Disperse Dye

1. How are disperse dyes retained on the fiber? State the desirable properties of
disperse dyes.

2. What are the dyeing methods available for polyester dyeing with disperse dyes?
Describe with a recipe one of the most widely used dyeing methods for knitted fabric
with disperse dyes.

3. Is there any carrier effects in disperse dyeing? Write your answer with necessary
examples.

4. Classify disperse dyes according to energy and chemical class. put down two chemical
structures of them.

5. Discuss the thermosol process of dyeing polyester fabric with disperse dyes with a
necessary diagram. Mention the function of used chemicals in this dyeing process.

6. Write down the mechanism carrier. Show the carrier action at different temperatures.
7. Mention the benefits of HTHP/carrier dyeing of polyester fabric with disperse dyes.
8. How can be improved the sublimation fastness of disperse dyes
9. Which type of chemicals used in thermosol process? Mention the different steps of
thermosol dyeing.

10.Discuss the continuous dyeing of polyester fabric with disperse dyes with a necessary
diagram.

Answer
Q-How are disperse dyes retained on the fiber? State the desirable properties of disperse
dyes.
polyester has a very closely packed structure with strong polymer-to-polymer bonds which
leads to its low dye diffusion properties. Disperse dyes, on the other hand, have very low
solubility in the dye bath. Therefore, dye diffusion in the polyester cannot be possible without
the dyer being able to change either the diffusion or solubility properties of the dye.
Basic Mechanism of Disperse Dyes Polyester has no reactive sites and is non-ionic in nature,
disperse dye also possesses no electrical charge; dyeing occurs in mild acidic medium. In the
dyeing process, fibre structure is opened up at higher temperature causing deposition of dyes
on fibre surface. Adsorbed dye diffuses inside and on cooling gets trapped because of collapse
of fibre structure. H-bonding and Van der Waals attachment are developed between dye and
the fibre.
Properties of disperse dye
• Disperse dye is an organic coloring material that is devoid of ionizing groups.
• Disperse dyes are used for dyeing man made cellulose ester and synthetic fibres
• Disperse dyes have fair to good light fastness with rating about 4-5
• Disperse dyes have a high substantivity for hydrophobic fibers like nylon, polyester,
and acetate.
• The wash fastness of these dyes is moderate to good with rating about 3-4.
• They do not undergo any chemical change during dyeing.

Q-What are the dyeing methods available for polyester dyeing with disperse dyes? Describe
with a recipe one of the most widely used dyeing methods for knitted fabric with disperse
dyes.(Also For the ques- Show the different phases high temperature high pressure dyeing
process with their influencing parameters)

Dyeing Methods
1. Carrier dyeing method (95-100°C)
2. HTHP (High Temperature High Pressure) dyeing method (120- 130°C)
3. Thermosol/ Thermofixation process (180-220°C)

Most widely used method is HTHP method

Three phases of the process including the heating or adsorption phase, the high temperature or
diffusion phase, and the clearing phase
Adsorption phase: The heating or adsorption phase is the most critical in determining the
levelness of the dyed fibre. The rate of exhaustion of a disperse dye by polyester is controlled
by the rate at which the temperature is raised.
Diffusion phase: The dyeing of polyester is often described as a diffusion-controlled process. In
the phase the dye particles gets into the polyester fiber and gets trapped. This interaction is
also called solid-solid interaction.
Clearing phase: Because disperse dyes have such limited solubility in water, some particulate
disperse dye may still be occluded on fibre surfaces after the dyeing phase is complete. The
dyed polyester is cleared of surface-deposited dye as well as auxiliaries (e.g. carriers,
surfactants) by means of treatment with detergent or reductive or oxidative treatments.

Conventional
Parameters
Dyeing
M:L ratio 1:50
Dye class Disperse Dye
Shade 1%, 2%, 3%
Ethanol X
Acetic Acid 1 g/L (PH 4.5-5)
Dispersing Agent 1 g/L
Temperature 80°C, 90°C, 100°C
Time 45 min
Q-Are there any carrier effects in disperse dyeing? Write your answer with necessary
examples.

The graph shows the relation between no carrier and with carrier effect on polyester dyeing
with disperse dye. From the graph it can be seen that the exhaustion % is very low when
polyester was dyed without any carrier. Furthermore, the exhaustion% greatly increased
after the addition of carrier.
Q-Classify disperse dyes according to energy and chemical class. put down two chemical
structures of them
Classification of Disperse Dyes according to its energy level Disperse dyes can be classified according to
its energy level which is correlated with its rate of dyeing.

1. Low energy with high dyeing rate and low sublimation fastness: Small dye molecules with low
polarity, rapid dyeing dyes with poor heat resistance. These are called low energy disperse dyes.

2. Medium energy with moderate dyeing rate and moderate sublimation fastness.

3. High energy with low dyeing rate and high sublimation fastness: • More polar, higher molecular
weight dyes have low dyeing rates, poor migration during dyeing but good heat and sublimation
fastness. These constitute the high energy disperse dyes.
Q-Discuss the thermosol process of dyeing polyester fabric with disperse dyes with a
necessary diagram. Mention the function of used chemicals in this dyeing process
A dispersion of the disperse dyes is padded onto the polyester fabric. The material is then dried using a
hot flue air dryer or by infrared radiation.The dry fabric is then heated in air, or by contact with a hot
metal surface, to a temperature in the range of 190–220 °C for 1–2 min.The specific conditions depend
on the type of equipment, the dyes and the fabric. As the fabric approaches the maximum temperature,
the disperse dyes begin to sublime and the polyester fibers absorb their vapors.

Chemicals Functions
Improves dye dispersion
stability,Enhances dye
Dispersing agent
solubility,Prevent dye
agglomeration
These auxiliaries have positive
Wetting Agent effects on penetration and on
fabric appearance.
To maintain acidic pH a buffering
PH Stabilizer
salt
To prevent dye migration to wet
Migration Inhibitor
fabric zones during drying
Swells fibre and increases rate of
Diffusion Accelerant
diffusion,Prevent ring dyeing
Q-Write down the mechanism carrier. Show the carrier action at different temperatures.

The carriers reduces the intermolecular forces that give the fibre-fibre bonds and replace them
with weaker fibre-carrier bonds. Under the influence of thermal agitation the fibre structure is
loosened up. Thus more dye sites or holes are formed in the fibre leading to a rapid dye uptake.
The Tg of fibre also reduced. Alternatively, the carrier may form a liquid film around the surface
of the fibres in which the dye is very soluble, thus increasing the rate of transfer into the fibres

Q-Mention the benefits of HTHP/carrier dyeing of polyester fabric with disperse dyes.
Advantages of HTHP methods
• Materials cost saving arise by the elimination of the cost of the carrier and better colour
yields.
• Saving in time occur from the generally shorter dyeing cycle possible under HT-HP dyeing.
• A better combinations of level dyeing and fastness properties is obtained.
• Draw backs of carriers like lowering of light fastness and bad odour are eliminated.

(এগুলার disadvantages ই ক্যাররয়ার এর advantages)

Q-How can be improved the sublimation fastness of disperse dyes
Sublimation is the transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase without passing
through the intermediate liquid phase.

The sublimation fastness can be achieved by introducing additional groups in the dye molecules to
increase their molecular weight and the deficiency of gas fume fading can be rectified by protecting the
easily reducible amino groups in the anthraquinone based disperse dyes.

Q-Which type of chemicals used in thermosol process? Mention the different steps of
thermosol dyeing

Chemicals Functions
Improves dye dispersion
stability,Enhances dye
Dispersing agent
solubility,Prevent dye
agglomeration
These auxiliaries have positive
Wetting Agent effects on penetration and on
fabric appearance.
To maintain acidic pH a buffering
PH Stabilizer
salt
To prevent dye migration to wet
Migration Inhibitor
fabric zones during drying
Swells fibre and increases rate of
Diffusion Accelerant
diffusion,Prevent ring dyeing

Three Steps of Thermosol Dyeing

1. Dry fabric is padded with disperse dyes and pre drying is carried out.

2. Drying is carried out at 100 - 120°C

3. Thermofixation is carried out at 180 - 220°C for 90 – 60 seconds

Q-Discuss the continuous dyeing of polyester fabric with disperse dyes with a necessary
diagram.

Ans- thermosol method এর বর্না

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