Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions

and Quantities
6.1
Chemical Reactions

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 1

Chemical Change
In a chemical change,
▪ reacting substances
form new substances
with different
compositions and
properties
▪ a chemical reaction
takes place

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 2

Evidence of Chemical Change

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 3

Chemical Reactions
In a chemical reaction,
▪ a chemical change produces
one or more new substances
▪ there is a change in the
composition of one or more
substances

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 4

Chemical Reactions (continued)
In a chemical reaction,
▪ old bonds are broken and new bonds formed
▪ atoms in the reactants are rearranged to form one
or more different substances

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 5

Learning Check
Identify the visible evidence of a chemical
reaction in each of the following:
1) Methane gas in an outdoor heater burns with
a blue flame.
2) Bleach removes stains from a shirt.
3) Bubbles of CO2 are released when baking
soda is mixed with vinegar.

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Solution
1) Methane gas in an outdoor heater burns with
a blue flame.
Heat and a flame
2) Bleach removes stains from a shirt.
Color change (color removed)
3) Bubbles of CO2 are released when baking
soda is mixed with vinegar.
Formation of gas (bubbles)

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Chemical Equations
A chemical equation
▪ gives the chemical formulas of the reactants on the
left of the arrow and the products on the right

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 8

Symbols Used in Equations
Symbols used in chemical
equations show
▪ the states of the reactants
▪ the states of the products
▪ the reaction conditions

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 9

Chemical Equations are Balanced
In a balanced chemical
reaction,
▪ atoms are not lost or gained
▪ the number of atoms in the
reactants is equal to the
number of atoms in the
products

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

10
 A Balanced Chemical Equation
In a balanced chemical equation,
▪ there must be the same number of each type of
atom on the reactant side and on the product side
▪ numbers called coefficients are used in front of
one or more formulas.
Al + S Al2S3 Not balanced
2Al + 3S Al2S3 Balanced

2Al = 2Al
3S = 3S
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Learning Check
State the number of atoms of each element on the
reactant side and the product side for each of the
following balanced equations:
A. P4(s) + 6Br2(l) 4PBr3(g)

B. 2Al(s) + Fe2O3(s) 2Fe(s) + Al2O3(s)

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Solution
A. P4(s) + 6Br2(l) 4PBr3(g)
4P 4P
12 Br 12 Br

B. 2Al(s) + Fe2O3(s) 2Fe(s) + Al2O3(s)

2 Al 2 Al
2 Fe 2 Fe
3O 3O

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 13
Learning Check
Determine if each equation is balanced or not.
A. Na(s) + N2(g) Na3N(s)

B. C2H4(g) + H2O(l) C2H5OH(l)

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Solution
A. Na(s) + N2(g) Na3N(s) Not balanced
2N 1N
1Na 3Na

B. C2H4(g) + H2O(l) C2H5OH(l) Balanced

2C 2C
6H 6H
1O 1O

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 15
Equation for A Chemical Reaction

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 16

Checking a Balanced Equation

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 17

Guide to Balancing Equations

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 18

Balancing Chemical Equations
STEP 1 Write the equation with the correct formulas.
N2(g) + H2(g) NH3(g)
STEP 2 Determine if the equation is balanced.
No, not all of the atoms are balanced.
2N 1N
2H 3H
STEP 3 Balance with coefficients in front of formulas.
Balance N
N2(g) + H2(g) 2NH3(g)

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19
Balancing Chemical Equations
(continued)
STEP 3 (continued)
Balance H
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

STEP 4 Check that atoms of each element are equal in

reactants and products.
2N = 2N
6H = 6H

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20
Learning Check
Check the balance of atoms in the following:
Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g) 3Fe(s) + 4H2O(l)
A. number of H atoms in products
1) 2 2) 4 3) 8
B. number of O atoms in reactants
1) 2 2) 4 3) 8
C. number of Fe atoms in reactants
1) 1 2) 3 3) 4

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Solution
Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g) 3Fe(s) + 4H2O(l)
A. number of H atoms in products
3) 8 (4H2O)
B. number of O atoms in reactants
2) 4 (Fe3O4)
C. number of Fe atoms in reactants
2) 3 (Fe3O4)

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 22
Learning Check
Balance each equation and list the coefficients in the
balanced equation going from reactants to products.

A. __Mg(s) + __N2(g) __Mg3N2(s)

1) 1, 3, 2 2) 3, 1, 2 3) 3, 1, 1

B. __Al(s) + __Cl2(g) __AlCl3(s)

1) 3, 3, 2 2) 1, 3, 1 3) 2, 3, 2

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 23
Solution
Balance each equation and list the coefficients in the
balanced equation going from reactants to products.
A. 3) 3, 1, 1
3Mg(s) + 1N2(g) 1Mg3N2(s)

B. 3) 2, 3, 2
2Al(s) + 3Cl2(g) 2AlCl3(s)

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Equations with Polyatomic Ions

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 25

Balancing with Polyatomic Ions
STEP 1 Write the equation with the correct formulas.
Na3PO4(aq) + MgCl2(aq) NaCl(aq) + Mg3(PO4)2(s)

STEP 2 Determine if the equation is balanced.

No, not all atoms are balanced.
3Na+ 1Na+
1PO43− 2PO43 −
1Mg2+ 3Mg2+
2Cl− 1Cl−

STEP 3 Balance with coefficients in front of formulas.

Balance PO43− as a unit.
2Na3PO4(aq) Mg3(PO4)2(s)
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 26
 Balancing with Polyatomic Ions
(continued)
STEP 3 (continued)
Balance Mg
3MgCl2(aq) Mg3(PO4)2(s)
Balance Na and Cl
3MgCl2(aq) + 2Na3PO4(aq) 6NaCl(aq) + Mg3(PO4)2(s)

STEP 4 Check that atoms of each element are equal in

reactants and products.
2PO43– = 2PO43–
3Mg2+ = 3Mg2+
6Na+ = 6Na+
6Cl− = 6Cl−
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 27
 Learning Check
Balance and list the coefficients from reactants to products:
A. __Fe2O3(s) + __C(s) __Fe(s) + __CO2(g)
1) 2, 3, 2,3 2) 2, 3, 4, 3 3) 1, 1, 2, 3

B. __Al(s) + __FeO(s) __Fe(s) + __Al2O3(s)

1) 2, 3, 3, 1 2) 2, 1, 1, 1 3) 3, 3, 3, 1

C. __Al(s) + __H2SO4(aq) __Al2(SO4)3(aq) + __H2(g)

1) 3, 2, 1, 2 2) 2, 3, 1, 3 3) 2, 3, 2, 3

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 28
Solution
A. 2) 2, 3, 4, 3
2Fe2O3(s) + 3C(s) 4Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)

B. 1) 2, 3, 3, 1
2Al(s) + 3FeO(s) 3Fe(s) + 1Al2O3(s)

C. 2) 2, 3, 1, 3
2Al(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) 1Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g)

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 29