RURAL

DEVELOPMENT
Presented By:

Md Adnan Rahaman
Rural Development

Rural Development refers to the process of improving or uplifting the living

conditions of the people living in rural areas.
• The primary task of Rural Development was to decrease the famine that exists in roughly
about 70 percent of the rural population, and to make sufficient and healthy food
available.
• The secondary task of Rural Development was to ensure the availability of clothing and
footwear, a clean environment and house, medical attention, recreational provision,
education, transport, and communication.
Objectives Of Rural Development

• To improve productivity and wages of rural people

• To guarantee increased and quick employment possibilities
• To demolish unemployment and bring a notable decline in underemployment
• To guarantee an increase in the standard of living of the underprivileged population
• To provide the basic needs such as elementary education, healthcare, clean drinking
water, rural roads, etc.
Rural Development Programmes

1. Community Development Programme (CDP ) 1952

2. Intensive Agriculture Development Programme (IADP) 1960

3. Specific Group – Area Specific Programme (1976-1984)

4. Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) 1978

 1. Community Development Programme (1952)

• Community development programme started on October 2nd, 1952, by the

Indian Government to bring community development.
• Its focus was on the communities of rural areas.
• Still, professionally trained social workers were involved in both urban &
rural settings.
• “It was an attempt made to bring and initiate economic and social
transformation in the lives of villagers with the help of their efforts.”-
Planning Commission.
• “For the Community; Controlled by the Community.” - A. R. Desai
Scope of Community Development Programme

• Agriculture and related fields • Healthcare sector

• Co-operative organizations • Drinking water supply
• Education • Social welfare
• Employment • Vocational training
• Communication
 Phases Of CDP

Intensive
Post-Intensive
National Community
Development
Extension Phase Development
Phase
Project Phase
National Extension Phase

• The National Extension Phase was a stage in the implementation of the CDP where the project was
scaled up and extended to cover more communities within a country.
• It involved identifying additional communities that could benefit from the approach and working
with them to develop their own community-driven development plans.
• This phase typically followed a successful pilot phase, where the approach had been tested and
proven to be effective in a smaller set of communities.
• The project was implemented by a national government agency or local NGO with support from
development partners.
• The National Extension Phase was an important step in the scaling up of the CDP, allowing more
communities to benefit from the approach and led to significant improvements in local development
outcomes.
Intensive Community Development Project Phase

• Selected blocks had more comprehensive development.

• Development schemes were more intensive.

• Government spent significantly more on the program.

 Post-intensive Development Phase

• Community Ownership: Communities took a more active role in identifying and addressing their own development
priorities.
• Local Resource Mobilization: Communities were encouraged to mobilize their own resources to finance development
activities.
• Scaling Up and Replication: Successful interventions were scaled up and replicated in other communities.
• Sustainability: Emphasis was placed on ensuring the sustainability of development interventions over the long-term.
• Project Evaluation: Greater emphasis was placed on project evaluation to assess the impact of development
interventions.
• Policy and Institutional Reforms: Efforts were made to create an enabling environment for community-driven
development through policy and institutional reforms.
• Community Empowerment: Communities were empowered through capacity building and participation in the
development process.
Community Project Administration

• To implement the projects for community development, an organization was created,

which is referred to as Community Project Administration.
• Initially, operated by the Planning Commission, Now Ministry of Community
Development functions it. C
en
• The composition of this organization has four types of administration: tr
al 
State  

District  

Project (bureaucratic)
 2. Intensive Agricultural Development Programme
(IADP), 1960
• The central idea behind the IADP was that increased agricultural
productivity shall lead to economic growth, which shall bring
welfare to the society.
• Popularly known as "Package Programme” because of the
collective and simultaneous application of all improved practices :
Improved Seeds, Irrigation, Fertilizer, Plant Protection, Implements,
Storage Facilities, Marketing Facilities & Credit etc.
• The IADP approach aimed to rapidly increase agricultural
production by focusing on all factors of production in an integrated
action program in select areas with optimal conditions.
Intensive Agricultural Development Programme

Thanjavur (TN).
West Godavari (AP).
Initially 7 Districts Shahabad (Bihar),
Were Covered Raipur (MP),
Aligarh (UP),
Ludhiana (Punjab).
Pali (Rajasthan)
Intensive Agricultural Development Programme

Alleppy (Kerala)
Palghat (Kerala)
Later, 9 More Mandya (Karnataka)
Surat (Gujarat)
Districts Were Added Sambalpur (Orissa)
Bardhaman (W.B)
Cachar (Assam)
Bhandara (Maharashtra)
And Six Blocks of J&K
Achievements of IADP

• The cultivators were provided simultaneously with all supplies and services at right time
and in adequate quantities through cooperatives.
• Marketing and storage facilities were developed within bullock cart distance.
• Covered all the important cash crop grown in the district, although emphasis was laid in
the increase of food grains crops.
• Rapid increases in agricultural production were achieved in all the IADP districts.
Achievements of IADP

• Involvement of small farmers and package approach was achieved.

• 45% of the village and 30% of the total cultivated area in the selected district was covered
by this programme.
• Intensive efforts were made to use improved seeds and fertilizers over the entire area and
encourage the adoption of improved farm practices.
Shortcomings of IADP

• Educational approach to reach the cultivators was lacking.

• Training programme of staff was not clear, the VLW's were not able (6- impress the
farmers.
• Staff was not clear about the methods to reach the cultivators. The staffs were target
oriented even in filling up agricultural production plans.
• Posting of staff were not adequate and timely.
• Workshop seed testing and soil testing laboratories were not functioning to the required
level.
Shortcomings of IADP

• There was problem of communication

• Co-operative were not functioning well
• Transport and land development programmes were not progressing satisfactorily.
• There was lack of action research.
• Very little participation by women in the programme.
3. Special Group – Area Specific Programme

• Aim: To reduce regional imbalances and speed up the economic development of specific
regions which failed to keep pace with other parts of the country.
• Challenges: India's size and diversity, coupled with uneven distribution of resources, has
led to inequalities between various regions.
• Focus Areas: Hilly and inaccessible areas, tribal areas, unproductive soil, desert areas,
drought-prone areas, and ecologically sensitive areas.
• Approach: Special area development plans were implemented to address local issues and
challenges, including physical, economic, and social structures.
Special Group – Area Specific Programme

Programmes: Hill Area Development Programme

Drought Prone Area Development Programme
Desert Development Programme
Western Ghats Development Programme
Tribal Area Development Programme
Border Area Development Programme
TADP (1972)

• The programme aims to improve the quality of life and bring socio-economic
development to the tribal population by providing basic amenities and services.
• TADP covers various aspects such as agriculture, education, health, water supply, and
infrastructure development.
• The programme identifies tribal blocks with a concentration of tribal population and
focuses on developing them through various schemes and projects.
• TADP is implemented by various state governments in India, with financial assistance
from the central government.
DPADP (1973)

• The programme aimed to provide relief to farmers affected by drought and to promote
sustainable agriculture in these areas.
• DPAP covered 644 districts across 16 states in India that were identified as drought-
prone.
• The programme provided financial assistance for the development of irrigation facilities,
soil conservation, water harvesting, and reclamation of degraded land in drought-prone
areas.
• The objective of DPAP was to improve the living standards of people in drought-prone
areas and to reduce their dependence on relief measures during times of drought.
HADP (1974)

• The programme aimed to create infrastructure, generate employment, and improve the
standard of living of people living in hill areas.
• HADP covered hill states like Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Manipur,
Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura.
• The programme provided financial assistance for the construction of roads, bridges,
schools, hospitals, and other necessary facilities in hill areas.
• The objective of HADP was to bring about balanced regional development in the country
by addressing the specific developmental needs of the hill areas.
WGDP (1974)

• The WGDP aimed to promote sustainable development in the Western Ghats region while
preserving the natural resources and maintaining ecological balance.
• The programme involved the implementation of various development schemes such as
soil and water conservation, afforestation, and promotion of eco-tourism.
• The WGDP was later replaced by the Integrated Watershed Development Programme
(IWDP) in 1989.
DDP (1977)

• The programme focused on providing basic infrastructure, water conservation,

afforestation, and promotion of sustainable agriculture in desert areas.
• The programme covered 16 districts in 7 states, including Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana,
Punjab, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka.
• DDP aimed to improve the socio-economic conditions of the people living in desert areas
by creating employment opportunities and increasing their income levels.
• The programme was later merged with the Integrated Watershed Development
Programme (IWDP) in 2000 to form the Integrated Watershed Development Programme
for Desert Areas (IWDPDA).
BADP (1986)

• The programme aims to improve the socio-economic conditions of people living in

border areas and to enhance the security of the borders.
• The programme covers 111 border districts across 17 states of India and focuses on the
development of infrastructure, healthcare, education, and skill development.
• The central government provides financial assistance to the states for implementing the
programme, with a 60:40 sharing ratio between the Centre and the State.
• Under the programme, special attention is given to the development of infrastructure like
roads, bridges, water supply, electricity, health centers, and schools in the border areas to
promote economic growth and social welfare.
4. Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP),
1978
• The Integrated Rural Development Program
(IRDP) was launched by the Government of India
during 1978 and implemented in 1980 and
continued till 1999.
• After that, IRDP, along with 5 other schemes, was
rebranded as the Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar
Yojana.
Beneficiaries of IRDP

• Rural poor
• Artisans
• Marginal farmers
• Schedule castes
• Schedule tribes
• Backward classes with an average income of less than Rs. 11,000.
Objectives of IRDP

• The objective of this program is to make poor rural people generate an additional source
of income to help them cross the poverty line.
• Around 55 million poor people have been covered under IRDP at the cost of Rs. 13,700
Crores to the government.
• IRDP has several partner programmes associated with it. A few of them are:
• Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA)
• Ganga Kalyan Yojana (GKY)
• Million Wells Scheme (MWS)
• Supply of Improved Toolkits to Rural Artisans (SITRA)
• Training of Rural Youth for Self-Employment (TRYSEM)
Associated Programmes of IRDP

• Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA): A poverty

alleviation program that aims to improve the socio-economic status of women and
children in rural areas by providing them with income-generating assets, training, and
support services.
• Ganga Kalyan Yojana (GKY): A scheme launched in 1995 to improve the quality of life
of people living in villages along the banks of the Ganges river by providing basic
amenities such as water supply, sanitation, and healthcare.
• Million Wells Scheme (MWS): A program launched in 1986 to increase the availability
of groundwater for irrigation and drinking purposes in arid and semi-arid regions of India
by constructing one million wells.
Associated Programmes of IRDP

• Supply of Improved Toolkits to Rural Artisans (SITRA): A scheme launched in 1978

to provide rural artisans with modern tools and equipment to improve their productivity
and income.
• Training of Rural Youth for Self-Employment (TRYSEM): A program launched in
1979 to provide vocational training to unemployed rural youth and help them start their
own small-scale enterprises.
However, these partner programs were implemented as separate programmes,
and they failed to achieve the main objective of the IRDP. For example, only
3% of IRDP participants received training under TRYSEM.
Elements of IRDP

• A 5-year development program was drawn up for each district.

• Eradicate poverty, hunger, and unemployment from rural India.
• Provide self-employment opportunities.
• Take up measures for poultry and livestock development.
• Promote cottage industries in the villages.
Problems of IRDP

• There was a lack of coordination between the various departments.

• Few loans have been given for buying land.
• The average investment per family was too low. Therefore, the program was not able to
generate an income of Rs. 2000 per family.
• The people in charge of managing the project were often illiterate and unskilled.
• IRDP did not consider that poor people are not included in community decision making.
Schemes that replaced IRDP

• Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) - 2005

• NRLM – National Rural Livelihood Mission (Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana) - 2010
• Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushal Yojana (DDU GKY) - 2014
• Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana (PMAY-G) - 2016
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) - 2000
• Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission - 2016
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) - 1995