Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Prepared by:
Ankur Sachdeva
Assistant Professor, ME
Introduction
• In the Indian context, the village population has been growing without a proportionate
increase in production or income. The average villager has a pitifully low standard of
comfort.
• Rural reconstruction implies renovation of the villages for the total wellbeing of the
ruralites. It is oriented to their social, economic and political development.
• The principal objectives of rural reconstruction include
• (a) eradication of poverty by means of regeneration of cottage industries, establishment of
cooperative societies, improvement of transport,
• (b) spread of education,
• (c) progress of health,
• (d) abolition of social malpractices like casteism, untouchability and the like.
• The non-violent Swaraj of Mahatma Gandhi was based on the idea of rural reconstruction.
Aspects of Rural reconstruction
• Broadly speaking, rural reconstruction programme entails three aspects: material,
intellectual and moral.
• So far as the material aspect is concerned, rural reconstruction programme is oriented to
improve the health and raise the standard of living of the ruralites.
• The former is achieved by encouraging better sanitation and by the provision of medical
aid.
• The moral aspect, however, is the most fundamental.
• It seeks to awaken the villager from the long stupor of ages, so that he may realise his due
in life as well as shake off his lethargy and work in co-operation with government
agencies to ameliorate his lot.
• It aims at creating in him the desire for self-improvement and self-discipline by individual
and collective action so that he may be freed of the inhibitions standing in the way of his
self-realization.
• It seeks to release his pent-up energies for removing defeatism, superstition, baseless fears
created by centuries of depression.
Rural Development Programmes
• About 65 percent population of the country is living in the economically
undeveloped area.
• Therefore, many evils such as illiteracy, superstitions, unhealthy practices etc.
took roots in our country.
• After Second World War or after independence, it was thought to settle all these
problems properly and so, many development programmes were reinvigorated.
• It is wrong to declare that there was nothing done during slavery period.
• However, those works, which were executed at that time, were very few in
number according to the needs.
• Looking at a vast country like India, during British rule some selected social
workers had started some programmes of rural development. The evolution of
extension programme is described in two stages:
• Stage I- Pre-Independence Era (1866-1947)
• Stage II- Post-Independence Era (1947-1953)
Pre-Independence Era
• Over a period of about seventy years number of rural development
experiments and programmes were conducted in India.
• Long before the introduction of the Government managed extension
system at the national level in 1952, there had been sporadic attempts in
developing the rural life.
• Knowledge of the early extension efforts shall serve as a useful background
in understanding the development of systems of extension in India.
• The early extension efforts had two distinct patterns.
• First, there were attempts by some benevolent persons and private agencies to
improve rural life.
• Second, attempts were made at government level to initiate some projects to solve
the pressing problems in agriculture.
Rural Programmes (Pre-Independence Era)
Year Place Person/Agency
• Mahatma Gandhi as a visionary of India, had a very clear perception of its villages
and made an emphatic assertion that "India lives in her seven and half lakhs of
villages’.
• He further believed that India will have to live in villages, not in towns, in huts not
in palaces.
• He held this conviction by saying that "If village perishes, India will perish too”.
• Gandhi, played the leading role in securing for India political independence from
the British Raj, through organizing and mobilizing Indian people from all walks of
life in a peaceful and non-violent manner.
• Gandhiji’s approach to India’s rural development was holistic and people-centred.
It was rooted in his conviction in the tenets of truth, non-violence and the
goodness of human-beings.
Gandhian Approach towards Rural Development
• He found that the progress of the country lies in the development of majority of its rural
villages, develop rural economy, industry and rural skills.
• Gandhiji found the only way of bringing hope of good living to the rural people is by
making the village the central place in the economic programme.
• Rural development as outlined by Gandhiji contained self-sufficiency, interdependence
for other wants and development of Village Industries.
• Theoretically, Gandhian approach to rural development may be labelled as ‘idealist’. It
attaches supreme importance to moral values and gives primacy to moral values over
material conditions.
• The concept of ‘Rama Rajya’ is the basis of Gandhiji’s idea of an ideal social order.
• In the Gandhian scheme, ‘Rama’ stood for God or one’s own ‘inner voice’.
• Gandhi believed in a democratic social order in which people are supreme.
Values Underlying Gandhian Model
➢ Rural India is found not in its cities, but in its villages.
➢ The revival of villages is possible only when the villagers are exploited no more.
Exploitation of villagers by city dwellers was ‘violence’ in Gandhiji’s opinion.
➢ Simple living and high thinking, implying voluntary reduction of materialistic
wants, and pursuit of moral and spiritual principles of life.
➢ Dignity of labour : everyone must earn his bread by physical labour , and one
who labours must necessarily get his subsistence.
➢ Performance to the use of indigenous (swadeshi) products, services and
institutions.
➢ Balance between the ends and the means : Gandhiji believed that non-violence
and truth could not be sustained unless a balance between the ends and the means
was maintained.
Components of Gandhian Model
• Self Sufficient Village Economy
• Decentralization
• Panchayati Raj
• Khadi and Village Industries
• Cooperatives
• Trusteeship
• Village Sanitation
• Nai Taleem
Tagore’s Approach towards Rural Development
➢Rabindranath Tagore’s unique venture on rural reconstruction at Silaidaha-Patisar
and at Sriniketan was a pioneering work carried out by him with the motto of the
wholesome development of the community life of village people through
education, training, healthcare, sanitation, modern and scientific agricultural
production, revival of traditional arts and crafts and organizing fairs and
festivities in daily life.
➢He believed that through self-help, self-initiation and self-reliance, village people
will be able to help each other in their cooperative living and become able to
prepare the ground work for building the nation as an independent country in the
true sense.
➢His model of rural reconstruction is the torch-bearer of so many projects in
independent India.
Tagore’s Approach towards Rural Development
• Rural reconstruction work that Rabindranath considered as his ‘life’s work’
continued in three main phases :
• the first one during his work as a zamindar in his family estate in East Bengal,
• the second one during the ‘Swadeshi Movement’ in 1903-08 and
• the third one at Sriniketan during 1920s.
• His principle of ‘life in its completeness’ found a practical expression in his active
works on rural reconstruction that are still relevant to the present challenges in the
world.
Ist Phase
• Rabindranath was engaged in his Zamindari work in his family estates
at Silaidaha and Patisar during 1890s and his field work in rural
reconstruction began here where he gained first-hand experience about
real conditions of the poor people of rural Bengal.
• As a recollection of this phase, he said in an address to the workers of
Sriniketan in 1939, “gradually the sorrow and poverty of the villagers
became clear to me, and I began to grow restless to do something
about it ….from that time onward I continuously endeavored to find
out how villagers’ mind could be aroused, so that they themselves
could accept responsibility for their own lives.
IInd Phase
• His emphasis was on reorganization of rural life through collective efforts.
• The programme includes the revival of cottage industries to
• alleviate the poverty of the village folk,
• reduction of expenditure at socio-religious ceremonies,
• the creation of a group of volunteers who would take initiative to form a harmonious
relationship between Hindus and Muslims,
• keen cooperation between rural workers and villagers,
• employment of a people’s representative as the leader of the society who would be selected by
the people.
• “To eat alone was a greater shame for us than to use humble banana leaves for
sharing our food with others. Shall we not get back that sense of shame? “
IIIrd Phase
• The third phase of Rabindranath’s activities on rural reconstruction started after he
purchased a house and land at Surul in 1912.
• The underlying principle was “we must liberate these few villages in every respect
so that all may receive education, a breeze of joy may blow once again, songs and
music, recitation from epics and scriptures may fill them, as of your. Mould just
these few villages …”.
• The main motive of the programme was “to try to feed the chocked bed of village
life with the stream of happiness”.
• He believed that proper training, education and encouragement can lift the
fortunes of these people and self-initiation, self-help and social cooperation are the
means to achieve his goals