Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Submitted to:
Dr. Bushra Nasar
By:
Saba Arshad
Direct dyes
• Direct dyes are one of the most versatile classes of dyestuff applicable to cellulose,
silk, wool, silk, nylon fiber .
• This dyes have inherent substantivity for cotton , and other cellulosic fibers.
• Dyeing takes place in the presence of an electrolyte such as NaCl or Na₂SO₄.
• The light fastness on cellulosic fibers varies from poor to fairly good ,although
some copper complex direct dyes have very good light fastness.
• Direct dyes generally does not meet today’s more stringent washing fastness
requirement
• Direct dyes are sodium salts of aromatic sulphonic acids.
• Can be denoted as DSO₃Na
• These dyes are sodium salt of aromatic sulphonic acid
• It is anionic in nature .
• It needs electrolyte for exhaustion.
• Dyeing process is carried out in alkaline condition .
• Generally applied to cellulosic as well as protein fibers.
• Fastness properties are average specially wet fastness .
• It can be improved by after treatment.
• Comparatively cheap in price.
Structure
• Direct dye molecules include the presence of aromatic
rings and sulphonate group attached to the rings.
• Capable of dyeing uniformity when the electrolyte is added at the beginning of the
dyeing operation.
• Class :B: Self controlable Direct dyes:
• Dyes have poor levelling or migration properties.
• They can be controled by addition of electrolyte , usually after the dye bath has
reached the dyeing temperature
• they require relatively large amount of salt to exhaust well.
• Class C : Salt and temperature controllable dyes.
5. Direct dye can be applied by batch dyeing mwthod ( jet or package dyeing machines)
,by semi continuous method ( pad –bath , pad roll) and by continuous methodes
( such as pad steam).
6. Many direct dyes are suitable for application be combined scouring and dyeing.
7. However , dye containing amide groups are avoided because of the risk of alkaline
hydrolysis
8. Direct dyes are widely in their fastness properties and staining effect on various fiber
Mechanism of dyeing
• When cotton is immersed in a solution of a direct dye the following mechanism
takes place:
• _ Adsorption:
• Dye molecules move towards the fiber
• Get adsorbed on the fiber surface