Wastewater Treatment

Prof. Dan Tsang

Wastewater Treatment
 Typical wastewater characteristics
 characterized by mainly three factors
 BOD5 (biochemical oxygen demand)
 amount of oxygen required to break down organic matter in wastewater
 indicator of organic pollution
 BOD of natural clean water = 1 to 4 mg L‐1
 SS (suspended solids)
 NH3‐N (ammonia‐nitrogen)
Wastewater Treatment
 Typical wastewater characteristics
 customers‘ uses
 living standards
 separated or combined sewer system
 infiltration and exfiltration

Wastewater Treatment
 Typical wastewater characteristics
Wastewater Treatment
 Impacts
 organic matter
⽣物降解 消耗
 biodegradation of organic matter gradually depletes dissolved oxygen (DO)
in receiving waters

Wastewater Treatment
 Impacts
 organic matter
 maximum oxygen deficit depends on oxygen utilization and replacement
by surface aeration and photosynthesis of plants
 floating solids (e.g., films of oil) obstruct light passage to plants and
reduce rate of reoxygenation
 settleable organic solids create sludge deposits that decompose and
cause unpleasant odour and taste
Wastewater Treatment
 Impacts
 inorganic solids
 inert suspended solids, e.g., silt and clay from soil erosion
 reduces light penetration and thus plant photosynthesis
覆盖 阻碍
 settleable solids blanket streambed and hinder benthic organisms and fish
reproduction cycle
 nutrients 营养物
nitrogen and phosphorus 磷
肥料


 ammonia‐nitrogen (NH3‐N) and phosphate (PO4) from fertilizers (agricultural)

 phosphate from synthetic detergents (60% of P in domestic waste; majority
in industrial wastes)
 eutrophication (algal bloom)

Wastewater Treatment
Wastewater Treatment
 Sewage disposal in HK
 7 million population
 95% served by public sewerage system
 98% sewage collected and treated prior to discharge to sea
 65% (4.55 million) living around Victoria Harbour
 industrial activities declining 衰退
 major restaurants and entertainment areas
 one of the world’s largest shipping centres of shipping activities

公典的
Wastewater Treatment
 Sewage disposal in HK
 Victoria Harbour
 continued slow rise in volume of sewage discharge
 natural capacity to absorb wastes by dilution and dispersion has
long been exceeded
 e.g., sight of sewage plumes in harbour

 cross‐harbour sea cancelled for years

 Tsuen Wan beaches deemed unsuitable for swimming

Wastewater Treatment
 Harbour Area Treatment Scheme (HATS)
 before 2001

Cprimary treatmen
Wastewater Treatment
 Harbour Area Treatment Scheme (HATS)
 Stage 1 commissioned in December 2001
 provide treatment for sewage collected from
urban areas on both sides of Victoria Harbour
 23.6‐km long, deep tunnels built at 76‐150 m
below sea level
 transfer sewage to centralized treatment works

Wastewater Treatment
 Harbour Area Treatment Scheme (HATS)
 Stage 1
 $8.2 billion
 Stonecutters Island Sewage
Treatment Works (SCISTW)
 treating 75% sewage from
harbour area
Wastewater Treatment
 Harbour Area Treatment Scheme (HATS)
 as at 2011
 10% increase in DO
 25% decrease in ammonia
 36% decrease in phosphorous
 50% decrease in E. Coli

Wastewater Treatment
 Harbour Area Treatment Scheme (HATS)
 Stage 2A
 provide treatment to remaining 25% of sewage from the northern and
treatment
works
southwestern parts of Hong Kong Island s
preliuinary
 21‐km long, deep tunnel network to connect 8 PTWs to SCISTW
 video (2 min)
Wastewater Treatment (HATS Stage 2A)

 Harbour Area Treatment Scheme (HATS)

 Stage 2A
 upgrading of eight preliminary treatment works on HK Island
 expansion of existing chemical treatment capacity from 1.7 million M3/d
to 2.8 million M3/d
 provision of disinfection (99.9% removal) to all HATS treated flows before
discharge (in view of large volume of treated effluent from SCISTW)

Wastewater Treatment
 Harbour Area Treatment Scheme (HATS)
 Stage 2A
 $17.1 billion capital cost, $0.49 billion annual operation costs
 full commissioning in 2014
 Stage 2B
 provide further biological treatment in Stonecutters Island for all sewage
 $11.1 billion capital cost, $0.72 billion operating costs per year
 implementation timetable under review
Wastewater Treatment
 Wastewater treatment system

flowchartoffull treatment
☆

Wastewater Treatment
 Municipal systems
 pretreatment (preliminary treatment)
砂⽯乐
 removal of >6‐mm grits and solids

 prevent damage, clogging

Preliminary Treatment
n
7

-
Work
 Pillar Point PTW
 design flow: 246,000 m3 per day
 screw pumps
 mechanical bar screens
 coarse screens: 25 mm

 fine screens: 6 mm
加⽓
 aerated grit channels

Preliminary Treatment
 Pretreatment
 screw pumps
 widely used in wastewater

 open structure and large passage

 pump raw wastewater, even with

solids and debris
 long lifetime (20‐40 years)

 inclined at 30o‐40o
Preliminary Treatment
 Pretreatment
 bar racks Crough screening device)
 remove coarse materials

 rags, logs, etc

 openings from 5‐150 mm

 velocity: 0.3‐1.0 m s‐1

 inclined at 60o

Preliminary Treatment
 Pretreatment
 bar rack head loss (hL)
1  V 2  v2 
hL   
0.7  2 g 
 v ‐ velocity of flow through screen (m s‐1)
 V ‐ approach velocity in upstream channel (m s‐1)
 g ‐ gravitational acceleration (i.e., 9.81 m s‐2)
 channel dimensions
s Q
WD( ) W  b(n  1)  sn
bs v
 W ‐ channel width (m)
 D ‐ channel depth at maximum flow (m)
 s ‐ spacing between adjacent bars (m)
 b ‐ bar thickness (m)
 n ‐ number of bar openings
 Q ‐ maximum flow (m3 s‐1)
 v ‐ velocity (m s‐1)
 Hands‐on Exercise
 (a) What is the head loss on a bar rack where the velocity through the screen
decreases from 1.2 to 0.6 m s‐1?

( 1. 2 -
d. 7
(
“ g = ) )
v

hu =
)
09 0
.

= 0 . 0787 m

 (b) What are the width of rack channel and number of bar rack openings?
 maximum design flow rate, Qmax = 0.174 m3 s‐1; depth of wastewater, D = 0.4 m;
flow velocity passing through bar racks, v = 0.6 m s‐1; width of bar rack openings,
s = 0.024 m; bar thickness, b = 0.01 m
b
器 ( 呜)
Q 1 027 m ≈ lm
W = = .

W = b (n -
1 ) tsn

Preliminary Treatment
 Pretreatment
 aerated grit chamber
 settle grits, sand, glass, etc

 heavy inorganic fraction

 high settling velocity (3 cm s‐1)

 aeration to float organic matter

曝先
 Preliminary Treatment
 Pretreatment
 aerated grit chamber
 typical design values

停滞

Hands‐on Exercise
 Design of aerated grit chambers:
停滞时间
 average flow rate = 0.5 m3 s‐1; peaking flow factor = 2.75; detention time (at
peak flow rate) = 3 min 保证所有⽔都滞留 3 min ,

 channel depth = 3 m; width‐depth ratio = 1.2:1

 air supply = 0.5 m3/min‐m of length; grit quantities = 0.015 m3/103m3
 What are the dimensions of grit chambers, air supply requirement, and
volume of grit that must be handled daily?

Peak flow rate = 2 75 × 0 5 1 375 m ls

3
 . .
=
.

3
 Grit chamber volume = (1 375 /2) × 60 × 3 123 m
.
=

 Width = 3 × 1 2 3 6 m
.
=
.

 Length = 123 ÷ ( 3 6 × 3 ) 11 4 M
.
=
.

Air required (length basis) = 0 5 × 11 . = . 7 3/

m

miy
 4

648 mblday
.

Volume of grit = . 5 ms × 3600 × 24× 0 015m /03m

5

" 3 = 0
 6
. .
Preliminary Treatment
 Pretreatment
 flow equalization
 wastewater into plant varies
over time
 storage needed to maintain
steady flow into plant
 large storage basins

 downstream of pretreatment

Preliminary Treatment
 Pretreatment
 flow equalization
 balance the quantity and quality of wastewater

 prevent shock loading

 prevent high concentration of toxic chemicals

 provide continuous feed to biological systems

 volume required for equalization tanks (V)

 tabulated calculation of change in storage

 dS = Qint – Qaveraget

 V = (max value of dS) × 1.25

Wastewater Treatment
 Municipal systems
 pretreatment (preliminary treatment)
 removal of >6‐mm grits and solids

 prevent damage, clogging

sedimentation unk
 primary treatment
 removal of settleable solids by
physical sedimentation
 35% BOD5, 50% solids removal

video (2 min)
Primary Treatment (CEPT) (Clean up Our Water

 Stonecutters Island STW 2:30‐4:50)

 Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment (CEPT)Fels

絮凝
 sedimentation aided by flocculation (ferric chloride and polymer)
 80% SS, 70% BOD removal, (99.9% E.Coli removal upon Stage 2A)
 disinfection (sodium hypochlorite) and dechlorination (sodium bisulphite)
Naω NaltS0s
Primary Treatment (CEPT)

Primary Treatment (CEPT)

 Stonecutters Island STW
 Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment
Primary Treatment (CEPT)
 Stonecutters Island STW
 odour control
 sedimentation tanks covered
 foul gas inside extracted to designated deodorization facilities
 biotrickling filters

 effluent reuse
 process water for making chemical solutions
 toilet flushing
 machinery cooling
 wash water
Primary Treatment (CEPT)
 Siu Ho Wan & Sham Tseng STW

Wastewater Treatment
 Municipal systems
 pretreatment (preliminary treatment)
 prevent damage, clogging

 primary treatment
 35% BOD5, 50% solids removal

 secondary treatment
 85% BOD5, 85% solids removal

 conventional treatment to meet

minimum standards for discharge
Secondary Treatment
☆
 Shatin STW
流程图
考试

Wastewater Treatment
 Stanley STW
 video (1 min)
Secondary Treatment (Clean up Our Water
4:50‐5:40)
 Secondary (biological) treatment
 biological reactor
 microbes微⽣物

 oxygen – aeration

 temperature and time

 settling
 removal of microbes

 sludge
 final disposal

Secondary Treatment
 Microbes
 bacteria
 most of the biomass

 most of the organics (BOD) consumption

 algae
 produce oxygen in wastewater during daylight

 protozoa
 consume bacteria; “polishers”
Secondary Treatment
 Microbes
 aerobic organisms
 require molecular oxygen for metabolic processes

微⽣物
microbes
BOD
DO
pH 6‐8
 anaerobic organisms
 function in the absence of oxygen

 facultative organisms
 function aerobically in the presence of oxygen or anaerobically in the
absence of oxygen

Secondary Treatment
 How fast do microbes “eat” waste?
 organic waste is food for microbes
 food fuels microbe growth

 more food, more growth – up to a point

 more growth, more waste consumption

 organic waste is turned into CO2 and H2O

 rate depends on electron acceptor 电⼦受体

 aerobic (O2 is electron acceptor) – fastest

 anoxic (NO3‐ is electron acceptor) – slow

 anaerobic (SO42‐ is electron acceptor) – slowest

Secondary Treatment
 How fast do microbes “eat” waste?
 exponential growth?

dX
 X
dt
X  X0 et

 restrictions on growth
 waste and by‐product accumulation

 shortage of food (substrate) or nutrients

 cell death

 population limited – stationary growth phase

Secondary Treatment
 Kinetics of microbial growth (dX/dt)
 Monod equation
dX  max SX
  kd X
dt Ks  S
 X is concentration of microbes (i.e., biomass) (mg L‐1)
 µ is specific growth rate of microbes (t‐1)
 µmax is maximum growth rate constant (t‐1)
 S is concentration of limiting food (i.e., organic waste) (mg L‐1)
 KS is half‐saturation constant (mg L‐1)
(concentration of limiting food when µ = 0.5µmax)
 kd is (death) decay rate constant (t‐1)
Secondary Treatment
转换
 Conversion of waste into biomass (Y)
 how fast is waste (S) converted to new cell mass (X)?
 yield (Y) = rate of cell growth (dX/dt) to rate of food utilization (dS/dt)
= decimal fraction of food mass converted to biomass ( mgmg/ L/ food
L biomass
utilized
)
 typical values of Y

 aerobic: 0.4 – 0.8 kg biomass/kg BOD5

 anaerobic: 0.08 – 0.2 kg biomass/kg BOD5

Y
dX dS
 Y
dt dt

 express rate of food utilization (dS/dt) as Monod kinetics

dS  SX
  max
dt Y (K s  S )

Secondary Treatment
话泥
 Activated Sludge (AS)
 aerobic growth of microbes
 flocculation (suspended growth)
 X is microbes (“activated sludge”, “mixed liquor volatile suspended solids
(MLVSS)”, “biomass”, units of mg L‐1) 混合液挥发性县浮固体浓度
 S is substrate (BOD, BOD5, units of mg L‐1)
表示混合液活性活泥中有机固体的浓度
Secondary Treatment

Secondary Treatment
Secondary Treatment
Secondary Treatment
volume
 Design parameters Λ

 hydraulic retention time (HRT or  ) or aeration period V


 typically, HRT = 4–8 h in aeration tanks Q flowrate
 air supply: 8 m3 air / m3 wastewater

 BOD loading nfluent

BD
sefuent 30
5

记 BOD loading (g/m 3d)  settled wastewater BOD per day  Q ( S 0 S )

volume of aeration tank V
Bol> 含量 ,

 typically, BOD loading = 500‐600 g/m3‐d for activated sludge systems

Secondary Treatment
 Design parameters
 food‐to‐microorganism (F/M) ratio

daily total mass of substrate QS 0

F/M (d -1 )  
unit biomass VX

 typically, F/M = 0.2–0.5 d‐1

 lower F/M ratio
 greater proportion of food utilized for cell energy requirements
 lower rate of biomass accumulation
 used for microbe selection (e.g., get rid of filamentous bacteria)
Hands‐on Exercise
 The designed average
Q
daily flow of an extended aeration package sewage
treatment plant is 500 m3 d‐1 with an average influent BOD5 of 300 mg L‐1. So
The design F/M ratio is 0.1 d‐1 and the operating MLVSS is 3,000 mg L‐1. x
Determine the volume of aeration tank and BOD loading of aeration tank if
effluent BOD5 is negligible (i.e., assuming S = 0).
QSo
FIM =
VX
3 3
V =
QS 0
=
500 m /d × 300g /m = 500 m
3

)
FIM X o - 1 /d × 300
vg / m
3

Qso 500 mldx 300glm

Bol3 Loading V
=

50oms oogldms
3

Secondary Treatment
 Simple version of an activated sludge system
 continuous biological reactor ,
130 D
 completely mixed
Q, X0, S0 X, S
 retention times
Q
 liquids
V

Q X, S
V
 microbes (biomass, solids)
“mean cell residence time”
biomass in system
C 
biomass wasted / time
VX V
C  
QX Q
Secondary Treatment
 Simple version of an activated sludge system
 problem: microbial growth must be fast relative to aeration
tank retention time
 microbial growth limited by conditions

 increase retention time

 requires larger volume

 attainable for small community (e.g., oxidation ditch)

 solution for large municipality?

Secondary Treatment
 Suspended growth systems for small plants in remote areas
 100‐1580 m3 per day
 Oxidation Ditch (OD)
 Mui Wo, Hei Ling Chau
 Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)
 Peng Chau, Chi Ma Wan, Sha Tsui
Secondary Treatment
 Activated sludge system
 recycle the microbes!
 high population of microbes permits rapid breakdown of organics

 too small Qw  biomass overflows into effluent 流出物 in fuent

biomass
 X = 1000–3000 mg L‐1 Ancetraion of “
 Xr = 8,000–12,000 mg L‐1
tank
reactor
Λ
sedimentary
efuent
>
BOD

rbiomass

retern sludge waste sludge

Secondary Treatment
 Activated sludge system
concentrationisthesameeverywhere
 steady state conditions; perfect mixing
 concentration of biomass in influent, X0 = 0 very smal
 microbes recycled to system at Qr and Xr
 excess microbes (waste activated sludge) removed from the system
at Qw and Xr
 settling tank volume is zero
 all biomass production and food utilization occur in aeration
tank, not in the clarifier 澄清器
 Secondary Treatment
 Activated sludge system
 sludge age (c) or solids retention time (SRT), or mean cell residence time
biomass in system sudge age the
.
amontoftime,that a partide
C 
biomass wasted / time solidsremaininthe
of suspended
C 
VX actived sludge system
Qw Xr   Q  Qw  XC

 if XC = 0 (i.e., no overflow of biomass into effluent)

VX
Qwv
可以求
7
C 
Qw X r

 typically, c = 5–15 d

Secondary Treatment
 Activated sludge system
 mass balance for biomass
 at steady state X/t = 0, assume Xo = 0, Xc = 0

Λ 7 >

Qw X r 1  maxS 
   kd 
VX c  Ks  S 

K s (1  k d c )
S 
 c (  max  k d )  1 nsludge age

vconcentration ofbiomass in aerationtank

 Secondary Treatment
 Activated sludge system
 mass balance for substrate
 at steady state S/t = 0

ancentrationof30D of infuent
v

sludge age
Λ

c Y (So  S ) 1 Y (So  S )
X   kd
 (1  k d c ) c X
concontration of
-
c

oncentration of biomass in aeration tank .

biomass ir tank

Secondary Treatment
 Activated sludge system Q So
X0
QtQr Q -
Q 0w

 sludge recycle ratio (R=Qr/Q) X 5

,
Xc 5
>

√
V
(Q  Qr ) X  (Q  Qw ) X c  Qr X r  Qw X r Xs
V
s
QX  Qw X r
Qr 
Xr  X Xr Xp >

θr Qω
VX VX
(Q  Qr ) X  Qr X r  C 
c Qw X r

1 (  )
-
retention time
Q c
R r 
X
Q ( r ) 1
X ushudge age
Lreturnshudgeconcentration
Hands‐on Exercise
Q
 A completely mixed activated sludge is needed to treat 0.25 m3 s‐1 of settled
wastewater with 250 mg L‐1 BOD5 (S0). The effluent is to have 6 mg L‐1 of BOD5. (S ]
⼆O

Assume influent biomass (X0) is negligible and wastewater contains adequate

nitrogen, phosphorus and trace nutrients for biological growth.
 Pilot plant work has determined that design sludge age (c) is 10 d, decay rate
constant (kd) is 0.06 d‐1, yield (Y) is 0.5, return sludge concentration (Xr) is 8,000
mg L‐1, and biomass concentration in the aeration tank (X) is 3,500 mg L‐1.
 Assuming two aeration tanks with a depth of 6 m and a width‐to‐depth ratio of
1.5:1, determine the
 size of aeration tank (add 1.5 m in length for influent/effluent channels)
 hydraulic retention time θ
 amount of sludge wasted daily Qw
 sludge recirculation fraction R Qr
,

Q
=

6
9

Hands‐on Exercise
 sizing the aeration tanks
Y (S
8 S3 U
-

x =
0
θ=
( 1 + ka θc ) ,
Q

QY (S S)
v =×
-

( 1 + ka θc )
25 ms-
3
1 (60 x60 ×24 sd) ( 1000 Lm )
1
Q 21600000 Ld
-
-

= 0 .
=

lod )21600000 Lld [ 0 . ][ (250- )mg / L] 3

4705714L 4700 m
6

V= 5

= =
3500 mg /L
140 06x 10
.

4700 / 2
L=
W1D
=
43 5 m
. , seleot L 43
= 541 5 45m
.
.
-

3
final 45×9x ) × 2 48 bom
totl whmn
6 = =

)
.25m 35
1 (60x 60x24 sd ( 250mgL )= 1
check EM ratio QSx
=
=

48 boms <3500
) mgL)
0 .32d - 0

 hydraulic retention time within ypical

range )
3 OK ,

V 48 b0 m
θ=
Q
=

21600 m3 d-
t = .225 d .
0
= 5
-
4h (within typical range ,
Ok .
)
 Hands‐on Exercise
 amount of sludge wasted daily
θc = XV
Qw Xr

3500 ) ( 4860
Qw EcXrxv = =

( ) ( 8000 )
= ) lolkgld
17 o 1 kgld 3
ao =
= 213 m /d
8000 rnglL

 sludge recirculation fraction

Qr = QX
QWXrr 216 )(3500 -(23) (8000)
16421 m /d
3
-

X
)

⼆ =
- 8000 -
3500

R
=
的 =
64600 = 0 .
76
OR

R
1 (θ/θ
-
) I -

0 ll
225 0

76
c
= =
.

= 0
( xr/x ) 1 8000/3500 1
.
-
-

Secondary Treatment
 Trickling Filter (TF) 滴滤器
 media support microbes (attached growth)
 waste trickled over media (1.5‐2 m depth)
 crushed rock, field stone, slag (75‐125 mm)

 plastic media (high area/volume ratio)

Secondary Treatment
 Trickling Filter (TF)
 effluent recirculation (R=Qr/Qin)
 increase contact efficiency

 increase DO

 dampen loading variations

 prevent biofilm from drying out

 higher BOD loading & lower cost

 skilled labour required for construction and maintenance

Secondary Treatment
 Attached growth systems for small plants in remote areas
 Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC)
 Ma Po Ping, Shek Pik

 alternate exposure to organics and oxygen

Secondary Treatment
 Attached growth systems for small plants in remote areas
 Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC)
 submerged 40%

 low power requirement and simple operation

 high capital cost and sensitivity to temperature

Secondary Treatment
 Disinfection 消毒
Secondary Treatment
 Disinfection

Secondary Treatment
 Shatin STW
Secondary Treatment
 Sludge treatment
 grit (sand, glass)
 primary (raw) sludge
 3‐8% solids, 70% organic

 anaerobic and odorous

 secondary sludge
 activated sludge, 0.5‐2% solids

 trickling filter sludge, 2‐5% solids

 90% organic, some precipitates

 tertiary sludge
磷
 phosphorus removal

 chemical sludge

Secondary Treatment
 Sludge treatment
 construction costs
 annual operating costs
 Secondary Treatment
 Sludge treatment
thickening
 sludge volume reduction by a
factor of 2‐3 by removing water
 gravity (with coagulants )

 solids settle to bottom

alternative
 best for primary sludge

 air flotation ( DAR]

 solids float to top

撇去浮沫的器具
 skimmer removes solids

 conditioning
 add coagulants

 ferric chloride, alum

 organic polymers
Secondary Treatment
renergy positive
 Sludge treatment
 anaerobic digestion time
large space and )
 bacterial hydrolysis of fats

 methane fermentation

not used in
 aerobic digestionHK )
 continuation of activated sludge process

 biomass degraded by oxidation

 stabilization
 break down organic solids

 reduce odour, mass

Secondary Treatment
 Sludge treatment
 dewatering
 filter press

 solids content: 30+%

 may need manual cake discharge

Secondary Treatment
 Sludge treatment
 dewatering
 centrifuge 离⼼的

 solids content: 30+%

 continuous, automated
Secondary Treatment
 Sludge treatment
 landfill disposal
 incineration
 land application (i.e., spreading)
 recover nutrients, water

 limited by heavy metal content

 utilization
 composting

 co‐incineration

 “opportunity fuel”

 energy generation