National Textile University

B.S Textile Engineering

Assignment

Course Code: TE-2113

Course Title: Textile Processing

Assignment No.
Title Dyeing of PC Blended Fabric.
Student Name Muhammad Anas
Registration No. 19-NTU-TE-0091
4th
Semester

Date of August 31,2021

submission

Submitted To Syed Qumar Zia Gilani

 Title:
Dyeing of PC Blended Fabric.
Table of Contents
Abstract: ..................................................................................................................................... 4
Introduction: ............................................................................................................................... 4
Disperse Dye: ............................................................................................................................. 4
Properties of Disperse Dyes: ..................................................................................................... 5
Application Methods of Disperse Dyes ..................................................................................... 5
Dyeing Mechanism of Disperse Dye: ......................................................................................... 5
Reactive Dyes: ........................................................................................................................... 6
Properties of reactive dye: ......................................................................................................... 6
Structure of reactive dye ............................................................................................................ 6
Mechanism of reactive dyeing ................................................................................................... 7
Objectives:.................................................................................................................................. 7
Dyeing of PC blended fabric: ..................................................................................................... 8
Dyes and Chemicals:.................................................................................................................. 8
Equipment: ................................................................................................................................. 8
Bath-1 (Disperse Dyeing): ......................................................................................................... 8
Bath-2 (Reactive Dyeing): ......................................................................................................... 9
Conclusion: ................................................................................................................................ 9
References: ............................................................................................................................... 10
Abstract:
In this report we will discuss about the dyeing process of PC blended fabric with disperse and
reactive dye.

Introduction:
Dyeing is the application of dyes or pigments on textile materials such as fibers, yarns,
and fabrics with the goal of achieving color with desired color fastness. In textile industry
polyester / cotton (P/C) blends have dominant market share having share of 58.45% in
worldwide – market. These blends are famous due to their aesthetic value and user-friendly
performance. Limitations of both fibers are balanced adequately by blending these two fibers
making perfect blend. However, the P/C blends possess some challenges to dyer as polyester
shows a hydrophobic character while cotton shows a hydrophilic character making it difficult
to dye them with chemically different class of dyes. To dye the PC blended fabric the disperse
and reactive dyes can be used in two different bathes.

Disperse Dye:
The term “disperse dye” have been applied to the organic coloring substances which are free
from ionizing groups, are of low water solubility and are suitable for dyeing hydrophobic fibers.
The dye has derived its name for its insoluble aqueous properties and the need to apply it from
an aqueous dispersion. Of all the dyes, they are of the smallest molecular size. Disperse dyes
have substantivity for one or more hydrophobic fibers e.g. cellulose acetate, nylon, polyester,
acrylic and other synthetic fibers.
Properties of Disperse Dyes:
• Disperse dyes are nonionic dyes. So, they are free from ionizing group.
• They are ready made dyes and are insoluble in water or have very low water solubility.
• They are organic coloring substances which are suitable for dyeing hydrophobic fibers.
• Disperse dyes are used for dyeing man-made cellulose ester and synthetic fibers
specially acetate and polyester fibers and sometimes nylon and acrylic fibers.
• Carrier or dispersing agents are required for dyeing with disperse dyes.
• Disperse dyes have fair to good light fastness with rating about 4-5.
• The wash fastness of these dyes is moderate to good with rating about 3-4.

Application Methods of Disperse Dyes

• Method N: Normal dyeing method. Dyeing temperature is 80-100°C.
• Normal NC method: Method of dyeing at normal temperature with carriers. Dyeing
temperature 80-100°C.
• Method HT: High temperature dyeing method. Dyeing temperature 105-140°C.
• Method T: Thermosol dyeing method. Dyeing temperature 180-220°C, continuous
method of dyeing.
• Pad roll method: Semi continuous dyeing method.
• Pad steam method: Continuous dyeing method.

Dyeing Mechanism of Disperse Dye:

The dyeing of hydrophobic fibers like polyester fibers with disperse dyes may be considered as
a process of dye transfer from liquid solvent (water) to a solid organic solvent (fiber). Disperse
dyes are added to water with a surface-active agent to form an aqueous dispersion. The
insolubility of disperse dyes enables them to leave the dye liquor as they are more substantive
to the organic fiber than to the inorganic dye liquor. The application of heat to the dye liquor
increases the energy of dye molecules and accelerates the dyeing of textile fibers.
Reactive Dyes:
A dye, which is capable of reacting chemically with a substrate to form a covalent dye substrate
linkage, is known as reactive dyes. The reactive dyes constitute the most used class of dyes for
dyeing cellulosic textiles, because of their good all-round properties, such as water solubility,
ease of application, variety of application methods, availability of different shades, brightness
of color shades, good to excellent wash and light fastness and moderate price. Reactive dyes
may have poor fastness to chlorine bleach.

Properties of reactive dye:

There are the following properties of reactive dye,
• The reactive dyes are cationic in nature and used for dyeing of cellulose, protein, and
polyamide fibers.
• These dyes are available in powder and liquid form.
• The reactive form the covalent bond with fibers as it is soluble in water.
• The reactive dyes have the better properties to light, washing and rubbing fastness.
• The application method of these dyes is easy and at low temperature.
• These dyes have the good perspiration properties.

Structure of reactive dye

The Reactive dyes have several Reactive groups that have been used in the synthesis of Reactive
dyes. In the case of bifunctional and polyfunctional Reactive dyes, all or many structural
characteristics are present in more than one Reactive dye molecule[4]. In Reactive dyes, these
structural properties include,

• Chromophore Group: This group impart the color in the dye.

• Reactive Group: This group enable the dye to reactive with hydroxyl group of cellulose
to make the covalent bond.
• Bridging Group: The bridging group link the reactive group with the chromophore
group.
• Solubilizing Groups: The solubilizing groups are usually sulphonic acid; it maybe be
one or more and it help the dye to make it soluble in water.

• General structure of reactive dye is R-B-X,

 • R-Chromogen, B-Bridging group X-Reactive system. When it reacts with fiber F, it
forms R-B-X-F.

Figure 1 Overall structure of reactive dye

Mechanism of reactive dyeing

Dye liquor is prepared similar to direct dye liquor and reactive dye is dissolved in water and an
electrolyte is added to it for exhaustion of the dye onto the surface of the textile material as it
is introduced to the dye liquor. For the reaction between dye and cellulosic textile material,
alkali must be added to the dye liquor (pH 9-11). For some dyes this reaction take place at room
temperatures and for some dyes the temperatures must be increased (in some cases to the boil).
As a result the covalent bond is formed between the reactive dye molecule and the hydroxyl
groups of the cellulosic fiber.

Objectives:
• To learn about dyeing of blended fabric.
Dyeing of PC blended fabric:
In case of PC blended dyeing in lab, the two-bath process is more suitable to achieve optimum
shade.

Dyes and Chemicals:

• Disperse dye
• Reactive dye
• Dispersing agent
• Acetic acid
• Carrier
• Levelling agent
• Soda ash
• Glauber salt

Equipment:
• Beaker.
• Measuring Cylinder.
• Pipette.
• Digital Balance.
• Scissor.
• Tri-pod stand.
• Gas Burner.
• Thermometer.

Bath-1 (Disperse Dyeing):

In the first step the disperse dyeing is carried out. The Liqour ratio can be used 1:40. First of
all, add the disperse dye in the dyeing bath then adding the 1 g/l dispersing agent and carrier.
The acetic acid can be uses to maintain the dyeing bath pH 4-4.5. After adding all auxiliaries,
the fabric adds in dyeing bath and raise the temperature at 1000C and run the bath for 20 min.
After done the dyeing the RC can be carried out.
Bath-2 (Reactive Dyeing):
In the second bath the reactive dyeing is carried out. First of all adds the dye in the dyeing bath.
Then adds the 2 g/l wetting agent and levelling agent. Then add the 10 g/l soda ash and 40 g/l
Glauber salt in the dyeing bath. After that add the fabric in dyeing bath and set the dye bath at
600C and run the dye bath for 20 mins. After dyeing the fabric can be rinse with hot water then
cold water to remove the surface dye.

Conclusion:
Hence it is concluded that the dyeing of PC blends fabric can be done in two bath with disperse
and reactive dye.
References:
• https://textilelearner.net/disperse-dyes-dyeing-and-printing-method/
• https://www.slideshare.net/anik56deb/pc-blend-dyeing
• https://textilelearner.net/dyeing-of-polyester-cotton-blended-fabric/
• https://textilelearner.net/reactive-dyes-classification-dyeing-mechanism/
• https://diutestudents.blogspot.com/2018/06/dyeing-of-pc-blended-fabric-with.html
• https://www.textilesphere.com/2020/12/dyeing-of-cotton-fabric-with-reactive-
dyes.html