BIO 251 Exam 1 Cheat Sheet

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Various endocrine organs and functions of Pituitary gland (cont) T3T4 production for thyroid gland (hypot​‐
each hal​amus) (cont)
Testes make and release testos​terone
Hypoth​‐ releasing hormones to the Ovaries make and release estrogen TRH -> TSH -> follicular cells release the
alamus anterior pituitary (blood and proges​terone follicle containing T3 and T4 -> increase
(contr​ol/​‐ commun​ica​tion) and direct metabolism
Melano​‐ makes melanin, protection from
int​egr​‐ connection to posterior pituitary
cytes UV rays
ator) (nerve commun​ica​tion) Thyroid Follicular Cells and Parafo​lli​cular
Ductus orgasm response, semen
Pineal sleep Cells
deferens
gland Parafo​lli​‐ High calcium
Uterine orgasm response, childbirth
Pituitary 1st hormones to body organs cular
and
gland Follicular Low metabolism (T3 and
vaginal
Pancreas Insulin and glucagon T4)
muscles
Thyroid Parafo​lli​cular cells, high blood Liver blood sugar regulation and
Layers of Adrenal Gland
gland calcium, storage of calcium in storage, growth hormone
bone signaling to muscle and bone Cortex
Parath​‐ low blood calcium, parath​yroid Bone growth hormone cycle Zona stress response -
yroid hormone (pth), release calcium glomer​ cortisol
Muscle growth hormone cycle, glucose
gland into blood from bone ulosa
storage
Zona low blood volume -
Kidneys water and blood pressure
Pituitary gland fascic​‐ aldost​erone
Adrenal stress response, blood ulata
Steroid and non-st​eroid hormone
glands pressure response, blood Zona DHEA and andros​ten​‐
mechanisms
osmola​rity, sex hormones reticu​‐ edione, precursors to
What are charac​ter​istics of steroid
Thyroid follicular cells, release thyroid laris sex hormones
hormones?
gland hormone (t3 and t4) to Medulla stress response - epinep​hrine
lipid so they enter the cell and go into
increase metabolism and body and norepi​nep​hrine
the nucleus and target DNA to make new
temper​ature
proteins
Mammary secretion of milk for offspring Basic Knowledge for Multiple Choice
gland What are charac​ter​istics of a non-st​eroid
Know the effects of the renin-​ang​iot​ens​in-​‐
hormone?
ald​ost​erone system and how it regulates
do not enter cell, interact with surface blood volume and blood pressure in detail
proteins -> secondary messenger
Know how ACE inhibitors work
internally in the cell to cause response
Know how ADH works and how it regulates
(signaling cascade)
blood osmolarity and blood pressure

T3T4 production for thyroid gland (hypot​‐

hal​amus)

Temp/m​eta​bolism feedback loop

Low metabolism - low T3T4, low body temp

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 BIO 251 Exam 1 Cheat Sheet
by katwalker11 via cheatography.com/132666/cs/28035/

Diabetes mellitus (I and II) effects on bg Endocrine System Growth Hormone Feedback Loop (cont)

Type I no production of insulin What are the simila​rities of the endocrine Hormone GH
Type II we may or may not and nervous systems? Released
make insulin and body Both control systems (homeo​stasis and Effector Liver, bones, muscles, fat cells
cells no longer respond other) Response Increase blood glucose, cell
to insulin - insulin growth and prolif​era​tion, bone
What are some differ​ences of the nervous
resistance length, muscle mass, lipolysis.
and endocrine systems?
Insulin beta cells Low levels can cause Decrease glucose uptake
Mode of commun​ication (endo-
use glucose so diabetic coma Result Return to homeos​tatic blood
hormones nerv- electrial signals)
we can't control glucose levels and growth and
Speed of response (endo- slow nerv-
high glucose repair of the body
fast)
levels
Duration of change​/re​sponse (endo-
longish term nerv- gone fast) Calcium Feedback Loop (High)
Endocrine Pathology
Stimulus Increased blood Ca2+
Hypert​‐ High thyroid activity - weight Blood Glucose Feedback Loop
Sensor​/In​‐ Parafo​lli​cular cells in thyroid
hyr​‐ loss, etc., cushing's syndrome,
Stimulus Increased blood glucose teg​rator gland
oidism insomnia, hypera​ctivity
Sensor​/In​ Pancreatic Beta cells Hormone Calctionin
Hypoth​‐ A lack of temp. control, weight
teg​rator released
yro​idsim gain, hair loss, lethargy, etc.
Hormone Insulin Effectors Osteob​lasts
Diabetes sugar in urine (sweet urine)
Released Responses Osteob​lasts activity increases
Insipidus Kidneys processing
Effector Liver and skeletal muscle = put calcium into bone
too quickly, water
Response Liver and skeletal muscle Result Blood calcium level
goes through too
uptake glucose -> glycogen decreases back to normal
fast, excessive
urination, dehydr​‐ Result Decrease In blood glucose
and return to homeos​tasis Calcium Feedback Loop (Low)
ation
Mellitus insulin issues Stimulus Decreased blood Ca2+
Growth Hormone Feedback Loop
Sensor​/In​teg​rator Parath​yroid glands
Stimulus Low blood glucose, sleep, Hormone released PTH
or stress
Sensor​/In​teg​‐ Hypoth​alamus
rator
Hormone GHRH
Released
Target Anterior Pituitary Somato​‐
tropes

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 BIO 251 Exam 1 Cheat Sheet
by katwalker11 via cheatography.com/132666/cs/28035/

Calcium Feedback Loop (Low) (cont) Metabolism Feedback Loop Function of Lymphatic sys. & Accessory

Effectors Osteoc​lasts, kidneys, Stimulus Decrease in T3 and T4 Vessels Vessels, trunks, Absorption
intestines concen​tra​tions ducts of inters​titial
Responses Osteoc​lasts degrade bone Sensor​/In​ Chemo and temp receptors, fluid and
matrix which releases calcium teg​rator Hypoth​alamus transp​ort​‐
into blood, kidney (reabsorb ation of
Hormone Hypoth​alamus releases TRH
Ca) targets liver which lymph
Released
releases Vit. D. Vit D to Nodes Structures that Monitor
Target Anterior pituitary
intestines absorb more house and allow lymph fluid
Hormone TSH
calcium for storage of an for
released
Result Calcium blood return to maturation of pathogens
Target Thyroid gland (folli​cular cells) lympho​cytes
normal range
Hormone Thyroid gland released T3 and Thymus where T cells mature
Calcium Feedback Loop (Low) released T4
Spleen Were we send red blood cells to
Stimulus Decreased blood Ca2+ Effector Body tissues be recycled , storage of WBC

Sensor​/In​‐ Parath​yroid glands Response Increased metabolic activity Lacteals in the intestine microvilli fat
teg​rator Result Return to homeos​tatic body absorption

Hormone PTH temper​ature, increase in MALT nodules to monitor incoming

released energy solutes for pathogens, in
mucosa
Effectors Osteoc​lasts, kidneys,
Lymphatic System
intestines
What are Vessels, nodes, and Lymph Drainage
Responses Osteoc​lasts degrade bone
charac​ter​istics accessory organs filled Right right lymphatic vessels of the
matrix which releases calcium
of the with water like fluid lymphatic right facde, right neck, right
into blood, kidney (reabsorb
lymphatic duct arm, right axillary and cervical
Ca) targets liver which
system? lymph nodes
releases Vit. D. Vit D to
intestines absorb more What is the To return free fluid in the
calcium purpose of the body back to the blood,
lymphatic houses and matures the
Result Calcium blood return to
system? WBC
normal range

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 BIO 251 Exam 1 Cheat Sheet
by katwalker11 via cheatography.com/132666/cs/28035/

Lymph Drainage (cont) Blood recipient prob and erythr​obl​astosis Anemia and Polycy​themia
fetalis (cont)
Left All remaining lymph vessels Anemia low O2 to tissues
lymphatic and nodes of the upper body Mother is Rh- and has been exposed to Hemorr​‐ caused by blood loss
duct aka and the total lower body. Left positive blood/​ant​igen, has made antibodies hagic
thoracic cervical, left axillary, l+r iliac, l+r against Rh+, will attack fetus anemia
duct inguinal lymph nodes
Hemolytic excessive RBC destru​ction
Clotting Disorders
anemia with low hemato​poiesis
Role of the lymphatic sys. in immune
Lack of platelet production = no clot =
Aplastic bone marrow is not functi​oning
response
thromb​ocy​topenia
anemia enough (during and after
House and mature many white blood cells, Hemophilia - genetic disorder that stops/​‐ chemo)
we transport WBC from tissues back into lacks conversion of clotting factors
Iron not enough iron to make
circul​ation, nodes monitor cells and
deficient hemoglobin
pathogens that travel through Thrombus and Embolus
Sickle inherited Hb mutation
Thrombus Clot forming where it does not Cell
Erythr​ocyte recycling
belong, usually in an artery anemia
Break down old RBC with the spleen and with choles​terol crystal
Polycy​‐ high RBC - blood is too viscou​‐
liver, dispose of bilirubin as bile, reuse iron deposits
themia s/thick dec. O2 delivery to
to make new RBC
Embolus Thrombus dislodging from the tissues, lead to clots
clot, can block a vessel
Blood
somewhere else in the body, Components of blood and plasma
What are general charac​ter​istics of blood? I.e. pulmonary embolus
Plasma proteins (albumins [most
Fluid, proteins, cells
abundant], globulins, fibrin​‐
Steps of Hemostasis (basic steps)
ogen), water, solutes (ions,
Functions of blood Vascular let a ton of blood in the area to waste, gases, regulation
Trans Gases, nutrients, hormons, WBCs spasms provide platelets molecu​les​/ho​rmones)
p​ort​‐ (immune response throughout the Platelet platelets start to stick together Formed cells and others
ation body) plug and adhere to endoth​elium and elements
CT
Erythr​ocyte transp​ort​ation of gases
Blood recipient prob and erythr​obl​astosis Coagul​‐ 1. Prothr​ombin activator
Leukocytes Immune response
fetalis ation released by damage
Platelets Blood clotting
Agglut​ination with the wrong type blood - 2.PA converts prothr​ombin into
destroy blood, death thrombin
3. Thrombin converts fibrinogen
into fibrin (insoluble - not dissol​‐
vable)

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 BIO 251 Exam 1 Cheat Sheet
by katwalker11 via cheatography.com/132666/cs/28035/

RBC Count Hemato​poesis Hb binding affinity for O2 and CO2 (cont)

Low RBC Tired/​let​hargy, dizzin​ess​/light Making of Myeloid stem cells (makes Body pH - Temp - lots Partial
headed​ness, increased heart blood RBC, platelets, basophils, tissues low pH of Pressure
rate, headaches, shortness of cells - eosino​phils, neutro​phils, -> dec. metabolism - lots of
breath, pale skin differ​ent​‐ monocy​tes). Lymphoid stem O2 inc. heat -> CO2 ->
Extra Blood doping, inc. O2 carrying iation of cells (lymph​ocytes) affinity dec. O2 dec. O2
RBC but capacity, decreases fatigue, stem cells and affinity and affinity
not too inc. perfor​mance Red bone in spongy bone binding binding and
high marrow allow allow CO2 bonding
CO2 binding
High Fatigue, shortness of breath,
Structure of Hb Subunits binding
RBC (low insomnia, itchy skin
plasma - Alpha chains x2
Facts for RBCs
dehydr​‐
Beta chains x2
ation) About 44% of blood
Each chain forms around an iron molecule
4-7mil​lion/mm3 in an adult
(Fe) (1 Heme = chain + Fe)
Hematocrit
Live for about 120 days
4 heme = hemoglobin
% of formed elements specif​ically RBC Anucleate at maturity
1 heme carries 1 O2
Estimate of oxygen carrying capacity
1 hemoglobin - carries 4 O2
Purpose of RBC Shape
Hemato​poiesis Feedback Loop
Biconcave increases surface area to
Hb binding affinity for O2 and CO2
Stimulus Decreased O2 to tissues increase diffusion fro transp​‐
Lungs pH - Temp - Partial
Sensor​/in​ Kidney ort​ation
high pH cold -> Pressure -
tef​rator How does changes the surface area of
-> inc. inc. O2 lots of O2 ->
Signal Erythr​opo​ietin sickle cell the cell, changes the Hb
O2 affinity inc. O2
released anemia folding, holdin​g/t​ran​spo​rting
affinity and affinity and
affect the less material, the hook shape
Effector Spongy bone - red bone and binding binding
shape? can get stuck together more
marrow binding
easily causing clots
Response Make RBC
Result Inc. delivery of O2 to tissues
back to homeos​tasis

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 BIO 251 Exam 1 Cheat Sheet
by katwalker11 via cheatography.com/132666/cs/28035/

Lympho​cytes

B antibody making memory cells,

cells pathogens we have come across
before (bacteria, virus, etc.)
T memory cells that target the cells or
cells other pathogens that are foreign
directly

NK cancer killers, destroy abnormal

cells cells

Leukocytes

Neutro​‐ innate immunity, bacterial

phils infection
Lympho​‐ adaptive immunity
cytes
Monocytes innate immunity, but will follow
b cell orders or antibody flags,
macrop​hage, usually stay in
peripheral tissues
Eosino​‐ innate immunity, parasites
phils
Basophils damage identi​fying cells,
increase inflam​mation and
blood flow to damaged but not
bleeding areas

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