UNIT 1

CONSTITUENTS OF WATER AND THEIR EFFECT ON TEXTILE WET PROCESSING

Wet processing

Textile wet processing

 Textile wet processing is the process that use in any finishing treatment. Where, this process is
applied on textile in form of liquid with involves some for chemical action on the textile.
 Examples: bleaching, printing, dyeing and printing.

In textile wet processing it can be divided into three process, that are preparation process,
coloration process and finishing process.
Singeing
 Singeing is the process is removing the hairs of fabrics or fibers. In singeing process, we use
three technique to applied it [1]. Such as, gas flame technique. At the end of this process, we
will find, that the fabrics is smoother than before and the fabrics wettability is increase.

Desizing
Desizing is the process or removing the starch or size the covering the warp yarn using enzyme.
Oxidizing agent, or other chemicals [1]. There are three types of technique in desizing and four
method of desizing that has been used in wet processing
Technique of desizing
 There are three type of technique of desizing. Desizing technique are different depends on the
kind of sizing agent to be removed. In desizing, bacteria is a conventional method depend by
others method. During this process, the fabrics is wet out in water and allowed to lie damp for
several hour. Other than that, the method is most popular that has been used in this wet
processing is by using enzyme. This enzyme are named after the compound break
down. Beside that, the other method is acid hydrolysis. This method can remove metal
contamination at the fabrics, but it might affect the cellulosic since chemically starch and
cellulose is very similar. Lastly, is oxidative desizing method. This method using hydrogen
peroxide and persulphate, that will degrade the starch with serious attack.

Mercerizing process
Mercerizing is the process to improve the luster, hand and other properties of cotton by using
strong caustic alkaline solution [1]. In this process, it can be divided into three uses that are dyeing
printing, finishing and it also has been used in final appearance in general. Beside that, in this
process has some type of mercerizing. Slack mercerizing is the example of type of mercerizing

Dyeing process
Dyeing is the process of give color to fibers, yarn, or fabrics by using natural or synthetic dye [1] .
In this process it have involving three principle process, that are retardation, migration and
diffusion which all this are chemical process. There are many type of dyeing that using in textile
wet processing such as cross dyeing, union dyeing and gel dyeing. All of then has there own
process to make the dyeing process smoothly and produce a good quality of dyeing.
Textile printing
 Textile printing is the process of applying color to fabric in definite patterns or designs. In
properly printed fabrics the color is bonded with the fiber, so as to resist washing and friction.
Textile printing is related to dyeing but, whereas in dyeing proper the whole fabric is
uniformly covered with one color, in printing one or more colors are applied to it in certain
parts only, and in sharply defined patterns. Beside that, The method of printing so far described
is simply adapted a multi colored pattern on a white fabric. This textiles print also is used for
producing similar patterns on slightly tinted fabric, but certainly not on deeply colored fabric.
For then the ground color would interfere with the colored pattern printed upon it. As everyone
knows, many of the most attractive fabrics are those which have colored patterns on a ground
color as the original all over color of the fabric to be printed is termed.
 Government Regulations for Effluents
By Bureau of Indian Standards

The general tolerance limits prescribed for the industrial effluent by the
Bureau of Indian Standards are applicable to textile processing effluents
also. These are shown in Table
Sl. No. Into inland Into Public On Land for Into Marine
Characteristic Surface Waters a Sewers b Irrigation c Coastal

(i) Colour and odour See Note 1 ‐ See Note 1 See Note 1

(ii) Suspended Solids, 100 600 200 (a) For process waste
mg/l, max waters ‐ 1000
(b) For cooling water
effluents 10 percent
above total
suspended matter of
effluent cooling
water.
iii) Particle size of Shall pass 850 micron ‐ ‐ a) Floatble Solids,
suspended solids is Sieve Max, 3mm.
b) Settleable Solids,
Max, 850 Microns
iv) Dissolved Solids 2100 2100 2100 ‐
(inorganic), mg/l,
max

v) pH value 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to 9.0

Sl. No. Into inland Into Public On Land for Into Marine
Characteristic Surface Waters Sewers b Irrigation c Coastal
a
vi) Tempreture oC Shall not exceed 40 45 at the point of 45 of the point of
max in any section of discharge discharge
the stream within
15 meters
downstream from
the outlet
vii) Oil and grease 10 20 10 20
mg/l, max
viii) Total residual 1 ‐ ‐ ‐
chlorine mg/l, max
ix) Ammoniacal 50 (see note 3) 50 ‐ 50
nitrogen (as N)
mg/l, max
x) Total Kjeldahl 100 ‐ ‐ 100
nitrogen (as N)
mg/l, max
xi) Free Ammonia 5 ‐ ‐ 5
(as NH3) mg/l max
Sl. No. Into inland Into Public On Land for Into Marine
Characteristic Surface Waters a Sewers b Irrigation c Coastal

xii) Biochemical 30 350 (see note 2) 100 (see note 2) 100 (see note 2)
Oxygen demand (5
days at 20oC), max

xiii) Chemical 250 (see note 4) ‐ ‐ 250 (see note 4)

oxygen demand
mg/l, max

xiv) Arsenic (as As) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

max

xv) Lead (as Pb) 0.1 1 ‐ 1.0

mg/l max

xvi) Cadmium (as 2 1 ‐ 1.0

Cd) mg/l, max
Sl. No. Into inland Into Public On Land for Into Marine
Characteristic Surface Waters Sewers b Irrigation c Coastal
a
(xvii) Hexavalent 0.1 2 ‐ 1.0
chromium (as
Cr+6), mg/1, max

(xviii) Total 2 2 ‐ 2
chromium (as Cr),
mg/1, max

(xix) Copper (as 3 3 ‐ 3

Cu ) mg/ 1, max,
(xx) Zinc (as Zn), 5 15 ‐ 16
mg/1, max
(xxi) Nickel (as Ni) 3 3 ‐ 5.0
mg/1, max
(xxii) Boron mg/1, 2 2 ‐ 2
max (as B),
(xxi ii) Percent ‐ 60 60 ‐
sodium max (See
Note 5)
Sl. No. Into inland Into Public On Land for Into Marine
Characteristic Surface Waters Sewers b Irrigation c Coastal
a
(xxiv) Residual ‐ ‐ 5 ‐
sodium carbonate,
meq/1,max
(xxv) Cyanide (as 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
CN), mg/1, max
(xxvi) Chloride (as 1000 1000 600 ‐
Cl), mg/I, max
(xxvii) Fluoride (as 2.0 15 ‐ ‐
F), mg/l, max
(xxviii) Dissolved 5 (See Note 3) ‐ ‐ ‐
phosphates (as P),
mg/1, max

(xxix) Sulphate (as 1000 1000 1000 ‐

S04) mg/l, max
(xxx) Sulphide (as 2 (See Note 3) ‐ ‐ ‐
S), mg/l,max
 Sl. No. Into inland Into Public On Land for Into Marine
Characteristic Surface Waters a Sewers b Irrigation c Coastal

(xxxi) Pesticides Absent Absent Absent Absent

(See Note 6)
(xxxii) Phenolic 5 5 ‐ 5
Compound (as
C6H5OH), mg/1,
max
(xxxiii) Radioactive 10‐7 10‐7 10‐8
materials;) Alpha
emmitters,
µC/ ml, max.

(b) Beta emitters, 10‐6 10‐7 10‐6 10‐7

µC/ ml, max

(a) Inland Surface Waters‐ namely rivers (including rivers liable to seasonal drying), ponds or depressions (natural or man‐made), estuaries,
streams, lakes, impounded reservoirs, canals, and man‐made or naturaldrains leading to these water bodies.
(b) Municipal sewers. (c) Land meant for irrigation.
 Note 1: All efforts should be made to remove colour and unpleasant odour as far as practicable.

Note 2: Further relaxation may be decided by the concerned agencies.

Note 3: If all these pollutants are present at the maximum permissible

concentration; the effluent maylead to eutrophication. Therefore, data on
ecological changes should be monitored.

Note 4: For paper, dye stuff, pesticide and certain chemical and petrochemical industries, these
values may be relaxed. Whenever these values are relaxed, it shall be ensured that the
effluent passes the testfor toxicity as given in IS: 6582‐1971

Note 5: The limit may be relaxed upto a maximum of 75 by the local authorities, taking into
account thenature of soil and crop.

Note 6: Pesticides are highly toxic. Specific limits and methods of test are being worked out
separately.
QUALITY REQUIREMENTS OF WATER FOR COTTON AND SYNTHETIC TEXTILE PROCESSING