SLENDERNESS EFFECT

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P‐Delta Effect
P

H

Sway effect (Global 2nd order effect)

Bending moment at base of column:
‐ 1st order analysis: HL Non‐Sway effect
‐ 2nd order analysis: HL+P+P (Local 2nd order effect)

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 𝑥 𝑞𝐿
𝑀/ 0⟹ 𝑀 𝑞𝑥. 𝑥 𝑃𝑦 0
Example 1- Non Sway Column 2 2
𝑀 𝐸𝐼𝑦

1 1
𝑃 Deformed 𝐸𝐼𝑦 𝑞𝑥 𝑞𝐿𝑥 𝑃𝑦 0
2 2
column 𝑃 𝑞 𝑞𝐿
⟺𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 0
𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
𝑃
𝑞 𝑦 𝑦

B 𝑃 𝑃 𝑞 𝑞𝐿
𝐿 𝐴 cos 𝑥 𝐵 sin 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑀 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 2𝑃 2𝑃
𝑥 𝑞 𝑞
𝐸𝐼
𝑃
qL/2
A
𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑞
𝑃 𝑦 𝐴 cos 𝑥 𝐵 sin 𝑥
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝑃

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 𝑃 𝑃 𝑞 𝑞𝐿 𝑞
𝑦 𝐴 cos 𝑥 𝐵 sin 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝐸𝐼
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 2𝑃 2𝑃 𝑃

𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑞
𝑦 𝐴 cos 𝑥 𝐵 sin 𝑥
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝑃

• Boundary Condition
𝑞 𝑞
𝑦 0 0 ⟹𝐴 𝐸𝐼 0 ⟹𝐴 𝐸𝐼
𝑃 𝑃
𝑞 𝑃 𝑃 𝑞 𝑞𝐿 𝑞
𝑦 𝐿 0 ⟹ 𝐸𝐼 cos 𝐿 𝐵 sin 𝐿 𝐿 𝐸𝐼
𝑃 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 2𝑃 2𝑃 𝑃

𝐸𝐼𝑞 1 𝑃
⟹𝐵 tan 𝐿
𝑃 2 𝐸𝐼

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 𝑃 𝑃 𝐸𝐼𝑞
𝑀 𝐴𝑃 cos 𝑥 𝐵𝑃 sin 𝑥
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝑃

𝑃 𝑃 𝑞 𝑞𝐿 𝑞
𝑦 𝐴 cos 𝑥 𝐵 sin 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝐸𝐼
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 2𝑃 2𝑃 𝑃

𝑞 𝐸𝐼𝑞 1 𝑃
𝐴 𝐸𝐼 ; 𝐵 tan 𝐿
𝑃 𝑃 2 𝐸𝐼

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•𝐸 200 GPa ; 𝐼 20100 cm4; 𝐿 8.5 m; 𝑞 3.0 kN/m

P (kN) 500 1000 2000

P‐Delta M (kNm) 29.88 33.30 43.07
1st Order M (kNm) 27.09 27.09 27.09
M

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 𝑀/ 0⟹ 𝑀 𝑃 Δ 𝑦 𝐹 𝐿 𝑥 0
Example 2- Sway Column
𝑀 𝐸𝐼𝑦

𝐸𝐼𝑦 𝑃 Δ 𝑦 𝐹 𝐿 𝑥 0 0
Δ 𝑃 𝐹 𝐹𝐿 𝑃Δ
𝑃 ⟺𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 0
𝑃 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
𝐹 𝐹
A
𝐿 𝑥 𝑃 𝑃 𝐹 𝐹𝐿 𝑃Δ
𝑦 𝐴 cos 𝑥 𝐵 sin 𝑥 𝑥
B 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝑃 𝑃

𝐿 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝐹
𝑥 𝑦 𝐴 sin 𝑥 𝐵 cos 𝑥
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝑃
𝑦
𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃
𝑦 𝐴 cos 𝑥 𝐵 sin 𝑥
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

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 𝐹𝐿 𝑃Δ 𝐹𝐿 𝑃Δ
𝑦 0 0 ⟹𝐴 0 ⟹𝐴
𝑃 𝑃
𝑃 𝐹 𝐹 𝐸𝐼
𝑦 0 0⟹𝐵 0⟹𝐵
𝐸𝐼 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃
𝑃 𝑃
⟹𝑀 𝐴𝑃 cos 𝑥 𝐵𝑃 sin 𝑥
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

𝑃 𝑃
𝑀 𝐿 0 ⟹ 𝐴𝑃 cos 𝐿 𝐵𝑃 sin 𝐿 0
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

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 𝑃 𝑃
𝑀 𝐴𝑃 cos 𝑥 𝐵𝑃 sin 𝑥
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

𝑃 𝑃 𝐹
𝑦 𝐴 cos 𝑥 𝐵 sin 𝑥 𝑥 𝐴
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝑃

𝐹 𝐸𝐼 𝑃 𝐹 𝐸𝐼
𝐴 tan 𝐿 ;𝐵
𝑃 𝑃 𝐸𝐼 𝑃 𝑃

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• 𝐸=200 GPa ; 𝐼=20100 cm4; 𝐿=8.5 m; 𝐹 4.5 kN

P (kN) 450 650 890

P‐Delta M (kNm) 53.52 66.35 95.71
1st Order M (kNm) 38.25 38.25 38.25

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Test Your Software

• Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis v.2016 Non‐sway column

Test the effect of P‐

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• Calculation option:

Same result for P=500,

Same result for P=500,
1000 & 2000 kN
1000 & 2000 kN

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• Calculation option: Divide the column into 8 segments

P=500 kN P=1000 kN P=2000 kN P=500 kN P=1000 kN P=2000 kN

P (kN) 500 1000 2000
P‐Delta M (kNm) 29.88 33.30 43.07
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Test Your Software

• Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis v.2016 Sway column

Test the effect of P‐

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 • Calculation option:

P=450 kN P=650 kN P=890 kN P=450 kN P=650 kN P=890 kN

P (kN) 450 650 890

P‐Delta M (kNm) 53.52 66.35 95.71

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 • Calculation option: Divide the column into 8 segments

P=450 kN P=650 kN P=890 kN P=450 kN P=650 kN P=890 kN

P (kN) 450 650 890

P‐Delta M (kNm) 53.52 66.35 95.71

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• CONCLUSION: AUTODESK ROBOT STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
• Calculation option : is closed to the analytic solution

• Cannot provide the effect of P‐ by default.

• To get the effect of P‐, we need to divide the column into some segments.

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Test Your Software

• ETABS 2016 Non‐sway column

Test the effect of P‐

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• Calculation option

P=500 kN P=1000 kN P=2000 kN P=500 kN P=1000 kN P=2000 kN

P (kN) 500 1000 2000
P‐Delta M (kNm) 29.88 33.30 43.07

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• Calculation option: Divide the column into 8 segments

P=500 kN P=1000 kN P=2000 kN P=500 kN P=1000 kN P=2000 kN

P (kN) 500 1000 2000
P‐Delta M (kNm) 29.88 33.30 43.07

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Test Your Software

• ETABS 2016 Sway column

Test the effect of P‐

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• Calculation option

P=450 kN P=650 kN P=890 kN P=450 kN P=650 kN P=890 kN

P (kN) 450 650 890

P‐Delta M (kNm) 53.52 66.35 95.71

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• Calculation option: Divide the column into 8 segments

P=450 kN P=650 kN P=890 kN P=450 kN P=650 kN P=890 kN

P (kN) 450 650 890

P‐Delta M (kNm) 53.52 66.35 95.71

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• CONCLUSION: ETABS v.2016
• Calculation option : P‐Delta plus large displacement is closed to the
analytic solution

• Cannot provide the effect of P‐ by default.

• To get the effect of P‐, we need to divide the column into some segments.

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Reduction of Inertia
• Required for P‐Delta Analysis

If sustained lateral loads

are present, I for columns
and walls shall be divided
by (1 + βds), where βds is
the ratio of maximum
factored sustained shear
within a story to the
maximum factored shear
in that story associated
with the same load
combination.

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Approximate Method for P‐Delta Effect
• Moment Magnification Procedure (MMP):
• Method for Non‐Sway Column
• Method for Sway Column
• Definition:
• A compression member, such as a column, wall, or brace, may be assumed
non‐sway if it is located in a story in which the bracing elements (shear walls,
shear trusses, or other types of lateral bracing) have such substantial lateral
stiffness to resist the lateral deflections of the story that any resulting lateral
deflection is not large enough to affect the column strength substantially.

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• It shall be permitted to analyze columns and stories in structures as
non‐sway frames if (a) or (b) is satisfied: A 6.6.4.3
• (a) The increase in column end moments due to second order effects does not
exceed 5 percent of the first‐order end moments
• (b) Q in accordance with 6.6.4.4.1 does not exceed 0.05
∑𝑃 Δ
𝑄
𝑉 ℓ

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MMP for Non‐Sway Column A 6.6.4.5.1

• The factored moment used for design of columns and walls, Mc, shall be the first‐
order factored moment M2 amplified for the effects of member curvature.

𝐶
𝑀 𝛿𝑀 ; 𝛿 1.0; 𝑀 , 𝑃 15mm 0.03ℎ
𝑃
1
0.75𝑃
For columns without transverse loads applied For columns with transverse loads applied
between supports: between supports.
𝑀
𝐶 0.6 0.4 𝐶 1.0
𝑀
where 𝑀 /𝑀 is negative if the column is bent in
single curvature, and positive if bent in double
If  > 1.4 => Revise the structure.
curvature. 𝑀 corresponds to the end moment
with the lesser absolute value.

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• The critical buckling load
𝜋 𝐸𝐼 0.4𝐸 𝐼
𝑃 ; 𝐸𝐼
𝑘ℓ 1 𝛽

• where 𝛽 shall be the ratio of

maximum factored sustained axial
load to maximum factored axial
load associated with the same load
combination.
• For simplification, it can be
assumed that 𝛽 0.6 .
• The effective length factor 𝑘 1.0
for non‐sway frame.

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MMP for Sway Column
• Valid for only plane frames subjected to loads causing deflections in
that plane. If the lateral load deflections involve significant torsional
displacement, the moment magnification in the columns farthest
from the center of twist may be underestimated by the moment
magnifier procedure.
• In case of sway column, slenderness effect to included:
• Slenderness effect at column end (with k‐factor of sway frame)
• + Slenderness effect along column length (with k‐factor of non‐sway frame)
• If M2ndorder > 1.4 M1st order => revise the structure.

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• Slenderness effect at column end
• Moments 𝑀 and 𝑀 at the ends of an individual column shall be calculated
by (a) and (b)
(a) 𝑀 𝑀 𝛿𝑀
(b) 𝑀 𝑀 𝛿𝑀
𝑀 = factored end moment on a compression member at the end at which 𝑀 acts, due
to loads that cause no appreciable sidesway, calculated using a first‐order elastic frame
analysis
𝑀 = factored end moment on a compression member at the end at which 𝑀 acts, due
to loads that cause no appreciable sidesway, calculated using a first‐order elastic frame
analysis
𝑀 = factored end moment on compression member at the end at which 𝑀 acts, due to
loads that cause appreciable sidesway, calculated using a first‐order elastic frame analysis
𝑀 = factored end moment on compression member at the end at which 𝑀 acts, due to
loads that cause appreciable sidesway, calculated using a first‐order elastic frame analysis

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 q

M1ns, M2ns M1s, M2s

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• The moment magnifier 𝛿 shall be calculated by (a), (b), or (c). If 𝛿 exceeds 1.5,
only (b) or (c) shall be permitted:
• (a) 𝛿 1
• (b) 𝛿 1
.
• (c) Second‐order elastic analysis
• ΣPu is the summation of all the factored vertical loads in a story
• ΣPc is the summation for all sway‐resisting columns in a story
𝜋 𝐸𝐼 0.4𝐸 𝐼
𝑃 ; 𝐸𝐼
𝑘ℓ 1 𝛽
k determined for sway members
𝛽 is the ratio of maximum factored sustained shear within a story to the
maximum factored shear in that story associated with the same load combination.
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 Effect of fixities at both end of beam is neglected in (EI/l)

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Slenderness effect along column length of
sway column

• Calculate as non‐sway column with k‐factor of non‐sway column

(k=1.0).
𝐶
𝑀 𝛿𝑀 ; 𝛿 1.0; 𝑀 , 𝑃 15mm 0.03ℎ
𝑃
1
0.75𝑃
𝜋 𝐸𝐼 0.4𝐸 𝐼
𝑃 ; 𝐸𝐼
𝑘ℓ 1 𝛽

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Recommendation
• Run P‐Delta in Autodesk Robot or P‐Delta plus large displacement in ETABS: this will consider
the effect of sway frame on the column (P‐).
• Divide the column into 3 or 4 segments to check the effect of P‐ on the result of P‐. (In
case of doubt, test with 3 segments and then with 4 segments, check if the drift is changed
more than 5%. If not choose 4 segments. If yes, divide the column into 5 and so on.)
• No need to check the stability index Q
• No need to check if the column is braced/un‐braced, sway or non‐sway
• Whether the column is sway column or non‐sway column, apply the MMP method for non‐
sway column with the result from P‐Delta above to the design column. This will consider the
effect of local buckling of column and column imperfection (P‐).
• Disadvantage:
• Sometime NO‐SOLUTION. The calculation is not convergence.
• The reason of non‐convergent solution is
• not‐stable structure (structure is failed under assigned load), or
• sometime a mystery.
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Lateral deflection (Drift) of building‐
Serviceability
• It shall be permitted to calculate immediate lateral deflections using a
moment of inertia of 1.4 times I defined in 6.6.3.1, or using a more
detailed analysis, but the value shall not exceed Ig.
• Wind load used to check lateral deflection: Mean Recurrence Interval
• Recommend: 10 years
• ISO 6897‐1984, MRI= 5 years
• National Building Code of Canada, MRI=10 years
• Australian Standard AS 1170.2‐1989, MRI=20 years
• 𝑉 𝑉 0.36 0.1 ln 12𝑇 , 𝑇 is MRI in years
• Maximum drift under wind load: L/500 (Not defined in the code)
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