressat a speciflc year5.
6 WhenWitliamis sixteenhe- (play)basketbalt for
p o i n ti n h e f u t u r e .
Ai ril o' ocktolTrorro\d evgningl'\\ be ualchrng Thc X Factor threeyears.
on T\ 7 Bythetimewe getto thestadiumthe race- (start)'
. t o t a l k a b o u t p l a n n eedv e n t so, r e v e n t s t h a t w ee x p e c t t o 8 'Kateis goingto try andpassherdrivingtestagain.'
h a p p e nI.n t h i s u s a g ei,t i s s i m i l a tro t h e p r e s e nct o n t i n u o u s 'Reatly? Howmanytimes- she- (take)it?'

il will,goingto,present
rutur. lotmsz
continuous,PresentsimPte
o f t h e f u t u r es i m p l et o a s k a b o u ts o m e b o d y 'psl a n sm a k e s
questionssound poLiterand lessdirect. . We use rvilito makefactualstatementsaboutthe future,and
aan \0u \et me Kno''rlrhcnlou'\\ be \oaving? to make predictions.
The sun $ii\ riiv aI G+1lom0rroNmorning
FutureperfectsimPte D0 lou lhinR1ou'\\flnrshiour hom?'dorK baforcmidnighi?
We usethe futureperfectsimpleto talk abouta completed . We use wili forthingswe decideto do as we are speaking
actionor eventin the future. (instantdecisions,offers,promises).
pl ihe tirneNc gei Jo th? 6ingma,
ihe.{i\m vril\havca\raad1
Thal't thc phoneringing l'\i ansuerit.
siaried 'This 'l'li
bagis verl heavli azrrl it.'
Futureperfectcontinuous l'\\ ring 1ouai soona5 lget io London
We normaltyusethe futureperfectcontinuousto say how long . We usegolng ro or the futurecontinuousfor thingswe have
an actionor eventwill havebeenin progressat a specificpoint a l r e a d yd e c i d e dt o d o ( i n t e n t i o n s ) .
in the future.
91 ihe end of ih s 1ear,hc'l\havebcen\garningtng\ishfor nino
. We usegolng fo to makea pr-ediction basedon present
JeJrs
evrdence.
1 WritesentencesaboutwhatGeorgewitlbedoingatthe times L00kat jhosec\oudsIt's goingi0 rain
given. Usethe futule continuous. . W e u s et h e p r e s e nct o n t i n u o ufso r t h i n g sw e h a v ea t r e a d y
agreedto do, usuallywith somebodyelse (arrangements)'
7.15 shower
l'm p\aylng fooibai\on ia rda'1zfternoon.
7.45 breakfast . W e c a nu s et h e p r e s e n t m p l ef o r t i m e t a b l e ad n ds c h e d u t e d
8.30 catchbus to school event5.
8 . 55 a r r i v ea t s c h o o l vlhal iims dogi \our train \eaveiofllorroN?
Thc .onc&ri5iarisai 6 pm on iaiurdal
1 0 . 3 0 m a t h sl e s s o n
12.30 football 1 Choosethe bestform.where morethan one answeris
possible,exptainthe differencein meaning.
1 7.16 He'\\be hzvinga shor'rcr
. 1 B y e !l - Y o u t o m o r r o w .
2 7.50-. ' m s e e i n g c ' m g o i n gt o s e e
a 'll see b
3 8 . 4 0- . 'Have 'l
2 you got any plansfor this evening?' -with
4 8 . 5 5- . Vicky.'
5 1 0 . 3 5- . 'mgoingout c 'mgoingtogoout
a ' t l g oo u t b
6 72.40- .
tZl d ' u ! r d j - r Up u p r d p l . r Er p u u r e , t
('$laa,r roj paseq: Supqlaeg-a*eq4r4per4lsor_eg1gp
'si??rr\
ro1 urq 6urszqrueaqaaeqlluTpeqraaeqlaql
:a^lssPo aql Jo rxlol
snonulluol paJJadelnlnJlo lspd .luasald aql asn t.uop aM .
'llzqlxiszq
Joj p.en ?q lltte ll!r,\ul.6 aqf
.ul',op pax?oux
, 'Illadoid (aSjeqlel , DAaq I,p%Jl? esq Lte.'tqll2q]
- '$!nq?r
l. lduroz 6u4q s1 looqzs xr{I
/ l,uer) fl .ulp8ela,rodJo]no u seqauoqdIW 'sasual
'u!P3e Punodulol
.Ipl^p u! uaag lo ag aiojaq ^laletpeutul!of,a a pue IpDa4D
(asn/ ue))- ll teq lllspld tpql ^,\olqll.uoo .ia^a,uoH
?snl'lllts sqra^pp aql pup Iluanbe4lo sqla^pp
'alPlsluAq 'ald!r!Ued
lsed aqt elojaq Ilale!paulu! oB sqta^pp lsoW .
(alpl plnor)-
/ U iualols seMteq rnol arnsno^alv
.rulunol olu! u2loJq seri looqzg- ?q]
aql u! alaq^riue slaltl] 'l00q2s
eql 0$r 2ioJq srelbrn4
PuraullloJ (aEueq)xa -
/ uer) gaqlno^ asaql s
iote slep (utpueq plnoqs)
/ VoMauoqleql I oseAialerpa'tuur
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 whenthe futureevent
useworld' especialty
. Wesoi\etimes
Usingthepassive
. W eu s et h ep a s s i vweh e nw ed o n ' tk n o wo r d o n ' tw a n t o s a y navcr{orgcl
ll uasa holidalshevrou\d
w h oo rw h a ti s r e s p o n s i bf loert h ea c t i o n ' . Weusethe pastcontinuous whenthe futureeventwasan
Myphona uasmadcin Lhina. arrangement.
Wecanalsousethe passive forstytistic reasons, especiatly uc 'raregoingfor a wz\Fafigr
I iooibools\iilh mebg.ause'
to altowthe main focus of the sentence to be the subiectof
lunch
t h ev e r b . 'itarrl NighJ'Ii
one.of m1favourite Pain1ing5 i5Var&ogh'5 1 Rewritethesi sentences in the past.Youmayneedto change
ra5 ain'l?d in lAgB. someof thetimeexPressions too.
. Wit verbsthatoftenhavetwoobjects(ask,oword,give' 1 l a c k ' so nt h ed i v i n gb o a r dH. e ' sg o i n g t oi u m p '
offer,owe,pay,send,show,teoch,teil'etc), eithelobiect 2 I'm excitedbecause we'regoingon holidaytomorrow
canbecome thesubiectof a passive sentence'
3 | don'tknowmyexamresult,but I'llfindoutsoon'
Thelsgntmea DVDin thr.Po6t. 4 I'veborrowed mybrother's taptop'Witlhe notice?
a I urassenta DVPin thc Po5l. 5 We'reat the station. Thetrainleavesin ten minutes'
b A DVD!]as5r.ntto rnr,in the Post 6 lt's goingto be a longwinter'
It is muchmorecommonfortheindirectobiect(usualty a
to bethe sublectofthe passive (example a
person) sentence
i I Passive: stluctures
advanced
above).
Passivewith believe,know,think, etc'
thesentences
1 Rewrite in thepassive. Maketheundellined . Verbslike believe, consider,expect,know,report,say, and
wordsthe main focus. thinkareoftenusedin passive constructions, especiallyin
1 Panasonic aregoingto release a newkindofTVnext formaI language.
. Wecanusean impersonaI construction withit + passive:
year.
in Oxfordarebuildinga ouantum
2 Scientists comDuter' It + passive (present or pasu+ ot"'
in 1890 and gave it to a It watba\levad b1manlpeoplc u il the lqlhtenlurlthzi
3 VanGoghpaintedthisDicture
friend. \,lrr9
lomaioos Poisonous
4 J.K.RowlingwrotealttheHarrvPotternovelsbetween It is no\dKno$n thaith31arenot
. Atternatively we usea passive construction withan infinjtive:
7996and2OO7
actor,will hostthe next subject + passive (presentor past)+ to dolto hovedone
5 JimCarrey, theHollywood
awardsceremonv. sometnlng
6 HenryForddesigned the ModelT,oneof theeartiest fomziooswre be\iavad io be poisonout
. Wecanusean impersonal construction withfhere+ passive
motorcar5.
(present or past)+ to doltohavedone"'
2 Rewrite thesentences in the passive' Remember, it'susualty Ihery verethoughlto bc r,ooo-pcopla 2l the d'monstrali0n
theindirect obiectwhichbecomes thesubiect' H0ri kno,rrn io havcbeenvgrl $ealthI
1 Myauntgavemea games console formybirthday' . lf thesentence refersto a presentbeliefabouta pastevent'
I \iasqivrna qzmvs conto\c for m'i birthdalbI rnl aunt we usethe presentsimptepassive followedbya perfect
z the sihoolawarded my brother Rrst ptizefotatt' infinitive(fohavedonesomething)
3 Thehotelmanager showed us our room' Teaii knoqniohzve odgf,'al,din Lhina.
4 Mygrandfather hastoldmethatstorymanytimes' modats,gerundsandinfinitives
Passive
5 Theypaidmyfriendf2o to handout leaftets' . Wecanusepassive structures withmodatverbs'
6 Theyofferedmemymoneyback'butI refused' Homt$ork bc
shouid handed in 0n timt
7 Thepoticeshowedthe suspect the CCTV footage' or gerundcanalsobe
. Verbsthatarefollowedbyan infinitive
I ArthurRubinstein taught my grandmother piano' gerund:
foltowed bya passiveinfinitiveor
!*t No onelikesIo 6L L(iliLitLd
3 | Futurein the Past .l tan'lstandbeingksPtvraiting
. Whenwe'retalkingaboutthe past,we sometimes wantto
at
referto thingswhichwerestillin the future thattime'
We usewosgoingto whenthefutureevent was a planor
intention.
iho bought eggsandf\ourbecau*sholJasgoingl0 maKe
z birihda.lcarc
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Jo z?+J,u?106?a ?^?H
as+rn?srq 26uruaaa srqll?s uns?ql lyM?urt++?qlv\
Jo
s+rn7$rq ex+lw +06+,u?^?q?I4
." S u l q t a u l oJsoo u o ^ l u o s t a t a q la s n e t a qq
91!n29rq
Pu? ux+euos +06e^,21,^ l.ppa.rlp.a11er t pt aq1 6op z pue gt p6
'suotlssnbpue e atr,1
selualuss e^llesau urlu, pup l! pauolluaul,{ppallea^,a/u
'srajlo pue esnpleq e
salualuasa^rleuJluJe
u! airos osn ^llputjouaM . aq upl stql .lnoqpSulllet ere ar^ lpqM rpall s,ll ueq^\ .
sla!J!luenb a(ll]ellruP alruuap aq] asn aM
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n Jnoquz s?J+?urolli o9 p 9ur11alt1s?a snq €qt
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.:qlunl lno 03 a/$ lleqs, I 'sr qol s,,{poqauos
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-
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sunouaulos q M . Jo Sureqlsnur sauelteg 9
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'lq8ru
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sPrlq 2)lu +exs+e') .uloojlpoll eql
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dlqs_a.ql leql pa!odar iaql ,
:elduexatoJ ,sasplqdles snoue^ur . q u e sa q l q . . . 1 P
'lpu se,t1qupa
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?qt spuzlrzql2N ?q+ s?+?lgp?ltun ?ql Luop6r.rr;
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s
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s!asap ,se8uel utplunou Jo sauleu aql qllM .
p q S n o . t qult p a q u J r jl el l s j n qa q l
l e q t ) u t q tI a q I I
l,1puar.r1
6uraq;01 uorlzlnda.ru ?^uq suzr\e+l?qj, .ua^!8splorr^eqt ql!^
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lsouj qltM . o^lsspdEulsnsi{eruor,q u1sarualuosaql ol ,uau
 . Weuseonywithuncountablb andpluralnounsin affirmative 2 Comolete the sentenceswith ofor leavethemblank
sentences wherethe meaning is negative. 1 Several-the appleswere bruisedso I tookthem
I can} out Nithoutanl monq. backto the suDermarket.
2 Most- popstarsareverywellPaid.
3 None- myold ieansfit menow'
matterwhich.
4 Didvoueatthewhole- Pizza?
5 Some - peoplecan be realtyannoying.
6 Many- my friendsare into sport'
thara'r no pointin eomPlaining.
.7 Re)deach', question carefutlybeforeyouwrite
. and (a) littlewith youranswer.
nouns,
uncountable I None- hisfamitytivein London.

dI toBtihcin Uave6.
the
. we usefewllitttei$tead ot o fewla little to emphasise @ nenortedspeech
quantity' Tensechanges
smallness ofthe number or
. Whenwe reportsomebody'swordsIatherthanquotingthem
H?haslittlo monq andfcwfriands. thetenseof anyverbs.
change
nouns. we usualty
directly,
. Wenormally usewholewithsingular countable

dilect speech -) reportedspeech

presentsimPle pastsimple
present continuous pastcontinuous
pastsimple pastperfect
simPle
goth 6hopoar? arPonsiv?. presentperfectsimple pastperfect
simPle
N?itharrhopis p. presentperfectcontinuous pastperfectcontinuous
pastcontinuous pastperfectcontinuous
wiU would
the, these,my, etc.)tmostof the ..., a fewof his,.', severolof moy/night miaht
those..., oll of us, eochof then, nony of, etc. must must/hadto
All of tho t 16aru in lho staft room. con could
However, rtoandeverycannotbe followedby of. lnstead'we . Wedon'tnormally changethetensewhen:
saynoneof andeveryoneof. Noneoflakesa singularverbin 1 the reporting verbis Presentor presentperfect.
formalcontexts. 'l
\ite fast cartl
q oneof 1oumusila!? ths $am.
uonr of tha toachortart ?r t0.
Nonaof tholoaahors is und0r?0.(formaD
ot hod better.
1 choosl thi correctquantlfier'
t w h o l ec l a s s s t a y iant b r e a k
1 T h e t e a c h e r m a d e/ taht e
time.
reported speechclause:
2 Any/ Somequestions? ls eveMhingclear?
H? Mid il rlashoi.
3 I'veiustmadesome/ anytea.Wouldyoulikesome/ any? . Thereareoftenchanges in wordswhichreferto the peopte,
4 | hardtygotsome/ anysleeplastnight.
timeor place.Thesearedictatedmorebylogicthanby rules'
5 Therearea tlttte / a few potatoesin the fridgebut
a little/ tittlecheese. . (reported
on the same
6 Thepolicearrestedboth / eitherdrivelsafterthe
day,in thesameplace)
accident.
no / anytimeto talknow. iho aap ohe'tgoinglh?rolomorror.(reportedon the same
7 There's
will haveten malks day,in a differentPlace)
8 Any/ Nostudentcaughtcheating lateI,in a
, $ho eaid0h0rlasgoingtharstho nor.tdal GePorted
deducted.
differentplace)
9 Whyareyouwalkingaboutwithout some/ anyshoes? in the
However, thesetimeexpressions frequentlychange
10 ln the exam shouldanswereither/ bothquestion1
you
followingway:
or ouestion2.

1 2 6 G r a m mB
aur i l d earn dR e f e r e n c e
 , i S u r u a ^sar q ta u o q U l l e S u r p a a a u q n 0 Al l r M , 8
'rl3'suorlsaSSns'spueuuJol'slsanbal , Z S u r ouPa a qn o ^a ^ P ql P q M , /
'sasru.lord
'sraJJo l oI opteqM, 9
, Z g u r oapr , n o ^ ) u l q n
lrodar aM uaqr sainlrnrlsraLlloasn uPl aM
,Zraqqn.r inoAasn I Plnol, 5
lq6lll leql r,\ous
P\ oN tl Wq{PitrlP?Jd?H
,aSurq8nPl no^ araMIqM, t
,tq6luolr ous J'\LrrefJ?r \\.11,
'plor seu er:1dstq
tvqt ptutelduorap . Z q l r M p u eass a a q lp a l r l n o ^p l n o M , 6
, 2 3 u 1 n Fa: e1 e ;s , u a q M ,Z
, p 1 o sr r z z z r ds r q 1 .
'uDM ')Da/As'lDa^u 'Ildu 'as!wud 'plpard ir!oorpaq rnol parprtno^ l,ua^eqIqM, t
'aNesqo 'utDldxa'luap 'w)UuoJ 'ssa[uu 'u!Dldao 'wlDl) 'au pa\sD fu)DH tf\r'l ur8ag'suollsanbaqluodau
tr
' l s D o q ' a n 6 t D ' J as u D ' a O D ' l t a p D' p p , 3 a ' s l u a u a l e l s
?4Jo?I'ruur t\ru prirl lJ?ql2qM?ul p?is??qg
lodar aM uaqM/iai pue ,4Ds Jo PPalsursqie^raq]o asn uPl aM ?ul P?ig??qs,CJ?$o? Jn0l'u1;1|uraili nol 04,
!*!
sqre^tuluodeu . Qulure.r s€h\ lr jr p.ris? ?H p?tsz ?q ,a6urur?J ll sl,
i ; 'Jt)o Jaqaq$ asn aM
'aprstno - a p
s , 3 u o l s l n oa s r o uP P . r P a|q 9 (proi^uorlsanbou sprllpql auo) uorlsenbou/sa,,{ p lJoda.roI .
i l u u n su l P Ms , l rS u o l P?^rj?q ?J?qi\ulq P?:{s? ?qg
- 'urlq noi' op r'raqNr,
sp aiaqM Ieprloq uo oE aM araqMpu r.rl,uop I P?is?rqs ,2aar1
'I!pd aq] - Ilprpq sp^4al3q1 |,
'ploruuorlsanbaql laue sulloJqla^
tp ^ eul I Apoq
'Jlas ur AqluaM p u pr a p l op l o Ma ^ r l e u r U Japs na M ' s u o r l s a n!bo d a r a i u a q M .
'au ql!/v\
eulaull aql ol o3 ol patuen {poq -
I os suollsenb
Peuodeu
Zteaol Surql a)rl nol plnoM
- 'lla/utua^6urlaajuaaq
iuorlsanbsrql ol raMsupaql /v\ouIauo saoc I l.upPq3qs
'elq!ssoo a s n E l e ql n o o Eo l t u e Ml , u p r pa q sl e q l p a u r e l d xeaL l t r p WI
.IppunS
s!ral supauoupqlaroursaurlaurosaou)o -AuD'-awos lsel tuotl!^ Iaqt aroJaq
qrtPU alSursp uoMl.upeq urealsrq au.iplol qdesoJ 9
asn'salualuaseseqlu! sunouord
alrulraPul
aql alslourol I 'srnoq oMt rol SurlrpM uirqtdal p.l tel{l paurplduroluof 5
s.1eq1 '5uudssnor^a.rd aLllIlpll ot uaaqpeq aqs ]pql ples urBd t
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o1 rqr'tl'uc '€urua^asrql sn qIM Sururol
;tqtlruolJ'r1'" 106llof a'rep l.usl aqs sAEsalry Z
,.,1'
o, htrrglLrclJ'.)I,!r.J.\tLl 'I pd aql ol ssarpMauraq rpai
I fJJoq u,l ll.aqss^psaurloreJ I
'araqM/qr!qM/oqM.ralleur 'q:aads
l,usaoPl! sueeul 1rar1p o1u1q:aadspayodaraql etupql I
'a^rlp5ausl Eutueaulaql aJaqM
lr a.taqMsalualuasur pup
')la'A.tolsD
salualuasa^rlpujrUJe ur 'suortsanbur 'salualuesa^rlpSauul
:lrD asn aM se IeM auresaql ur -/uD qlrMsunouoldasn aM . al'qlru) aql al /a4 D lPl a>lt)sasetqd1asul /ial asn osle aM .
FLrrddcqs rqt.erell nol ue7 P?Jrls?n ?q ?LuP\01?H CunulJno^P\011101. ?^€H
iurq?!r:\JLI{ur t,ltr\Nlulos 'oJ uorlrsooaro
'!1110,Ilu aql asn lou op aM passarppe
;lurl'lps€q ^PoqJurog
'slsanbarpup sraJJo u! pue sarualuasa^llpurrjje u! :au.ios s r o q Mu o s r a da q l ^ l l e n s ns ? a J q r a ^a q l l o l l a l q o a q I .
asn aM se IeM aues aql ur -au)osqlrMsunouordasn a14. pu?rr1J.Jqol plzsaqs.r'rou6ulo6ur.1,
'ol uorlrsodard aql esn
Sutqlou l s n u a M ' p a s s a J p pspr o q Mu o s J a d a q t u o r l u a uor l l u e Ma M l l .
3urqlrlue J.ls-rrq1 sz|r ?qsplus ?Lig tuol ples .?lu\ s,ll,
S u r q l au o s ' a s n P l lP
alaqMou uauo sl ]l pressp^ lpqM s^pMlpsl,{rs qia^ aqlJo llalqo eql .
araqMAuP aj pl.leAo5
alarlMauos anlaq qluow/1aa/$aql
^ p o q o u / a u oo u qluow/4aah snot^ald aql qluaw/4aaa lsol
IPoqAue/auoIuP aJoJaq aAD
Apo q a u os/ a uoaulos \aa$ 6utlt4ollol/yauaql \aa lxau
iDp 6u/ro oL/lxauaql /vtot)owoJ
t!.loJal .
'-oupue-iuD '.ailios qlrMsunouorda11utlapu1
tq6!u lDtll lLl6!uol
IDP lotll ADpol
sunouoJd
al!ulJepull qlaads payodal (- q l a a d s] l a l r p
liL
. verb+ infinitivewith to
agrce,offer,promise,rcfuse,threoten
, TalkingaboutabititY
Herefused io $taf a iie can andbe ableto
Tomakethe infinitivenegative weaddnotbeforeto. . Wenormalty usecanfcan'ttolalk aboutabilityin the present'
Hepromistd no'tto bt \ai? Wecanalsousebe dbleto althoughit is lesscommon.
. verb+ obiect+ infinitivewith fo (ran nn spe LhinYse. (ran ii ab\?. \o $PYzv Lh\n?'so
odvise,ask,beg,comnond,dare,encouroge, forbid, . W en o r m a l l ys ew i l lb ea b l et o l o t a l k a b o u t a b i li nt yt h e
instruct,invite,ordered,persuade,remind,request,tell, future.
ulge,worn l'msurcpcqplc wil\bs ab\eto iravo\to l ari bt'IorvL05a
Shercmindsd melo PosiJho\eiier However, we oftenuseconlcon'tto talkaboutfuture
. verb+ gerund arrangements.
odmit,deny,mention,propose,recommended, report' I Lan'ILafiyto thg6in3ma Vliih'ioulhi6evening
suggest . Weusebe dbleto whenwe needan infinitive(cdnhasno
Haadmitlsd s.lr.Zling iho monej form.)
infinitive
These verbscanatsobe usedwitha thdtclause. I rhou\dbe ablelo {ini5ha\lm1homcuorr b'1.ten
Headmitled thathe'dgto\en ihe morel . Weusebeingoblefo whenwe needan 'lnq form.
. verb+ preposition + gerund I haieno1bringable1o'rratch 5atel\iit TV Theroarcaomanl
opologisefor, boostof, confessto, insiston goodprogrammos on thosscharlnsls
Heapo\ogised for Kwpinguswailing . Weusebe ablefo whenwewantto usethe presentperfect
. verb+ obiect+ prePosition + gerund tense.(co' hasno presentperfect form)
occusesb of, congratulate sb on, warnsb against Suahatn'tbsenableto walksincshcr acciderlt
ihc congratu\aiod mgon Passing ml drivingt05t
. verb+ that + should-clause Tatkingaboutabilityin the Past
. Weusecouldforgeneral abilityin the past.
odvise,demand,insist,propose, recommend, rcquest,
I cou\draadvrhenI wzs{ouc
su99est, . Whenwe'retalkingaboutoneoccasion, we usea different
Hcinsisied thalthc shou\d \eave imrnrdiale\\ in doing
expression, suchasmanaged to do ot succeeded
. I n f o r m aEl n g l i swhea l s oo c c a s i o n aul lsyet h es u b j u n c t i v e
Wecanalsorse woslwere obleto.
withtheseverbs. theDVDPiater?
Hovr dldyoumanzge io rePair
l1ein5isled thatshcleavsirnmodiats\'l onl1having tonp\a1ers
be senlba,Fto Thelwureab\ato hin dg6Pilc
Theminreie.r proposcd.that Zli ill?galimmigrants
. However, we usethe negative couldn'twhetherwe aretalking
t h c i r . o u n i ro\ f o r i g i n
aboutgenerai abilityor oneoccasion.
1 Reportthe sentences. Usethe reportingverb in brackets' unti\shg'ra5fourlorn
Lar\z cou\dn'ls\'!irn
geJ'to3\grP\aslnight
I 6ou\dn't
1 'l'll feedthecat,'saidAndy.(offer)
. Weusecorldwithverbsof perception ,like feel'hear'see'
Andloffar"ed 1o..
' l ' m smell,toste,evenif it's oneeccasion.
2 s o r r y a ss o l a t e , ' s a iSdu s a n n a(ha.p o t o g i s e )
l w
'You saidto Zoe. I cou\dsmel\dinncr.ookingzi soonaBI LanLin
3 brokemynewsmartphone!'Brenda
(accuse) 1 Comptete the sentences with the corrccltolmof conot be
4 'Stayawayfromthe cliffedge,'saidDenise to herson
ableto. whereverPossible, usecor.
(warn,
1 | h a t e - d r i v e . I h a v e t o a s k m y dfaodr al i f ta l l t h e
5 ' C o u l dy o ua l lp u t y o upr e n sd o w n ?s'a i dt h e t e a c h e r t o
us.(request + shouldclause) time.
6 Thedoctor says it wouldbe betterif Samtookmore 2 -you p l a yt h eP i a n o ?
exercise, (recommend + subjunctive.) 3 lf we stopsavingmoney, we- affordto buya
7 ' l t h i n ks m o k i n s
g h o u l db e b a n n e idn a l tp u b l i cp l a c e s " house.
said the minister. (propose + subjunctive) 4 | might- helpyouif youtell mewhat'sthe matter'
5 - you give mea lift to the stationthisevening?
2 6)a.oz Listenandreportthe directspeech.Usetheverbs
6 Miriam s h o u l d- s k i- s h e ' sh a dq u i t ea f e w
structure.
givenfoltowedby the appropriate
lessons.
I ihe admittr.d
breaKingJheg\asg r e c e i vaen y e m a i lssi n c em y c o m p u t e r w e n t
7 l-
1 admit 3 boast 5 suggest 7 invite
wron g.
2 beg 4 congratulate 6 refuse I i n s i s t
8 I ' ms o r r yl - c o m et o t h ec i n e mwa i t hy o ut o n i g h t .
 (palltuasl qlrq^ =) s lele
.rxr,\(/d filsou_r
f/l F?llrur?'q1lq pasnuo s Bu,u.r..rz,,r
o\q
a^lssede selpldalqlt[]M,eldllUedlspO, ,,rrro, ,f"',['il
(@roN)
(t u!reJ ')Dt.l]ttrll&
rl)!q/,,4
)o oi,i,fi
alpidal louuel eM .
aie qrlqfi=) wtpal$26aD4sputuesysalotd l.|..rzq:aq1 ( srtuBsie puatrj B s' ,qt,peraw car.u+fs+j+q+
:qla^a^Jllpupsolpldajqltq/v\ 'pautulo q ION)
'eldlllupd e laqlla
louuel o Ll/A)o tptqtt unouotdarrrlelataq1 .
luesoJd urpluolsasnella^llelalpauatoqS.
't1zun \elrcsoL1
?ql lu Jor,\'s,ui?gj0 pu?rJ]€ sr oqN,q+lp?J?i^9?Lu4
lu s1Joop ?ql lq Durpuzls
(s1
oqr,r)uzu aq1 s,Lrl?g
j0 pu?rrj? st oqM.qllp?Jens?ur4 sr srqJ
'agqra^tuPIllxnpJql pue
unouojde^tleleloqtl!uloaMsasnella^rlplalpaualoqsul .
aqlJr pue.asne'
rriaueosrp .rt .
sesnqre^lleletPeuauoqs ",o,j;ltt.l:i""t'"tt:il
tl:il
alualuas
eqr.o1
sjaJ..,
r,ur,.,^
.eBupql aleuJtll ln0qPuotleuloJu! "rn"ll li:liil?:il
p.tlxa
sa^t8asnplls^rlelalSururrep_uou
Jollpdu! v .
aql ssasspol s! ute sll .uollpsrueSJo leuolleutalut ue sl sasnella^tlelalButulrap_uoN
O)dl) etueql elpulllfuo leupdleluauula^o8lelul aqt I r?qloJq s,1zq1
s,ur>q1,u1no6u106 pr6eql s,rqg
lo asodstp ol llnlUJrps.ll .elspm
-.,:Jlii,
3^llJeo!ppr p alnpold
Jo lol suollpls taMod rpallnN g puno:6rrpun
p?rrnq
.seBasnoquaal5 u??q
x^zt)
+et+sxxr+;::l^Jrt
lualod 'lDtll tl]!M oqt't,a]Plda)
f u a A p sal u e q l o n. al u e q l e u J o l o s
e la s e a l e ll p r ! t u rex t p l g
.qlMoj8
uel aM'slxaluol leu.toJU!ul .JDr,q
qllM rplr/r alpldat upl aM .
ltmouole Jostpalul04 (pau!r.!o- llelqo = oqr^4)^\zsI u?u ?ql s,luqI
psll!Jauaq Ippallpa^eqIaql.suolsslL!a uoqlel alnpai
ol teU 0ql eq pln0qssallunol pastleulsnpu! u1 aldoa6 7
'uraqlut Sutlsa^ut ale ' o l a l q n sa q l
slueL!ua^og 'r€taue alqer*aua.r
s r l r J r1 0 ul n q ) a s n p l la q tJ ol l a l q o
'suolleuoJalpqsut peddell 3osadil,(ueulaJpataql € aql s! lll! pauluo aq uel oqMlo q)qM unouolda^tlpla.taq1 .
se6s! .s?3
]l lPlnleu Jo
alrnoslueuodul!^lSutseellu! ueSulutolaq s! se6 aleqs Z
' rJr q?'qM's\an]
f urto.l ltsso-l
.punoj&apun daeppunojarp .esnpll a^tlplat
EutuUapaql punotpseuluol asn
^eql '^3teualo arnos elqe,\,rrouaj p lou ale slan]ltssol I
lou op al 'slualues p Jo alpptulaql u! lo pua aql le oE uel ll .
'uollEnllund
Darol aql
ppv'alueluas eqllo puaaqllp to elpp!utaqtu!13qlla .asnpll ssalauroq
dlaq 0+9r ulr??soqi\ uorlestuzln^r,r.U, , *, ,ilttqti
a^llelaltuluuep-uoup rll!^ salualuaso,rl aql oulquo) lnoqenol,6ur11a1 szu I 0q^\uzuJou?q+s,?qg
€ .a1a1duo:ur aq plnoMalualuas aql uotleuloJul
eteldal(q)
itow qlr{ {r!qn to orlir4 iunouold t!
aql lnoqllM'ol $a]el tlllq/v\asnEll urpu aql ur unou eql
e^llelaiaql llr.uo(e)er$upl I aquoro ut salualuasq)!qr ul lnoqE uotlpL1llolu!
Z lelluasse sa^t8asnpll e^llelalEuruttapV .
.slEaIa^U sasnel)a^tlelaJEululJaO
lsedaql tol alaqlBulllo,r
ueaqseqpepIw .uollplsteModtpaltnueql s.lpr.llI asoqM - asoqM
'alaqosoules.q)JPl
uaqM uaqM
sql u! 0n lurnql,upeqI .lunl aledsloatolde punoJ| 9
.uotlpJauet ^3Jauau! araqM alaqM
slanJirssoj
Joasnaql lsuletetu1u8ledr.ue: s.11
.Aueqreloddns
I I qr!qM leql/ ql rqM
(leuroJ 0PUrOJ
p!^soltu!tuIararerlodaqr.sralselor
d-or. o 'tlalqo)uoqM ']ralqo) uloqM
"ro.ljlrul
.ltlnoqp Butlsalold
aM o q/!1 1Pql/o qr!\
eM'aulqlnl putM snoultoua aql eas upl nol alaq u]oll €
'oJaqlslaupdlelos
a)ipu IaqI.&olreJ e ut slloM ulof Z
r l r r l r , , . j .r j t . . i . l ( q t l . \ |
'sureJpu!^
ol pasoddoeJe IeqI .aldoad1o1o1e aaouq1 1
sunouolda/ttlelaU
.asoqa rc eDq ,qJlaltn.oqA
esn
'asnelJe^lleleJtuluuap sasnplra^llPleu
e qllr$ selualuas or l aql eutqruo)
E
il
 . we lte needn'thaveto sayan actionthattookplacewas
unnecessarv:
(= whichwasrising) Youneodn'J have{orricd,I us al m1{riend'shouso.
LarB.(= whichmakes)
Wcdrovapasia lador1rnat,ing . lf wetalkinEaboutan actionthatwasunnecessary anddidn't
take place, we usea different structure. Compare:
1 Combine the twosentences. Usea shortenedrelativeclause. Thal didn'thavato paj {or thrir lirY?ts-childrenundec?ightgen
1 W a s t h a t y o u r b r o t hHeer ?w a s t a l k i n g t o S u e . goI in frcv
Waalhal lour brolher lalring lo lui Thcl ncedn'lhavcpaidfor theirticxels.MI uncleorns lhe
2 Thepolicehavearrested thewoman.Shewasseenshop- cinema. (Buttheydid payforthem.)
liftingon CCW.
3 I'vegota photoof mygrandad. He'sdrivinganold L choosethe wordwhichmakesthe mostsensein these
Mercedes. senlences.
4 Themanwasa climatechange scientist. Helivednext 1 | don'tmindyoubonowing myphone,butyoumight/
ooor. needn'thaveaskedmefirst!
5 | livein a farmhouse. lt wasbuiltin 1855. 2 Weshouldn't/ needn'thaveeatenthoseburgers; they
6 | can'tfindthe address book.lt contains all myfriends' werea weekpasttheir'useby'date.
contactdetails. 3 | forgotour homeworkwasduein today- youcould/
7 Theinsurance company havereplaced thevase.ltwas needn'thavereminded me!
brokenbythe removal men. 4 | wasonlytwominuteslate.Youmight/ shouldn'thave
t-t -....-- waitedfor me!
f31l doanddidloremphasis 5 Weneedn't/ shouldn'thavegoneto Greece
theweather wasterlible.
in March;
. Wecanusedo anddid to{ake statements andt0
stronger
6 Mymobilewasswitched off - youneedn't/ shouldhave
showa contrast. Westressdo anddid whenthev'reusedin
triedmylandline.
thiswav.
Youdo lira arguing,donl 1ou! Ng did edoJihemuaic. 2 Rewritethe sentences sotheyincludeshould,shouldn't,
. Wecanusedo in imperatives to makethemmoreemphatic. could,mightor needn'thove.Don'tchangethe meaning.
Dobo a I rith ihat vascl 1 l t w a sa b a di d e af o r y o u t og i v ec h o c o l a t e t o y o u r d o g .
o Wecanusedo anddid to showa contrast.
2 Sheworeformalclothes,butitwasn'tnecessary.
H?hsomdimds a bit rudebut I do lirc him. 3 Invitingyourcousins to yourpartywould havebeen.,'
1 Usedo or drdto makethe sentences moreemDhatic or to a goodidea.
showa contrast. 4 lwishyou'dsavedsomechipsfor me!
5 Leaving the frontdoorunlocked wasa badthingto do.
1 Y o ud i d n ' t g e t m u cshl e e pl a s t n i g h G
t . o t ob e de a r l y
6 ltwasunnecessary foryouto buymea present.
tonight.
7 ltwouldhavebeenbetterif.you'dstayedat home.
2 lt's a veryimportant meetinB. Beon time!
E I wishthey'dgivenus arlifuto the station!
3 ldon't much like him. but I like hisbrother.
4 Weenjoyedthe play.
5 | likeyournewtop! lsrl Thirdconditional
6 Bequiet,willyou! . Weusethethirdconditional to talkabouthowa situationin
7 l d i d n ' tc o o k t h em e a bl u tI d i dt h ew a s h i nugp . the pastcouldhavebeenavoided:
lf rhc hadn'ilosiher temp?r,TarKwouldn't havelefi.
F'4 sho I mightI needn'thove
uldI could (Butshedid losehertemperandlackdid leave.)
. TheiFclause cancomebeforeor afterthe mainclause. We
. Wecanuseshouldn'thoveIo exprcssdisapproval of past
usethe pastperfectin the ifclauseandwouldlwouldn't hove
actions. Becareful: hadandwouldbothhavethe
in the mainclause.
You:houldn'thavastalodup all nighi.
sameshortform:'d.
. we useshouldhove,mighthaveor couldhavelo saywhat
Shddhavcbccnamazed if 10u'dasx?dh?r out.
the rightwayto behavewas,in ouropinion. ($havrouldhavobvonamatcAif lou had astced har oul)
Youshouldhavegoneio badboforemidnight .'We usecouldhavein the mainclausewhenwe'retalking
. Wesometimes usemighthaveor couldl,aveto tell
ibout ubility.lt meanswouldhavebeen abletot
somebody whattheyshouldhavedone.lt is usuallyan '
Nithm0,I couldhaverun for the
lf I hadn'thada hcaq suilcuse
exclamation,
bu6.
ReallllYoucouldhavesavedsomepizzafor n?l

130 G r a m m a rB , J i l d ear n d R e f e r e n c e
 'slelrsq u! qra aqlJo urol
llaror aqt qtrMJleq
puolas aql alalduro) 'salualuos aql lo sa^leqor$l aql qrlpw I
(qsrM)'I.roMauoqs!q qllM slnol dleq ol pesru.rord I 8
0eqle, Ippqlrq Au iol ^euourau a^r8l,uplp no^ 'a adh )q se 'plnoq
(r0qle.r)laloq e ur pe^PlseM o asn aM 'asnell ureureql u! arnlnjlo luasald aql ol Suula]a.l
(qsrM) urMl,uprpupel eluno^ej^ul al,eMJl :€ ad^l roJse 'a^DLlpnoM esn aM 'asnell ureu aql
(qsr/v\)
raqurnu auoqdleq roJlse l,uprp I 17 u! lsPd eql ol €uurala.r ar,aMJr 'Alie|turSlpuor]rpuolZ adil
(raqler)'saqtoPUpursrpaMl,uplp noI p u r p l n o Ma M s e a l d u l sl s e d a q l a s na M ' a s n e 1 : /5i q t u r
(raqlp.r)
laJ)as Au rnblpl plol noA luasardaql ol Sur.ualer ar.aMlr:lpuoDtpuol€ adll p ut plnoM
ure{??ql ro} P6sl^?J P,l qslNl.i\z?JI aMse (snonurluolro aldurs)llajlad lsed aql asn aM'asnell
(qsrM)urexsaqlrol asl^a.r ],uprp I Ji aql ultsBd aq] ol Su!.laJar ar.aMJl aruaralaraurl aql uo
'lsPd aql
lnoqP star8ar spuadapsleuorlrpuolpexlulut sulloJq.laAJoatroqt eqI .
as3ql ssordxsol slalrsq u! Promaql Eulsnolualuss P el!r/! I (€ adlt) lsed (Z adll) tuasard
I 9
?6e9s?u.r
li?+ ? ?ul lu?s p,nofJ?qluJq?nLrp,l rql 0l ?u00J^eq I
P\noM u0Pu01ul PJ^l\lll
f?uoLril.u \l? lu?dsl,up?qlqsrMI (. adil) arnlnJ (€ adll) tsed
lreled lsPd + raqtDl(Qna) p.l v v
lJa]Jad$ed + qslM (nlDa\ I }Jruntnssgl'Lu6ilqi,J60t
-Tapr-Fq
:lspd uo oDp r,tr @
aql lnoqe slar5arssardxaol arnllnrls SurAolloj aql asn aM . (z ad^l) luasald (6 ad^l) lsed
v !
slarterpusseqslmff, \0J ll6-wrfrj].- r 10I qrur.\ rrrof u?t?J p?Trrol ll
'asnell urPuJaql uiorj
'anlaqr Pq
luaJallrpsr esnell/ aql ur alualalal aurl aql uaLlMlnllo
a q t o t 0 3 t . u p ! pa MI q M s , l e q l ' I e p l l o qu o a r . a M 8 sleuorltpuolpaxr61lsed aql ol ialor sleuorlrpuol€ adll
'no^ alll
i,usaopaqs AqMs.lpql'arlll ot apnr araMnoA pup 'arnlnJio luasardaql ol laJaJslpuolllpuorz edll lptll
's]lnol
Jaquauiau suorlPnlrslPlrlaqlod^qol lajal pup sleuotlrpuol
sruueleql asnl uPl avrAqrvr s,1eq11q3rulle Pauler1l p ale sleuol puol paxrW.
€ ad^t pue Z ad^lJo arnlxru.r
' P l u a u i vq l n o su l
q o l e j o J/ { l d d et , u p r pl ^ q M s , t e q l q s r u e d sl e a d s t , u o pI pax!w
sleuoll!puot
'sllnsaJulexaJaqqll/vlpalU!oooPslp tr 'saI (Ies)
s.aqs,{qMs,teqt ural lspl preq palroMaqs
- 'slooq Ar! /$oroq -
' a s n o q6 r q | llPqlooJ ol (lse) no^Jl 8
e ur a^rlaMIqM s,lpql tuolreJp pauMoraqlElpuer8iW E
'tu8uPos (aq
' a r e ra q l q s ! u ! J a q ^ q Ms , t e q I ' t ! J aH L lou) l u r P l o m o l J o t apD( 3
a1i uMlou)-|
l . u p l p l , u s l l J r I
lno
'anll e noI (e^r8
lou)
uJl\r'\ J^€i-i 1,up1norr I'aql 'aarlelururn6lzos i,ua,nu ).'aq111 ralsrslnol Jrlarlas ^u.i(ssan8lou) - no^ 9
'lno tua^ aJ,Iaql
llej ^eqt IqM s.lpqf'a^ltetuaurnErE I 'rpailBql^pealleSu (o5
ls lou)
'eluSluas - iaql lt laululnsaqt u!^eplloquo (06) traqt I
leuolupuol pax!u e se salualuas jo rlPo qlea allr/i 3u 'lq3ru
l l e( u o
. s d l q rp u p q s ! ( A n q 04 ^ued a q t ' a u o q( a u r dl i
o u ) ppp I u J t t
lou) | J 'ueldrno (uorluau.r -
- lou) noIJ!ratlaq(aq) €
' u e J P l ! q(ra l l l
lou) aq l l a
'Iurql ^llear p :lleqpuolasaql
I lpqM no^ (llal lou) | -
'qsllll8 (eq - uua aq (/1eld) aMlrqllpu aqt (utM) aM Z
lou) no^J! l
'rallElsalleulllual /v\eje (3q)- aqsJr q iur(lagtou)
srelErnq aq1'uadoroopaqt (a^eellou) no^Jl I
'lq8ruolaraql (ot) - af e
'stal)piq ursqre^aqt!o w)o!a^Dr.l
Q,u)ppor,rpuella#ad
raqleal E aurolaqa^eql.uPlnoM3H 9 lseoaql ql!r'^salualuaslPuo!l!Puolprrll asoqlalsldurol I
'uMol ur
luernelsarpoo8e se/v\araqlJl
snoq aerqlroJenanbp ul pootsa^ellra^aup.no n )2q2ex+
u
lapou p auoleq e^eqlq8lui aqs 2ao%q2^eqlq6lu .aq'l11sra,rrun
o1auo6pzqpeplur ;1
'^allpSullMoq aql 'urP!alssalsr
pasop l,upprl^eql Jl z llnsalaql
'puauJ
l s a qI u l . u a r a Mn o l l l r lqbrwto a\DrlpFD asnuu aM .
J!asnpllurpL!aql u1aADLI
 andresutt
ll', r4t"tting purpose Youwantedto go to the It wasyou that/who wanted
. We can expresspurposewith a simpleinfinitiveor the phrase b e ac h . to go to the beach.
in order (not) to ot so os (not to). I ' d l i k et o m e e tB r a d P i t t . T h ep e r s o nl ' d l i k et o m e e ti s
',ji,,,t,)tit)l^ot/ ir, arAot 1a at,l./tt ot, 1tii# z qr\?'io(l
BradPitt.
. We can atsousethe phrasewith a viewto or wifh fhe
Hereallywantsto visitChina Onecountryhe realtywants
intention of followed by an -lnq form.
t o v i s i ti s c h i n a .
l'r t 1 '.vrat 1t,Art|vr,a1p.\ vtt\l',1'/ c\110Lhzr.tttq(tor( \Dr lltv
l ' t in e v eur n d e r s t a n d O n et h i n gI ' l l n e v e r
. We can also expresspurposewith in orderthat,so that ot so basebalt. u n d e r s t a nids b a s e b a l t .
foltowedby a clause. She iust watkedthe second All she did was (to)walk the
',,1L ,,,r1Arr,lt tti (r(Au \VaI/tt lltzt/:,0 \lt tiooyV,lrel it^ hvr s e c o n dh a l f o f t h er a c e '
h a l f o f t h er a c e .
Thefire alarmwent off. d a s( t h a t )
W h a th a p p e n e w
. We can expressa result with so (but NOTsethat) the fire alarmwent off.
I rA..1(94 :,. \ '\t 11Il VqA
. We can also expressa resuttusingso + adjectiveor adverbor . After A// (l) did wos ... ot Whot (l) did wos " we use an
such (+adjective) + noun fotlowedby thdt and a clause' infinitivewith or withoutto:
\ rtt ',,ais t,41h;t I !en1 lr' lvli aI1 pn v,lhatthr,l did vl2i (io) rnart a she.\ierrn I $ood:
'/'-()
11,?.1v\i f,A ',.c'loA\1 tlnl th|l \at,\ However,after,4/1 thot hoppenedwos ..' Whathoppened
wos...we needa subjectand a verb.We can put thdt before

1 choose the correctwords to completethe sentences' negativeor limitingadverb(or adverbialphrase)at the front'
1 The supermarket was ctosed- she went to the Theseinctude:never,not since,not only,no sooner" thon,
c o r n e sr h o P . hardly, rorelylseldom, under no circumstonces,no way' Afte(
a sothat b in orderthat c so the adverbor phrase,the word orderis inverted'
d i d n ' th a v e Not sin,ehii chrldhood had he e41o1ed a ho\ida1to much
2 W es p e n ts o t o n ga t t h e m u s e u m- w e
Faro\yhastherebcon5u.h a PoPu\zr aveni
time for the art gallery.
. Forverbsin the present/pastsimptewe usedoldid'
a so b sothat c that
i.lo vra'/d0e5ha drservea rire for ihat!
3 Shewent to lots of partiesin the flrstweekof term pornls
Not o;\ did hr vrin,bui h Vlorb1 tvre'n11
- m a k i n gf r i e n d s .
a in orderto b so that c with a view to I Rewritethe sentenceswith an extra clauseat the start for
4 H e l o g g e do n t oh i s e m a i la c c o u n t - c h e c kh i s emPhasis. Beginwith the wordi in brackets.
messages. 1 Youalwaysforgetyour keys.(lt's you .. )
a sothat b in orderthat c to lt't 1ouwhoa\wa1t forgoltlour kals
5 Theygot a passportfor thelr baby- they could 2 | r e a l t yh a t et o m a t os o u p .( 0 n et h i n g . ' )
travelabroad, 3 M y p a r e n t sm e ti n J a P a n(.l t w a s . . .)
a so b in orderto c that 4 The refereeawardeda penatty.(Whathappened " )
6 Thefllm finishedearly- they went to a caf6' 5 Lisaspent yearabroadafterschool.(WhatLisa" )
6 | a s k e dm y a d f o r s o m em o n e yt,h a t ' sa l l ( A l lI " )
a in orderthat b sothat c so (Oneperson )
not to get them wel' 7 | enioytalkingto my grandfather.
7 Shetook off her shoes- flrst sports event (ltwas )
8 My uncletook me to my
a so b soas c i n o r d e r t o
9 W e i u s t n e e do n e m o r eb a s k e t b a t ll a y e r(' A l l w e" )
p
8 T h e ys p e n t- l i t t l et i m ei n F r a n c teh a tt h e yd i d n ' t
10 Youcan't go to Antarcticaon hotiday.(Oneptace )
tearnany French.
a such b so c that 2 Comptete the secondsentencein eachPairso that it means
the same as the first.
andinversion
i Emphasis I'veneverseensuchan impresslve firework display'
. wa aunrnutua sentence moreemphatic byaddingan extra Never .- an impressive firework display
c l a u s teo h i g h t i g hk te yi n f o r m a t i o n . Y o um u s t n ' tu,n d ear n yc i r c u m s t a n cuenst,o ctkh ed o o r '
U n d e-r u n l o ctkh ed o o r .

I
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 1.1 Synonyms
andantonyms 112Compound
adiectives
Synonymsand antonyms Compoundadiectives
A s y n o n y mi s a w o r dw h i c hm e a n st h e s a m ea s a n o t h e r Compoundadjectivesare adiectivesFormedfrom two
wotdt unhappyandsod are synonyms. words.Thetwo most commontypesare:
A n a n t o n y mi s w o r dw h i c hm e a n st h e o p p o s i t eo f 1 adjective+ noun with -ed ending
anotherword: ldli and short are antonyms. ki nd -hearted, long -Iegged, b ig -headed
S o m ed i c t i o n a r i ei sn c l u d es y n o n y mas n d a n t o n y m s . 2 noun + -/ng form
spoce-soving, meat-eating, tim e-wastinI
1 Readthe Leom this! box.Then matchthe adiectivesin gloi.jp 3 adverb+ past participle
1 with theirsynonymsin group2. Decideif eachpairis well-wom, th i n Iy-vei led
positiveor negativeand write them in the chan.
Completethe sentenceswith six of the adiectivesfrom the
I ca€sy conceited condescending daring energetic
Leom this! box.
friendly humorous inteltigent irritable logicaL loyat
re(axed timid unassuming I He gets so much praisefrom his parentsthat he's
b e c o m eq u i t e- .
2 active adventurous amiable calm clever faithful
2 Keepingthe ball in the cornerof the pitch is a common
g r u m p y m o d e s t p a t r o n i s i n gr a t i o n a l shy
- tacticin football.
vain witty
3 - plantsget their nutritionfrom trappinginsects.
4 She sometimescomesacrossas grumpy,but she's
- : f a r ai \ a actuallyvery- .
5 Most high-jumpersare extremelytall and -.
6 Thls Frenchfllm is actuallya - attackon Hollywood.

2 Make compoundadiectiveswith a word from eachgroup.

Choosethe bestantonymfor eachword. Match them with the colrect definitions.
1 approximately(adverb) able absent cold densely ditrly leveI mouth
a very b nearly c exactly d correctly sure
2 calm(adjective)
a exciting b excited c boring d silent btooded bodied footed headed ]i( minded
populated watering
3 neat(adjective)
a messy b hard-workingc lazy d reliable 1 drmlglnrdark;withoutmany lights
4 truthful(adjective) 2 : havinga lot qf peoplelivingin smallarea
a incorrect b false c different d dishonest 3 : forgetful
5 adore(verb)
4 -: delicious
a prefer b hate c love d enjoy
5 -: cruel
6 despair(noun)
6 -: unlikelyto fall
a optimism b fun c excitement d ioy
7 : calm
Complete withthe wordsyouselectedin
the sentences 8 -: f i t a n dh e a l t h y
exercise
2.
Completethese sentenceswith compoundadjectives.Then
1 I ' me m b a r r a s saebdo u t m y - handwriting.
invent two similar sentencesofyour own.
2 C a ny o ui m a g i nheo w- y o u ' df e e li f y o u w o n t h e
Peoplewho waveflagsare flag-waving people.
lottery?
2 Catswith short hair are- cats.
3 A marathon is - 42.195kilometres.
3 Peoplewith strongmindsare- people.
4 lt's a crimeto givea - answertoa question in
court. 4 Breadthat has beenbakedfreshlyis - bread.
5 I simply all formsof motor-racing. 5 A gadgetwhich savestime is a - gadget.
6 Healwayslooksforwardwith 6 A m a nw i t h o n e a r mi s a man.

1f4 V o c a b u t aB
r yu i l d e r
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 3.1 Stageso f tife 3.2 Phrasal
verbswith up anddown
1 Numberthc stagesof lih betowin the orderthatwe reach I $i:. :'-j,l Complete the sentenceswith up or down.Then
them. listenandcheckyouranswers.
1 You'Iewelcome to visituson Saturdav butI'mafraidwe
can'p t u ty o u- .
2 Hedoesn'tptayaswellashe canbecause he doesn't
wantto showthe restoftheteam- .
3 Theyoft"enhaveterriblerowsbecausetheyboth refuseto
back_.
4 Whenyoutalkto mygrandfather abouthishealth
problems, he always plays them-.
5 At thetime,hismarriage wasa hugescandalthat took
yearsto die_ .
6 lt's a comfortable hotel,buttheyneedto do it
7 Astheteacher startedto wind- thelesson,the
students puttheirbooksaway.
8 Heonlytook- skiingafterhe'dretired.
9 Therewasan accident on themotorwav whichhetdus
for tlvo hours.
10 Heturned- a iob in a bankbecause hewantedto
be a oerformer.

Phrasalverbs(1)
1 Phrasalverbs canbe transitive (theyhavean obiect)
or intransitive (theydon'thavean obiect).
He satdown.(intransitive)
Heput downhisbag. (transitive)
2 Transitive phrasatverbs areusuallyseparable. This
meanstheobiectcango beforethe adverb.
I cut downthetree.Wecut the trcedown.
3 l f t h e p h r a s a l v ei rsbs e p a r a bal en dt h eo b i e c t i s a
pronoun, the pronounMUST comebeforethe adverb.
LljJtAovlrltr )I I cut it ditwn-

2 Readthe leara ttrb.r box.Thenmatchthe phrasalverbs

(1-10)with the meanings (a-i). Usethe sentences in exercise
1 to helpyou.ls eachverbtransitr've
or intransitive?
1 backdown renovate
2 die down b provideaccommodation for
3 do up c de{ay
4 holdup d refuseto accept
5 playdown e changeyour positionor ideas
6 put up t minimisethe importanceof
2 Matchthe wordsbetowwith the stagesof lifc. Drawa 7 showup s bringto an end
spide€ram.Somewordscango with tryostatcs, - 8 takeup h start doing (as a hobby)
career elderly forties greyhair kid marriage 9 turndown i becomeweakeror quieter
nappies OAP retirementseventiesteenager , 10 wind up i makelook inferior
t o d d l e r t w e n t i e sw a l k i n g s t i c kw h i t e h a i r w r i n k t e s
for eachof the phrasalverbs
3 Writeanotherexamplesentence
3 can1puaddanymorcryordsto the spide€rams?
Usea in exercise2.
dictionaryto helpyouif necessary.

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l1llsouraJpsessaursnqqlrqM ur tjralsls l!uouola ue 6 'suollEslue&o
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suo!lPs!uEFto z'?
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alpprpuel qlef uor]lalaroJdh sa^lasureqllnd 'sarued
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/ ursrurarlxat
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uo!llalalerauaS Aluanlllsuol uo!l!leol alPptpuel
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?sr-u! PuasProMaql lle lou
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I lo Darol eql ql!^ lr4 aql aFlduo) I
ls.r-pueu/sl-sex!#ns€'t suoltlal] I't
 components
5.1 Technology 5.2 Oime
1 Matcheightof the wordsbelowwith the pictures(1-8). 1 Workin pairs.Completethe chartwiththe missingwords.
to helpyou.
Usea dictionary
aerial antenna axte battery blade brake bulb
( i r c u i tb o a r d c o g d i a I f a n l e a d l e n s m i c r o p h o n e
m i c r o p r o c e s s om r otor pLug puttey 5lMcard s e t f i r et o ( a b u i l d i n ge, t c . )
speaker spring strap switch thermostat
blackmaiLer
touchscreen
burgle(a house,oFfice,etc.)
"2

defraud(somebody)
hack(into somethi
acking hijacker

robbery robber ''

s t e a l( s o me t h i n g )

( s o m e tih
vandalise

2 completethe crime reportswith the words below.

convicted iury pteaded sentenced verdict
E j u s t i nJ o n e sw a s1 - o f k i d n a p p i nagn d r - to nine
y e a r si n j a i t .A l t h o u g hM r J o n e sh a d n o tg u i l t y '
,,,) theevidenca e g a i n sht i m w a sd e s c r i b e bd y t h e p o l i c ea s
l) 'overwhelming' and the 4- took lessthan an hour to
reachtheir
acquitted alibi evidence found trial witnesses
Dividealtthe wordsfromexercise1 into twogroups.write At the HighCourttoday,KarlMacintosh,who was standing
theonesyouwoutdfindin a smartphone in boxA;writeth€ 6- for the murderof two teenagers,was /- after
othersin boxI withoneexampte of whereyoumightfind the jury him not guilty.Althoughprosecutors had
them. a r g u e dt h a t f o r e n s i c ' - l i n k e dM a c i n t o s tho t h e c r i m e
s c e n e s, e v e r a l l c o n f i r m ehdi s"
accused arrest issued offences question
P o l i c ew o u l dl i k et o ' a m a na b o u ta s e r i e so f
- 1r- in the Liverpoolarea.He is ro- of defrauding
t In pairs,decidewhichcomponents l the
fromexercise morethan ten elderlycouplesout of their life savings.
foltowing obiectsprobabty
contain. ' P o l i c eh a v er 5 - a d e s c r i p t i oonf t h e m a na n d a r e
1 electric razor 4 lawnmower offeringa rewardfor information which leadstor6-
2 hairdryer 5 moped a n dc o n v i c t i o n .
3 HDvideocamera 6 microwaveoven

1 3 8 V o c a b u l aBruyi l d e r
 'qlntEr pred
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tua^p seqaH g
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ota^out
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fuansr_ ' 'Fil-o- Olaqo1aqy1 p,j 5
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'iauelsrl
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/sflrl urDaT aql peau .i e otut urnl ll.no^'Ippot uolst^alal
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.sa5upql
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ppp upl eM Z I
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tua^ sr,",
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J OS l O lS u t P l u o l
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.stasrllual
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lpulloju!eqtqllew
JorJlllnu
p u ep o o j 2 . 9
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7.1 News Matchthe meanings betowwiththe groupsof phrasaIverbs
(A-D).Thentranslatethe verbsintoyourlanguage.
1 Matchtherwordsin Awithwordsin B.
ending
arriving continuing discovering/sotving

urnalism

Eqtainthe meaningofthesewords.Youcanfindthematl in
a newspaper.
4 column
5 editorial

news
headlines(1-6).Explain
themusingthe
belowto helpyou.
information

riddle= mystery g e m s= i e w e l s
bid = attempt b a n= m a k ei l l e g a l
plea= request vow= promrse
q u i t= r e s i g n pledge= promise
c ur b= c o n t r olli;m i t axe= cut

6
youtakeouta loanyoushould-
7 Before exactly

Partictes
andmeanings
H e ' sa l w a y s a b o u th o w m u c hm o n e yh e e a r n s .
Someparticles cangivea phrasalverb a certaingeneral
H e ' ss u c ha b o r e !
meaning. Forexample, offcanconvey the ideaof:
Thebus tothe busstationandstoooed.
1 goingaway,e.g.takeo[f,liftoff,cleoroff
2 starting,e.g.kicko[f,set off,spotkoff
3 becomingless,e.9.wearoff, die o[f,cooloff
4 resisting,e.g.f9 ht off,fendoff, holdoff
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trfe-Epl! 'aull lsr!Jaql l! puelsrapun l.uprPnoiJl 6
Papunom
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/
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zOl 'rEuE redE=E-Jpa-En aH t
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sqra^tla.uol eql asooql uaql PUPs3lllua tuPuollllP aql PPau z 'presno^leqM
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2lzJt?-tu2g e ur sigeP?q+lvuuJe es22\4
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uE ur ^poq aql lo UPd e aJn[u! )o ynq uec nq\ L nlu!,o UnH
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tq6\ ool e4(aql p fuapun qSnoualou = -/aPUt
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paq)olap-twas lleq = -tuas
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"
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o1 wlq pnLl Luo^ll| sluaulalels a^llE6au u p€sn s,ll uoq/v\ osle are araql pallalold
'e6e|ueo ere sleuruPaql araqMpsleall
Illelcedso 'pLuro,rssel ^llq6rls st pnH Zureq )o ynq
u a a qe ^ e q eJ oi a q u i n u
pJeH sseulddeq'qlleall
e' s elluo6ple ot l]ojja
euolue Unq rc^au rlJo,44
'ell s,qs uo u Pu l ( l e a u . r l a qrlo j p a l u n q
lcage peqe e^eq oI (PLuolut )aqleJ)-. '(anl loj
arqlaql) ,,puP
'aJI euuew u)eq ueJ uMop]nl are a^rliaql qllq,{
-(
-z ur slsaJolaqD lelnleu
uolln od !]s,/qs l.rnq :qls/qs uo lcele peq E e^eq o]
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l P ^ t ^ l n lst a q l o 1 - z
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ursr ulSulAll
ssaulddPq 'q}leaq 'olll s.qs uo }ce$a peq P
,{//euortou./a
s P l l u o JSo u o r l e l n d o ad q l
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'qls ol Luleq
lnlesn ssel lr 6urleL! lEcLs^qdasnec ol I
pllMaql slealql sa^las3l Eulqleod
Punor\^ alnlul Unq Unq ulPq aEPUPP lplqeq uotllu!lxa uorlP^lasuof, Ilt^!ldel .3u!paalq
'Moleqspror\ aql qlrMyal eql aleldurof
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ll
 9.1 Adverbs 9.2 AdjectivesulTixes
S o m ea d j e c t i v eesn di n g- l yk e e pt h e s a m ef o r mf o r 1 We can add suffixesto some nounsand verbsto
the adverb: eorly, doily, weekly,monthly, yearly, etc. m a k et h e mi n t oa d j e c t i v e s( S
. o m e t i m et sh e s p e l l i n g
Itookthe earlytrain. changes.)Common suffixesare:
It's o monthly newspoper. I get poid monthly. -oble: offordob le, con fortl ble, dependoble, wosh oble
o t h e ra d j e c t i v eesn d i n g- / yd o n o t h a v ea n a d v e r b i a l -al: 0ccid entol, excepti onal, nation aI, occosi on oI
f otmt coword ly, d isorderly, fr i en d ly, j olly, leis urely, -ful: bebutiful, fonciful, hopeful, useful
lively,timely,etc.Instead,we put the adjectivein a n . ive: au roctive, creotivc,expressive, respon sive
a d v e r b i apl h r a s e : -less:hopeless,jobless,penniless,pointless,useless
He olwoysbehovesin a friendly woylfoshionlmonner. -ous:adventurous, dongerous,fonous, mischi evous
Someadverbshavetwo forms:one with -/y and one -y: breezy,squeaky,thirsty, woolly
without: 2 Someadjectivesend in -ible (pronounced the sameas
-dble).However, ifyou remove-iblefromthe adiective,
you are not usuallyleftwith a completeword:
oudible, Iegi ble, tangible

T h em e a n i n g as r es o m e t i m ecst o s ea n d s o m e t i m e s 1 Readthe t€off this! box.comDlete the sentences with an

un r el a t e d : adjectiveformedftomthe nounor verbin bEckets.Usea
Theysailed close to the shore./lt's a closely guarded dictionaryto helpyou if necessary.
secret.
1 lf he saidsomething - (offense), l'm sureitwasn't
she diveddeep into the pool./Theinsulthurt her
- (intention).
deeply.
5he works hord./You'vehordly touchedyour dinner. 2 Storing fireworks nextto petrolandother
Thebolloon flew high over the house./Ctocodilesore (hazard)substances couldbe- (disaster).
highly dongerous. 3 Theywenthikingin a - (mountain) partof lndia.
I've iust told you./Were they treatedjustly by the 4 Theclimateis usually- (reLy)
in lune,butthisyear,
courts? it wasvery- (rain).
He orrived late./He's been doing thot a lot lotely. 5 She'sthe chiefexecutive of a - (globe)electronics
Don't walk neot the edge of the cliff./Youneorly fell- company,
You'vetyped my number wrong./He wos wrongly 6 Shehasan- (envy)relationship withherparents,
occusedof burglory. (support).
whoarealways -
7 Manyofthesediseases are-- (prevent) ifyoufollow
I using
Readthe Leofi th,3,box.Thencompletethe sentences a heatthy lifestyle.
an adverbor adverbialphraseformedftomtheseadiectives. 8 Themeatwascold,- (taste)and- (chew).
9 Hispoetryis very- (access) andextremely -
ctose cowardly deep friendty high late
(meaning) too.
leisurely weekly wrong
1 W h e nh e c a l l e d t h ed o g ' sn a m e ,i t w a g g e di t s t a i l 2 choosethe corectspetling.
2 Hisbosswasangrybecause he arrived - forwork
Theyfindeachotherattractive, butthey'rearen'tat all
on hisfirstday.
conpatable/ compatible.
3 Thesewildanimalsare- dangerous. ) Thestoryhetoldthejudgewasn'treallycredabte /
4 Theywalked- intothejungte.
credible.
5 ourplanworkedperfectlyat firstbuttheneverything
1 Thesebootsaren'tsuitabte/ suitibteforclimbing.
wenT
L lhis cyclehelmetis virtually
indestructable
/
6 Themugger chose- andelderly
to targetchildren
indestructibte.
people. 5 Hisqualificationis notcomparable witha
/ comparible
7 TheFerrari wonthe race, - foltowedbVthe
universitydegree.
Mercedes.
6 Carbon monoxide is particularly
dangerousbecause it's
8 Sunday is the onfydaywe havetimeto relaxandeat
invisable/ invisibte.
t u n c_n.
Mostinfectious diseases arenowcurable/ curible.
9 Thesitcomis broadcast - on MTV.
8 Don'tdropthisbox,the contents arebreakable/
breakible.
142 Vocabulary
Builder
 'Uods ur
0PDraururol)
q l n u l o o l s r s r a q lI u r q la l d o a d/ 1 u e w
(puu)a/nlDN
l e u ] ' r odr q l u r r a q t p a q s r l q n sdl s l l u a D sa q l I I \ .i:\.,.*
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 TaskfromUnit6F TaSkfromUnit8F
I Workin pairs.Taketurnsto do the examtaskbelow.Spend 1 Workin pairs,Taketumsto do the examtaskbelow.Spend
abouta minutepreparingyour answer. abouta minutepreparingyour answer.
A largenumberof relativesarevisitingyouthisweekend, TheGovemment is askingeveryone theircarbon
to reduce
andyouneedto buya lot offood.Whereandhowwillyou whatis the bestwayof doingthis?Choose
footprint. oneof
buythefood?Choose oneof theoptionsin the photos. the optionsin thephotos.lustifyyourchoiceandsaywhy
your
iustih/ choiceandsaywhyyoureiected the other yourejected the othersuggestions.
suggestions.

2 Workin pails.Taketumsto answerthe examineisquestions.

Questionsfor StudentA:
1 Willonlineshopping put manyhighstreetshopsout of
business?
2 Whatarethe advantages in supermarkets?
of shopping
for StudentB:
Questions
1 Howimportant is goodcustomer whenyouare
service
shoppingforfood?
2 Whatarethe advantages online?
of shopping

TaskfromUnit7F
I , ,==. Workinpairs.Desc bethe photobelow.Then
taketurnsto askandanswertheelamineisquestions.
1 Whatdoyouthinkth geirtisthinking?Why?
2 Whatdo teenagers commonly argueaboutamongst
themselves?
3 Tellmeaboutan argument youhadwitha fliendor a
member of yourfamily.
Workin pairs,Taketurnsto answertheexaminefsquestions'
Questionsfor StudentAr
1 Somepeoplethinkthatweshouldban€arsfromall city,
townandvillagecentres.Towhatextentdo you agree
withthisopinion?
2 Whatcanwe asindividuals do to hetplimltglobal
warming?
Questionsfor StudentB:
1 Shouldpetrolcostmuchmoleto discoulage motorists
fromdriving?
2 Whatcampaigns aretherein yourcountry to protectand
imDrove the environment?

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