Kattumaanap Poriyaalar Mar-2014

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(KATTUMAANAP PORIYAALAR)
ºî¡¬ñ ÝCKò˜ : ªð£Pë˜. Ü.ióŠð¡, ME (Struct), FIE, MICI, Dip.LL & AL
Þî›&7 ñ£˜„ -& 2014 Ï.50/&
India Land Technology Park at Ambatthur, Chennai – 600 053

It has 3 Basement floors and 14 Floors. Front Canopy - 9 m projection was designed by Er.A.Veerappan
of Er.AVA with 130tonnes of Steel where as the Original design was with 400tonnes of Steel, effecting
savings of Rs.160 lakhs.
A panoramic view of the Towers with canopy is seen in the above sketch.
If undelivered, Please Return to:

PUBLISHED BY
(TAMIL NADU) PRIVATE LTD

Engineers, Designers & Structural Consultants
1c/36, Valluvar Road, TSD Nagar, Arumbakkam, Chennai-600 106.
Phone : 044-65879 289 E-mail : kattumaanapporiyaalar@gmail.com
The Jantar Mantar is a collection of architectural astronomical instruments, built by Sawai Jai Singh
who was a Rajput king. The title of and Sawai was bestowed on him by Emperor Mohammad Shah.
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Kjd;ik Mrphpah;: nghwpQh;. m.tPug;gd;, cs;Ns...
ME(Struct), FIE, MICI, Dip. LL & AL
1. fl;Lkhd mbj;jsq;fs; rpy jtwhd Ghpjy;fs;>
nghWg;ghrphpah;: nghwpQh;. vd;.ifyhrgjp,BE, PG.Dip.RS
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2. ehl;lhik nra;fpwhh; -7
,izahrphpah;fs;:
nghwpQh;. gp.ey;yjk;gp, ME(Struct), MBA, FIE 3. Gjpa Gj;jfk; gbf;fyhkh -11
nghwpQh;. vd;.itj;jpaehjd;, ME(Struct), MIE
4. khbg;gbfl;Lk; NghJ itz;lh;]; Ntz;lhNk -12
nghwpQh;. v];.,uh[Nrfud;, BE, MIE
5. ve;jtif rpnkz;l; typikahdJ/cWjpahdJ -13
nghwpQh;. R.n[auhkd;, BE, MIE
nghwpQh;. fp.kDuh[;, ME(WREM), MA(Sociology), MA(Yoga), PGCYN, MIE, 6. fl;Lkhdj;Jiwf;fhd Nkyhz;ik cj;jpfs; -18
MIWRS, MINPIM, IRBPM(USA) 7. nrd;idf; FbePh; - ek; jtWfSk;
nghwpQh;. vd;.NjtpfTz;lh; (US), BE, FIE
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8. gioa tPl;bid etPd tPlhf khw;w
Mrphpah; FO :
rpy topKiwfs; - 24
nghwpQh;. nr.kh.muR, ME(S&FE)
nghwpQh;.Mh;.tp.v];.tp[aFkhh;, ME(Struct), MBA, FIE 9. fl;Lkhd Ntjpapay; Nrh;kq;fSk;
nghwpQh;.Nguhrphpah; .fhh;fpy; vk;.Rg;ukzpak;, fl;Lkhdj;jpy; mtw;wpd; gad;ghLk; - 26

BE., FIE, F.SiArb. INVR 10. kbf;fg;gl;l foptiwg; gyfq;fs; - 28
nghwpQh;. M.gpufjP];tud;;, ME(Struct) 11. R.C.Concealed Beam in Structure - 29
nghwpQh;. vd;. nry;tuh[;;, ME(Struct)
12. Check list for Ensuring Quality of R.C.C. Work - 30
mYtyf Nkyhz;ik :
13. Civil Court have no urisdiction to Entertain Petition - 32
jpUkjp. nt.n[ae;jp> DCE & jpUkjp. tPukyh;tpop> B.Sc., &
nghwpQh;. gh. mUz;Fkhh;, BE., 14. Indian Economy and Construction Industry-Challenge 2014 - 33
15. Building Construction and certain relevant laws - 37

,t;tpjopy; ntspaplg;gLk; fl;Liufs; / jfty;fs;
16. Structural Design aspects in Machine Foundations - 41
midj;jpw;Fk; Kjd;ik MrphpaUk; nghWg;Ngw;fpwhh;.
,tw;iw vy;yh tiffspYk; gad;gLj;jpl midtUf;Fk; 17. Model Format - General Power of Attorney - 46
KO ,irT mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. Vnddpy; Gjpadtw;iwg;
18. Geosynthetics - Civil Engineering Applications - 47
gug;Giu nra;tNj vkf;Fj; njhopy;.
19. Indian Major important Road Projects-Shoulders - 52
Kattumaanap Poriyaalar 20. Balanced Contilever - 56
Monthly - Tamil & English

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payable at Chennai - Money orders are not accepted ntspapLNthk;. ˜
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DESIGN OF FOUNDATION SYSTEMS

Principles and Practices
by prof. Nainan P. Kurian, Professor of
Geotechnical Engg, IIT, Chennai - 600 036
Published by Narosa publishing House
(1992) pp 704.. price Rs 325/=
* Ü®ˆî÷ õ®õ¬ñŠH™ & ñ‡õ¬èèœ &
Ü´‚°èœ Ü¿ˆîˆFù£™ Þòƒ°‹ î¡¬ñ,
ÜõŸP¡ Þò™¹èœ & CøŠð£è ñ‡î¡¬ñ
ê£˜‰î õ®õ¬ñŠ¹ (soil - design) – («õÁ
â‰î ËL½‹ Þ¶õ¬ó â¿îŠðì£î¶) & ñ‡
õ¬èèO™ ñí½‚° Ü®ˆî÷‹ Ü¬ñˆFì foundations * Flexible analysis of shallow
êK¾/ð®¾ (settlement) & î¡¬ñJ¬ù‚ Foundations
è¼F„ ªêŒò «õ‡´‹; èOñ‡ õ¬èèO™
* Deep Foundations * Retaining structures
Ü®ˆî÷‹ Ü¬ñˆFì ñ‡E¡ î£ƒ°Fø¡
(Bearing capacity) î¡¬ñJ¬ù‚ è¼î Part III substructures:
«õ‡´‹ â¡ð¬î ñ‡ õ®õ¬ñŠH™ (soil * sub structures * construction of foundations
design) Ièˆ ªîO¾ð´ˆF»œ÷£˜. (including novel Techniques, Drainage
* Þ‰ËL™ Ü®ˆî÷‚ è†ì¬ñŠ¹ àÁŠ¹èO¡ and Devateing, soil corrosion and ground
(Structural components in Foundation systems) improvement methods) âù 14 ð°FèO™
ê†ì‚ «è£Š¹ õ®õ¬ñŠ¹ (structural design) M÷‚A»œ÷£˜. Þ¬õ îMó
Iè„ CøŠð£èˆ îóŠð†®¼‚Aø¶. ÞîÂœ Appendix ð°FJ™ important books in
Ü®ˆî÷‹ î£ƒ°‹ M¬êèO™ Ü®ˆî÷ˆF¡ foundation Engineering ñŸÁ‹ BIS, IRC,
î¡ªù¬ì (self weight Foundations @ 10% BS, ACI & German codes and standards
of total load) J¬ù‚ èí‚A™ â´ˆ¶‚ ºîLòõŸ¬øŠ H¡Q¬íŠð£èˆ î‰¶œ÷£˜.
ªè£‡´ õ®õ¬ñ‚è‚ Ãì£¶ â¡ð¬î (¹Fò è
è¼ˆ¶) MKõ£è M÷‚A»œ÷£˜. * ªð£PJò™ ñ£íõ˜è†°‹, è†´ñ£ùŠ †
ªð£Pò£÷˜èœ, Ü®ˆî÷ õ®õ¬ñŠ¹Š ´
* Þ‰ËL™ part I - soil Design: ªð£Pò£÷˜èœ & ã¡ ªð£PJò™ è™ÖK ñ£
* introduction * soil design parameters * ÝCKòŠ ªð¼ñ‚èÀ‚°‹ ðò¡ð´‹ Iè„ ù
shallow foundations in Clay Cø‰î Ë™ â¡Á ðK‰¶¬ó ªêŒA«ø£‹. Š
ÞšMîN¡ ºî¡¬ñ ÝCKò˜ Þ‰î
* shallow foundations in sand * Deep
Ë¬ô 20 Ý‡´è÷£è‚ ¬è«òì£èŠ ªð£
foundations * Retaining structures
ðò¡ð´ˆFõ‰¶œ÷£˜ â¡ð¶‹ Þƒ«è P
Part II - structural design: ï¡P»ì¡, ªð¼¬ñ»ì¡ ðF¾ ªêŒòŠðÁø¶. ò£
÷
* Introduction to structural design * individual & ºî¡¬ñ ÝCKò˜. ˜
footings * combined footings, Rafts and Grid
ñ£®Šð® è†´‹ «ð£¶ ¬õ‡ì˜v (Winders) «õ‡ì£«ñ?
ªð£Pë˜. Ü.ióŠð¡, ºî¡¬ñ ÝCKò˜.
îQ i´ è†´ñ£ù õ®õ¬ñŠH™ ñ£®Šð® Iè è£óíˆFŸè£è. Þ¬îMì «ñ£êñ£è Ü¬óŠð®

º‚Aòñ£ù¶. /1/3 ð® âù Winder (°¬øŠð®) ¬õˆ¶‹
è†Áø£˜èœ. Þ¶ IèIèˆ îõø£ù¶. «ñ«ô
 Þ‰î ñ£®Šð®è¬÷ °¿‰¬îèÀ‹ õòî£ù °PŠH†ì °ö‰¬îèœ, õòî£ù ªðKòõ˜èœ
(70+) ªðKòõ˜èÀ‹ ðò¡ð´ˆ¶Aø£˜èœ / ªð‡èO¡ ð£¶è£ŠHŸ° âFó£ù¶. W«ö
â¡ð¶ ï‹ èõùˆF™ âŠ«ð£¶‹ Þ¼‚è îõP M¿‰¶ ¬è è£™èœ ºPò õ£ŒŠ¹èœ
«õ‡´‹. «ñ½‹ ï‹ i†´Š ªð‡èÀ‹ (50+) I°F. âù«õ ñ£®Šð®J™ â‰î‚ è£óíˆ¬î
ªñ£†¬ì ñ£®¬ò ¶Eèœ àô˜ˆFì I÷è£Œ/ º¡Q†´‹ ¬õ‡ì˜ ð®èœ ¬õˆ¶‚
õˆî™èœ è£ò ¬õˆFì ªðKò ð£ˆFóˆ¬î«ò£/ è†ì‚Ãì£¶.
H÷£v®‚ Ã¬ìè«÷«ò£ â´ˆ¶‚ ªè£‡´
ñ£®Šð®J™ ãø¾‹ Þøƒè¾‹ ªêŒAø£˜èœ  ñ£®Šð®‚° M¼‹¹‹ Ü÷¾èœ....
â¡ð¶‹ èõùˆF™ ªè£œÀõ¶ ï™ô¶. 900/1000Ie Üèô‹ (width) ñ£®Šð® Üèô‹
(Tread)... 300I.e (250‚°‚ °¬øò‚ Ãì£¶)
 Ýù£™ ðô Gè›¾èO™ i´èO¡ ñ£®Šð® àòó‹ (Riser).... 152 I.e (170 I.e‚°
õ®õ¬ñŠH™ & ñ£®Šð®‚° ò£¼‹ ºî¡¬ñJì‹ ÜFèñ£è‚ Ãì£¶)
/ Ü‚è¬ø è£†´õ¶ A¬ìò£¶ â¡ð¶
âƒèO¡ õ¼ˆî‹. ñ£®Šð®J¡ Üèôˆ¬î 9”  ð£¶è£Šð£è, õêFò£è ñ£®Šð®è¬÷
(230 I.e) & 300 I.e‚°Š ðFô£è¾‹ àòóˆ¬î ¬õ‡ì˜ Þ™ô£ñ™ è†ìô£ñ£?
7”/7 1/2” (175 I.e‚° ÜFèñ£è 190 I.e
õ¬ó) & 150/155 I.e‚°Š ðFô£è¾‹ ¬õˆ¶‚ & ºî¡¬ñ ÝCKò˜
è†Áø£˜èœ «ð£Fò ÞìI™¬ô â¡ø
è
†
´
ñ£
ù
Š
ªð£
P
ò£
÷
˜
â‰î õ¬è Cªñ‡† õL¬ñò£ù¶ / àÁFò£ù¶
OPC/PPC & ÞõŸÁœ â¶ Cø‰î¶? ã¡-? & å¼ ªî£N™¸†ð Üôê™
&ªð£Pë˜. Ü.ióŠð¡, ME (Struct), FIE, MICI, Dip LL & Al
º¡ù£œ CøŠ¹ˆ î¬ô¬ñŠ ªð£Pò£÷˜, îI›ï£´ ªð£¶ŠðEˆ¶¬ø & Þ‰ï£œ õ®¬ñŠ¹ õ™½ï˜
,d;Wk; gy fl;Leh;fSk; - Vd; fl;Lkhdg; nghwpahsh;fSk; rpy Nfs;tpfis
vOg;Gfpd;wdh;.
• vhprhk;gy; 20% Kjy; 35% tiu rpnkz;l;Lld; fye;J nghJkf;fSf;F
kl;LNk tpw;fg;gLk; PPC (Portland Pozzolana Cement)apd; tpiy %l;ilf;F
&.350/-f;F tpw;W gfy; nfhs;is mbf;fg;gLfpwNj. mjhtJ OPC
rpnkz;l;bd; juk; - typikapid tpl rhk;gy; fye;j PPC rpnkz;l;bd; juk;>
typik (jhq;F jpwik) FiwT vd;gJ.
• ,uz;lhtjhf 35% rjtpfpjk; tiu rhk;gy; fyf;fg;gLk; ,e;j PPC rpnkz;l;
G+fk;gj;jhy; Vw;gLk; kpFjpahd mjph;Tfisj; jhq;Fk; rf;jp cs;sJ vd Ma;Tfspd; %yk;
cWjp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sjh?
• %d;whtJ muRf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd fl;blq;fspy; fhq;fphPl; (RCC) Ntiyfl;F rhk;gy; fye;j
rpnkz;l;il (PPC) cgNahfpf;ff; $lhJ vd;w fl;Lg;ghL (tiuaiw) ,Uf;Fk;NghJ Vd;
nghJkf;fs; kl;Lk; Vkhw;wg;gLfpd;whh;fs; vd;gitNa.
• ,jw;fhd tpsf;fkhd - Ma;Tfspd; %yk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;l PPC rpnkz;l; gw;wpa rhpahd
KbTfis - cWjpAk; juKk; tha;e;j cah;e;jtif rpnkz;l; vd;gij mwptpay;> nghwpapay; kw;Wk;
ePz;l njspe;J mwpe;j mDgtj;jpd; thapyhfj; njhptpf;f Ntz;ba nghWg;Gzh;Tld; ,ij
vOJfpNwhk;;. (Fwpg;ghf ehq;fs; ve;j rpnkz;l; cw;gj;jp epWtdj;jpd; Kfth; (gug;Giuahsh;)
my;y vd;gijAk; njhptpf;fpNwhk;;.)
1. Kjd; Kjyhf gy;NtW tifahd rpnkz;l;fs; vg;gb cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd? mtw;wpd;
juk; - rpwg;Gj; jd;ikfs; vit? vj;jifa fl;Lkhd Ntiyfl;F mtw;wpw;Nfw;w ve;j tifahd
rpnkz;l;ilg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gijj; njhpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. rpnkz;l;il tpw;gid
nra;Ak; Kfth;fs; nrhy;tij mg;gbNa Vw;Wf; nfhs;sj; Njitapy;iy. ,jw;fhf Concrete
Technology – Theory and Practice by M.S.Shetty vd;gth; vOjpa Gj;jfj;ijg; Gul;bg; ghh;f;fyhk;.
,e;jg; Gj;jfj;jpy; gf;fk; 21 (OPC)> gf;fq;fs; 155 (Pozzolanic or mineral Admixtures – Fly ash)
(kw;Wk; Handbook on Advanced concrete Technology Edited by N.V.Nayak & A.K.Jain published by
Narosa Publishing House... gf;fq;fs; 1.1 Kjy; 1.29 tiu) vd;gtw;iw rpwpJ Mo;e;J gbj;jhy;- Kjy;
gj;jpapy; vOg;gg;gl;l ma;ag;ghLfSf;F rpwe;j njspthd tpsf;fq;fs; fpilf;Fk;.
è
2. ,uz;lhtjhf rpnkz;l; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l gpwF 20% Kjy; 35% tiu ‡gpis M\; vdg;gLk;
†
vhp rhk;gy; Nehpilahff; fyf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. khwhf rpnkz;l; cw;gj;jpf;F Kd;NdNa rpnkz;l;
´
cw;gj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd %yg; (Raw Materials) nghUs;fNshL Fwpg;gpl;l tpfpjj;jpy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;Nl
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. PPC is manufactured by the intergrinding of OPC with (15% to 35%) of
ñ£
Pozzolanic material such as fly ash class C.
ù
Š
• IS : 456-2000 Clause 5.2.1.1. clearly permits the use of fly ash conforming to Grade 1 of IS : 3812
as part replacement of OPC provided uniform blending with cement is ensured. Also clause
ªð£
8.2.5.4. (b) also enhanced the percentage of 15% to 35% (as amended) as part replacement of
P
OPC with fly ash content.
ò£
3. ve;jr; rkaj;jpYk; ve;j ,lj;jpYk; PPC rpnkz;l; vd;gJ 33 Grade rpnkz;l;Lf;Fr; rkkhdJ
÷
vd;W ve;j ,e;jpaj; ju eph;za VLfspYk; (Codes of BIS – Formerly ISI) nrhy;yg;gltpy;iy.
˜
• IS : 1489 (Part 1) - 1991... Para 7.4.1. vd;gJ 1991 Mk; ntspaplg;gl;l juf; ifNaL. ,jpYk;
PPC rpnkz;l;bd; mKf;F jhq;F jifT (jpwd;) (Compressive Strength) 28 ehspy; 33 MPa
(33N/mm2)f;Ff; Fiwthf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ vd;Nw Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
• 1990 fhy fl;lj;jpy; 33 fpNuL rpnkz;l; kl;LNk re;ijapy; - Gof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ. me;j fhy
fl;lj;jpy; 43 fpNuL rpnkz;l; kw;Wk; 53 fpNuL rpnkz;l; ,q;F cw;gj;jp nra;ag;glTk; ,y;iyƒ
re;ijapYk; tpw;fg;glTk; ,y;iy. 43 fpNuL / 53 fpNuL rpnkz;Lfs; 1992f;Fg; gpd;Nd ,q;Nf
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;ldƒ re;ijapYk; tpw;fg;gl;ld. vdNt 1990fspy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l PPC
rpnkz;l;bd; Fiwe;j mKf;Fj; jhq;F msT 33N/mm2f;Ff; Fiwthf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ vd;w
tiuaiw NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l IS:1489 (Part 1) - 1991 nrhy;yg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
• ,e;j 33 fpNuL rpnkz;l;ilf; nfhz;Nl Design Mix Kiwapy; M25, M30, M35, M40 fpNuL
cila fhq;fphPl;Lfs; tbtikf;fg;gl;ld vd;gij ,q;Nf ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. vdNt
early strength (nfl;bg;gLk; Neuk;) jtpu cah;jpwd; fhq;fphPl;il Design Mix Kiwapy;
cw;gj;jp nra;a rpnkz;l;bd; fpNuL xU jilahf ,y;iy vd;gJk; ,q;Nf gjpT nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
4. Mdhy; 43 fpNuL / 53 fpNuL rpnkz;l;Lfs; (OPC) cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;L re;ijg; gLj;jg;gLk;
,e;jf; fhyj;jpYk; PPC rpnkz;l; OPC rpnkz;l;Lf;F ,izahf -rkkhf cs;sjhf fUj Ntz;Lk;
vd CPWD Specification Vol 1-2009 ,y; gFjp 5.1.23apy; kpfj; njspthfNt Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
‘‘PPC Manufactured conforming to IS : 1489 (Part 1) shall be treated at par with OPC for manufacture
of Design Mix concrete for structural use in RCC” kw;Wk; Fly ash admixed cement concrete (FACC)
and fly ash Blended cements in cement concrete (PPCC) in RCC structures.
5.1.2.0. Fly as Blended cements conforming IS : 1489 (Part 1) may be used in RCC structures &
There shall be no bar on use of FACC in RCC structures.
General (III) The mechanical properties such as modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, creep and
shrinkage of fly ash mixed concrete or concrete using fly ash blended cements (PPCs) are not
likely to be significantly different and their values are to be taken same as those used for concrete
made with OPC.
(V) In environment subjected to aggressive chloride or sulphate attack in particular, use of fly ash
admixed or PPC based concrete is recommended.
• ,d;iwa re;ijapy; cs;s vy;yh Fly ash based cement (PPC) vy;yhk;; fly ash blended cement
jhd; vd;gJ kPz;Lk; mOj;jkhfg; gjpT nra;ag;gLfpwJ. NkYk; PPC rpnkz;l; ve;j OPC
rpnkz;l;il tplj; juq;Fiwe;jJk; md;W.
• vy;yh Mnuk;rp (RMC – Ready Mixed Concrete)fspYk; OPC rpnkz;l;Lld; Fly ash 25% Kjy;
35% tiu fye;Jjhd; M25 fpNuL Kjy; M60 fpNuL tiu $Ljyhd typikAs;s fhq;fphPl;
è jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
† 5. Fly ash based blended PPC rpnkz;l; nfhz;L (jahhpg;gpd; NghJ Neubahf fyf;fhky;)
´ jahhpf;fg;gl;l fhq;fphPl;Lk; cWjp ngW fhq;fphPl;Lk; (RCC) – OPC nfhz;L jahhpf;fg;gl;l
ñ£ fhq;fphPl;il tpl (90 ehl;fSf;Fg; gpwF) typik kpFe;jjhfTk; $Ljyhd #oy; vjph;g;Gr; rf;jp
ù cilajhfTk; kpFjpahd cWjp (Durability) nfhz;ljhfTk; ,Ug;gij Ma;Tf; $l KbTfSk; gpw
Š NrhjidfSk; cWjp nra;Js;sd vd;gJk; kPz;Lk; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ.
• vdpDk; PPC rpnkz;l; fyit / fhq;fphPl; ,tw;wpd; njhlf;f ,WFk; Neuk; kw;Wk; ,Wjpahd
ªð£ ,WFk; Neuk; OPC rpnkz;l;il tpl mjpfkhdJ Setting time in minutes
P (initial / final)
ò£ OPC rpnkz;l;............................ 60 / 180 epkplq;fs;
÷ PPC rpnkz;l;............................ 90 / 217 epkplq;fs;
˜ Nkw;$wpa vLj;Jf;fhl;LfspypUe;J OPC rpnkz;l;il tpl PPC rpnkz;l; fl;Lkhdq;fSf;Fr;

rpwe;jJƒ juk; cah;e;jJ (juq;Fiwe;jJ md;W) vd;gJ njspTgLj;jg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
6. mLj;j gbahf 35% vhprhk;gy; fyf;fg;gLk; ,e;j PPC rpnkz;l; typikahdJ - G+fk;gj;jhy; Vw;gLk;
kpFjpahd mjph;Tfisj; jhq;Fk; rf;jp cs;sJ vd Muha;r;rpfspd; %yk; cWjp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sjh?
vd;gJ.
• kpfr; rhpahf mwptpay; top njhptpg;gJ vd;why; ve;j rpnkz;l;Lk; (OPC cs;gl) epyeLf;fj;ijj;
jhq;Fk; typikAilajhf cUthf;fg;glTkpy;iyƒ cw;gj;jp nra;ag;glTkpy;iy (,jw;nfd
rpwg;Gtif v‡F cWjpA+l;bfs; jhd; Special Earthquake resistant TMT Steel Reinforcements)
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;L re;ijapy; tpw;gidf;Ff; fpilf;fpd;wd.
• ,Ug;gpDk; PPC rpnkz;l;ilg; gad;gLj;jpa fl;Lkhdq;fs; Fwpg;ghf fhq;fphPl;Lfs; (OPC
rpnkz;l; fhq;fphPl;il tpl) $Ljy; typik gilj;jitahf cs;sd vd;gJ gy;NtW
Muha;r;rpfspd; %yk; cWjp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ,jw;nfd fPo;f;Fwpg;gpLk; Muha;r;rpf;
fl;Liufisg; gbf;fyhk;.
1. Concrete without Portland cements : Concrete of the Future by Jay G.Sanjayan, Professor,
Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia, Indian Concrete Journal, Oct-
Dec. 2010 (Page 29)
2. Strength, bond and durability related Properties of concrete with mineral admixtures (including fly
ash) by S.Bhaskar, Ravindra Gettu, B.H.Bharath Kumar and M.Neelamegam, SERC, Chennai – ICJ,
Feb.2012 (Page 9).
3. Harnessing Fly ash Potential for developing high strength and high durability concrete – by
R.K.Dhir, M.J. MC Carthy and J.Bai – ICJ – Feb 2012 (Page 17).
• IS 456-2000 Table No.5 & Clause 5.2.1.1. and also enclosed comparative Table.
ml;ltiz - 1
The Properties of Blended Cement PPC are compared with OPC Concrete in M20 and M25
grade
Sl. No. Mix. Type of Concrete W/C Compressive Flexural % Water
Designation Ratio Strength absorption
28 90 28 90
days days days days
1. AM-20 Fly ash Blended (PPC) 0.50 30.78 42.73 4.63 5.90 2.08
Cement Concrete M20
2. BM-20 43 grade OPC concrete 0.50 25.26 35.03 4.23 5.34 4.08
M 20
è
3. CM-20 53 grade OPC concrete 0.50 29.85 39.30 4.81 5.75 4.00
M20 †
4. AM-25 Fly ash Blended cement 0.42 37.35 49.10 5.04 5.99 2.08 ´
(PPC) concrete M25 ñ£
5. BM-25 43 grade OPC concrete 0.42 30.14 43.60 4.91 5.30 4.17 ù
M25 Š
6. CM-25 53 grade OPC concrete 0.42 35.95 46.10 5.11 5.45 4.08
M25
ªð£
ve;j tif rpnkz;l;ilg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;? P
jtwhd vz;zk; : ò£
nghwpahsh;fs;> fl;Leh;fs;> xg;ge;jf;fhuh;fs;> fl;Lkhd Nkw;ghh;itahsh; - Vd; gbj;j nghJkf;fs; - ÷
,th;fSs; ngUk;ghyhdth;fSf;F rhpahd rpnkz;l;bd; tif gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gpl;l Rw;Wr; #oypYs;s ˜

fl;Lkhdq;fSf;Fg; Nghl Ntz;ba fhq;fphPl;bd; rhpahd juk; gw;wpAk; rhpahfj; njhpahky; cs;sJ.
,d;Dk; nrhy;yg;Nghdhy; jtwhd - kdjstpy; xl;ba - khw;w ,ayhj - tplhg;gbahd vz;zKk;
cs;sijg; gytplq;fspy; - epfo;Tfspy; ehk; ghh;f;fpNwhk;. vdNt ,ijg;gw;wpa njspthf vz;zj;ij
cUthf;fpl - rhpahd Jy;ypakhd jfty;fis - Nrhjid Kbtfis - ePLepiyj;J epw;ff;$ba
nra;jpfis ,f;fl;Liuapy; tpthjpf;fyhk;.
ve;j rpnkz;l; ey;y rpnkz;l;?
rpnkz;by; gytiffs; cs;sd.
1. rhjhuz Nghh;l;Nyz;L rpnkz;l;> 2. Nghh;l;Nyz;l; nghrNyhdh rpnkz;l;> 3. tpiutpy; nfl;bg;gLk;
rpnkz;l;> 4. ry;Ngl; vjph;g;G rpnkz;l;> 5. Nghh;l;Nyz;L frL rpnkz;l;> 6. Fiwe;j ntg;g ntspapL
rpnkz;l;> 7. fhw;wil rpnkz;l;> 8. ePh; tpyf;F rpnkz;l;> 9. tz;zKila rpnkz;l;> 10. fl;Lkhd
rpnkz;l;> 11. tphptilak; rpnkz;l;> 12. IRS – T 40 rpwg;Gj;ju rpnkz;l;> 13. vz;nza;f; fpzW
rpnkz;l;> 14. kpFtpiu nfl;br; rpnkz;l;> 15. kpFe;j mYkpdh rpnkz;;l;.
,tw;wpy; rhjhuz Nghh;l;Nyz;l; rpnkz;l;Lk; (OPC) kw;Wk; Nghh;l;Nyz;l; nghrNyhdh rpnkz;l;Lk;
mjpf mstpy; fl;Lkhdq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. kw;wit midj;Jk; xUtif rpwg;Gj;
jd;ik nfhz;lit. xU Fwpg;gpl;l #oYf;F - Ntiyf;Nfw;gg; gad;gLj;jg;gLgit.
Mdhy; fl;Lkhd Ntiyfspy; kpf kpf mjpfkhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ OPC vdg;gLk;. rhjhuz
Nghh;l;Nyz;l; rpnkz;Nl ,e;j OPC ,y; %d;W tifahd juKilait cs;sd.
OPC - 33 juk; (28 ehs; mKf;Fj; jifT.33N/r.kp.kP typik
mjpf typikAila 53 ju rpnkz;l;ilNa Ntz;b tpUk;gp thq;fp gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. gyUk;
53 juKila rpnkz;l;Nl ey;y cah;thd rpnkz;l; kw;Wk; mjpf typik jUk; rpnkz;l; vd;Wk;
ek;Gfpd;wdh;. vdNt 53 juk; nfhz;l rpnkz;l;ilNa vy;yh NtiyfSf;Fk; - PCC-1:5:10/1:4:8
vdg;gLk; vspa rpnkz;l; fhq;fphPl;Lf;Fk; G+r;R NtiyfSf;Fk; (Plastering & Rendering)
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. Fwpg;ghfTk;> rpwg;ghfTk; cWjp ngw;w fhq;fphPl; (Reinforced Concrete)
NtiyfSf;F OPC 53 juj;jpidNa gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;.
vdNt tpiue;J typik Njitg;gLk; (High Early Strength) epfo;Tfspy; - Fwpg;ghf Kd;thh;j;j
fhd;fphPl;LfSf;Fk; 28 ehl;fSf;Fs; jhq;Fk; jd;ik Njitg;gLk; fl;Lkhd cWg;GfSf;Fk; OPC-
53 juKila rpnkz;l; kl;LNk gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
Mdhy; PCC 1:5:10 / 1:4:8 Nghd;w typik Njitg;glhj vhprhk;gy; fye;j (Fly ash based) – PPC
rpnkz;l;il (tpiy FiwthdJ) jhuhskhfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. mt;thNw G+r;R NtiyfSf;F OPC -
è 53 juKila rpnkz;l;ilg; gad;gLj;jpdhy; RUf;f tphpry;fs; (Shrinkage Cracks – Hairline Cracks)
† nghpJk; Vw;gLk;. vdNt OPC 53 juKila rpnkz;l;il ,j;jifa NtiyfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jhky;
´ jtph;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
ñ£
khw;whf ,e;epfo;Tfspy; PPC vdg;gLk; vhprhk;gy; fye;j $l;Lr; rpnkz;l; / fye;j rpnkz;l;
ù
(Composite Cement / Blended Cement) tiffisNa fz;bg;ghf gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;wpd;
Š
Nkk;gl;l ed;ikfs; / gadhd ,ay;Gfs;. fPNo gl;bayplg;gLfpd;wd.
1) tpiy FiwthdJ.
ªð£
P 2) kpFjpahd ntg;gj;ij cUthf;fhjjhy; rUf;f tphpry;fs; Vw;glhJ.
ò£ 3) kpf Nkhrkhd Rw;Wr;#oypy; kpFe;j vjph;g;Gj; jpwd; nfhz;lit.
÷ 4) vspjpy; JUg;gpbg;gijj; jLg;git.
˜ 5) ehs; nry;yr; nry;y Fwpg;ghf 90 ehs; / 180 ehs; typik jhq;Fjpwdpy; OPC 53 ju rpnkz;l;

gad;gLj;jpa fhd;fphPl;il tpl PPC rpnkz;l; $Ljy; jhq;Fjpwd; nfhz;lit. cil ,Oitj;
jpwdpYk; (Split Tensile Strength) kw;Wk; tisT jhq;FjpwdpYk; (Flexural Strength) PPC my;yJ
Blended Cement / Composite Cement) fye;j fhd;fphPl;Nl kpFe;j jpwDilaJ. ePbj;J epw;Fk;
cWjp (Better Durability) nfhz;lJ. vdNt vy;yh tifahd cWjp ngW fhq;fphPl; NtiyfSf;Fk;
G+r;R Ntiyfl;Fk; ,e;j tif PPC-Fly ash based Blended Cement / Composite Cement
kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdJ. ey;ypay;Gfisf; nfhz;lit. ,jd; Nrhjid KbTfs; ml;ltiz2y;
jug;gl;Ls;sd.
ml;ltiz - 2
Strength development in OPC and PPC
Type Comp.Strength, MP a (N/mm2) Flexural Strength, MP a (N/mm2)
7d 28d 180d 360d 7d 28d 180d 360d
M20
OPC 30.7 40.7 41.0 44.0 4.6 4.7 5.2 5.8
PPC 22.7 40.0 44.0 52.8 2.8 5.2 8.0 9.2
M40
OPC 54.0 63.0 67.8 71.0 5.6 6.8 8.3 8.7
PPC 42.2 63.0 72.7 78.0 5.7 7.2 8.4 9.6
,j;jifa fhd;fphPl; $Ljy; nfl;bj; jd;ikAilajhf cs;sJ. (Denser Microstructure – increased
impermeability).
Fiwe;j mstpy; kpd; flj;Jk; jpwDilaJ. vdNt> JUg;gpbj;jiyj; jhkjg;gLj;JfpwJƒ jtph;f;fpwJ.
cg;Gf;fspd; ,izg;gpid kpFtpf;fpwJ (increased chloride binding).
fhd;fphPl;bd; nfl;bj; jd;ikapid (Soundness of cement) kpFtpf;fpwJ.
,Jtiu ,e;jpa Ma;tfq;fspy; elj;jg;gl;l NrhjidfspypUe;J fpilj;j Gs;sp tptuq;fs;
Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l (Processed) vhp rhk;giyg; gad;gLj;jp thh;j;j fyit / fhd;fphPl;fs; $Ljyhd
typik ciladthfTk; ePbj;J cWjpAld; ciog;gdthfTk; (Xgprp rpnkz;l;bw;F Nkk;gl;ljhf)
,Ug;gij re;Njfj;jpw;F ,lkpd;wp cWjpg;gLj;jpAs;sd.
%d;whtjhf muR fl;Lkhdq;fspy; cWjp ngW fhq;fphPl; Ntiyfl;F (RCC Constructions) PPC
rpnkz;l;il cgNahfpf;ff; $lhJ vd;w fl;Lg;ghL cs;sNj?
20-25 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;ghf rpnkz;l;Lfs; / fhq;fphPl;Lfspd; juk; kw;Wk; typik gw;wp kpfj; è
njspthf mwpahj - Ghpjy; ,y;yhj NghJ mwpahikahy; vOjg;gl;l fl;Lg;ghL ,J. ,d;Wk; rpy †
nghwpahsh;fs; (Vd; jiyikg; nghwpahsh;fs; $l) ,ijNa fpspg;gps;is Nghy jpUg;gpr; nrhy;ypf; ´
nfhz;bUg;ghh;fNsahdhy; mth;fisg; ghh;j;J Ntjidg;gLtijj; jtpu NtW njhpatpy;iy. ñ£
(,th;fs; vy;yhk; vg;gbj; jiyikg; nghwpahsh; gjtpiag; gpbj;jhh;fs; vd;gijg; gw;wpa ma;ag;ghLk; ù
nghJthf nghwpapay; ty;Yeh;fspilNa epyTfpwJ vd;gijf; Fwpg;gplhky; ,Uf;f Kbatpy;iy.) Š
ve;jf; Fog;gKk; ,y;yhky; ma;ag;ghLk; ,y;yhky; PPC rpnkz;l;il cWjp ngW fw;fhiuf;
fl;Lkhdq;fspy; jhuhskhf vt;tpjj; juf; Fiwtpd;wpg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. (tpiuthff; fhq;fphPl; ªð£
nfl;bg;gl Ntz;Lk; (for Securing high early strength) vd;gjw;fhf kl;Lk;. Kd; jifTW fw;fhiu P
(Prestressed Concretes) kw;Wk; Kd;thh;j;j fw;fhiu (Precast Concretes) Kjypaitfl;F OPC-53 ò£
Grade rpnkz;l;il gad;gLj;jy; rpwe;jJ vd;gijak; ,q;Nf gjpT nra;fpNwhk;). ÷
˜

ªî£ì˜ & 7:
è†´ñ£ùˆ ¶¬ø‚è£ù «ñô£‡¬ñ àˆFèœ

&ªð£Pë˜. A.ñÂó£x
• ey;y #o;epiyia cUthf;FtJ vspjhdJ mf;fiw fhl;Lq;fs;.
kl;Lky;y> ,d;wpaikahjJk; $l. • X.Nf. rhH ,njy;yhk;
• xU filapy; EiofpwPHfs;. mq;F Nkyhz;ikf; fhuHfs;
rpL%Q;rpfSk;> jd;dk;gpf;ifaw;wtHfSk;> nrhy;tJ vspJ.
jho;T kdg;ghd;ikapid ahuhtJ nra;J fhl;b
ntspf;fhl;LgtHfSk;> ,uz;L CopaHfs; ,Uf;fpwhHfsh vd;W Nfl;gJ fhjpy;
rz;ilapl;Lf; nfhz;Lk; ,Ue;jhy; me;jf; tpOfpwJ.
filapy; tpahghuk; tpsq;fpaJNghy;jhd;. • jaT nra;J ,e;jj; njhliu thrpg;gtHfs;
• rphpf;fj; njhpahjtd; tpahghuk; ,e;j fl;Lkhdg; nghwpahshpd; Kjd;ik
nra;ahNj” vd;gJ rPdg;ngUnkhop. MrphpaH nghwpQH. m.tPug;gd; mtHfs;
• Ntiyahl;fs; khpahij vjpHghHg;ghHfs;. ,e;jf; FOkj;jpd; xUtdhfpa vdf;F
mtHfis khpahijapd;wp elj;jpdhy; Nkw;$wpa midj;ijAk; nra;jpUf;fpwhH.
nghWj;Jf;nfhs;tJNghy; ebj;J cq;fis kpfr; rhjhuzkhd vd;idg; Nghy; gyiuj;
ftpo;ff
; Ntz;ba Neuj;jpy; ftpo;jJ
; NjHe;njLj;J mrhjhud ntw;wpahsHfshf
tpLthHfs;. mtHfs; NtW khpahij jUk; jkpofk; KOtJk; gzpapy;> Nritapy;
,lj;jpw;F Ngha;tpLthHfs;> ftpo;ej ; ePqf
; s; ghpzkpf;f itj;Js;shH. fbdkhd ve;j
vOe;J epw;f fhyk; gy MFk;. Ntiyahf ,Ue;jhYk; mijr; rpwg;ghf
nra;J Kbf;f Ntz;Lnkdpy; ehk; midtUk;
• ey;y el;GzHT kw;Wk; md;G ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
xU FOthfj; jhd; nray;glNtz;Lk;.
fhl;Lj;jdkhff; fj;jp rz;il NghLk;
KjyhspfSk; CopaHfSk; ilNdhrH Nghy; • vdf;F fPNo Ntiy ghHj;j 5 NgUf;F rk;gs
mope;J tpLthHfs;. caHT juNtz;b ,uz;L tUlq;fshf
Nghuhl;lk; Mdhy; Njhy;tpjhd;. mijj;
• ed;whfj; njhpe;J nfhs;Sq;fs;. ePqf ; s;
ju Ntz;ba caHkl;lf; FO epuhfhpj;Jf;
NfhB];tuuhf ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy;
nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jJ. CopaHfs; rypg;gile;J
cq;fSf;F fPNo cs;s xt;nthUtUk;
tpl;ldH. jFe;j Mjhuq;fNshL Gs;sp
khpahij vjpHghHg;ghHfs;. ehfhPfkhf
tptuq;fNshL> mtHfshy; epHthfj;jpw;F
elj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy; mtHfSf;F
vd;d Mjhak; vd;gij fzf;fhf tpthjpj;J
Ra nfsutk; vd;W xd;W cz;ly;yth.
Nfhhpf;ifia ntd;Nwhk;.
cq;fs; CopaHfs;jhd; cq;fis
caHj;JgtHfs;. mtHfs; ,y;yhky; ntWk; • ekJ fk;ga ; +l;lH mbf;fb gOjhfpwJ.
,ae;jpuq;fshYk;> NuhNghl;LfshYk; fhH hpg;NgH Mfp Kf;fpakhd Neuj;jpy;
vijAk; rhjpj;J tplKbahJ. mtutHfSf;F fOj;jWf;fpwJ. ,it vy;yhk; cq;fs;
è
chpa khpahij juhtpl;lhy; mtHfsplk; vjphpfsh? cq;fs; fhiy thhp tpLtjw;F
† kl;LNk fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;lit vd epidf;f
Ntiy thq;f KbahJ. tPzt ; k;G nra;J
´ ghHf;fyhk; mt;tsTjhd;. khl;BHfs;.
ñ£
; s; mtHfspd; • cq;fs; CopaHfSk; ,Nj Nghy; VjhtJ
• rpwe;j epHthfp vd;why; ePqf
ù FLk;gj; jiytHNghy; Rfj;Jf;fq;fspy; nray; ,oe;J Nghfyhk;. mtHfs; jq;fs;
Š gq;F ngWgtuhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. nfhQ;rk; gzp nra;AkhW tpl;Ltpl;L ePqf
; s; cq;fs;
fbdkhfj; Njhd;Wk;. xU FLk;gg; gpizg;ig Ntiyiag; ghHf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ªð£ Vw;gLj;jp tpl;lhy; cq;fis tpl;Lg; gphpa • vq;Nf rhH> fPNo vtd; Ntiy nra;fpwhd;>
P khl;lhHfs;. cq;fs; CopaHfSf;F ghpRfs; vy;yhk; Nrhk;Ngwpfs;> cgNahfkpy;yhj
ò£ mspAq;fs;> GfOq;fs;> ghpT fhl;Lq;fs;> nrayw;wtHfs;> rkNahrpjk; ,y;yhjtHfs;>
÷ ek;Gq;fs;> vOr;rp ngwr; nra;Aq;fs;> top fw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; MHtk; ,y;iy> ehq;fs;
elj;Jq;fs;> MHt%l;Lq;fs;> tsHj;J vy;yhk; me;jf; fhyj;jpNy”… vd Gyk;ghj
˜
tpLq;fs; mtHfspd; eydpy; cz;ikahd NkyhsHfs; ahuhtJ ,Ue;jhy; vdf;Ff;

fhl;Lq;fNsd;. ,g;gbnay;yhk; Gyk;gpdhy; 2. epHthfj;jpd; vjpHghHg;gpid epiwT nra;Ak;
ePqf
; s;jhd; mtHfspd; jiytd; vd;gij jpwik vd;dplk; ,Uf;fpwJ.
kwe;J tplhjPHfs;. 3. ehd; kw;wtHfNshL ,ize;J gzpahw;Wk;
• FO cz;ikapNyNa rhpapy;iy vd ,ay;G nfhz;ltd;.
ePqf
; s; cWjpahf ek;gpdhy; xd;W FOit 4. vdNt ehd; ntw;wpahsd;.
khw;w Ntz;Lk; my;yJ ePqf ; s; ntspNaW
• Mdhy; ,ay;G (Attitude) mt;tsT rPff ; puk;
MfNtz;baJjhd;. fUj;J NtWghLfs;
khwptplhJ. mjw;F gy fijfs; nrhy;tJ
vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; ,Uf;Fk;. fUj;J
cz;L.rhkpahH xUtH Fsj;jpw;F Fspf;fr;
NtWghLk;> fUj;njhw;WikAk; xd;iw xd;W
nry;fpwhH. xU Njs; xd;W Fsj;jpy;
njhlHGilaJ (conflict and co-operation
tpOe;J jj;jspj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. rhp
goes together).
fhg;ghw;WNthNk vd;W tpuypy; Vw;wp fiuia
• FOtpy; xUtiu ePqf ; s; fl;lk; fl;lj; Nehf;fp cjwp tpLfpwhH.
Njitapy;iy. mtuhy; vd;d ed;ik
• me;Njh ghpjhgk; Njs; mtiu nfhl;btpl;L
fpilf;fpwJ vd;W ghUq;fs;. mtUf;F
jz;zhP py; tpOfpwJ. kPzL ; k; rhkpahH
,lg;gl;l gzpfis nra;fpwhuh?
Njis fhg;ghw;w mNj Ntiyia nra;fpwhH
thbf;ifahsHfs; mtiu tpUk;GfpwhHfsh?
NjSk;. mtiu xt;nthU KiwAk; fhg;ghw;wp>
,njy;yhk; rhp vd;why; mtiu Vd; ePff ;
fiuNrHf;f cjTk;NghJk; nfhl;LfpwJ.
Ntz;Lk;. jdp kdpj NtWghLfSf;F
epiwa kjpg;gspAq;fs;. gy tifapYk; • mg;NghJ fiuapy; ,ij Ntbf;if
NtWghLfisf; nfhz;l kdpjHfs;jhd; ghHj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j xUtd; fj;Jfpwhd;.
,e;j cyif xU FOthf xd;wpizj;Jj; Njs;jhd; kPzL ; k; kPzL
; k; nfhl;LfpwNj
jpwikahfr; nray;gl itf;fpd;wdH. nrj;J xopal;Lk; vd tplNtz;baJjhNd.
jpwikfspy; kpf Kf;fpakhdJ NgRk;jpwd; ,q;Fjhd; rhkpahH jj;Jtk; nrhy;fpwhH.
(Effective communication – Influencing kfNd Nfs;> Njspd; ,ay;G nfhl;LtJ.
communication – Non-violent communication) mJ mjdpd; ,ay;gpy; cWjpahf ,Uf;fpwJ.
mij tsHj;Jf; nfhs;s cq;fSf;F ed;F vd;Dila ,ay;G fhg;ghw;WtJ. MfNt
Nfl;Fk; jpwd; (Listening skill) Ntz;Lk;. ehd; mjpy; cWjpahf ,Uf;fpNwd;.
vy;yhH nrhy;tijAk; NfSq;fs;. Mdhy; • epiwa Neuq;fspy; gyUf;F ed;ik nra;tHP fs;.
KbntLg;gJ ePqf ; s;jhd; vd;gjpy; cWjpahf ed;wp nfl;ltHfshf ,Uf;fpwhHfNs vd
,Uq;fs;.mtHfs; nrhy;tijj;jhd; epidf;fhjPHfs;. fhiy thhp tpLfpwhHfNs
Nfl;fNtz;Lk; vd;w epiy tuhj mstpw;F vd tUj;jg;glhjPHfs;. flikiar; nra;tJ
Muk;gj;jpNyNa nra;JtplNtz;Lk;. kl;Lk; jhd; cq;fs; ,ay;G. gyd; mjpy;
• gy NkyhsHfs; jq;fs; fPNo cs;stHfspd; tpjpf;fg;gl;L ,Uf;fpwJ. nray; tpisT
ifg;nghk;ikfshf ,Ug;ghHfs;. FOtpy; jj;Jtj;ij kwe;J tplhjPHfs;. Newton’s Third
cs;stHfspd; MNyhridAk; cq;fs; law of Motion : Each and every action is having
jpl;lj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gJNghy; equal and opposite reaction”. Nghw;wpdhYk;>
J}w;wpdhYk; kf;fs; NritNa kNfrd; Nrit
è
nray;ghLfs; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. mg;NghJjhd; †
ey;y fUj;Jf;fs; cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk;. vd;w ,ay;gpypUe;J khwhjPHfs;. ,d;dy;
GhpNthH> vjphpfshf epidg;NghH kdk; ´
,y;yhtpl;lhy; ,td;jhd; ehd; nrhy;tJ
vijAk; Nfl;gjpy;iyNa vd \l;liu jpUe;jp tho fUizNahL tho;jJ ; q;fs;. ñ£
%btpLthH. e\;lk; cq;fSf;Fj;jhd;. cq;fSf;F Jd;gk; ,ioj;jtHfSf;F ù
tQ;rk; nra;jhy; cq;fSf;Fj;jhd; Jd;gk;. Š
• MSikj; jd;ikfis Ml;Nlh r[\d;
mg;NgHg;gl;ltHfis fhiy vOk;NghJk;>
vd;W nrhy;yf;$ba fPof
; f
; z;l RaKd;Ndw;w
,uT J}q;Fk; Kd;Dk; tho;jj ; p tho;jj ; p
thrfq;fis Mgp];> tPL vd;w gy ,lq;fspy; ªð£
cq;fis ,luhj topf;F nfhz;L tUtJ
xl;b itj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;. jpdrhp gbj;J
xU mw;Gjkhd fiy.
P
kdg;ghlk; nra;JtpLq;fs;. xU ml;ilapy; ò£
vOjp ghf;nfl;by; ,Uf;fl;Lk;. • Kaw;rp nra;J ghUq;fs; ntw;wp epr;rak;.
÷
1. ehd; jdpr;rpwg;G tha;ej
; td;. -cj;jpfs; njhlUk;...
˜

ªê¡¬ù‚°®c˜ & ï‹ îõÁèÀ‹ ÜõŸPŸ°Š ðKè£óƒèÀ‹
1. ªê¡¬ùJ¡ õ÷˜„C»‹ Üî¡ 1. Gôˆî® cK¬ùŠ

°®c˜ˆ «î¬õ»‹ : ð ò ¡ ð ´ ˆ ¶ î ™ :
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ñ‚èœ ªî£¬è 8.60 ô†ê‹ ñ†´«ñ (1941 Ü¬ñ‰¶œ÷ e…Å˜, ð…
èí‚°). ÜŠ«ð£¶ ¹ö«ôK å¡Á ñ†´«ñ ªê†®, î£ñ¬óŠð£‚è‹,
ªê¡¬ù ïèóˆF¡ °®c˜ˆ «î¬õ¬ò„ ñíL ÝAò ÞìƒèO™
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®.â‹.C. Ü÷M™ î£¡ Þ¼‰î¶. ï¡ø£è Ü¬ñ‰î¼Šð¶
è ‡ ì P ò Š ð † ì ¶ .
• õ÷¼‹ ªê¡¬ù‚° Þ¶ «ð£î£¶ â¡ø
1960&èO™ Þ¶ ÝŒ¾
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c˜ ªðøô£‹ â¡Á b˜ñ£Q‚èŠð†´, å¼
êˆFòÍ˜ˆF) ªè£êvî¬ô ÝŸP¡ °Á‚«è
F†ì‹ ªêò™ð´ˆîŠð†ì¶. Þ¶ ï¡ø£è«õ
Ì‡® â¡Â‹ ÞìˆF™ å¼ ¹Fò c˜ˆ «î‚è‹
ðòùOˆî¶. Ýù£™ ÜF™ ªð¼‹ð°F
Ü¬ñˆîù˜. ÜîŸ° ‘êˆFò Í˜ˆF ê£è˜’
õìªê¡¬ùJ™ «î£¡Pò â‡ªíŒ
â¡Á ªðòK†´„ ªê¡¬ù ñ‚èœ îƒè÷¶
²ˆFèKŠ¹„ ê£¬ô (MRL), àóàŸðˆF„ ê£¬ô
«ñò¼‚° ï¡P ªîKMˆîù˜.
(MFL) ÝAò ªðKò ªî£NŸê£¬ôèÀ‚°‹
• Þ‰îŠ ¹Fò c˜ˆ«î‚èˆF¡ ÜŠ«ð£¬îò ðò¡ð†ì¶ ñ‚èÀ‚°‹ ðò¡ð†ì¶. Ýù£™,
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30 Ý‡´èÀ‚°Š «ð£¶ñ£ù¶ â¡Á Cô AíÁèœ Þ¡Â‹ ðò¡ð†´ õ¼A¡øù.
ÜŠ«ð£¶ è¼îŠð†ì¶. Þ¶ ÞòŸ¬è ïñ‚°Š ¹è†´‹ ð£ìñ£°‹.
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shuttering), ð‚èõ£†´ M†ìƒèÀ‚°ˆ îQò£ù ðôèˆFŸ°‹ å«ó Ü÷¾¬ìò (same dia &
ê£óº‹ Ü¬ñ‚èŠðÁ¡øù. spacing of main bars & distributers both in short
span & long span are provided). ÞF½‹ Ãì
åŠð‰î‚è£ó˜èÀ‚° Ã´î™ ªêô¾ & Ã´î™
«ñ™ðôèˆF¡ àÁFÎ†®èœ «ñ™ðôèˆF«ô«ò;
èõù‹ & Ã´î™ «ïó‹ Þîù£™ «ïÃø¶.
W›Š ðôèˆF¡ àÁFÎ†®èœ W›Š ðôèˆF«ô«ò
Þ¬î‚°¬øˆFì¾‹ Iè¾‹ Þí‚èñ£ù
G¡Á M´‹. Þ¬ìJ™ ñ†´‹ M†ìˆFŸ°‚
ê£ó Ü¬ñŠ¬ð ¬èò£÷¾‹ àî¾õ¶ î£¡ &
è†´õ¶ «ð£ô«õ «ñ™è‹Hèœ, W›‚è‹Hèœ
ñ®‚èŠð†ì èNõ¬øŠ ðôèƒèœ (Folded Toilet
ñŸÁ‹ èˆîKŠ¹ M¬êJ¬ùˆ î£ƒ°‹ ªï´‚°‚
slabs). ÞîÂ¬ìò Þ¼õ¬èò£ù ñ®‚èŠð†ì
è‹Hèœ (Vertical shear stirrups) ªð£¼ˆîŠð´‹.
ðôèƒèO¡ õ¬óðìƒèœ Þƒ«è è£†ìŠ
Þƒ°œ÷ õ¬óðìƒèO™ àÁFÎ†®èO¡
ð†´œ÷ù.
è†ì¬ñŠ¹ ªîOõ£è‚ è£†ìŠð†´œ÷¶.
* ºî™ õ¬óðìˆF™ å¼ð‚èˆF™ ñ†´‹ ðôè‹ ò£«ó£ «ñvFK ªê£™Aø£˜ â¡Á å«óè‹H¬ò
ñ®‚èŠð†´ WNøƒA ñÁð‚èˆF™ å¼²õK¡ Þ¼º¬ø/Í¡Á º¬ø ñ®ˆ¶ ªî£ì˜„Cò£è‚
e«î£/ M†ìˆF¡ e«î£ î£ƒèŠðÁø¶. è‹H¬ò õ¬÷ˆ¶ â´ˆ¶„ ªê™ôˆ «î¬õJ™¬ô
* Þó‡ì£õ¶ õ¬óðìˆF™ ðôèˆF¡ â¡ð¬îŠ ¹K‰¶ ªè£œÀƒèœ.
Þ¼ð‚èƒèO™ ñ®‚èŠð†´ WNøƒA & e‡´‹ & ºî¡¬ñ ÝCKò˜.
ªî£ì˜‰¶ c‡´ ²õK¡ e«î£/ M†ìˆF¡
è
†
´
ñ£
ù
Š
ªð£
P
ò£
÷
˜

RC Concealed Beam in Structure
(Avoiding Projected RC Beams)
In Schools, Colleges, Hospitals normally Pt= 0.219, Ast=126mm2 (Provide 2/12 –
passages/corridors of 1.80m to 2.40m – 6’0” to 226mm2 – Safe)
8’0” width are unavoidable.
Concealed Beam:
In such situations short supporting beam of
Provide a Concealed Beam Size of 600mm x
size 230 x 300mm with required rebars are
125mm
provided. This kind of short beams projecting
below the bottom surface of corridor/passage BM Capacity required for the Concealed Beam
slabs affects the aesthetic appearance and =1.50 x 8.64 = 12.96 x 106 KN-m
further increases the maintenance efforts. All d2 = 125 – 15 = 110mm
our Temples have inner Prakarams without
supporting cross beamed structure even when K2 = (12.96 x 106)/(600x110x110)=1.785
its direction changes by 90˚.In such situations, Pt = 0.46, Ast = 304 Sq.mm
completely avoiding the short span R.C beams,
Top – 3- 8# 8#2 Legged Stirrups
in built concealed beams are suggested and
@150c/c
provided. Many Engineers are not of aware the
structural design of these in built Concealed Bottom - 3–16#
beams. Here it is one given for your reference.
Note 1: Width of Concealed beam can
Input Data: also be obtained by trail basis(With
450mm/600mm/750mm/900mm according to
Span (Corridor Width) = 2.40m M20 Grade
the span of the beam from 1.80m to 3.60m)
Concrete/Fe500 Grade Rebars
Note 2: If Loading and Quantum of BM are not
Thickness of Corridor Slab = 125mm
known, please equate
Size of the beam...230 x 300mm....
b1d12(of Normal beam) = b2d22 (of Concealed
Loading 15 KN/m.run Beam - Slab)
Rebars.... Top – 2-10#
Since, the Value of b1,d1,d2 are known, value
Bottom - 2–12#
of b2 can be computed which is the width of
8#2 Legged Stirrups @150c/c
Concealed beam
Bending Moment Caused in the beam
Please, provide the same quantum of rebars
= (15 x 2.402) /10 = 8.64 KN-m in the Concealed Beam at Top and Bottom as
è
K1 = Mu/bd2 = (1.50x8.64x103x103) / provided in the Normal Beam in this case.
†
(230x250x250) = 0.89 -Editor ´
ñ£
ù
Š
ªð£
P
ò£
÷
˜

CHECK LIST FOR ENSURING QUALITY OF R.C.C. WORK
1. Quality and size of coarse aggregate - 16. Whether proper throatings and drip
whether the metal is over size, under size mouldings provided wherever required.
or improperly graded, whether it contains 17. Whether curing done properly and for
disintergrated soft or foreign material, specified no. of days.
whether mixed or coated with dust/earth.
18. Whether proper expansion joints and
2. Quality of sand - its grading, silt content contraction joints provided.
and bulkage to be seen.
19. Whether hacking of green R.C.C. work done
3. Water for mixing and curing whether on surfaces requiring plastering.
tested for suitability.
20. Whether construction joints left at
4. Record of slump test. appropriate and predetermined locations
5. Cube tests - whether cubes taken, and proper keys left for joining old and
numbered and tested and whether proper new concrete.
arrangements for curing the cubes for CHECK LIST FOR POINTS BEFORE
7&28 days are there. ALLOWING CONCRETE POURING
6. Cover blocks - adequacy of thickness and 1. Formwork and staging checked for line,
evenness and appropriateness of cover levels and their strength
provided with refernce to the exposure
2. Reinforcement checked.
conditions and types of RCC member.
3. Cover to reinforcement and adequacy of
7. Whether any reinforcement exposed on
cover blocks checked.
removal of forms.
4. Adequacy of chairs for reinforcement and
8. Honeycombing - extent and quality of repairs.
their numbers noted.
9. Testing of steel reinforcement for suitability.
5. Whether proper plans or plates provided
10. Gauge of binding wire and whether it has for walking over reinforcement so that
been used at all intersections of the reinforcement is not disturbed by
reinforcement. Use of inferior quality walking directly over it.
of binding wire results in loose tying of
6. Adequacy of quantity and quality of
reinforcement cage.
materials checked (cement sand and
11. Regularity / symmetry of steel cage. aggregate, etc.)
è 12. Spacing of hooks and overlaps, whether 7. Embedded parts in slab checked (e.g. Fan
† suitably staggered and of required length. box, insert plates, etc
´
13. Rigidity, evenness, lines and levels of 8. Gaps in shuttering to be properly sealed
ñ£
the centering and shuttering whether by jute bags/mortar/rubber beading (for
ù
thickness of finishing of R.C.C. surface superior work).
Š
like rendering and plastering is excessive
9. Whether shuttering plates properly oiled
of making up deficiencies.
ªð£ or not.
14. Final finish of the work.
P 10. Whether proper access of man and
ò£ 15. In case of thin sections whether particular material to lacation of slab casting
÷ attention is given to maintain quality and checked.
finish.
˜ 11. Whether construction joints planned

in advance (for break in
concrete pouring operation
during lunch or after the
day.)
12. Curing arrangements to
be checked in advance for
smooth curing of slab after
casting (e.g. condition of
water pump, water tank
adequcacy of water, etc.)
13. Whether precautionary
arrangements taken in case
rain comes e.g. arrangement
of tarpauline, etc.
14. Whether adequate
arrangements made for
avoiding drying of the slab
after casting due to low
humidity, heat or wind, by
taking any of the following
measures:
from atmosphere and keeps concrete wet.
(a) Placing wet gunny over slab; (b)
15. In case of load bearing walls, whether
Application of curing compound (which
bearing plaster provided over wall
doesn’t allow water to evaporate (c)
alongwith white - wash/bitumen/kraft
Application of some water absorbent
paper/ polythene over it.
material like CaCl which absorbs moisture
Note:- For all concrete works, a
full bag capacity mixer must be
used and all aggregates should
be used by proper measuring
books In exceptional cases, if
small mixer is allowed, special
boxes to suit 1/2 bag mix should è
be made and aggregates should †
be measured by boxes only and ´
not by ‘Tokari’. The cement must ñ£
be mixed on bag basis and loose ù
cement should not be used By Š
using loose cement, one is likely
to use 20% less cement ªð£
Courtesy: Practical P
hand book on Building ò£
Construction by Er.M.K. ÷
Gupta ˜

CIVIL COURTS HAVE NO JURISDICTION TO ENTERTAIN PETITION
BY THE VIOLATOR (Encroachment & Illegal Construction)
IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT MADRAS
Dated : 28.04.2009 second respondent. The third respondent is a
Coram : The Honourable Mr. H.L. Gokhale, The private party.
Chief Justice and The Honourable Mr. Justice 2. This writ petition is filed, seeking a direction
F.M. Ibrahim Kalifulla against respondents 1 and 2 to take action
W.P. No. 7955 of 2009 and M.P. No. 1 of 2009. against respondent No. 3 for the alleged illegal
construction put up by him. The petitioner has
1. Babu, 2. Sasikala vs. 1. CMDA, 2. The
already filed a suit for the very same purpose
Commissioner, Corporation of Chennai, 3.
and the learned Judge of the City Civil Court has
Subramani ....... Resp.
returned the plaint, by relying upon the decision
Writ petition filed under Article 226 of the of a Division Bench of this Court reported in the
Constitution of India, seeking to issue a writ of case of CONSUMER ACTION GROUP vs. THE
mandamus directing respondents 1 and 2 to STATE OF TAMIL NADU (2006(4) CTC 483).
remove the staircase duly put up by the third The relevant direction in paragraph 32 (xv) of
respondent over and above the Corporation land the said decision reads as follows:- “No Civil
in such a way to block the air and light meant Court shall enterain any suit or proceedings
for petitioners’ property that had been enjoyed or Application in respect of the action taken
by the petitioners all along at the eastern side by the CMDA or Corporation in respect of
of their property comprised House, Ground and the illegal construction and encroachments
premises bearing new Door No. 16, Old No. 9, on roads and pavements. All pending and
De Mellows Road, 3rd street, also known as future petitions filed / to be filed against CMDA
Kaja Ahamed Sahib Street, Perambur Barracks, and the Corporation relating to the illegal/ and
Puliyanthope, Chennai - 600012 comprised unauthorised construction of buildings and or
in R.S. No. 1736/ 9 situated at Vepery Village, encroachment, and the demolition notice shall be
bearing Collector Application No. 441/ 83 dated placed before the special bench to be nominated
21.5.1983 within the Sub-Registration District by the Chief Justice.”
of Periamet and within the Registration District
3. As far as this paragraph is concerned, it is
of Madras Central as the same is unauthorised,
clear that it deals with illegal construction and
irregular and without a sanctioned plan and
encroachment on roads and pavements by the
consequently forbear the third respondent from
individuals or Organisations. When Chennai
putting up any further construction at the eastern
Metropolitan Development Authority or Municipal
side of petitioners’ property and at the western
Corporation takes action against them, the
side of the third respondents’ property over
aforesaid paragraph states that their suits will not
and above the land vested by the Corporation
be entertained by the Civil Courts.
situated in the middle between them and the
è 3rd respondent’s properties either by himself, 4. As far as the present proceeding is concerned,
† his workmen, agents, representatives and it is a proceeding by a person against a neighbour,
assignees, etc. seeking a direction to the Chennai Metropolitan
´ Development Authority and Corporation and it
ñ£ For Petitioners : Mr. D. Ashok Kumar For
is not a suit by an encroacher. Hence, the suit
Respondents : Mr. D. Veerasekaran for RI, Mr.
ù can very well be proceeded with. The plaint will
L.N. Praghasam for R2, N.A. for R3
Š therefore be resubmitted to the Civil Court for
ORDER proceeding further.
(Order of the Court was made by 5. In such view of the matter, this writ petition is
ªð£
THE HONOURABLE THE CHIEF JUSTICE) dismissed, with a liberty to proceed with the Civil
P
Heard Mr. D. Ashok Kumar in support of this suit. Consequently, the connected miscellaneous
ò£ petition, Mr. D. Veerasekaran, learned counsel petition is closed. However, there shall be no
÷ appearing for the first respondent and Mr. L.N. order as to costs.
˜ Praghasam, learned counsel appearing for the -Courtesy : The Southern Builder – Jan 2014

INDIAN ECONOMY AND CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
CHALLENGE 2014
-From the desk of Prof. “KARGIL” M. Subramaniam
1.0. PREAMBLE liquidity problems
have over taken the
Indian Economy in 2014 was US Dollar 2.5
constructor. At most
Trillion and its GDP growth rate 4.5%. After
projects the contractor
1991 economic liberalization between 1992
is faced with a mismatch
to 2012 for 20 years both economic and
between current assets
construction industry growth at 8% were in
and liabilities, along with
their golden period until slide down started
an immediate need to
in 2010 and does seem to have reached its
seek unsecured bridge
plateau now. The expectations are high that
loans at high rates of interest. Overwhelmed
after the national elections of April, May 2014
by an unserviceable debt profile number of
when the new Government comes to power
construction firms approaching the lending
both the economy and construction would have
banks for CORPORATE DEBT RESTRUCTURE
a second breath and find growth upsurge and
(CDR) has been on the rise. Some of the
thereafter move up once again. Construction
leading Indian contractors such as, Gammons,
industry constitutes 5% of G.D.P (US$ 125 Bn)
Hindustan Construction Company (HCC),
directly & an equal quantum indirectly in related
IVRCL, LANCO, Consolidated Construction
services. It is the backbone of Economic growth
Company Limited (CCCL) now face such a CDR
& critical Infrastructure development needed for
crisis.
the country. Presently project implementation
is faced with cost/time overruns and absence As a consequence, at the prestigious Chennai
of structured dispute resolution mechanisms. Metro Railway Limited (CMRL) Project LANCO
Further cost escalations, human resource and and CCCL contracts have been terminated for
financial constraints have also overtaken the failure to adhere to their construction contract
construction industry. One of the main road time schedules. As a further fall out most of
blocks in construction industry is that only their vendors and labor at site do not seem
20% of it is organized and structured and the to have received their dues for the last six
balance majority of 80% is unstructured and months. Gammons has also on its CMRL Project
unorganized therefore unable to take advantage reportedly fallen behind on its contractual
of the various fiscal benefits that are otherwise schedules and placed in the precarious position è
available for the Construction Industry. of inability to pay its workmen in time and †
therefore faces the prospect of either contract ´
2.0. CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 2014
foreclosure or extended time contract at its ñ£
Construction Business had been seriously own risk and cost. ù
affected in its vital element of sustained CASH Š
CMRL wants to impose liquidated damages on
FLOWS availability. Variances in cost/time
the contractors; the constructors in turn have
have brought adverse add-ons from idle as ªð£
sought extended stay/escalation compensation
also redundancy from manpower; inventory; P
on fixed/variable costs incurred from their side;
equipment/resources on the constructor/ ò£
a literal catch 22 situation between both owner/
contractor, since they constituted dead capital ÷
contractor has arisen leading to a disastrous
cost. Consequent to all above working capital/ ˜
irrevocable confront/standstill on further

construction. In order to commence activities Due to details provided below the earlier concept
fresh contracts would have to be awarded; of price escalations on contracts through Whole
which could possibly face Court injunctions from Sale Price Index (WPI) and Consumer Price
those whose contracts have been terminated; Index (CPI) have lost their validity to adequately
which in consequence could thereby cause Cover Price Increases during Contract Period.
further delay on the CMRL completion.
Sand, stone aggregates costs have ballooned
All around Chennai city, many of the flyovers up due to restrictions on quarrying arising out of
under construction such as those at Vadapalani, environmental regulations and their diminishing
Porur, Moolakadai, Thirumangalam, have either availability. Cement and Steel prices which were
slowed down or come to a halt. Major Real Estate regulated earlier have become subject to market
Indian players such as DLF, HIRANANDANI, force cartels and escalations, price variances
PURUVANKARA etc. who had created land banks occur on a daily basis. The construction labor
in and around Chennai are busy monetizing has become scarce and skilled labor a precious
their land assets since this area of construction commodity, in the process Tamil Nadu is
activity seems to have been equally affected by flooded with unskilled workmen from Orissa,
financial crisis. On an All India basis, real estate Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh etc. The
developers are holding an unsold inventory of Laborer is no longer satisfied with the minimum
50%; against the healthy norm of 25%; in the wages prescribed by Government of India
process the construction organizations involved or Government of Tamil Nadu for that fact.
with them have outstanding payments unpaid The skilled labor cost due to availability and
for more than one year against the norm of demand deficits have consequently rocketed
payment within 60 days leading to Cash Flow up beyond those provided for in the minimum
Crises at both the developers and constructors wages acts. Petroleum, Oil, Lubricants (POL)
respective ends. after deregulation by Government of India have
been subject to price escalations depending on
More than 20 major National Highway Authority
International cost of crude oil levelised on a
of India (NHAI) projects up-north under Built
daily basis.
Own Operate and Transfer (BOOT) models,
valued at Rs.50,000 Crores have not found any The prime cause for all the above problems
bidders, since due to economic downslide traffic was due to non-understand by the Government
growth has collapsed and earlier BOOT projects of India, States, Owners, Project Authorities
are having negative cash flows, putting their of the fundamental principles of Contract
promoters into financial distress. Constructions Costing and the dynamics
è associated with construction.
† Press Reports have indicated that nearly Rs.1
´ Lakh Twenty Thousand Crores constituting 20% i. Construction contracts were only Outsourcing
ñ£ final payments had been held up under various of Responsibility, headache of direct carry out of
contracts with the Government and therefore construction to ensure efficiency, output, skill,
ù
contractors are bidding with a 20% premium knowledge base to management by a reputed
Š
taking into account that they may never receive contractor. The Contractor profit, costs were
their 20% final payment except through secured through Conversion Process of putting
ªð£
prolonged Court litigation. The available dispute together; through bought out materials, hired
P
resolution mechanism through arbitration and out equipment, contracted personnel; into a
ò£
resort to courts has not helped much to recover satisfactory completed project product.
÷
their held up final payments in a timely manner.
˜ Worldwide, the operating margin of construction

has been at 10% cash surplus which included act, which also should enable faster execution
financing, contingencies, exigencies costs; and of projects; but financial transaction costs are
the net profit after tax has been at around 3% reportedly required to get the land acquisition
of turnover. process completed to a time bound schedule.
ii. In the Indian context project delays have However the fact remains that for the last ten
been due to, land acquisition, environmental years construction business has suffered a
clearance and local dynamics where politics of severe setback due to both above said reasons.
the Member of the State Assembly, Member
iv. CORRUPTION
of the Parliament, Government of State and
Government of India were not in SYNC with Construction, Corruption and Black Money have
each other. Examples of such conflicts were been a generic global problem; European union
the suspended OVERHEAD EXPRESS WAY Home Affairs Commissioner Cecilia Malmstroem
between Chennai Port to Maduravoyal, and the informed the public on 3rd February 2014
considerable delayed completion of flyovers at that the corruption in the European union
Kathipara junction, Koyambedu junction and consisting of 28 countries was at US $162 Bn
Padi junction as also the stalled NHAI projects. annually which was also the total budgets of
the European union; she singled out tender
iii. ENVIRONMENT AND LAND ACQUISITION
for construction projects as cause of concern.
After the recent change of the Environment An ancient Sanskrit Slokha States “Yatha Raja
Minister at Government of India, 7.5 Lakh Thatha Praja – As the King is, so is the citizen”.
Crore projects out of around 20 Lakh Crore At the height of Kashmir war against Pakistan
investments were cleared within 15 days and in 1948, the jeeps, machine guns, grenades
the New Minister has promised to clear the procured were found useless, however the
balance expeditiously. The earlier Minister had Indian High Commissioner responsible for this
held back 359 files at her residence; 119 after misdemeanor was despite this fact and indict
being signed and cleared; 180 unsigned and in an enquiry stood excused by the then Prime
not cleared even though statutory committees Minister and after some time promoted and
had approved it, and were only awaiting her made the Defense Minister for India; which led
signature. 51 files were just kept blocked from to Indian Army’s defeat in 1962 by China. He
further process and pending at her end for no was there after sacked; in any other country
reason whatsoever; in which 28 were pending his name would have been held in disgrace; but
for more than 1 year and 3 for more than 3 he was honored by a road named after him in
years. Political gossip exists that this blockade Delhi. Jesus Christ told a crowd which wanted è
on environment files occurred due to non- to inflict the biblical punishment of stoning to †
payment of transaction costs from those who death of an adulterer; “Let him cast the stone, ´
had sought environmental clearances for the who has not sinned in his heart”. It will be ñ£
respective projects. Anywhere in the world, a impossible to find easily any one individual or
ù
Minister who acted as above would have been any single organization to submit an affidavit;
Š
shamed out and driven out of political life confirming honesty and desist from any act of
forever; however in India we may have the corruption. It is peer group, family and societal
ªð£
opportunity of finding the said former minister pressure that can keep a person on the path
P
back as a governor of a state or any other public of morality and temperance and from being
ò£
office once again. publicly discredited as a philanderer with loose
÷
morals, drunkard; since no one would like such
Parliament has enacted a new land acquisition ˜
disrepute status in the eyes of his wife or son.

Corruption cannot be stopped by enacting sand from other states has become necessary.
laws since it is only the law makers and those Either use of dredged sea sand or import of
in power who are the fountain heads of same, sand from other countries would be required
unless society decides to shame and shun the for India within the next 50 years.
corrupt and it becomes a matter of individual
c. Stone aggregates are not a renewable
honor to be honest the issue of corruption will
resource and mining of same has become
not cease.
critical due to environmental and ecological
v. CEMENT AND AGGREGATES stipulations. Either the stipulations would have
to be redefined or import of stone aggregates
a. In 2015 the cement demand is anticipated
from foreign countries would become necessary
to be 250 MnT (400 MnT limestone) and at
within the next 50 years.
the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)
of around 6.3% would top, 500 MnT(800 MnT d. Due to the restricted natural resources
limestone) in year 2026, 1000 MnT (1600 MnT evidenced in a, b and c; we have to go for
limestone) in 2037, at which point of time, optimized design with high performance
hopefully the demand should plateau out. The concrete and higher grade concretes to
available limestone deposits are 97,430 MnT conserve our available resources. Alternate
(10th five year plan document, 2005-2006) materials, fly ash, blast furnace, slag as
out of which only 60% of it can be exploited replacement for cement and stone dust for
and the balance are in Reserve Forests, under replace of sand would have to be carried out.
inhabitations and at inoperable depths of 40mts Research and Development has become critical
and above with considerable over burden, to find alternatives to cement, sand and stone
therefore uneconomical to mine, or in small aggregates within the next 30 years.
deposits not enough to sustain a cement plant.
v. LACK OF AWARENESS
The working group of 10th five year plan
had therefore cautioned that the present There is considerable lack of awareness in
available deposits may not last beyond the South India and Tamil Nadu on some of the
life cycle of cement plants (40years) that institutional facilities that are available to those
would exist at the end of the 11th plant who are structured in their operations, as also
period. Under the circumstances, at best the need to move over to structured status if
limestone availability would exist up to 2085 and one has to survive in the global competitive
at worst case scenario up to 2050. Aggressive situation on construction business that has
exploration by the department of mining and developed within India now. Instead of agitating
è geology at Government of India would have to individually or in groups before Government of
† explore and establish the existence or otherwise India or States, and become the handmaiden
´ of additional cement grade limestone deposits of the political class; the better option would
ñ£ in order to avoid either import of limestone or be to leverage the institutional facilities that
ù cement. are available to seek redress; moreover an
Š understanding of the various laws that govern
b. We have been consuming river sand which
construction and its co-related activities are
was deposited for millions of years and presently
ªð£ readily available at such institutions.
have reached a stage wherein sustainable
P
further mining of sand without endangering In the next para, the institution facility and
ò£ various mitigation measures that are available
the environment or aquifer requirement for
÷ as a product portfolio at CIDC are presented for
maintaining ground water capacity has become
˜ the benefit of the Construction Industry.
critical. In some states like Kerala, sourcing of

Series-3
Building Construction and certain relevant laws
Er. K.RAMALINGAM, Former C.E (TNPWD)
Chapter 2 : Continuation
(3) Development prohibited area:
(a) Area around Indian Air Force station: Lands to a depth of 100m
around the boundary of the Indian Air Force station near Tambaram and
Meenambakkam Aerodrome have been zoned as areas prohibited for
development. Generally heights are restricted to G+1.(See annexure xv)
and permission shall be obtained from Director General civil Aviation.
(b) Pallikaranai Swamp area: Considering its importance and drainage

system in the area, the contiguous swamp area in Pallikaranai has been
declared for conservation as swamp area, prohibiting ( See Map No. MP-II/CMDA.13/2008.)
(4) Areas of special character: (a) MRTS influence area (b) I.T Corridor: around MRTS from
Thirumayilai to Velachery have been declared as MRTS and (c) Mammallapuram Road) - as shown
in the map.
(5) Natural hazard prone areas: Areas likely to have (i) moderate to very high damage risk
zone of earth quakes, or (ii) moderate to very high damage by cyclones, or (iii) significant flood
flow or inundation, or (iv) land slides proneness or potential, or (v) tsunami proneness, or
(vi) one or more of this hazards, have been declared as natural hazard prone areas. Whole of
Chennai Metropolitan Area falls in this natural hazard prone areas classification. Structural design
and aspects of the building constructions in the Chennai City, Municipalities, and Panchayats
shall also take into account of the special provisions contained in the Building Rules under the
Chennai City Municipal Corporation Act, Building Rules under the T.N. District Municipalities Act
and Building Rules under T.N. Panchayats Act respectively relating the regulations for natural
hazard prone areas.
(6) Green Belt along Poonamallee Bye pass and Redhills Bye pass roads.
As per National Highways standards, green belts on either side to a depth of 15 metres along
Poonamallee Bye pass Road and Red hills Bye pass road have been reserved. In this green belt
area forming part of plots/sites, no development except gate pillars and watchman booth is è
permissible. The extent of the site, plot coverage, FSI, set back etc. for the developments shall be †
regulated according to the tables given in the relevant statements ´
ñ£
Table (1) Ordinary Residential Buildings and other small developments
ù
• Ordinary residential / predominantly residential buildings, Clinics, dispensaries, nursing homes Š
with floor area not exceeding 300 sq.m. and G+1 floor in height. Working women hostels / old
age homes with floor area not exceeding 500 sq.m. and G+1 floor in height. ªð£
and (c) Mammallapuram Road) - as shown in the map. P
ò£
(5) Natural hazard prone areas: Areas likely to have (i) moderate to very high damage risk zone
÷
of earth quakes, or (ii) moderate to very high damage by cyclones, or (iii) significant flood flow
or inundation, or (iv) land slides proneness or potential, or (v) tsunami proneness, or (vi) one
˜

or more of this hazards, have been declared as natural hazard prone areas. Whole of Chennai
Metropolitan Area falls in this natural hazard prone areas classification. Structural design and
aspects of the building constructions in the Chennai City, Municipalities, and Panchayats shall also
take into account of the special provisions contained in the Building Rules under the Chennai City
Municipal Corporation Act, Building Rules under the T.N. District Municipalities Act and Building
Rules under T.N. Panchayats Act respectively relating the regulations for natural hazard prone
areas.
(6) Green Belt along Poonamallee Bye pass and Redhills Bye pass roads.
As per National Highways standards, green belts on either side to a depth of 15 metres along
Poonamallee Bye pass Road and Red hills Bye pass road have been reserved. In this green belt
area forming part of plots/sites, no development except gate pillars and watchman booth is
permissible. The extent of the site, plot coverage, FSI, set back etc. for the developments shall be
regulated according to the tables given in the relevant statements
Table (1) Ordinary Residential Buildings and other small developments
• Ordinary residential / predominantly residential buildings, Clinics, dispensaries, nursing homes

with floor area not exceeding 300 sq.m. and G+1 floor in height. Working women hostels / old
age homes with floor area not exceeding 500 sq.m. and G+1 floor in height.
• Corporate /Institution Guesthouses with floor area not exceeding 300 sq.m. and G+1 floor in
height.
• Cottage industries (with number of workers not exceeding 8 and electric machineries not
exceeding 5 H.P.) with floor area not exceeding 300 sq.m. and G+1floor in height.
• Nursery schools, primary schools with floor area not exceeding 300 sq.m.
• Reading rooms, libraries, Post office, EB Office, telegraphic office, Local body maintenance
offices with floor area not exceeding 300 sq.m.
Certain parameters for ordinary residential buildings are given below –For special and other types,
refer to the rules of CMDA/Local Bodies:-
Description Continuous Rest of CMA except CBA EWS / EWS/

building area Chennai other
anywhere city areas
è within CMA
† Minimum plot 50sq.m 80 sq.m 20 sq.m 40 sq.m
´ area
ñ£ Min plot. frontage 4.5m 6m 4m 4m
ù Min Road width 6m
Š Max.ht. G+1 or slitt +2 G+1 or slitt +2 floors – G+1 –Max G+1 –Max
floors –Max.9m Max.9m ht 7m ht 7m
ªð£ MaxFSI 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
P M a x - p l o t 75 70 75 75
ò£ coverage %
÷
˜

Description Continuous Rest of CMA except CBA EWS / EWS/
building area Chennai other
anywhere city areas
within CMA
Front setback 1.5m Road width10m 1m 1m
1.5m
Road width10 - 15.25- 3.0m
RW 15.25-30.5----------
-4.5m
RW >30.5----------------
6.0m
Side set back Nil Plot width 6m-1m/one side Nil Nil
>6m<9m-------1.5m/one
side
>9m-------------1.5m/either
side
Rear set back Nil 1.5m-Lavatory, lumber-room 1m 1m
garage & servant’s qrs not
for habitation permitted
subject to 1/3 of plot width
subject to other parameters
In cases ,where the extent of the site where residential or predominantly residential developments
proposed exceeds 10000 sq.m. ( 1 hectare),the developer shall reserve minimum ten per cent
of the site area (excluding roads if any handed over to local body) and provide housing thereon
for lower income groups with dwelling units not exceeding 45 sq.metres in floor area each, either
within the site proposed for MSB development or in a location within a radius of 2 k.m. from the
site under reference. The developer or promoter or owner shall sell these small dwellings only for
this purpose. No conversion or amalgamation shall be permissible in these cases of Lower income
group dwellings.
In residential / predominantly residential developments with dwelling units exceeding 100 in

number, the design should include waste management infrastructure and at least a closed non
-polluting storage provision for solid waste storage within the premises preferably with direct
access from the abutting road shall be provided so that the local body can collect this stored
waste from it.
Premium FSI
The Authority may allow premium FSI over and above the normally allowable FSI subject to a
è
maximum of 1 (one) relating the same for multi-stireied buildings to the road width parameters as
†
follows:- (i)Road width 18 metres and above 40% (ii) 12- 18 metres 30% (iii) 9 - 12 metres -20%
´
ñ£
The Premium FSI shall be allowed in specific areas as may be notified, subject to Guidelines and ù
on collection of charge at the rates as may be prescribed by the Authority with the approval of Š
the Government.
Spaces excluded from FSI and Coverage Computation ªð£

(1) Areas covered by stair-case rooms and lift rooms and passages thereto above the top most
P
storey, architectural features, chimneys, elevated tanks (provided its height below the tank from
ò£
the floor does not exceed 1.5 metre.) and WC (areanot exceeding 10 sq.m) (2) Staircase and lift
÷
rooms and passage thereto in the stilt parking floor (3) Lift wells in all the floors(4) Area of fire
˜

escape staircases and cantilever fire escape passages. (5) Area of the basement floor / floors used
for parking (6) Area of the stilt parking floor provided its clear height (between lower floor and
the bottom of the roof beam) does not exceed 3.0m and it is open on sides, and used for parking
(7) Area of structures exclusively for, accommodating machineries for water treatment plant and
effluent treatment plant proposed with clearance from Tamil Nadu Pollution control Board, (8)
Areas covered by service ducts, and garbage shaft. (9) Area of Balcony / Service verandah to
an extent of 5 percent of each dwelling unit area in case of residential buildings and 5 percent
of room area in the case of hotels and lodges. (10) Porches /Canopies / porticos (11) Service
floor with height not exceeding 1.5 metres (12) The following services and incidental structures
necessary to the principal use subject to a maximum of 10 percent of the total floor area. (a) Area
of one office room not exceeding 15 sq.m for co-operative housing society or apartment/ building
owners association in each block (b) Servant’s/drivers bath room and water closet (not exceeding
20 sq.m.) for each block in cases of special building, Group development, and Multistoreyed
Building at ground floor /stilt parking floor (c) Gymnasium of 150sq.m in floor area (d) Area
covered by (i) Meter room in Ground floor or stilt parking floor (ii) Air-conditioning plant room in
basement or ground floor (iii) Electrical room (conforming to Annexure XXIV) in Ground floor or
Stilt parking floor (iv) Watchmen or caretaker booth/room in Ground floor / Stilt parking floor (v)
Pump room in Ground floor or stilt parking floor. (vi) Generator room in basement floor or ground
floor or stilt floor.
(vii) Lumber room in basement floor or ground floor. (viii) AHU in all the floors. (ix) Electrical
/switch gear rooms in all the floors. (e) Area of one room in ground floor of residential and
commercial Multistoried building, Special buildings, Group developments for separate letterboxes.
Parking spaces are given below;-
Unit width in Parking spaces in Unit width-in Parking spaces in

corporation limit, corporation limit, panchayat areas Panchayat area
municipalities,IT municipalities,IT
Corridor Corridor
Floor area ,25 sq.m nil Floor area50 sq.m nil
Floor area ,25-50 One 2 wheeler Floor area One 2 wheeler
sq.m 50-75Sq.m.m
Floor area 50-75 sq.m 1 car +One 2 wheeler Floor area ,75-100 1 car +One 2 wheeler
sq.m
è
Floor area >75 sq.m 1 car for every 75 Floor area ,>100 sq.m 1 car for every 100
†
sq.m sq.m
´
Note:-10 % extra to be provided for Visitors .Wherever cars more than 3 are involved, separate
ñ£
drive way. For shop buildings no provision necessary upto 50Sq.m in Corporations and 75 sq.m
ù
in Panchayats. If the floor areas increase parking shall be provided for 1 car and 1 two-wheeler.
Š
- To be Continued
ªð£ The author will be very glad to entertain and clarify any doubts or questions in respect of the
P above captioned subject that the readers may be pleased to raise and send them to his e-mail
ò£ address of kempulingam@yaoo.co.in. The answers will be furnished in the succeeding issue of
÷ this magazine.
˜

STRUCTURAL DESIGN ASPECTS IN MACHINE FOUNDATIONS
Er. P Nallathambi ME(Structural Engg), MBA, FIE, FIV,

Structural Consultant,
Mobile: 094440 20706, email id : nalla.sakthi@gmail.com
Web Site: www.sakthiconsultancy.com
Introduction low operating speed of

the machine as a thumb
The foundations such as isolated & combined
rule.
footings for RCC and steel buildings to resist
dead load, live load, wind load and seismic Types of Machine
load can be designed easily. The analysis of the Foundations.
buildings are performed by using software and
Machines are classified based on their
foundations are designed based on the support
foundations requirement are as follows:
reactions of the structure. However, the design
of a machine foundation is more complex than (a) Those producing impact forces, e.g., forge
the foundation which supports static, wind hammers, presses.
and earthquake loads. In design of machine (b) Those producing periodical forces, e.g.,
foundations, static loads and the dynamic reciprocating engines such as compressors.
forces caused due to operation of the machine
(c) High speed machinery such as turbines and
(Design frequency) are considered. Therefore,
rotary compressors.
the machine foundation must be designed to
transmit the dynamic forces to the soil with (d) Other miscellaneous machines.
minimum disturbance to the machine.
Machine foundations are classified based on
Until recently, the design of machine foundations their structural form are as follows:
has been performed based on empirical rules,
(a) Block–type foundations consisting of a
since many Engineers are not exposed to the
pedestal of concrete on which the machine
behaviour of foundations subjected to dynamic
rests.
loads. With the developments in the fields of soil
and structural dynamics, the design principles (b) Box or caisson–type foundations consisting
were gradually established without dependence of a hollow concrete block supporting the
on mere empirical methods. machinery on its top.
è
Ultimately, the design of machine foundation †
indicates the minimum concrete block size ´
(ie mass of concrete block required to resist ñ£
static and dynamic load of the machines) and ù
gives the requirement of steel reinforcement Š
mat in the concrete mass to bring down the
vibration amplitude within acceptable limit ªð£
and reduce concrete stress due to dynamic P
forces in the foundation. Generally the machine
ò£
foundation weight is 2.5 to 8 times the weight
÷
of the operating machine. One can consider
˜
foundation weigh is 4 times the weight for

(c) Wall-type foundations consisting of a pair combustion engines, electric motors and
of walls which supports the machinery on their turbo generator sets. Where massive block
top. foundations are used, small contact surfaces and
suitable isolation pads are desirable to lower the
(d) Framed type foundations consisting of
natural frequencies. Turbo-machinery requires
vertical columns supporting on their top a
framed type foundations which accommodate
horizontal frame-work which forms the seat of
the necessary auxiliary equipment between the
essential machinery.
columns.
(a) Block --Type (b) Box --Type (c) Wall --
General Requirements of Machine
Type (d) Framed – Type
Foundations
Type of Machine Foundation based on Structural
 The following requirements should be
Form
satisfied from the design point of view:
Machines producing impulsive and periodical
 The foundation should be able to carry the
forces at low speeds are generally mounted on
superimposed loads without causing shear or
block–type foundations, while those working at
crushing failure.
high speeds and the rotating type of machinery
are generally mounted on framed foundations.  The settlements should be within the
Certain machines such as lathers, which include permissible limits.
very little dynamic force, may be bolted directly
 The combined centre of gravity of machines
to the floor without special foundations.
and foundation should as far as possible be in
Based on their operating frequency, machines the same vertical line as the centre of gravity
may be divided in to three categories: of the base plane.
(a) Low to medium frequencies:  No resonance should occur, hence the natural
0-500 RPM frequency of foundation-soil system should be
either too large or too small compared to the
(b) Medium to high frequencies:
operation frequency of the machine. For low-
300- 1000 RPM
speed machines, the natural frequency should
(c) Very high frequencies: be high, and vice-versa.
Greater than 1000 RPM
 The amplitudes under service conditions
Group I comprises of large reciprocating should be within permissible limits. The
engines, compressors and large blowers. permissible limits are generally prescribed by
è Reciprocating engines generally operate at the machines manufacturers.
† frequencies ranging within 50-250 rpm. For
 All rotating and reciprocating parts of a
this group, foundations of block type with large
´ machine should be so well balanced as to
contact area with the soil are generally adopted.
ñ£ minimize the unbalanced forces or moments.
ù Group II consists of foundations of medium– This is generally taken care by the Mechanical
Š sized reciprocating engines such as diesel and Engineers.
gas engines. Block foundation resting on springs
 Where possible, the foundation should
ªð£ or suitable elastic pads are generally suggested
be planned in such a manner as to permit a
P for this group in order to maintain the natural
subsequent alteration of natural frequency by
ò£ frequencies of the foundation considerably
changing base area or mass of the foundation
÷ below the operating frequency.
as may subsequently be found necessary.
˜ Group III includes high–speed internal
Step by Step Method of Machine Foundation
Design of the machine foundation system”, the
Step 1. Collection of Data. parameters (d) and (e) mat be termed physical
properties of the elastic base of the foundation.
The weight and operating speed of the machine,
Type of machine and foundation required, area The moment of inertia of the base of the
of contact of machine over foundation bed, foundation and mass moment of inertia
SBC and other properties of soil, depth of water influence the dynamic calculations for the
table etc. are the necessary data to start the rocking (or twisting) mode of vibration. The
design of machine foundation. moment of inertia and the mass moment of
inertia are direction-dependent in the sense
The specific data required for design vary
that their expressions differ with the chosen
depending upon the type of machine. The
reference axis. The effective stiffness and
general requirements of data for the design of
damping offered by the base support depend
machine foundations are as follows:
on the type of the flexible base provided under
 Loading diagram showing the magnitude and
the foundation-whether soil, springs, elastic-
positions of static and dynamic loads exerted
pads, etc. The effective stiffness of soil under a
by the machine on its foundation.
machine foundation can be evaluated.
 Power of engine and the operating speed.
Step 4. Calculation of Natural frequency ,
 Diagram showing the embedded parts, Peak amplitude and Dynamic forces.
openings, grooves for foundation bolts, etc.
From the design parameters and machine
 Nature of soil and its static and dynamic data, natural frequency and peak amplitude
properties as required in design calculations. of the foundation is calculated. The machine
Step 2. Arriving of Machine foundation operating frequency and natural frequency of
size. the foundation coincides then resonance will
The dimensions of machine foundations are occur and the amplitude will be very high,
fixed according to the operational requirements cause heavy dynamic force on the foundation.
of the machine. The outline dimensions of the Hence, The mass and other properties of
foundations of the foundation are generally machine foundation is adjusted such that
provided by the machine manufacturers. natural frequency is 20 percent lower or higher
Otherwise, the minimum possible dimensions than the operating frequency of the machine.
of the foundation satisfying the design criteria Preferably 40% off from the operating speeds.
should be selected. The permissible amplitudes of vibration for
different machine speed are following.
Given the dimensions of the foundation and
the particular site conditions, the designer Low-speed machinery (500 rpm): è
must ascertain the natural frequency of the Vertical vibrations : 0.02 to 0.12 mm †
foundation-soil system and the amplitudes of Horizontal vibrations : 0.10 to 0.15 mm ´
its motion under operating conditions..
For medium speed machines (500- 1000 rpm):
ñ£
Step 3. Evaluation of Design Parameters ù
Vertical vibrations : 0.04 to 0.06 mm
The various parameters influencing the design
Š
Horizontal vibrations : 0.07 to 0.09 mm
of a machine foundation are: (a) centre of
High-speed machinery (1500 rpm) : ªð£
gravity, (b) moment of inertia of the base, (c)
Vertical vibrations 0.004 to 0.006 P
mass moment of inertia, (d) effective stiffness
Horizontal vibrations 0.007 to 0.009 ò£
of the base support, and (e) damping. While
the parameters mentioned in (a), (b), (c) and High-speed machinery (3000 rpm) : ÷
above may be called “geometrical properties Vertical vibrations 0.002 to 0.003 ˜

Horizontal vibrations 0.004 to 0.005 reduce the vibration. The stiffness, damping,
Step 5. General Design Considerations permissible bearing pressure and other design
during Machine Foundation. parameters supplied by the manufacturers
of these products are to be considered while
 The weight of the foundation need to be
selecting the type of material for supporting the
atleast 4.0 times the weight of the machine to
machine.
minimize the vibrations.
A typical machine foundation details are shown
 The allowable stress in the structural material
below.
under combined action of shrinkage , creep
or in seismic load condition can be increased
to 33% of the allowable values under normal
working load condition.
 Minimum reinforcement in each direction

are, 0.20% for low frequency machines, 0.30%
for medium frequency machines and 0.40% for
high frequency machines.
 The total reinforcement for one cubic metre

of concrete shall be 50 kg for low frequency , 75
kg for medium and 100 kg for high frequency. Reinforcement Details of a Typical
Machine Foundation
 Minimum diameter of the reinforcement
bars shall be 12mm and maximum spacing be Conclusion.
200mm.
Machine foundation are necessary to house
 Minimum cover to reinforcement shall be 75 different type of machines in the market.
to 100 mm at bottom 50 to 60 mm at sides 40 Mechanical Engineer will provide the machine
to 50 mm at top faces. specifications such as weight, operating speed,
mounting details. Unless the design engineer
Elastic Supports. Normally rubber pads, cork
design suitable foundation, the machine can
sheets, spring coils, etc. are used under
not be operated smoothly and efficiently with
machine foundations as elastic support to
è
†
´
ñ£
ù
Š
ªð£
P
ò£
÷
˜

MODEL FORMAT - GENERAL POWER OF ATTORNEY
THIS DEED OF GENERAL POWER OF ATTORNEY is made at ............. on this ............... day of
..........by Mr. X s/o ................. r/o............... (hereinafter referred to as the EXECUTANT) in favour of
Mr. Y s/o .................... r/o ....................... (hereinafter referred to as the Attorney).
WHEREAS the executant is the absolute owner and in possession of Entire Terrace of Ground
Floor portion (with further construction right up to last storey with common passage and stair - case)
alongwith proportionate share of land underneath, is one free hold built up residential property No
............ measuring ........................... situated in the layout plan of ....................
AND WHEREAS the executant has also got converted the above said property from lease hold into
free hold through Conveyance Deed executed on ..................... and duly registered in the office of
the ................
The above said portion is bounded as under:
EAST: WEST:
NORTH: SOUTH:
AND WHEREAS the executant being a very much busy person is not in a position to appear in all
the Government and Semi Government Departments on different dates and time and do all such
formalities himself in connection with the above said portion and feels difficulties in this regard.
Hence the above said Attorney is hereby authorised to do the following acts, deeds and things, in
connection with the above said portion of Property:-
1. To submit all kinds of applications, affidavits, etc. whatsoever to the concerning Offices, departments,
courts on my behalf, to present before the concerning authorities, to give statement oral/ written on
my behalf, to sign or every necessary writing.
2. To make any kind of construction, alterations, repairs, additional construction etc. in the said
portion, to install all kinds of connections such as electric, water, power, flush, to deposit any securities
thereof and take back the same as and when required.
3. To file any kind of civil/ criminal suit or suits against others on my behalf, to contest the same if
filed by others against me, to file any kind or revision, writ, appeal from the lower court the grant of
highest court of Appellate jurisdiction, to apply for the grant of No Objection Certificate, to obtain the
same under his/ her/ their own signature. è
4. To sell, to mortgage, to lease on rent, to transfer the said portion to any other person in any †
consideration. ´
ñ£
5. To receive any earnest money, part payment, full & final payment, to execute the Sale deed/Gift
ù
deed/Mortgage deed/lease deed or any othre concerning documents in connection with the above
Š
said portion, on my behalf, to sign on the same to produce the same for registration before the Sub
Registran concerrned, to admit the execution of the Documents.
ªð£
6. To acknowledge the receipt of part payment, full and final payment, to receive the balance (if any), P
to deliver the possession, to the purchaser, ò£
7. To appoint any Vakil/Advocate, further Attorney or Attorneys to receive the compensation alternative ÷
premises from the Govt. in case of acquisition of the said portion. ˜

8. To let out the said portion to any other person on any rate of rent, to receive the rent from the
renant(s), to evict the tenant(s) by law court, to issue receipt of rent on my be half and do all such
formalities in this regard.
9. Generally to do all other kind of formalities, acts, deeds and things in connection with the above
said portion, even if the same are not covered by the foregoing clauses of this Deed of G.P.A. for the
full management and to transfer the said poition with constructions (if any) in all manners as the said
Attorney shall deem fit.
AND I, the Executant do hereby agree to ratify and confirm all and whatsoever my Attorney may do
or cause to be done by virtune of this deed of G.P.A. and shall be considered as I could do the same
myself if I were present personally.
THIS DEED OF GENERAL POWER OF ATTORNEY shall he valid throughout India, up to Hon’ble
Supreme Court of India
IN WITNESS WHEREOF I, the executant have signed this deed of G.P.A. on the date, month and
year first above written
WITNESSES: EXECUTANT
1.
2. Courtesy . Legal Drafts for layman - A Nabhi Publication
è
†
´
ñ£
ù
Š
ªð£
P
ò£
÷
˜

GEOSYNTHETICS – CIVIL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS
BMP Objectives
Perimeter Control
Slope Protection
Borrowand Stockpiles
Drainage Areas
Sediment Trapping
Stream Protection
Planar structures
Temporary Stabilizing
(geomembranes, geotextiles, geosynthetic
Permanent Stabilizing barriers, geonets, geogrids, geostrips,
geospacers and geomats, etc.) and
Definition and Purpose:
Three - dimensional structures (geocells,
Geosynthetic is defined as a planar product
geofoams, gabions and concrete filled
manufactured from a polymeric material that
mattresses).
is used with soil, rock, or other geotechnical-
related material as an integral part of a civil Geotextile is a permeable geosynthetic made of
engineering project, structure, or system. textile materials. Geotextile type is determined
Most geosynthetics are made from synthetic by the method used to combine the filaments
polymers of polypropylene, polyester, or or tapes into the planar structure.
polyethylene. Geosynthetic products available
Appropriate Applications
today include, but are not limited to, geowebs,
geogrids, geonets, geomeshes, geocomposites, Geosynthetic applications are normally defined
and geotextiles. Geo-synthetics are synthetic by the primary function of the following:
products, where at least one of the components • In Roads and Pavements:
is made from a synthetic or natural polymer,
– Subgrade separation and Stabilization,
in the form of a sheet, a strip or a three
dimensional structure, non-woven, knitted, or – Base Reinforcement,
woven which is used in contact with soil/rock
– Overlay Stress Absorption and Reinforcement.
and/or other materials in geotechnical and civil
engineering applications .
è
These include: †
´
ñ£
ù
Š
ªð£
P
ò£
÷
˜

• In Subsurface Drainage: subgrade and granular base course below a
roadway.
– Subgrade dewatering,
• Reinforcement: Geogrids or geotextiles can
– Road base drainage,
be used as reinforcement to increase shear
– Structure drainage. strength of soils, thereby providing a more
• In Erosion and Sediment Control competent structural material. Examples of
this application include the use of geogrid to
– Hard Armor Systems, Silt Fence.
reinforce a steep slope, or to strengthen a base
• In Reinforced Soil Systems: course in a pavement system.
– Embankments over soft foundations, • Erosion control: Geosynthetics can be used to

minimize the movement of soil particles due to
– Reinforced Steepened slopes,
flow of water. An example of this application is
– Reinforced soil walls. geotextile used between riprap and the stream
• In Seepage control systems bank to minimize erosion of soil below the
riprap.
– Structure water proofing,
The primary advantages of geosynthetics are:
– Environmental Protection.
• Cheaper in poduct cost, transport and
• In Support Systems: installation.
- Prefabricated Systems and On-site Fabrication • Can be designed (predictability)
• Filtration: Geosynthetics can be used as • Can be installed quickly with flexibility to
filters to prevent soils from migrating into the construct during short period.
è adjacent material, such as drainage aggregate,
† while allowing water to flow through the system • Consistent over a wide range of soils
´ (e.g., the use of geotextile in trench drains, silt • Space Savings
ñ£ fence, etc.).
ù • Material Quality Control - More homogeneous
• Drainage: Geotextiles or geocomposites can than soil and aggregates.
Š
be used as drainage, or conduit, by allowing
• Better Construction Quality Control at site
water to drain from or through low-permeability
ªð£ • Easy Material Deployment
soils.
P
ò£ • Separation: Geosynthetics can be used as • Less Environmentally Sensitive
÷ a separator to separate the two dissimilar

• Improved performance and extended life
˜ materials and prevent them from mixing, such
as the use of geotextile between fine-grained • Increased safety factor

è
†
´
ñ£
ù
Š
• Compatible with field conditions 40 to 50% for subgrade CBR>3 and well over
50% for subgrade CBR<3
• Increased service life of flexible pavement ªð£
section by a factor of 2.5 to 3.0 for weak • Increase in Traffic Benefit Ratio (TBR) from P
subgrades (CBR 2%) and by 2.0 to 3.3 for 1.5 to 70. ò£
moderate subgrades (CBR 4.2 to 4.5%) ÷
• Commonly accepted as durable, long
• Increase in allowable load bearing capacity by lasting and environmentally safe solutions to ˜

geotechnical engineering projects. • Effectiveness may be reduced drastically if the
geosynthetic is not properly selected, designed,
• The cost of geo-synthetics applied usually
or installed.
between 3 to 5 per cent of the total cost of
projects. • Many geosynthetics are sensitive to light
degradation and must be protected prior to
• For a number of projects, savings of 30 per
installation.
cent in total project costs have been reported.
• Geosynthetics that are not degradable should
• Minimizes the regular repair and maintenance
not be used where their presence or appearance
costs directly.
is aesthetically unacceptable.
• Prevent accidents, increase efficiency of
Design Parameters
structures, minimize pollution and leads to
efficient use of natural resources. • BIS standards mainly on test methods, jute
& coir geotextiles, PVC / HDPE geomembrane
• The civil engineering structures need to
for waterproof lining (IS 14715:2000; IS
have long term durability to prevent potential
14986:2001; IS 15869:2008; IS 15871:2009;IS
ecological disasters (floods, draughts,
15909:2010; and IS 15910:2010 Geosynthetics
earthquakes, global warming) . Geosynthetics
for highways)
provide such long lasting solutions with
minimum cost. • IRC standards mainly on recommended
practices/guidelines and are being revised to
• Geo-techs are difficult or impossible to
include geosynthetics
degrade. However, in view of their inert nature
they can be disposed off without the danger of • IRC/RDSO standards generally do not refer BIS
contamination. standards and requirements of geosyntheics in
both are at large variation.
• Geosynthetics assist the environment by
acting as a containing barrier for toxic materials. • Geosynthetic specifications mentioned in
IRC/RDSO standards are generally incomplete.
• The envisaged functional lifetime of
geosynthetics is extremely long, in many cases • BIS standards are also incomplete w.r.t.
over 100 years. guidelines for design, construction, installation
and storage which are essential to get the best
• Geosynthetics provide sealing and capping of
results of geosynthetic applications.
pollution due to chemicals released after road
and rail accidents into groundwater areas. • There appears no proper coordination between
IRC and BIS
• Relatively low cost for many applications
è
• Standards activity in IRC/RDSO is not
† • Ease and convenience for many applications
universally acceptable and needs drastic
´ • Quick and effective protection against erosion changes to include all stakeholders
ñ£ problems
ù General Properties Index Properties
• Design methodologies are available for many
Š Material Type &
uses
Construction - Strip tensilestrength (2% &
ªð£ • Wide variety of geosynthetic products are
5% strain and ultimate tensile
P available to meet specific needs
strength)
ò£ • May be removed and reused if economically
Polymer(s) - Grab strength
÷ feasible
˜ Limitations
Mass - Creep resistance

Thickness - Flexural strength • Geosynthetic Specification should also
cover:
Roll dimensions - Cutting - Trapezoidal tear
strength – Material Selection
Specific Gravity - Shear modulus – Designing of Geosynthetic
Absorption - Poisson’s ratio – Functional Requirements
Burst Strength – Application and Performance Requirements
Puncture Resistance – Durability Requirements
Penetration – Survivability Requirements
Flexibility (Flexural Strength) – Required Geosynthetic Structural and

Integrity Properties
Endurance Properties Hydraulic
– Storage, handling and installation
Properties
requirements
–Abrasion Resistance Apparent Opening Size
• For geosynthetic materials, follow
(AOS),
manufacturers’ recommendations.
–UV Stability Percent Open Area, Porosity
Maintenance and Inspection
–Biological Resistance Permeability /
• Conduct inspections as required by the
Permittivity
NPDES permit or contract specifications during
– Chemical Resistance Soil Retention Ability construction.
– Wet/Dry Stability Clogging Resistance • Periodic inspection and maintenance will
– Temperature Stability In-Plane Flow Capacity be required based on post-construction site
conditions.
– Long term durability
• Make any repairs necessary to ensure the
• Performance – Soil / Fabric Properties
measure is operating properly.
– Stress - Strain
• If geosynthetic is damaged or missing, repairs
– Creep or replacements shall be made immediately to
restore full protection.
– Friction/Adhesion
• Geosynthetics used for temporary erosion
– Dynamic and Cycling Loading
control may be removed and reused, if this can
è
– Soil Retention be done without leaving the area susceptible to
†
• For geotextiles used in applications such erosion.
´
as drainage, erosion control, silt fence, or Reference: ñ£
separation, refer to the Standard Specifications
ITD Standard Specifications, Sections 640 and ù
for material property requirements.
718. Š
• For other geosynthetic materials, follow
For assistance, contact the Geotechnical
manufacturers’ recommendations. ªð£
Engineer at the ITD Headquarters Materials
• Call the Geotechnical Engineer at ITD Section.
P
Headquarters for help in selecting geosynthetics ò£
-Compiled by:Er.A.Veerappan & ÷
for appropriate design and application.
Er.B.Arunkumar
˜
Construction Guidelines

Series : 7
The Indian Major Important Road Project - SHOULDER

-Er. N.Mathiyarasan, ME (Struct)AE, H&RW Dept, Salem
A shoulder is a strip of land immediately adjacent to the traffic lane of a road,
often serving as an emergency stopping lane and not used by moving traffic.
This is provided on the left, in countries which drive on the left, like India. Two
directional carriageways, the Shoulders will be proposed on both sides. For
Four-lane and Six-lane divided carriage way, the shoulder is provided in the
median as well as at the outer edges of the road, for additional safety.
Shoulders have multiple uses, including:
• In case of breakdown, a vehicle can pull into the shoulder to get out of the
flow of traffic and obtain a greater degree of safety.
• Accommodate driver error
• Emergency vehicles such as ambulances and police jeeps may use the shoulder to bypass traffic
congestion.
• On busy multi-lane roads, may allow general traffic on ‘hard shoulder’ at reduced speeds during
periods of high traffic volumes.
• In some places a ‘Bus bypass shoulder’ may be provided which allows bus services to pass
stationary traffic.
• In some urban areas, shoulders are used as travel lanes during peak hours.
• In rural areas, pedestrians and cyclists may be allowed to walk and ride on the shoulders.
• Paved shoulders move water away from the roadway before it can infiltrate into the road’s sub
base, increasing the life of the road surface.
• Shoulders help provide extra structural support of the roadway.
Type of Shoulder
The type of shoulder shall be as below:
(i) In the built up section and approaches to the grade separated structures, the shoulder shall
be paved in full width.
(ii) Earthen shoulders shall be covered with 150 mm thick layer of granular material
è (iii) In embankments with height more than 6.0 m, the granular shoulder may be raised with
† provision of kerb channel to channelize the drainage as an erosion control device
´ (iv) The composition and specification of the paved shoulder shall be same as of the main
ñ£ carriageway.
ù Width of Shoulders
Š
The shoulder width on rural roads may preferably be 1.8m to 2.4m, but should never be less than
0.6m. Where a large number of slow moving vehicles like animal drawn carts and bicyclists are to
ªð£
use the shoulder, a minimum width of 1.2m is considered necessary
P
For Rural Roads, an absolute minimum shoulder width of 0.6m is considered acceptable for
ò£
ADT<40, but for higher traffic volumes, a minimum 1.2m width is required.
÷
˜ Width of Shoulders – Two Lane

Type of Section Width of Shoulder (m)
Plain and Rolling Mountainous and Steep Terrain*
Terrain
Either Side Hill Side Valley Side
Open country with isolated built up area 2.50 m 1.00 m 2.00 m
Built up area 2.50 m 1.00 m 2.00 m
*exclusive of parapets and side drains
Width of Shoulders – Four - Lane
Type of Width of Shoulder (m)

Section Plain and Rolling Terrain Mountainous and Steep Terrain*
Paved Earthen Total Paved Earthen
Shoulder Shoulder Shoulder Shoulder
Open country 1.50 m 2.00 m 3.50 m Hill Side 1.50 m Earthen Shoulder
with isolated Valley Side 1.50 m Raised footpath
built up area along with
Built up area 2.00 m - 2.00 m Hill Side 1.50 m provision of
A p p r o a c h e s 2.00 m - 2.00 m a d e q u a t e
to the Grade drainage along
separators & across the
footpath
Approaches to 1.50 m 2.00 m 3.50 m Valley Side 2.00 m
the Bridges
*inclusive of drain and crash barrier as applicable.
Width of Shoulders – Six - Lane
Shoulder Shoulder
è
†
´
ñ£
ù
Š
ªð£
P
ò£
Shoulder
÷
˜

Type of Width of Shoulder (m)
Section Plain and Rolling Terrain Mountainous and Steep Terrain*
Paved Earthen Total Paved Earthen Total
Shoulder Shoulder Shoulder Shoulder
O p e n 1.50 m 2.00 m 3.50 m Hill Side 1.50 m - 1.50 m
country Valley Side 1.50 m 1.00 m 2.50 m
w i t h
isolated
built up
area
Built up 2.00 m - 2.00 m Hill Side 0.25 m+ - 1.75 m
area 1.50 m
Approaches 2.00 m - 2.00 m (raised)
to the Grade
separators
Approaches 1.50 m 2.00 m 3.50 m Valley Side 0.25 m+ - 1.75 m
to the 1.50 m
Bridges (raised)
*Note: In case retaining wall with parapet is provided on valley side, earthen shoulders
may not be provided.
MEDIAN
The median shall be either raised or depressed. The width of median is the distance between
inside edges of carriageway. The type and minimum width of median shall depend upon the
availability of Right of Way.
Width of Median – Four Lane & Six Lane
Type of Section Width of Median (m)

Plain and Rolling Terrain Mountainous and
Steep Terrain
Raised Depressed Raised
Open country with isolated built up area 4.50 m 7.00 m 2.00 m
Built up area 2.00 m Not Applicable 2.00 m
Approaches to the Bridges 4.50 m Not Applicable 2.00 m
è
†
GENERAL FEATURES OF MEDIAN
´
ñ£ In case of bridge structure, 1.20m width of median will be provided generally with longitudinal
ù expansion joint at centre.
Š They shall have suitably designed drainage system so that water does not stagnate in the median.
All median drains shall be of RCC type.
ªð£
In case of depressed median, a minimum 0.6m width adjacent to carriageway in either direction
P
shall be paved.
ò£
÷ Uniform width of median is preferred throughout. In unavoidable cases a transition of 1 in 20 shall
˜ be provided.

For depressed median, metal beam type crash barriers shall be provided on either side of the
median.
In case of median width of 2.5m and below or paved medians, crash barriers shall be provided and
suitable antiglare measures such as plastic screens shall be considered to reduce headlight glare
from opposite traffic. Total height of screen including crash barrier shall be 1.5m
In case of unpaved median wider than 2.5m, suitable shrubs shall be placed.
MEDIAN OPENING
Length of median opening shall not be less than 20m
Median openings shall not be spaced closer than 2 km. Additional controlled openings shall also
be provided for inspection and diversion of traffic during repair and rehabilitation.
Median opening shall not be provided in front of the service road entry. The distance between
the service road entry and the median opening shall be at least equal to the sum of length
of acceleration lane, weaving length, and deceleration length. Location of opening shall be so
decided as to minimize interflow. This distance shall however be not less than 150 m.
All median openings shall be provided with additional 3.5 m wide shelter lane by the side of
median in both directions for waiting of vehicles to take U turn.
Wherever required in Junction improvement, horizontal geometrics of the road shall be suitably
adjusted.
PLANTATION IN MEDIANS
Where the median width is more than 3m,
Shrubs shall be planted and maintained to cut off headlight glare from traffic in the opposite
direction.
Flowering plants and shrubs are eminently suited for the purpose.
These shall be planted either in continuous rows or in the form of baffles.
The height of shrubs shall be maintained at 1.5m to cut off the effect of traffic lights coming from
the opposite direction.
The shape of shrubs and plants shall be suitably regulated so that there is no overgrowth either
vertically or horizontally beyond the edge of the paved median. è
†
In the vicinity of road intersections and median openings, median plantation shall be avoided or
´
restricted to low-growing varieties to ensure adequate visibility.
ñ£
Where the width of median is less than 3 m, Shrubs or flowery plants may be planted in between ù
crash barriers or other means like metal/plastic strips to cut off glare shall be provided. Š
FENCING IN MEDIANS
ªð£
Fencing shall be provided between the service road and the Project Highway to prevent the
P
pedestrians, local vehicles and animals entering into the highway. The fencing shall be either of
ò£
metal double beam crash barrier or pedestrian guardrail
÷
-To be continued ˜

Balanced Cantilever bridge
Note: This Piece of article is published below since the kind of Balanced Cantilever
bridge structure is put up by CMRL in Kathipara Junction - Channai for Metro Rail.
- Chief Editor
The Pierre Pflimlin bridge in South of Strasbourg, France is a balanced cantilever
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using 1. Several nineteenth century engineers

cantilevers, structures that project horizontally patented continuous bridges with hinge points
into space, supported on only one end. For mid-span.
small footbridges, the cantilevers may be
2. The use of a hinge in the multi-span system
simple beams; however, large cantilever
presented the advantages of a statically
bridges designed to handle road or rail traffic
determinate system
use trusses built from structural steel, or
box girders built from prestressed concrete. 3. and of a bridge that could handle differential
The steel truss cantilever bridge was a major settlement of the foundations.
è engineering breakthrough when first put into i) Engineers could more easily calculate the
† practice, as it can span distances of over forces and stresses with a hinge in the girder.
´ 1,500 feet (460 m), and can be more easily Heinrich Gerber was one of the engineers to
ñ£ constructed at difficult crossings by virtue of obtain a patent for a hinged girder (1866) and
ù using little or no falsework. is recognized as the first to build one
Š
Origins ii) The Hassfurt Bridge over the Main river
Engineers in the nineteenth century understood in Germany with a central span of 124 feet
ªð£
that a bridge which was continuous across (38 meters) was completed in 1867 and is
P
multiple supports would distribute the loads recognized as the first modern cantilever
ò£
among them. This would result in lower stresses bridge.
÷
˜ in the girder or truss and meant that longer iii) The High Bridge of Kentucky by C. Shaler
spans could be built.

Smith (1877), the Niagara Cantilever Bridge portion of which acts as an anchorage for
by Charles Conrad Schneider (1883) and the sustaining another portion which extends
Poughkeepsie Bridge by John Francis O’Rourke beyond the supporting pier.
and Pomeroy P. Dickinson (1889) were all
— John Alexander Low Waddell, Bridge
important early uses of the cantilever design.
Engineering
The Kentucky River Bridge spanned a gorge
that was 275 feet (84 meters) deep and A simple cantilever span is formed by two
took full advantage of the fact that falsework, cantilever arms extending from opposite sides
or temporary support, is not needed for the of an obstacle to be crossed, meeting at the
main span of a cantilever bridge. center. In a common variant, the suspended
span, the cantilever arms do not meet in the
The most famous early cantilever bridge is the
center; instead, they support a central truss
Forth Bridge. This bridge held the record for
bridge which rests on the ends of the cantilever
longest span in the world for seventeen years,
arms. The suspended span may be built off-site
until it was surpassed by the Quebec Bridge.
and lifted into place, or constructed in place
Benjamin Baker illustrated the structural
using special traveling supports.
principles of the suspended span cantilever
A common way to construct steel truss and
in the photo on the left. The suspended span,
prestressed concrete cantilever spans is to
where Kaichi Watanabe sits, is seen in the
counterbalance each cantilever arm with
center. The need
another cantilever arm projecting the opposite
to resist compression of the lower chord is seen direction, forming a balanced cantilever;
in the use of wooden poles while the tension of when they attach to a solid foundation, the
the upper chord is shown by the outstretched counterbalancing arms are called anchor arms.
arms. The action of the outer foundations Thus, in a bridge built on two foundation piers,
as anchors for the cantilever is visible in the there are four cantilever arms: two which span
placement of the counterweights. the obstacle, and two anchor arms which extend
away from the obstacle. Because of the need
Function
for more strength at the balanced cantilever’s
Cantilever Bridge.—A structure at least one supports, the bridge superstructure often takes
è
†
´
ñ£
ù
Š
ªð£
P
ò£
÷
˜

the form of towers above the foundation piers. 1. Quebec Bridge (Quebec, Canada) 1,800 feet
The Commodore Barry Bridge is an example of (549 m)
this type of cantilever bridge.
2. Forth Bridge (Firth of Forth, Scotland) 2 x
Steel truss cantilevers support loads by tension 1,710 feet (521 m)
of the upper members and compression of
3. Minato Bridge (Osaka, Japan) 1,673 feet
the lower ones. Commonly, the structure
(510 m)
distributes the tension via the anchor arms to
the outermost supports, while the compression 4. Commodore Barry Bridge (Chester,
is carried to the foundations beneath the Pennsylvania, USA) 1,644 feet (501 m)
central towers. Many truss cantilever bridges 5. Crescent City Connection (dual spans) (New
use pinned joints and are therefore statically Orleans, Louisiana, USA) 1,575 feet (480 m)
determinate with no members carrying mixed
6. Howrah Bridge (Kolkata, West Bengal, India)
loads.
1,500 feet (457 m)
Prestressed concrete balanced cantilever
7. Gramercy Bridge (Gramercy, Louisiana, USA)
bridges are often built using segmental
1,460 feet (445 m)
construction.
8. San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge (East
Construction methods
Bay Span) (San Francisco, California, USA)
Some steel arch bridges (such as the Navajo 1,400 feet (427 m)
Bridge) are built using pure cantilever spans
9. Horace Wilkinson Bridge (Baton Rouge,
from each side, with neither falsework below
Louisiana, USA) 1,235 feet (376 m)
nor temporary supporting towers and cables
above. These are then joined with a pin, usually 10. Tappan Zee Bridge (South Nyack, New York
after forcing the union point apart, and when & Tarrytown, New York, USA) 1,212 feet (369
jacks are removed and the bridge decking is m)
added the bridge becomes a truss arch bridge.
The Chief Editor’s Note :
Such unsupported construction is only possible
where appropriate rock is available to support Those Engineers who are intrested to know
the tension in the upper chord of the span during the design details of these bridges, kindly
construction, usually limiting this method to the refer pages 250 to 295-Chapter 13 Balanced \
spanning of narrow canyons. Cantilever Bridges by Dr.N.Krishna Raju-oxford
& IBH Publishing Co (P) Ltd, New Delhi 200).
List by length
è A typical balanced cantilever bridge with simply
World’s longest cantilever bridges (by longest
† supported spans and cantilever spans is shown.
span):
´
ñ£
ù
Š
ªð£
P
ò£
÷
˜

Book Packets containing Printed Books Regd. R.Dis No. 635/13
KATTUMAANAP PORIYAALAR, Tamil & English Magazine
Steel Column Installation Honouring Nelson Mandela by Marco Cianfanelli.

This incredible structure was installed in Howick, South Africa, to commemorate 50 years since
Nelson Mandela was arrested and charged with treason in the same place. It consists of 50 steel
columns that look randomly placed – but when you look at them at the right angle, show a clear
image of Mandela’s face.
Owned and Published by Er.A.Veerappan & Associates (TN) Pvt. Ltd.,

New No. 36, Valluvar Road, TSD Nagar, Arumbakkam, Chennai – 600 106 and
printed at Palms Printer, No. 52, Arcot Road, Kodambakkam, Chennai – 600 024….
Editor : Er.A.Veerappan (044-65 879 289)

Kattumaanap Poriyaalar Mar-2014

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15. Building Construction and certain relevant laws - 37

Kattumaanap Poriyaalar 20. Balanced Contilever - 56

Monthly - Tamil & English

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DESIGN OF FOUNDATION SYSTEMS

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1. èì‰î 30 Ý‡´èO™ è†´ñ£ùˆF™ * Concrete repair products

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(3) Development prohibited area:

(b) Pallikaranai Swamp area: Considering its importance and drainage

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Table (1) Ordinary Residential Buildings and other small developments

• Ordinary residential / predominantly residential buildings, Clinics, dispensaries, nursing homes

Description Continuous Rest of CMA except CBA EWS / EWS/

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In residential / predominantly residential developments with dwelling units exceeding 100 in

Spaces excluded from FSI and Coverage Computation ªð£

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Parking spaces are given below;-

Unit width in Parking spaces in Unit width-in Parking spaces in

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Er. P Nallathambi ME(Structural Engg), MBA, FIE, FIV,

Introduction low operating speed of

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 Minimum reinforcement in each direction

 The total reinforcement for one cubic metre

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