Kattumaanap Poriyaalar Feb-2014

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(KATTUMAANAP PORIYAALAR)
ºî¡¬ñ ÝCKò˜ : ªð£Pë˜. Ü.ióŠð¡, ME (Struct), FIE, MICI, Dip.LL & AL
Þî›&6 HŠóõK -& 2014 Ï.50/&
Meenakshi Amman Temple, Madurai

This temple was initially built by Maravarman Sundara Pandyan in 1216-1238 CE
And the Present Structure was rebuilt by Nayakar Dyansty in 1559 – 1655 CE
Tallest South Gopuram is of height 170ft
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Engineers, Designers & Structural Consultants
1c/36, Valluvar Road, TSD Nagar, Arumbakkam, Chennai-600 106.
Phone : 044-65879 289 E-mail : kattumaanapporiyaalar@gmail.com
Front view of Thirumalai Nayakar Mahal
Thirumalai Nayakar Palace

Thi Palace was built in 1636 CE by King Thirumalai Nayakar, a king of Madurai’s Nayakar dynasty.
This Palace is a classic fusion of Dravidian, Islamic styles.
The central courtyard measuring 3,700 m² (41,979 sq ft).
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ME(Struct), FIE, MICI, Dip. LL & AL
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nghWg;ghrphpah;: nghwpQh;. vd;.ifyhrgjp,BE, PG.Dip.RS
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10. Utilisation of different types of manufactured sand
BE., FIE, F.SiArb. INVR as fine aggregate in cement mortar - 31
nghwpQh;. M.gpufjP];tud;;, ME(Struct)
11. The Indian Major Important Road Projects - 36
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mYtyf Nkyhz;ik : 12. Design and Construction of Rigid Pavement for Parking and
Road Surface - 39
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nghwpQh;. gh. mUz;Fkhh;, BE., 13. Poor Sanitation in India - 43
14. Building Construction and Certain Relevant Laws - 47

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15. CMDA Development & Control Rules - 50
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KO ,irT mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. Vnddpy; Gjpadtw;iwg;
17. Dr. FIXIT KWICK FLOR - SOLUTIONS - 56
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FORMWORK FOR CONCRETE
STRUCTURES, Authored by Dr.Kumar
Neeraj Jha (IIT Delhi) (e.mail:jhakneeraj@
rediffmail.com) Published by Tata McGraw
Hill Education (P) Ltd New Delhi - 2012.
575 pages Price Rs.895/-
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& Þˆî¬èò Fø‰î î¬óˆî÷ƒèO™ 230 Š
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I.e (9”) Üèôº¬ìò è£ƒAg† É‡è¬÷‚
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/ set back - 1.50 e ºî™ 3.00e / 4.50e Üèô‹
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àÁFŠð´ˆ¶A¡øù â¡ð¬î ï‹ ñùF™ àœõ£ƒA‚ ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹.
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÷ Floating Coloumns in Upper Storeys along Perimeter of Building to optimize floor space index requirement,
˜ to lead irregularities in load transfer patch in elevation

â¡ð¬î ï‹ ñùF™ àœõ£ƒA‚ªè£œ÷ ñ£Ÿø‹.
«õ‡´‹. ÞõŸP™ I°Fò£è & «ñ£êñ£èŠ ð£F‚èŠð´õ¶
3.2 âù«õî£¡ Þˆî¬èò ð¡ñ£®‚ î¬óˆî÷ˆF™ Fø‰î ªõOò£è MìŠð†´œ÷
è†®ìƒèO™ Fø‰î î¬óˆî÷ˆF™ è£ƒAg† É‡èœî£‹. «ñ½œ÷ ºî™
Ü¬ñ‚èŠð´‹ è£ƒAg† É‡èO¡ Ü÷¾èœ î÷ˆF¡ ÞÁ‚AŠ H¬í‚°‹ ªè†®ˆî¡¬ñ
ñŸÁ‹ ªð£¼ˆî «õ‡®ò àÁFÎ†®èO¡ (Stiffness) Ã´îô£è¾‹, Þ¬ìGóŠ¹„
Ü÷¾‹ Ü¬ñŠ¹‹ ðŸP ï£‹ ªðK¶‹ èõù‹ ²õ˜è÷£™ H¬í‚èŠðì£î É‡èO¡
ªê½ˆFì «õ‡´‹. ªè†®ˆî¡¬ñ (Stiffness) Iè‚ °¬øõ£è¾‹
4. ê†ì‚ «è£Š¹‚ è†ììƒèœ âŠð® Þ¼Šð¶î£¡. ÞõŸP½‹, 230 I.e (9”) Üèô‹
Þòƒ°A¡øù--? (Strong Column & Weak à¬ìò è£ƒAg† É‡èO¡ ªè†®ˆ î¡¬ñ
Beam Theory) (Stiffness) «ð£¶ñ£ù Ü÷¾¬ìòî£Œ Þ™ô£ñ™
Þ¼Šð«î. Þ¬î‚ «ñ«ô àœ÷ õ¬óðìƒèœ
ê†ì‚ «è£Š¹‚ è†ììƒèO™ ð£óƒèÀ‹
Ièˆ ªîOõ£è M÷‚°A¡øù.
M¬êèÀ‹, W›‚è‡ì è£ƒAg† àÁŠ¹è÷£™
î£ƒèŠðÁ¡øù, î¬óˆî÷ˆFŸ° ªð£¶õ£è«õ Gô ï´‚è M¬êèOL¼‰¶
ñ£ŸøŠðÁ¡øù, ÜƒA¼‰¶ è†ììƒèO¡ è£‚èŠðì Ü‰î õ®õ¬ñŠ¹ M†ì àÁŠH¡
Ü®ˆî÷ ñ‡EŸ° «êî‹ M¬÷M‚è£ñ™ ªè†®ˆî¡¬ñ (Stiffness) - É‡èO¡
ð£¶è£Š¹ì¡ Þø‚èŠðÁ¡øù. ªè†®ˆ î¡¬ñJ¬ùMì‚ °¬øõ£è Þ¼‚è
«õ‡´‹, Þ¬î Strong Column & weak
i) ¹öƒ°î÷ƒèœ / ªñ£†¬ì ñ£®J½œ÷
Beam Theory - õL¬ñ °¬ø‰î I°‰î
è£ƒAg† ðôèƒèO¡ (RC Slabs) õNò£è &
& õL¬ñ M†ìƒèœ É‡èœ MF âù‚
ÜõŸ¬øˆ î£ƒ°‹ ÜõŸ¬ø å†®ò ¹öƒ°î÷
°PŠHÁ¡øù˜.
/ ªñ£†¬ìñ£® M†ìƒèÀ‚° (RC Floor
Beams) ñ£Ÿø‹. Stiffness of a structural member = MI of the member/
Effective Length or height of the members; MI /
ii) Þ‰î î÷M†ìƒèOL¼‰¶ åšªõ£¼
Length of Beam or MI / He of Column
ñ†ìˆF½‹ Üƒèƒ«è â¿ŠH»œ÷ è£ƒAg†
É‡èÀ‚° ñ£Ÿø‹ (RC columns) Beam stiffness size 230 X 450mm (span) = 6.00m
iii) â™ô£Š ð£óƒèÀ‹ º®õ£è É‡èO¡ = (1/12) bd3 / Le = (1/12) x 230 x 450 x 450 x 450 /
õNò£è î¬óˆî÷ˆF™ àœ÷ è£ƒAg† (0.75 x 6000) = 38.812 x 104
É‡èÀ‚° ñ£Ÿø‹. column stiffness size 230x300 mm (Height)=3.20 m
iv) É‡èOL¼‰¶ & ÞÁFò£è = (1/12) bd3 / He =(1/12) x 230 x 300 x300 x 300 /
Ü®ˆî÷ƒèO¡ õNò£è Ü®ˆî÷ ñ‡µ‚° (0.75 x 3200) = 21.56 x 104
èù¾ ªñŒŠðì «õ‡´‹ è

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Môƒ°èœ, Ì„Cèœ, ¹ŸÌ‡´, ñóƒèœ (Mï£òè˜ ï£¡ñE ñ£¬ô) ù
ò£¾‹ â¡M¬ùò£™ Þ´‹¬ð b˜‰«î ñùF ½ÁF «õ‡´‹ Š
Þ¡ðºŸÁ Ü¡¹ì¡ ÞíƒA õ£›‰Fì«õ õ£‚AQ«ô JQ¬ñ «õ‡´‹
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Ìñ‡ìôˆF™ Ü¡¹‹ ªð£¬ø»‹ ªï¼ƒAù ªð£¼œ ¬èŠðì «õ‡´‹
ò£
M÷ƒ°è; ¶¡ðº‹, I®¬ñ»‹, «ï£¾‹ èù¾ ªñŒŠðì «õ‡´‹.
÷
ê£¾‹ cƒA„ ê£˜‰î ð™½Jªó™ô£‹ & ð£óFò£˜ ˜

i.e Beam stiffness (38.812) is greater than column M¬êJ¡ 1.50 ñìƒ¬èˆ î£ƒ°ðõù£è¾‹ &
stiffness (21.56) (Þ¼F‚°èO½‹ ºŸªø£¼¬ñ (Symmetrically)
i.e weak column & strong Beam and hence the stilt à¬ìòùõ£è¾‹ Þ¼ˆî™ «õ‡´‹.
floor (soft storey) cloumn is not safe. ÞõŸ¬øˆîMó Fø‰î î¬óˆî÷ˆFŸ° Ã´î™
If column size is increased to 300x300 mm ð£¶è£Šð£è...
Column stiffness = (1/12) x 300 x 300 x 300 x 300 / i) è†ììˆF¡ Cô Fø‰î ªõOJìƒèœ
(0.75 x 3200) = 28.12 x 104 < 38.812x 104 å¡ªø£ªì£¡Á H¬í‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹.
If column size is revised to 300 x 450 mm, then ii) è†ììˆF¡ ªõO„²ŸÁŠ ¹øƒèœ
column stiffness = 94.92 x 104 > 38.812 x 104 Fø‰F¼ŠHÂ‹, à†ð‚èºœ÷ É‡èÀ‹
in this case, strong column & weak beam theory M†ìƒèÀ‹ H¬í‚èŠðì«õ‡´‹ (braced)
is followed and soft storey column is safe against iii) Fø‰î î¬óˆî÷ˆF½œ÷ É‡èO¡
seismic forces (Stiffness) Ã†ìŠðì«õ‡´‹
ÞŠð®ò£è õL¬ñI° É‡èÀ‹ (Strong Ü™ô¶ É‡èO¡ â‡E‚¬è»‹
Column) õL¬ñ °¬ø M†ìƒèÀñ£è (Weak ÜFèK‚èŠðì«õ‡´‹.
Beam) Fø‰î î¬óˆî÷‹ õ®õ¬ñ‚èŠð†´‚ «ñ½‹ Gôï´‚èˆ î´Š¹ (âF˜Š¹) õ®õ¬ñŠH™
è†ìŠðì «õ‡´‹. rigidity (serviceability) - ðò¡ð£†´ˆ î¡¬ñ
5. Fø‰î î¬óˆî÷ˆF¡ ðôiù‹ â¡ù--? strength (damageability) - ðò¡ð£†´ˆ î¡¬ñ
ductility (survivability) - êñ£Oˆ¶GŸ°‹ î¡¬ñ
ªñ¡¬ñò£ù î÷‹ (ñ£®) & soft - Þˆî¬èò
ºîLò¬õ ªè£‡ìî£è / à¬ìò¬õò£è
è†´ñ£ùƒèO™ ªï´‚°M¬ê‚ ªè†®ˆ
õ®õ¬ñ‚èŠì «õ‡´‹.
î¡¬ñ (Stiffness) J¡ ªî£ì˜„C /
ªî£ì˜H¬íŠH¡P«ò£, Iè‚ °¬øõ£ù ÞîŸè£è, W›‚è‡ìõŸÁœ å¡¬øˆ
ªè†®ˆ î¡¬ñ»ì«ù£ àœ÷ù. ªð£¶õ£è ªîK‰ªî´‚èô£‹.
ðô Gè›¾èO™ Fø‰î î¬óˆî÷‹ (Stilt i) Lateral Strength Design - as per IS : 4326
Floor) -& «ñ½œ÷ î÷ƒèO¡ î÷ àòóˆ¬î - 1993 incorporating and ensuring material
Mì (3.00 e to 6.00 e) à¬ìò¬õò£è¾‹ ductility, meber stiffness, appropriate cross
àœ÷ù. (á˜Fèœ õ‰¶ ªê™ô¾‹, sectional sizes.
Mî£ùˆF™ âN™ ªè£…²‹ õ‡í ii) Displacement or ductility based design
M÷‚°è¬÷ˆ ªî£ƒèMì¾‹) è†´ñ£ù - providing adequate ductility to dissipate
õ®õ¬ñŠ¹ ªð£PJòL¡ Ü®Šð¬ìJ™, Fø‰î energy by yielding.
î¬óˆî÷ˆF¡ ªè†®ˆ î¡¬ñ & ÜîŸ° iii) Capacity Design method - ensuring elastic
àì«ù «ñ«ô»œ÷ ºî™ î÷ˆF¡ ªè†®ˆ behaviour by forming hinges at predetermined
î¡¬ñJ™ 60%‚°‚ °¬øõ£è Þ¼‰î£«ô£ positions in the structural frame.
è Ü™ô¶ ÜîŸ° «ñ½œ÷ î÷ƒèO¡
iv) Energy based design - increasing the total
† êó£êK ªè†®ˆî¡¬ñJ™ 70%‚°‚
energy output of the structural systeming
´ °¬øõ£è«õ Þ¼‰î£«ô£ & Fø‰î î¬óˆî÷‹
greater than the burn of energy output caused
ð£¶è£Š¹¬ìòî£è‚ è¼î º®ò£¶.
ñ£ due to loads and earthquakes.
ù «ñ½‹... 6. è£ƒAg† àÁFÎ†®èœ âšõ£Á
Š i) Fø‰î î¬óˆî÷ˆF¡ M†ìƒèÀ‹ Ü¬ñ‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹.
É‡èÀ‹ & Ü‰î‰î î÷ èˆFKŠ¹ M¬êèœ
õ¬÷‰¶ ªïO»‹ î¡¬ñ ªè£‡ì
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P ñ‡ìôŠð°FJ™ Gôï´‚èˆî£™ ãŸð´‹)
àÁFÎ†®èœ Iè‚ °¬ø‰î 10Ie M†ì‹
ò£ & ÞõŸP™ 2.50 ñìƒ° î£ƒ°ðõùõ£è ªè£‡ì¬õò£è
õ®õ¬ñ‚èŠð´‹.
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0.25% (MS) °¬ø‰î Ü÷¾ Þó‡ì£‹G¬ô Ü¬ñ‰¶, Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹.
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«ð£ìŠðì«õ‡´‹ ÜŠªð£¿¶î£¡ ªî£Nôè‚ è†ììñ£è Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹.
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Þ¿M¬êè¬÷ (bending tensions) î£ƒè Ü¬ñ‰F¼‰¶ & 5 Ü´‚°ñ£® àòóˆFŸ°
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«õ‡´‹.
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ñ£®ò¬ñŠ¹èœ (Staircases) &
Þ¼‰î£½‹ 230Ie (9”) Üèô‹ ªè£‡ì
Gôï´‚èˆF¡«ð£¶ ªðK¶‹ ð£F‚èŠð´õî£™
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& Ü«î£´ Ü¼A™ Þ¬í‚èŠð†´œ÷ Hø
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Ü¬ñˆFì «õ‡´‹.
b˜õ£è, Fø‰î î¬óˆî÷ˆ É‡è¬÷
7. Þ‰Fòˆ îó ã´èO¡ Gð‰î¬ùèœ â¬õ--? «ñ™õ¼‹ ð£óƒèÀ‚° ãŸð 300x300I.e
Þ‰Fòˆ îó ã´èœ IS : 1893 - 2002, IS : / 300x450 Ie / 300x600 Ie Ü÷M½‹,
4326 - 1993 & IS : 13920 - 1993, W›‚è‡ì ºî™ î÷ˆF½œ÷ É‡è¬÷ º¬ø«ò
è†´ñ£ùƒèÀ‚° ñ†´«ñ è¬ìH®‚è 230x300Ie / 230x450Ie / 230 x 600Ie
«õ‡´‹ âùˆ ªîKM‚A¡øù. Ü÷M½‹ Ü¬ñŠð¶ ð£¶è£Šðù¶.
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1. ªñ£†¬ì ñ£®ˆ î÷ˆF™ ðóM»œ÷
«ð£¶ñ£ù õ£†ì‹ (Slope) ªè£´ŠðF™¬ô.
CõŠ¹ æ´èœ ï¡ø£è «õè£ñ™ è£ôŠ«ð£‚A™
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÷
˜

Utilisation of different types of manufactured sand
as fine aggregate in cement mortar
-Dr.M.C.Nataraja, Er.A.S.Manu and Er.G. Girish
This paper reports results of some experimental studies on the use of different types of manufactured
sand in cement mortar. Granulated Blash Furnace Slag (GBFS) sand which is a ferrous slag and
Crushed Granite Sand (CGS) obtained from vertical cone crusher are considered. These two are
the generally used alternative sand in India for use in mortar and concrete. In this investigation,
cement mortar mix 1:3 and the replacement of Natural Sand (NS) by GBFS and CGS at various
percentages is considered at different water cement rations namely 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 With the
additon of manufactured sand the workability of mortar in terms of flow decreases gradually as the
replacement level increases. This is mainly due to irregular features of the surface charateristics and
also due to higher water absorption capacity. The manufactured sand exhibited better strength due
to good bond characteristics. The reduction in flow varies over a wide range depending on the type
and percentage of replacement levels. This loss in flow can be adjusted by adding suitable dosage
of superplasticiser. From this study it is observed that the manufactured sand is a good alternative for
the natural river sand in mortar provided the workability is compensated by adding suitable dosage
of plasticiser. In spite of this, manufactured sand is quite economical. In addition durability studies
are necessary for making concrete conclusions.
Keywords: Granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS); Crushed granite sand (CGS); compressive
strength; flow properties.
1. INTRODUCTION
The use of GBFS in cement mortar and concrete provides environmental as well as economic
benefits for all related industries, particularly in areas where a considerable amount of iron and
steel is produced. Blast-furnace slag is a by-product of the pig iron manufacturing process. GBFS is
produced by directing the stream of moltan slag leaving the furnace into a large volume of cold water
in a granuator. The rapid “quenching” or chilling prevents crystallisation and converts the moltan slag
into sand - sized particles of predominantly amorphous or non-crystalline glass, referred to as GBFS.
Blast furnace slage is a non-metallic coproduct primarily consists of silicates, aluminosilicates, and
calcium-alumina-silicates. Crushed Granite Sand (CGS) is manufactured by crushing stone making
use of the cone crusher. Due to the use of this technology the sand particles can be shaped very
similar to that of the naturally avaiable fine aggregate.
è
From the above literatures, it is abserved that various researches work on Ground Granulated Blast †
Furnace Slag (GGBS) as a partical replacement to cement and copper slag as a replacement
´
to river sand promoted teh use in practice, their results showed that industrial by-products have
ñ£
potential for use in mortar and concrete applications. It is also observed that not much work has been
ù
carried out to replace 100% natural fine aggregate by Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBFS) and
Š
Crushed Granite Sand (CGS) for making of cement mortar. Hence in the present study, it is proposed
to use these two types of manufactured sand as fine aggregate in cement mortar.
ªð£
2. MATERIAL PROPERTIES P
2.1 Cement ò£
Ordinary Protland cement (OPC 43 grade) confirming to IS: 8112-1989 was used. ÷
˜

2.2 Fine aggregate
The fine aggregates used in the present work as NS, GBFS and CGS. NS confirms to grading zone
II, GBFS confirms to grading zone III and CGS confirms to grading zone 1 as per IS:383-1970
Specific gravity 2.69 2.63 2.82
Bulk density, ssd, kg/m3 1603 1430 1723
Water absorption, % 0.26 3.21 2.25
Finencess modulus 2.51 2.37 3.13
2.3 Methodology for mortar cubes
Cement mortar was cast in 70.6mm X 70.6mm X 70.6mm moulds. Mixing has been carried out
at room temparture (27+2oC). Potable water was used for preparing the cement mortar cubes.
Compaction of fresh cement mortar in the mould was carried out for two minutes. Mortar cubes
were cast for the proportion of 1:3 (1 part of cement and 3 parts of sand) for three different water
cement ratios namely 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6. The ration of nautural sand replaced with manufactured sand
for constant water cement ratio of 0.5 was 0%, 25%, 50% and 75%. Three sets of cubes were cast
to determine the compressive strength of cement mortar at 3, 7 and 28 days. The proportions of
constituent materials used for mortar works is shown in Tables 2 and 3.
Table 2. Proportions of constituent materials used for cement motar
Combination Cement NS (g) GBFS (g) CGS Water (ml) Water (ml) Water (ml)
(g) (g) (W/C=0.4) (W/C=0.5) (W/C=0.6)
Reference mix (0% 200 600 0 0 80 100 120
replacement)
100% replacement of 200 0 600 0 80 100 120
NS with GBFS)
100% replacement of 200 0 0 600 80 100 120
NS with CGS
Table 3. Proportions of constituent materials for different replacement levels
Combination Cement (g) NS (g) GBFS (g) CGS (g) Water (ml)
(W/C =0.5)
25% replacement of NS with 200 450 150 0 100
GBFS
è 50% replacement of NS with 200 300 300 0 100
† GBFS
´ 75% replacement of NS with 200 150 450 0 100
ñ£ GBFS
ù 25% of replacement of NS 200 450 0 150 100
Š with CGS
50% of replacement of NS 200 300 0 300 100
ªð£ with CGS
P 75% of replacement of NS 200 150 0 450 100
ò£ with CGS
÷ 2.3.1. Flowability of cement mortar
˜ Flowabiliy of mortar was measured using a flow table as per IS: 5512. Indian standard code of practice

for determining the flow of cement mortar. As the finer material increases, more is the surface area
and hence more water is required for wetting the surface. For the given fixed quantity of water as
the finer material increases the workability decreases. The workability can be increased by adding
optimum dosage of chemical admixture. The horizontal spread of the mortar for different combination
is measured as percentage spread for 15, 30 and 45 blows.
3. TEST RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
The result of the investigation for the replacement of NS with GBFS and CGS was discussed. The
replacement was taken as 0, 25, 50,75 and 100% for 1:3 mortar mixes proportions for 0.5 water-
cement ratio (w/c) and 100% replacement of NS by GBFS and CGS for water-cement ratio (w/c) of
0.4 and 0.6.
3.1 Effect of GBFS and CGS on compressive strength of cement mortar
The variations of compressive strength
of cement mortar at 3, 7 and 28 days for
100% NS, GBFS and CGS for different w/c
are presented in Table 4 and graphically
in Figures 1 to 3 respectively. Table 5
and 6 show compressive strength at 3,7
and 28 days for different replacement of
NS by GBFS sand and CGS at constant
w/c of 0.5. It can be observed that there
is significant decrease in compressive
strength of cement mortar made with
GBFS (Figure 2) and significant
increase in compressive strength of
cement mortar made with CGS (Figure
3) when compared with mortar strength
of reference mix (Figure 1). The
increased in strength of mortar made
with CGS is mainly because of good
bond characteristics and decreased
in strength of GBFS mortar is mainly
due to irregular and soft nature of the è
surface characteristics. It can be be †
also observed from Figure 2, that the ´
compressive strength of cement mortar ñ£
made with GBFS for 0.4 w/c ratio is ù
less when compared with the strength Š
at water cement rations of 0.5 and 0.6.
This is because of insufficient water in ªð£
the mix for compaction and improper P
bond between cement cement paste ò£
and GBFS. Thus for better compaction, ÷
slightly higher w/c ratio is needed in ˜
case of GBFS sand.
Table 4. Compressive strength at 3, 7 and 28 days for NS, GBFS, and CGS at different w/c
Combinations water-cement ratio Compressive
(w/c) strength, N/mm2
3Days 7 Days 28 Days
Cement + 100% NS 0.4 34.60 40.13 50.53
Cement + 100% NS 0.5 23.94 34.91 48.02
Cement + 100% NS 0.6 19.53 24.67 37.11
Cement + 100% GBFS 0.4 17.41 18.11 20.61
Cement + 100% GBFS 0.5 21.73 26.13 44.80
Cement + 100% GBFS 0.6 16.01 22.13 36.67
Cement + 100% CGS 0.4 35.87 53.73 68.93
Cement + 100% CGS 0.5 31.53 43.67 60.40
Cement + 100% CGS 0.6 25.10 34.67 52.67
Table 5. Compressive strength at 3,7 and 28 days for different replacement of NS by GBFS sand at
w/c of 0.5
Combinations Compressive strength, N/mm2
3 Days 7 Days 28 Days
25% GBFS + 75% NS 27.73 35.60 49.07
50% GBFS + 50% NS 27.47 33.10 48.41
75% GBFS + 25% NS 26.00 31.87 48.00
100% GBFS + 0% NS 21.73 25.60 44.80
0% GBFS + 100% NS 23.94 34.91 48.02
Table 6. Compressive strength at 3,7 and 28 days for different replacement of NS by CGS sand
st w/c of 0.5
Combination Compressive strength, N/mm2
25% GBFS + 75% NS 26.13 35.33 49.87
50% GBFS + 50% NS 31.33 42.93 58.40
75% GBFS + 25% NS 33.13 43.33 59.87
100% GBFS + 0% NS 31.53 43.67 60.40
0% GBFS + 100% NS 23.94 34.91 48.02
Figures 4 and 5 shows the variation of compressive strength of cement mortar at 3, 7 and 28 days
è
for different replacement (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) of NS by GBFS and CGS at constant w/c
†
of 0.5. From Figures 4 and 5, it can observed that, the compressive strength of cement mortar for
´ replacement of NS by GBFS up to 75% was closer to that of reference mix (Figure 4) and at any level
ñ£ of replacement of natural sand by CGS will give higher strength than that of reference mix (Figure 5).
ù
3.2 Effect of manufactured sand on flowability of cement mortar
Š
The results indicated that the use of manufactured sand at any level of replacement as a fine aggregate
ªð£ in cement mortar will significantly reduce the flowability of cement mortar. It was observed that by
P adding 0.5% of superplasticiser by weight of cement for the mortar made with CGS, it was possible
to get workability closer to that of referene mix. Figures 6 to 8 shows the variation of flowability of
ò£
mortar for NS, GBFS and CGS respectively, Figure 9 shows the variation of flowability of mrotar for
÷
GBFS and CGS due to addition of 0.5% and 1% superplasticiser. Improved flow of SP can be seen
˜
in Figure 10. The mortar is quite cohesive without any segregation and bleeding.

4. CONCLUSIONS
The data obtained shows that the compressive strength of cement mortar up to 75% replacement
of NS by GBFS was almost close to that of reference mix at all ages and results show that the
compressive strength of cement mortar made with CGS is 30% higher than of the cement mortar
made by NS for all ages. From this experimental investigation, it was also observed that any
percentage replacement of NS by manufactured sand will reduce the workability. By adding suitable
dosage of superplasticiser, the workability of mortar can be improved. Finally we can conclude that
manufactured sand is good alternative for natural sand in cement mortar application.
-Courtesy : D Indian Concrete Journal, Jan-2014
Chief Editor’s Note:

• In the above article , how best we can use the M Sand. (Manufactured Sand = Artificial Sand) in
Cement Mortar instead of River Sand
• Earlier (December 2013- Kattumaanap Poriyaalar – Pages 15 & 17) we have published
tables furnishing the compressive strength of Concrete using Stone Crusher dust and M sand
instead of River Sand. For the convenience of our readers, the same are republished below :
Test Results on Concrete Cubes using Stone Crusher Dust @ 100%
Sl. Description 28 day Strength 28 day Strength

No. sand as fine Strength with Increase
aggregate N / quarry dust as in %
mm2 fine aggregate
N / mm2
1. Mix Proportions 1 : 1.4 : 3.5 1 : 1.6 : 3.5 -
2. Quantum of Fine Aggregate 504 kg / m3 576 kg/m3 -
3. Cement Content 360 kg 360 kg -
4. Water Cement Ratio 0.54 0.53 -
5. Compressive Strength 28.10 32.80 16.80
6. Split Tensile Strength 2.72 2.90 6.60
7. Flexural Tensile Strength 3.70 4.45 20.30
Source : The Indian Concrete Journal, July 2004, Page 45-46
Table : Cube Compressive strength variation for different percentage replacements of
river sand by MFA for different grades of concrete.
è
Natural Manufactured Compressive Compressive Compressive
†
Sand (%) sand (%) strength (Mpa) strength (Mpa) strength (Mpa)
´
M20 M30 M40
ñ£
100 0 28.00 38.72 46.80
ù
80 20 34.00 39.11 48.51
Š
60 40 38.07 51.63 53.08
40 60 40.11 54.21 55.82 ªð£
20 80 36.04 47.83 52.51 P
0 100 31.97 42.35 50.22 ò£
International Journal of Mechanics & Solids–ISSN 0773–1881 Vol.4 Number 1(2009) ÷
(Research India Publications), Website : www.ripublication.com ˜

Series : 6
THE INDIAN MAJOR IMPORTANT ROAD PROJECTS

-Er. N.Mathiyarasan, ME (Struct)AE, H&RW Dept, Salem
DESIGN TRAFFIC AND CAPACITY
1. NON URBAN ROADS
India has one of the largest road networks in the world, aggregating to
about 33 lakh kilometers at present. Though the National Highways, which
is the responsibility of Central Government, has length of roads, carries
over 40 percent of the total traffic across the length and breadth of the
country.
The capacities of different roads in India are
National Highways/Expressways 65,590 km
State Highways 1,28,000 km
Major and other District Roads 4,70,000 km
Rural Roads 26,50,000 km
The Highways have further been classified depending upon the carriagewaywidth of the Highway.
Generally, a lane has a width of 3.75 m in case of single lane and 3.5 per lane in case of multilane
National Highways. The break-up of Indian Highways in terms of width is as under:-
Single Lane 32 %
Double/Intermediate Lane 56 %
Four Lane/Six Lane/Eight Lane 12 %
When a new road or Bye pass is under consideration, the intensity of traffic likely to use in future
cannot be ascertained from
• Simple census
• Rate of growth of traffic
• Design period
• Important of road and road side development etc.,
Based on the above factors the width of Carriageway should be desired sufficient for the design
traffic.
In India, the mixed type vehicles are used the road. For calculating the design traffic, the different
type of vehicle should be converted in to a common unit known as PCU (Passenger car unit) by
è multiply with relevant equivalency factors. More than 3 Tones weighted vehicles only should be
† considered for design purpose.
´ 1. Single Lane:
ñ£ The Single Lane should have at least 3.75m bituminous top paved Surface carriage way with good
ù quality moorum shoulders of 1.50m width on both sides.
Š
Sl.No. Type of PLAIN ROLLING HILLY
road
ªð£
Low High Low High Low High
P
1. Single 1900 2000 1700 1800 1400 1600
ò£ Lane PCUs PCUs PCUs PCUs PCUs PCUs
÷
• For Non BT Surface, the above values may be lower to 20 – 30%
˜
• Low quality of plastic soil shoulders, the above values may be lower to 50%.

2. Intermediate Lane:
The intermediate Lane should have at least 5.50m bituminous top paved Surface carriage way
with good quality usable shoulders on both sides.

road
1. Intermediate 6000 5800 5700 5600 5200 4500
Lane PCUs PCUs PCUs PCUs PCUs PCUs
3. Two Lane:
The Two Lane should have at least 7.00m bituminous top paved Surface carriage way with good
quality shoulders on both sides.

road
1. Two Lane 15000 12500 11000 10000 7000 5000
PCUs PCUs PCUs PCUs PCUs PCUs
The capacity of the teo lane road can be increased by providing paved and surfaced shoulders of
at least 1.50m paved shoulders on either side. the slow moving vehicales utilize this shoulders
which reduce the interference to fast traffic on the main carriage way. Hence, 15% increase in
capacity can be expected vis-a- vis
4. Four - lane:
For the purpose of augmentation of the facilities and up gradation of the Project Highway,

road
Level B Level C Level B Level C Level B Level C
1. Four Lane 40000 60000 40000 60000 20000 30000
PCUs PCUs PCUs PCUs PCUs PCUs
2. URBAN ROADS
Design Criteria for urban roads:
Unlike rural roads, the hourly variation of traffic on urban roads has at least two distinct peaks.
viz. during the morning and evening hours of the day. Further, traffic fluctuates more on urban
è
roads than on rural roads. The urban peak hour traffic constitutes about 8 to 10% of the total daily
†
traffic depending on various factors including the importance of the road in the net work. These
factors coupled with other urban characteristics make it necessary to design the urban roads on
´
the basis of peak hour traffic rather than average daily traffic as in the case of rural roads. ñ£
ù
i) Design period of 15 -20 years should be adopted for the arterials and sub arterials roads and
10-15 years for collector and local streets.
Š
ii) Capacity standards are fixed normally in relation to the Level of Service (LOS) adopted for
ªð£
design. The Level of Service depends on factors, such as speed and travel time, freedom to
maneuver, traffic interruptions, comfort, convenience and safety. Six Levels of Service are
P
recognized commonly designated from A to F.
ò£
÷
iii) Considering the need for smooth traffic flow, it is recommended that normally LOS-C be
adopted for design of urban roads. At this level volume of traffic will be around 0.70 times the
˜

maximum capacity and this is taken as the “Design Service Volume” for the purpose of adopting
design values.
iv) Capacity or Design Service volume is the maximum hourly volume at which vehicle can
reasonably be expected to transfers a point or uniform section of a lane or road way during a
given time period.
v) Design service volumes for different categories of urban roads corresponding to the above
provisions are given below:-
Recommended design service volume of Road in Urban Area
Sl.No. Type of carriageway PCUs per hour

Total design service volumes for different
categories of urban roads
Arterial Sub Arterial Collector
PCUs PCUs PCUs
1. 2 lane (one way) 2400 1900 1400
2. 2 lane (two way) 1500 1200 900
3. 3 lane (one way) 3600 2900 2200
4. 4 lane undivided (two way) 3000 2400 1800
5. 4 lane divided (two way) 3600 2900 -
6. 6 lane undivided (two way) 4800 3800 -
7. 6 lane divided (two way) 5400 4300 -
8. 8 lane divided (two way) 7200 - -
Note:
1. Arterial Road: Road with no frontage access, no standing vehicles, very little cross traffic
2. Sub Arterial Road: Roads with frontage access but no standing vehicles and high capacity
intersections
3. Collector Road: Roads with free frontage access, parked vehicles and heavy cross traffics
World’s first solar panel pavement

at George Washington University
• With an ever-increasing need for alternative energy solutions, it is critical to foster new trends
è such as the Solar Walk in building sustainable technologies. The world’s first solar panelled
† pavement designed by Building Intergrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) specialists Onyx Solar has
´ been installed at George Washington University in Ashburn, Virginia (US) In total 27 panels
ñ£ have been used in the pavement design and are intergrated into a Solar Walkway between
ù two of the university’s buildings.
Š • The pavement panels are slip-resistant and semi-translucent for optimum aesthetic appeal and
functionality. The energy generated by the pavement (approximately 400Wp) will power 450
ªð£ LED pathway lights beneath the panels themselves. The Solar Walk was completed by Studio
P 39 Landscape Architecture and Hubert Construction LIC with design features, suggested by
ò£ current students of the university. The walkway also boasts a trellis with embedded solar
÷ which supply energy to innovation Hall.
˜
-Courtesy: The Buildotech – Oct, 2013

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF RIGID PAVEMENT
FOR PARKING AND ROAD SURFACE
Er. P Nallathambi ME(Structural Engg), MBA, FIE, FIV,

Structural Consultant,
Mobile: 094440 20706, email id : nalla.sakthi@gmail.com
è
†
´
ñ£
ù
Š
ªð£
P
ò£
÷
˜

è
†
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ñ£
ù
Š
ªð£
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ò£
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Š
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÷
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÷
˜

POOR SANITATION IN INDIA
-Er. K.Pandy, Former CE, PWD, Madurai
Synopsis:
In India basic facilities of safe water and sanitation are not available to most of
the people and improper disposal of sewages results in environmental health
issues. Under the constitution of India it is the responsibility of the government
to provide water supply and sanitation. It is a big challenge to achieve cent
percent sanitation with the prevailing condition and the customary habits of
open defecation. This paper outlines in general the habit or custom followed
in rural and urban India in the disposal of waste water/ solid waste. Some
innovative toilets, namely Bio-toilets, available in the market are also listed
out.
Sanitation-Types:
1. Improved sanitation - refers to the management of human feces at the household level.
Conversion of manual removal pit to flush type of toilet.
2. On-site sanitation - the collection and treatment of waste is done where it is deposited-Waste
water and solid waste to septic tank or to common treatment pool.
3. Food sanitation - refers to the hygienic measures for ensuring food safety.
4. Environmental sanitation - The control of environmental factors that form links in disease
transmission. Prevention of dumping waste in to water bodies like river, tanks and storage
reservoirs.
5. Ecological sanitation - an attempt to sustain nature by collection, treatment of wastes of human
and animals, recycling of nutrients and water in safe manner.
Sanitation in INDIA: How bad it is:
More than half of the human feces in most urban areas of India goes uncollected and none
of the country’s 423 cities is “healthy and clean,” according to a government-commissioned
survey. Existing condition of sanitation in our country is due to ignorance, lack of interest, feeling
awkward, century old cultural habits, significant gender disparities, and very different urban and
rural conditions. And they control our attempts to provide total sanitation.
The Honorable minister Sri Jayram Ramesh has said that one factor that has been ignored is the
link between malnutrition and open defecation. “Sanitation picture is the single biggest failure not
only of the Indian state, but also of Indian society,” he said. è
†
We have over 6 lakh villages in the country and close to 70 percent of our population lives in rural
areas. To emphasize the relative importance rural prosperity, the father of our nation Mahatma
´
Gandhi had once said, “Sanitation is more important than Independence.” ñ£
ù
1) Toilet less households resort to open defecation.
Š
2) The numbers of cities/towns which do not have (even partial) sewerage network are 4861
out of 5161 in India and It is a fact that even in urban, 18 per cent of households defecate in the
ªð£
open.
P
3) More than 600 million people defecate in the open every day resulting in all water sources
ò£
polluted with nitrates and bacteria.
÷
4) The 2011 census showed that in rural areas just three in ten people only have access to a
˜
bathroom.

5) Integrated Low Cost Sanitation Scheme (ILCS): The scheme was introduced in 1980. The main
objective of the scheme is to convert latrines into low cost pour flush latrines and 911 towns had
been declared as scavenger free
6) As per census 21-10-2013, the number of households with insanitary latrines is 1.62,735 out
of 5.86 dry latrines in rural areas and 74,811 numbers have been provided with sanitary latrines
as on October 2012.
7) The chart below indicates the progress made between 2001 and 2011 in providing toilets in
rural and in urban areas.
Chart Showing Rural Households without toilets (2001vs2011)
Some of the states are very poor in sanitation and they are: Orissa state tops the list of rural
households without toilets, Bihar and Tamilnadu come second while Kerala state which had 19%
in 2001, has achieved cent percent sanitation in 2011.
POOR SAITATION-INDIRECT EFFECT:
1. Inadequate sanitation and inefficient sewage treatment systems lead to a number of
environmental and health problems.
2. Unavailability of sanitary facilities affects dignity of people and productivity of our nation.
3. Indian children were smaller than their counter parts in other countries for which the diseases
arising from poor sanitation is responsible and malnutrition is not the main reason.
4. Diarrhea alone kills one child every minute in India and it is attributed to poor water and
sanitation.
5. As the half of the population not using toilet or latrine, India has some of the world’s worst
retarding effect on growth among child.
6. It is estimated 1.2 billion people don’t have access to sanitation, which has led to disease,
infant mortality, and widespread economic loss.
7. Due to inadequate sanitation, India is losing billion of rupees every year –on health care,
access time and tourism - as shown below (in rupees)—Vide: Sanitation in India-Flags report.
Untreated sewage
Water sources-rivers, tanks and ocean- were used to dump the human waste and a study made in
2007 reports that discharge of untreated sewage is the single most important cause for pollution
of surface and ground water in India. There is a large gap between generation and treatment
of domestic waste water in India due to lack of sufficient treatment capacity and inadequate
è maintenance of existing sewage treatment plants.
† Treatment of waste water in class 1 and class 2 cities (source: CPCB reports)
´ Class 1 cities-Qty. in MLD Class 2 cities-Qty. in MLD
ñ£ No Year Generation Treated % No Generation Treated %
ù 1 1978 7007 2756 39 1 1226 67 5
Š 2 1988 12148 2495 20 2 1280 27 2
3 1995 18882 4037 21 3 1650 62 4
ªð£ 4 2006 23826 6955 29 4 2428 89 4
P 5 2009 35558 11554 32 5 2697 324 12
ò£ In class 1 cities the percentage is in the order of minimum=20%, maximum=39% and the figures
÷ for class 2 cities are 12 and 2 only, very meager compared to the values of No. 1 cities. This large
˜ gap between class 1 cities and class 2 cities warrants priority to rural areas.

About 290,000 gallons (1.1 million liters) of raw sewage goes into the Ganges River in India every
minute, according to the World Health Organization. Other rivers are also receiving uncontrolled
raw sewage and its quantity is not evaluated.
TASKS AHEAD
1) Awareness of proper sanitation is to be created among citizens starting from children.
2) Meeting the challenges of providing environmentally safe sanitation to millions of people
against the
3) Providing adequate water supply to proper maintenance and use of toilets since no major city
in India is known to have a continuous water supply.
4) To remove the disparity between rural and urban.
5) To meet the increase in demand (five to seven fold) for water and sewage treatment as the
population of our country increases steeply.
6) Motivation of children in the anganvadi and in schools for teaching good sanitation, health and
good hygiene behavior will ensure a generational change.
7) Research related to the appropriate cost-effective intervention strategies and their
implementation in Indian context is of urgent need.
8) Sanitation is an essential part of the Millennium Development Goals.
9) There is loss of health, dignity, peace of mind, safety and economic growth if water and
sanitation problems are not adequately addressed.
Merely providing toilets does not guarantee their use, nor result in improved sanitation and
hygiene. With out adequate water supply for flushing, toilets or urinals, usage is anticipated to be
limited. In our country the available water resources are under heavy pressure as the population
is in increase and we have to design toilets or urinals so that they are used with out or with less
water. In view of the necessity of guarding environment and health, innovating waterless toilets
named “Bio-toilets” have come up and they, though costly compared to present day prices, are
more suitable for countries like India which are water starved and environmentally poor.
Bio-Toilets:
A complete solid waste management by Bio-toilets: A composting toilet is a dry toilet that uses
a predominantly aerobic processing system that treats excreta, typically with no water or small
volumes of flush water, via composting or managed aerobic decomposition. One family’s dry
composting toilet system can transform excrement into approximately 1,100 pounds of natural,
dry fertilizer annually.
è
1. Composting toilets use nature’s decomposition process to reduce waste by 90% and convert it †
into nutrient rich compost.
´
2. They do not require water or require little water. ñ£
3. Composting toilets allow waste to decompose safely and without odors. ù
4. Composting toilets use oxygen loving bacteria that are naturally present in human waste to do Š
all the work.
Composting toilets may be used as an alternative to flush toilets in situations (1) in places of no ªð£
suitable water supply, (2) waste treatment system is not available, ( Used in many of the roadside P
in Sweden and in national parks in both the United States and the United Kingdom) ò£
A composting toilet must perform three complete separate processes: ÷
1. With out odor the waste and toilet paper should be compost quickly. ˜

2. The end compost is safe and easy to handle
3. Evaporate the liquid.
Bio-toilets Available in the market are:
1. The bio-toilets, developed by Defence Research and Development Organization- come in two
types -- fibre and stainless costing Rs.1.25 lakh and Rs.6 lakh respectively.
2. SimGas, a private entrepreneur company, has developed improved small-scale systems to
convert manure and organic household waste into methane gas, which can be used for cooking
and lighting
3. SuSan Design from Norway is working with communities in Kampala where women in slum
areas helped to shape a design of a urinal for woman that leads into a container which can be
kept at home without smells. The urine is collected for use in the flower industry and by l farmers
around Kampala.
4. Sun-Mar Toilets: As per the founder of Sun-Mar, Mr. Hardy Sundberg, these composting toilets
recycle waste on-site by evaporating the liquids, and converting the solids to a fertilizing soil.
5. Bio-lux composting toilet : Developed by Japanese and it uses sawdust as an “artificial soil
matrix” to decompose human waste into odorless water and carbon dioxide through aerobic
fermentation and it requires to empty it twice a year and can be tossed the compost in flower
garden.
6. Bio-toilets(Noida): Disposes human waste in a 100 % ECO friendly manner and Generates
color less, odorless inflammable BIO-GAS (Methane) for cooking, water & room heating etc. It
is 100% maintenance free and continuous Biological process. No dependence on the limited and
costly conventional energy sources. It saves space, energy, environment, time and Good Health.
The following innovative urinal designs are reported to be available.(Refer a Resource book on
1. Waterless urinals suggested in the Reference book on waterless urinal by Mr.Sakthivel
(2) Waterless Public Urinal Kiosk (WPUK): A stand‐alone concrete reinforced pre‐fabricated
urinal can be installed in public places and institutions.
Conclusion:
The following conditions are to be stipulated to improve our health and hygiene:
1. To achieve cent percent sanitation,
open defecation should be banned.
2. Any project on sanitation shall be
è targeting poorest so as to spread
† the benefit of socio economic benefit
´ equitably.
ñ£ 3. Make house household sanitation
ù as investment priority.
Š 4. Creation of awareness among
people will yield good result.
ªð£ 5) In view of the multiple advantages
P by using Bio-toilets and waterless
ò£ urinals the stress on country’s
÷ scarce water resources, installation of Schematic drawing showing functioning of
˜ waterless urinals may be mandatory. conventional and waterless urinals

Series-2
Building Construction and certain relevant laws
Er. K.RAMALINGAM, Former C.E (TNPWD)
Chapter 2 : Municipal approval and than these, deliberate

norms required for approval deviations do not
deserve to be condoned
DCR of CMDA lays down the following rules for
and compounded.
permitting development of Buildings
Compounding of
(1) No person shall carry out any development deviations ought to
as defined in Clause (13) of Section-2 of be kept at a bare
the Tamil Nadu Town and Country Planning minimum....’
Act – 1971 (Tamil Nadu Act – 35 of 1972)
Manner of obtaining
including subdivision / layout or reconstitution
permission
or amalgamation of land without the written
permission of the Authority or such other (1) For the purpose of obtaining Permission, the
Executive Authority of Local Body or Agency or applicant who should be the owner of the land
Person to whom this power has been delegated or leaseholder or power of attorney holder who
by the Authority. has right over the land to develop, shall submit
an application in the prescribed form to the
(2) Any site approval or Planning Permission for
Member-Secretary/ Authorised Local Body or
any development under these regulations shall
to such other authority or person as designated
not absolve the applicant of his responsibilities
by the Authority,
to get clearance or permission under other Acts
and Rules. (a) Form-A:-An application in Form-‘A’
accompanied by evidence of ownership, plans,
Construction or extensions to buildings or
specifications, etc., mentioned therein in case
developing of new complexes without getting
of subdivision / layout or reconstitution or
approval are bound to be viewed seriously and
amalgamation of land for building purposes.
pulled down by the Local authorities. A ruling in
one case of unauthorized construction is quoted (b) Form –B;- An application in Form-‘B’
below accompanied by evidence of ownership, detailed
plans, specifications, site plan, and topo plan
In Friends Colony Development Committee
showing existing developments to a radius of
v. State of Orissa The Supreme Court had
100 metres drawn to a scale of 1:500 and such è
opined: (SCC p.744, para 25) ‘25. Though
other details as may be prescribed from time to †
the municipal laws permit deviations from
time, In the case of development of land and ´
sanctioned constructions being regularised by
buildings, change of land and building use and ñ£
compounding but that is by way of exception.
one should verify whether the particular type ù
Unfortunately, the exception, with the lapse of
of development is permissible or not; If not Š
time and frequent exercise of the discretionary
permitted and if he is keen on different kind
power conferred by such exception, has become
of development he should get special approval ªð£
the rule. Only such deviations deserve to be
from the Authority before undertaking the P
condoned as are bona fide or are attributable to
scheme along with fees as may be prescribed ò£
some misunderstanding or are such deviations
by the Authority .The drawing should be in ÷
as where the benefit gained by demolition would
computerized form as per the approved format. ˜
be far less than the disadvantage suffered. Other

(c) Form-C:-An undertaking that developments refusal shall be recorded and furnished to the
such as Special Buildings, Group developments, applicant as provided in Section 49(3) of the
Multi-storied Buildings and other developments Act.
as may be decided by the Authority, obtained
(3) Scrutiny fees:-(a) Scrutiny Fee of Rs.1.50
from the Owner, Builder, Promoter and
per Sq.m the applications, collected from the
Power of Attorney holder that they are
applicant along with the plan or revised plan
jointly and severally responsible to carry out
or modified plan submitted by the applicant.
Developments in accordance with permission
(b) While accepting Planning Permission
granted and for payment of Development
applications for developments exceeding
charges, Security deposit amount and all other
charges as applicable and levied by Chennai 300sq.m in floor area and also requests for
Metropolitan Development Authority and also Reclassifications, the Chennai Metropolitan
liable for penal actions for developments made Development Authority or other authority or
in contravention of these regulations and the person to whom the Authority had delegated
conditions prescribed in the Planning Permit. its power shall collect a Scrutiny Fee at and
additional fee s for revisions if made by the
(d) The designs and plans of building shall be
Authority ranging from Rs 0.75 to .20 for each
prepared and signed by Architect/ Engineer/
successive revision
Licensed Surveyor and other professionals as
prescribed by the local body concerned in their (4) Completion Certificate :- The Applicant/
Act/Building Rules .Certificate shall bear the Owner/Builder/Promoter/Power of Attorney
seal and registration number of the certifier Holder and any other Person who is acquiring
interest shall not put the building to use without
(2) If the Plan and information furnished by the
obtaining Completion Certificate from CMDA
applicant under sub-regulation-1 above do not
for ‘Special buildings’, ‘Group Developments’,
provide all the particulars necessary to process
‘Multi-storied Buildings’ and Institutional
the application satisfactorily, the Authority or the
buildings (exceeding 300M2 in floor area) and
person to whom the power has been delegated
such other developments as may be notified
by the Authority may within 30 days from the
by the Chennai Metropolitan Development
date of receipt of Plans/Applications require
Authority from time to time.
the production of such further particulars and
details as it deems necessary. If the plan and (5). Requirement for site approval
the information furnished by the Applicant (1) No development shall be made in a site
è are found to satisfy the requirements of these unless the Authority approves the site for
† regulations, and the matters stated in Section
the development.
´ 49(2) of the Act,
ñ£ (2) No piece of land shall be used as a site for
(a) The written permission shall be issued by the
ù the construction of a building for any
Authority or person designated for the purpose
Š by the Authority.(b) While granting permission development if the Authority considers that:
the Chennai Metropolitan Development
(a) If the site is near a water body or a water
ªð£ Authority or other authority or person to whom
course and the proposed development is likely
P the Authority had delegated the powers may
to Contaminate or pollute the water body or
ò£ impose such restrictions and conditions, which
course (or)
÷ may be necessary under these regulations.(3)
˜ When the permission is refused, the reasons for (b) If the site is likely to be inundated and

satisfactory arrangement for proper drainage is exceed 15.25 metres provided water tanks,
not possible (or) chimneys, Architectural features such as flag
masts, gopurams, minarets, steeples and other
(c) If the site is a filled up tank or low lying or
ornamental structures which are not intended
of made up of soil by depositing
for human habitation may be permitted subject
rubbish or offensive matters and the proposal is to a ceiling of 30.5 metres from ground level
likely to be affected by dampness owing to the with special sanction of the Authority.
sub-soil water, unless ameliorative measures to
(b) Continuous building areas (CBA) Buildings
the satisfaction of the Authority are provided
without side set back are permissible in a plot
(or) (d) If the site does not abut any existing
/ site in continuous building areas set apart in
public or private street forming part of a Lay-
the Master Plan / DDP. However in an approved
out sanctioned under the provisions of the
layout area only in the plots classified for
relevant Local Body Act, conforming to the
Continuous type of buildings it is permissible.
minimum width prescribed for various uses in
these regulations. (e) No site in Municipal and (c) Economically weaker section areas:
Panchayat areas which is within a distance of (EWS) Areas declared as slum by TNSCB are
30 metres from a place declared and used as categorised as EWS areas for the purpose
a burning or burial place/ground shall be used of these regulations. In addition it includes
for layout or sub division for human habitation the areas developed as EWS plot in the NHB
(residential) shall be built including addition / neighbourhood schemes, S&S schemes, slum
alteration / reconstructions within 30 metres of improvement schemes and approved layouts.
such declared burning or burial place/ground
(2) Ecologically sensitive areas:
unless such burial/burning place/ground was
closed and remained closed for a period not (a) CRZ area: The coastal stretches of seas,
less than 5 years certified by the local body bays which are influenced by tidal action in the
concerned. land ward side up to 500 metres from the high
tide line (HTL) and estuaries, creeks, rivers and
(3) Minimum extent plot frontage and site
back waters which are influenced by tidal action
dimensions under these regulations shall not
in the land ward side up to 100 metres from the
apply to sites which existed prior to 5.8.1975
high tide line (HTL) and the land between the
evidenced by Registered Documents provided
low tide line (LTL) and the high tide line (HTL) as
that the then existing activity continue in cases
declared in the Map No. MP-II/CMDA.9/2008
of other than residential activities.Further the
said parameters shall not apply to the vacant (b) Aquifer recharge area: The areas, which è
plot/site for residential use subdivided and have good aquifers and recharge potential have †
registered prior to the said cut been declared as aquifer recharge area.(See ´
Annexure xi and maps) ñ£
1) Areas for buildings of special character:
(c) Catchment area: Redhills and Puzhal
ù
(a) Multi- storied building (MSB) area: i) Multi- Š
lakes are the main sources of water supply
storied buildings defined in this regulation no.2
to the Chennai city. In order to protect this
are permissible only in the areas specifically ªð£
source from the negative impacts of the urban
declared as MSB areas. Details of the areas P
developments regulations are given in the
declared as Multi-storied building areas are ò£
Annexure XII (refer Map No. MPII ).
given as Annexure IX (ii) In all other are as ÷
maximum height of the building shall not – To be continued ……. ˜

CMDA Development Control Rules (CMDA Second Master Plan -2012)
Table C
Description Other areas in Chennai City, and the rest of CMA

Max. no. of -
dwelling units
Min. Road
9m 10m
width
Min. Plot Extent 1100 sq.m. 300 sq.m. 450 sq.m.
Min. Plot
15m 9m 12m 15m
Frontage
G+1 or G+2 or G+3 or G+1 or G+2 or G+3 or
Stilt+2 Stilt+3 Stilt+4 Stilt+2 Stilt+3 Stilt+4
Max. Height subject to subject to subject to a subject to a subject to a subject to a
a max. of a max. of max. of max. of max. of max. of
9m 12m 15.25m 9m 12m 15.25m
Max. FSI 1.5
Where Street Alignment/new road is prescribed in these regulations, it shall be
Minimum from that street alignment/ new road line.
Setbacks
In case of others, it shall be from the property boundary.
Abutting Road width Set back
15.25m and below 3.5m
Min. FSB
Above 15.25m & up to 30.5m 4.5m
Above 30.5m 6m
Min. SSB on
1.5m 3.5m 4.0m * 1.5m 3.5m 4.0m *
either side
Min. RSB 1.5m 3.5m 4.0m ** 1.5m 3.5m 4.0m **
Note: * In cases where the min. required SSB is more than 3.5m option can be had to
leave the min. 3.5m on one side and the remainder of the total of both the min.
required SSBs on the other side.
** Similarly when minimum required RSB is more than 3.5m option can also be
had to leave the min required 3.5m on the rear and the reminder of the min. in
the front.
In cases of residential or predominantly residential developments where dwelling
units do not exceed 45 sq.metres in floor area each, additional FSI of 0.25 is
allowable over and above normally permissible FSI. The developer or promoter or
owner shall sell these small dwellings only for this purpose. No conversion or
amalgamation shall be permissible in these cases of lower income group
è dwellings.
†
(4) Commercial or predominantly commercial special building
´
ñ£ Continuous
Building Area
ù Sl.No. Description Other areas in CMA
anywhere
Š within CMA
1 2 3 4
A Minimum
ªð£ Plot extent
80 sq.m. 200 sq.m
P Minimum Plot
B 4m 8m
ò£ width/ frontage
÷
˜ 34

C Maximum
G+3 floors or stilt + 4 floors subject to a maximum of 15.25 m
Height
D Maximum FSI 1.5
Where Street Alignment/new road is prescribed in these
E Minimum regulations, it shall be from that street alignment/ new road
Setbacks line.
In the case of others, it shall be from the property boundary.
Abutting Road width Set back
15.25m and below 3.5m
(i) Front Set
back Above 15.25m & up to 30.5m 4.5m
Above 30.5m 6m
Up to G+2 or stilt +3 G+3 or stilt +4 floors

Side Set floors subject to subject to max. of
(ii) Nil max. of 12m 15.25 m
back
3.5m on either side 4m on either side
(iii) Rear Set

Nil 3.5m
back
Note: (i) For public buildings such as theatres, kalyana mandapams, assembly halls,
exhibition halls, hospitals, nursing homes, hotels, lodging houses, etc. setback
all around shall not be less than 6 metres.
(ii) In CBA, there shall be atleast 1m wide internal passage from rear to front in
Ground floor, directly accessible to road.
(iii) In cases of hospital buildings an additional FSI of 0.25 is allowable over and
above the normally permissible FSI.
(5) Structures permissible in the minimum prescribed Front setback, Side setback and
Rear set back are given in the regulations No. 11.
(6) The minimum width of corridor shall be as given in the Annexure XVII.
(7) Parking spaces shall be provided within the site conforming to the regulations given
in the Annexure XVI.
(8) Rainwater harvesting provisions as prescribed in the Annexure XIX shall be
provided.
(9) Special regulations for physically disabled stated in the Annexure XXII shall be
adhered to.
(10) Solar energy capture provisions as prescribed in the Annexure XXIII shall be
provided where applicable. è
(11) The reservation of land for community recreational purposes such as park or play †
ground required in these regulations shall be as given in the Annexure XX.
´
(12) If the building is constructed on stilts and the stilt floor is to be used for parking,
the minimum clear height of the floor (between the lower floor and the bottom of the
ñ£
beam) shall not exceed 3m and it shall not be enclosed for use as garages; if it is ù
enclosed it shall be counted for FSI and number of floors for the purpose of defining Š
special building / MSB.
(13) Every special building development exceeding 900 sq.m in floor area shall be ªð£
provided with electrical room in ground floor or open space at ground level within
the premises to accommodate electrical transformer conforming to the Regulations P
detailed in Annexure XXIV. ò£
(14) If a special building contains more than one use and the allowability of the built ÷
space with reference to the abutting road width and exclusive passage width shall ˜

35
be decided based on the number of dwellings for the residential use and equivalent
floor area allowable for commercial and other uses.
(15) Vehicular ramp in set backspaces around a special building may be permitted
subject to the condition that the clearance of the proposed ramp from the property
boundary / street alignment shall be minimum 1.5 metres and a clear motorable
driveway of min. 3.5 m. in width is available around the building.
(16) The structures incidental to the main activities such as water closet / pump room,
transformer room, transformer yard, electric room shall not be construed as
individual block for the purpose of these rules. However, these structures may be
permitted in the prescribed set back space provided that they do not fall in the drive
way and its height does not exceed 4 mts., provided further that transformer and
electrical rooms floor area does not exceed 15 sq.m. and W.C and Pump room per
block does not exceed 6 sq.m.
(17) In cases of special building residential developments exceeding 100 dwelling units in
primary residential use zone, commercial and institutional uses not exceeding 10
per cent of the floor area of the building at lower habitable floor levels, may be
allowed (not for any industrial use) as incidental uses required for the occupants of
the remaining residential developments within the premises.
(18) In areas where sewage system provided by the Metro water / Local body concerned
is not available and
(a) where number of dwelling units exceeds 50 nos. or 2500 sq.m. of commercial
area (for this purpose 50 sq.m. is equated to one dwelling unit) sewage
treatment plant shall be provided and maintained for the disposal of the sewage
within the site itself with prior clearance from the Metro water/Pollution Control
Board as the case may be on location and design;
(b) where number of dwelling units is less than 50 nos. or 2500 sq.m. of
commercial area, septic tank with up-flow filters shall be provided and
maintained for the disposal of the sewage within the site itself.
(19) Any construction with roof over it in the terrace floor for A.C. Plant/structures shall
be counted, as a floor and categorization of type of building shall be done
accordingly.
(20) In cases where the extent of the site where residential or predominantly residential
developments proposed exceeds 10000 sq.m. (1 hectare), the developer shall reserve
minimum ten per cent of the site area (excluding roads if any handed over to local
body) and provide housing thereon for lower income groups with dwelling units not
exceeding 45 sq.metres in floor area each, either within the site proposed for special
building development or in a location within a radius of 2 k.m. from the site under
è reference. The developer or promoter or owner shall sell these small dwellings only
for this purpose. No conversion or amalgamation shall be permissible in these cases
† of lower income group dwellings.
´ (21) In residential / predominantly residential developments with dwelling units
ñ£ exceeding 100 in number, the design should include waste management
ù infrastructure and atleast a closed non polluting storage provision for solid waste
storage within the premises preferably with direct access from the abutting road
Š shall be provided so that the local body can collect this stored waste from it.
(22) The space set apart for formation of a new road as per Master Plan or Detailed
ªð£ Development Plan or road widening / street alignment shall be transferred to the
P Authority or the Agency or the Local Body designated by the Authority through a
ò£ registered Gift Deed before actual issuance of planning permission. The exact mode
of conveyance of the land shall be consistent with the relevant enactment and
÷ regulations. In such cases 'Transfer of Development Rights' (TDR) certificate may be
˜ obtained to the extent eligible as per regulations given in the Annexure XXI
36
(23) Basement Floor: -
(a) The height of basement floor shall not exceed 1.2 metres above ground level and
the headroom shall be minimum 2.4 metres.
(b) No part of the basement shall be constructed in the minimum required set
backspaces, required for the movement of fire fighting vehicles/equipments.
(c) In cases where second basement is proposed for parking and incidental uses,
sufficient provision for lighting and ventilation and also for protection from fire
to the satisfaction of Directorate of Fire and Rescue Services shall be made.
(d) During the construction of the basement floor, it shall be sole responsibility of
the planning permission holder to ensure that the building / structure in the
adjoining sites are not weakened / damaged.
(24) Security Deposit: -
The applicant shall deposit a sum at the rate of Rs. 50 per square metre of floor area
as a refundable non-interest earning security and earnest deposit. The deposit shall
be refunded on completion of development as per the approved plan as certified by
Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority; if not, it would be forfeited.
(25) Display Board: -
(a) The details of the development for which planning permission issued, date of
expiry of permit etc. shall be displayed in the format prescribed by the Authority
on a board of size at least 60 cm x 120 cm.
(b) The applicant shall pay a sum of Rs. 10,000/- (Rupees ten thousand only) as
earnest money non interest bearing refundable deposit and same should be
utilized for the purpose of installing the prescribed size board on the site by
CMDA, in the event of the applicant not fulfilling the conditions stated in (a)
above.
(c) If the applicant fulfills the conditions (a) above, the deposit shall be refunded
after production of the completion certificate.
-To be continued
27. Regulation for Group developments
(1) Group Development – means accommodation for residential or commercial or

combination of such activities housed in two or more blocks of buildings in a
particular site irrespective of whether these structures are interconnected or not.
Any inter link between the structures in terms of connecting corridors shall not be
construed as making any two structures into one block. However, if these blocks
are connected solidly at least for one-third the width of any one block on the è
connecting side, then such blocks shall be construed as a single block.
†
(2) (a).The minimum width of the public road on which the site abuts or gains access ´
shall be 10 m. ñ£
The minimum width stated above shall be the existing width of the road and not the
ù
street alignment prescribed. Š
Explanation: -
ªð£
(i) Road width means the road space as defined in DR no. 2 (35). The qualifying road
width for permitting Group development shall be available atleast for a stretch of P
250m along the length of the road abutting the site and the stretch from a junction ò£
can be straight or a curve or zigzag or combination of the above. ÷
˜
37
CHECK LIST FOR QUALITY OF BRICK MASONRY WORK
1. The thickness of joint in brick masonry 16. Whether top courses in plinth, in window
should not exceed 1 cm. sill and below R.C.C. slab and parapet are
provided with brick on edge.
2. The face joints should be raked to a depth
of 15 mm. by raking tool when the mortar 17. Whether joints of brick work are filled
is still green so as to provide proper key with mortar fully, check specially vertical
for plaster or pointing. joints.
3. Brick work should be taken up in layers 18. Check type of scaffolding and whether
not exceeding one metre height at a time. tied and braced properly.
4. Check that the brick work is in plumb. 19. Check reinforcement in brick partition
wall, whether provided.
5. Check that the brick courses are in level.
20. Check bonding of cross wall with long
6. Check the quality of bricks with specific
walls.
reference to:
21. Whether holes left in the brick work while
(a) Strength.
execution for supporting scaffolding are
(b) Efflorescence. filled with concrete and not with dry
(c) Dimensional accuracy bricks.
(d) Water absorption. COMMON DEFECTS NOTICED IN BRICK

MASONRY WORK
(e) Evenness of baking.
1. The bricks used were of substandard
7. Check that no brick bats are used as
quality compared to the quality specified
queen closer.
in the contract.
8. Check strength of mortar by scratching
2. No tests were carried out to find out the
with sharp instrument like screw driver.
efflorescence level and water absorption
9. Check quality of sand in mortar (test for in the bricks.
fineness modulus and silt content).
3. The bricks were not soaked in water
10. Check mixing of mortar whether done by properly. Water was only lightly sprinkled
hand or by machine, whether mixing is on the stack of bricks. The bricks were
è done on a proper platform. dry inside.
† 11. Check arrangements for curing. 4. Joints in the brick masonry were thicker
´ than specified in the contract specification.
ñ£ 12. Whether raking of green joints done or
not. 5. Joints in brick work below ground
ù
level were not finished properly as the
Š 13. Whether soaking of bricks done or not.
contractor assumed that these joints
14. Check general quality of works with would not be seen once earth is filled
ªð£ reference to lines, levels, thickness and back.
P trueness of the joints.
ò£ 6. Vertical joints in brick work were hollow.
÷ 15. Whether brick corners are provided
7. The mortar had not gained strength. On
˜ properly by a proper brick closer and not
scratching by a screw driver, the mortar
by putting brick bats.

could be raked out completely with ease. 15. Gaps existed between door frames/
window frames and masonry.
8. Raking of joints was not done when
mortar was green. 16. Heavy efflorescence was observed in the
brickwork.
9. Brick bats were used as fillers and closers.
17. The brick masonry in long partition walls
10. Mortar was not mixed properly on a
was done without reinforcement.
platform or in a machine.
18. The holes in the brick work which were left
11. The brick layers were uneven and not
for supporting scaffolding were filled with
truly horizontal.
dry bricks without proper mortar around
12. The brick work was not in plumb. it and superficially plastered which later
13. The brick work was done in weaker mortar became the source/of dampness in the
and not as per structural requirement. building.
14. The brick courses on edge were not done

where needed.
Permissible Compressive Stress in Brick Masonry
Mortar Class of Brick (Crushing strength in Kg/ Allowable Compressive Stress in

cm2) Brickwork (Kg/cm2)
1:3 105 10.5
1:3 70 7.0
1:3 35 3.5
1:4 105 10.0
1:4 70 7.0
1:6 105 8.5
1:6 70 5.5
1:2:9 105 8.5
1:2:9 70 5.5
1:2:6 105 10.0
1:2:6 70 7.0
Optimum Mortar Mixes for Different Grades of Bricks

S.No. Brick Strength (Kg/ Mortar Mix proportion (by volume) è
cm2) †
1. < 50 1:6 M2 CM 1 : 6 ´
1 : 2C : 9 A = Hydraulic Lime
0 : 1A : 2-3 ñ£
2. 50-149 1:0:5 M1 = CM 1 : 5 ù
1 : 1C : 6 C = Fat or Quick Lime Š
3. 150 – 249 1:0:4 H2 = CM 1 : 4
1 : 1/2C : 4 ½
ªð£
4. 250 or above 1 : 0-1/4C : 3 H1 = CM 1:3
P
5. For very low strength 1:0:8 L1 = 1 : 8
Bricks 1 : 3C : 12 B = Semi Hydraulic Lime ò£
0 : 1B : 2-3 L2 = Combination Mortar ÷
˜

Dr. FIXIT KWICK FLOR - SOLUTIONS
è
†
´
ñ£
ù
Š
ªð£
P
ò£
÷
˜

è
†
´
ñ£
ù
Š
ªð£
P
ò£
÷
˜

è
†
´
ñ£
ù
Š
ªð£
P
ò£
÷
˜
Courtesy : Times of India, 24.01.2014
Night view of Parliament on Republic Day
The Parliament of India @ New Delhi
The parliament was designed by Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker. The construction of buildings took six
years and the opening ceremony was performed on 18 January 1927 by the Governor-General of India, Lord
Irwin. The construction costs for the building were Rs. 8.3 million. The parliament is 570 feet (170 meters) in
diameter. It covers an area of nearly six acres.
Book Packets containing Printed Books Regd. R.Dis No. 635/13
KATTUMAANAP PORIYAALAR, Tamil & English Magazine
Mount San Salvatore
This Mountain is of 912m Height in Lepontine Alps above Lake Lugano in Switzerland
Owned and Published by Er.A.Veerappan & Associates (TN) Pvt. Ltd.,

New No. 36, Valluvar Road, TSD Nagar, Arumbakkam, Chennai – 600 106 and
printed at Palms Printer, No. 52, Arcot Road, Kodambakkam, Chennai – 600 024….
Editor : Er.A.Veerappan (044-65 879 289)

Kattumaanap Poriyaalar Feb-2014

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14. Building Construction and Certain Relevant Laws - 47

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Chief Editor’s Note:

Sl. Description 28 day Strength 28 day Strength

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THE INDIAN MAJOR IMPORTANT ROAD PROJECTS

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Chapter 2 : Municipal approval and than these, deliberate

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