Geomechanics

CIVL 2122

Soil strength
and
Critical State

Dr Christophe Gaudin
gaudin@civil.uwa.edu.au Lecture 3
 Outline
Stress and strain analysis
Normal and shear stress
Principal stress
Shear strain and volumetric strain
Rigid body mechanics

Mohr circle of stress

Mohr circle properties

Mohr Coulomb failure criterion

Angle of internal friction and cohesion
Meaning of Ka and Kp

Dr Christophe Gaudin – August 2008 CIVL 2122 – Lecture 3

 Objectives
You should understand:
The basics of soil mechanics and the concept of normal stress and
strain and shear stress and strain
The stress state on a solid body
The conditions of equilibrium and compatibility

You should be able to:

To calculate normal and shear strain
To construct a Morh circle of stress
Calculate the normal stress and shear stress on any plane in a soil
element
Determine principal stresses from the Morh circle of stress
Calculate Ka and Kp from the Morh circle of stress

Dr Christophe Gaudin – August 2008 CIVL 2122 – Lecture 3

 Stress and strain analysis State of stress

• State of stress on a solid body

Normal stress: σ

Z Shear stress: τ

σzz
σ xx τ yx τ zx 
τzy
τzx  
τyx T =  τ xy σ yy τ zy 
τxy τ σ zz 
σyy
τxz  xz τ yz
τyz
Y
σxx

Convention in soil mechanics

X Compressive normal stress >0
Anticlockwise shear stress > 0

Dr Christophe Gaudin – August 2008 CIVL 2122 – Lecture 3

 Stress and strain analysis Principal stress

•There is always one orientation of the solid body where the shear
stresses are nil and the normal stresses are maximal. They are called
principal stresses
Z Z’

σz
z
σ xx 0 0 
 
T = 0 σ yy 0 
 0 0 σ zz 
σy 
y Y
σx
x
X’
Y’
X

Dr Christophe Gaudin – August 2008 CIVL 2122 – Lecture 3

 Stress and strain analysis Principal stress

•There is always one orientation of the solid body where the shear
stresses are nil and the normal stresses are maximal. They are called
principal stresses
Z Z’

σz
σ1 0 0
 
T =  0 σ2
z
0
0 0 σ3 

σy
y Y Usual convention
σx
x
X’ With σ1>σ2>σ3
Y’
X

Dr Christophe Gaudin – August 2008 CIVL 2122 – Lecture 3

 Stress and strain analysis Principal stress

•Plan strain and axisymmetry

σ1
σ1

σ2
σ2
σ2

Plane strain
Axisymmetry

Typical case of plane Typical case of axisymmetry:

strain: Retaining wall Pile

Dr Christophe Gaudin – August 2008 CIVL 2122 – Lecture 3

 Stress and strain analysis Principal stress

•Plan strain and axisymmetry

σa
σv

σr
σh
σr

Plane strain
Axisymmetry

Typical case of plane Typical case of axisymmetry:

strain: Retaining wall Pile

Dr Christophe Gaudin – August 2008 CIVL 2122 – Lecture 3

 Stress and strain analysis Strains

•Normal and shear strains δh

σ
δl τ

δz δz

Normal strain Shear strain

δl δh
δε = δγ =
δz δz

Dr Christophe Gaudin – August 2008 CIVL 2122 – Lecture 3

 Stress and strain analysis Equilibrium

• Condition of equilibrium

P
W τ

P
W

N τ N

Forces on a body Polygon of forces

At equilibrium, polygon of forces must close

Dr Christophe Gaudin – August 2008 CIVL 2122 – Lecture 3

 Stress and strain analysis Compatibility

• Condition of compatibility

δb B
δs o
F δs δa
A B
F A
δa δb
o OA represents disp. of A with respect
to o

AB represents disp .of B with respect

to A
Mechanism of displacement Displacement diagram

Dr Christophe Gaudin – August 2008 CIVL 2122 – Lecture 3

 Mohr circle of stress Principle

• How to draw a Morh circle of stress

σ’1 τ’

σ’3 Mohr circle of stress

Plane strain
σ1 and σ3 principal stresses σ’3 σ2 σ’1 σ’

Dr Christophe Gaudin – August 2008 CIVL 2122 – Lecture 3

 Mohr circle of stress Stress state in any plane

• How to use a Morh circle of stress

τ’

σ’1

σ’f
σ’3 τ’f
τf
θ 2θ

σ’3 σ’f c σ’1 σ’

c=1/2 (σ’1+σ’3)

Dr Christophe Gaudin – August 2008 CIVL 2122 – Lecture 3

 Mohr circle of stress Stress state in any plane

• How to use a Morh circle of stress

σ’1
τ’

σ’f
τf σ’3
θ
τf
2θ

τf =
1 '
2
( )
σ1 − σ3' sin 2θ σ’3 σ’f c σ’1 σ’

1 '
( 1 '
) (
σ' f = σ1 + σ3 + σ1 − σ3' cos 2θ
2
'
2
) c=1/2 (σ’1+σ’3)
r=1/2 (σ’1-σ’3)

Dr Christophe Gaudin – August 2008 CIVL 2122 – Lecture 3

 Mohr circle of stress Stress state in any plane

• Maximum shear stress

σ’1
τ’

σ’mean
τmax σ’3
45 τmax

2θ

τ max
1 '
2
(
= r = σ1 − σ3' ) σ’3 c σ’1 σ’

Where 2θ=45°
c=1/2 (σ’1+σ’3)
Acting on a plan inclined at θ=45°
r=1/2 (σ’1-σ’3)

Dr Christophe Gaudin – August 2008 CIVL 2122 – Lecture 3

 Mohr circle of stress Principle

• Using the Morh circle of stress to determine principal stresses

τ’
σ’1

N
σn’ τ
τ
σ’3 σm’
τ
σ’3 σn’ c σ’1 σ’
θ σm’
-τ
M

Dr Christophe Gaudin – August 2008 CIVL 2122 – Lecture 3

 Mohr circle of stress Principle

• Using the Morh circle of stress to determine principal stresses

σ’1
τ’
N
τ
σn’

τ σm’
σ’3
τ σ’3 σn’ c σ’1 σ’
θ σm’ -τ
M

σ '
+ σ '  σ '
− σ ' 
σ 'm + σ 'n  σ 'm − σ 'n  2
σ1' = m n
+  m n 
+ τ 2
σ1' = −  +τ

2 2  2 2
   

Dr Christophe Gaudin – August 2008 CIVL 2122 – Lecture 3

 Mohr Coulomb failure criterion c’ and φ’

• Shear resistance depends on the effective stress

τ’ Failure line

+ φ’

+
+

c’
σ’
φ’: angle of internal friction
τ’=c’ + σ’tanφ
φ’
c’: cohesion
Dr Christophe Gaudin – August 2008 CIVL 2122 – Lecture 3
 Mohr Coulomb failure criterion Sand failure criterion

• Sand has no cohesion

τ’ Failure line

+ φ’

Failure line for sand

+
+

c’
σ’
φ’: angle of internal friction
τ’=σ
σ’tanφ
φ’
c’: cohesion
Dr Christophe Gaudin – August 2008 CIVL 2122 – Lecture 3
 Mohr Coulomb failure criterion Apparent sand cohesion

• Curvature of the failure line

τ’

+
+

σ’
The failure line is slightly curve at low normal stress level and is taken as a
line as a approximation

Dr Christophe Gaudin – August 2008 CIVL 2122 – Lecture 3

 Mohr Coulomb failure criterion Ka and Kp for sand

• Ka and Kp can be determine from the Mohr circle of stress

τ’

Failure line
φ’ τ’=c’ + σ’tanφ
φ’

Failure σ 'h 0
= K0
σv 0
'

σ′h reduces σ 'hf min

until soil fails = Ka
σ v' 0

σ’hfmin σ’h0 σ’v0 σ’

Ka<1

Dr Christophe Gaudin – August 2008 CIVL 2122 – Lecture 3

 Mohr Coulomb failure criterion Ka and Kp for sand

• Ka and Kp can be determine from the Mohr circle of stress

τ’

Failure line
φ’ τ’=c’ + σ’tanφ
φ’

Failure σ 'h 0
= K0
σv 0
'

σ′h increases σ 'hf max

until soil fails = Kp
σ v' 0

σ’h0 σ’v0 σ’hfmax σ’

Kp>1

Dr Christophe Gaudin – August 2008 CIVL 2122 – Lecture 3

 Mohr Coulomb failure criterion Ka and Kp for sand

• Calculation of Ka

τ’ IA = OA sin φ'
τ’=c’ + σ’tanφ
φ’
Failure line σ v' 0 + σ 'hf min
IA = sin φ'
φ’ 2

σ 'v 0 − σ 'hf min

IA = r =
2
I
σ 'hf min 1 − sin φ'
= Ka =
σ 'v 0 1 + sin φ'
O A
σ’hfmin σ’h0 σ’v0 σ’

Dr Christophe Gaudin – August 2008 CIVL 2122 – Lecture 3

 Mohr Coulomb failure criterion Ka and Kp for sand

• Calculation of Ka

τ’

Failure line
τ’=c’ + σ’tanφ
φ’
φ’
1 + sin φ'
Kp =
1 − sin φ'
1
I Kp =
Ka

O
σ’h0 A σ’v0 σ’hfmax σ’

Dr Christophe Gaudin – August 2008 CIVL 2122 – Lecture 3

 Objectives
You should understand:
The basics of soil mechanics and the concept of normal stress and
strain and shear stress and strain
The stress state on a solid body
The conditions of equilibrium and compatibility

You should be able to:

To calculate normal and shear strain
To construct a Morh circle of stress
Calculate the normal stress and shear stress on any plane in a soil
element
Determine principal stresses from the Morh circle of stress
Calculate Ka and Kp from the Morh circle of stress

Dr Christophe Gaudin – August 2008 CIVL 2122 – Lecture 3