UNIT 3 ELECTRIFICATION

Structure
3.1 Introduction
Objectives
Electrical Power Supply
Design of Power Supply Schetne
3.3.1 Characteristic9 of Available Supply
3.3.2 Nature of Demand
3.3.3 Cross-section of Conductors
3.1.4 Type of Wiring and Methods of InsL~llation
3.3.5 Protective Equipment
3.3.6 Influence between Electrical and Non Electrical Wiring
3.3.7 Emergency Control
3.3.8 Disconnecting Devices for Mainten.mce/Repairs
3.3.9 Design Considerationq for Non Hazardous Buildiugs

Typical Electrical Distribution System for a Commercial Complex

Methods of Wiring
1.5.1 Different Types of Wiring
3.5.2 Wires through Conduits
3.5.3 Tmnkillg System

Illumination
3.6.1 Basics of Lighting
3.6.2 Lamps
3.6.3 Lumin.uies
3.6.4 Illuminance Calculations
3.6.5 Lighting Needs

Unintemptible Power Supply Systems (UPS)

3.7.1 Need of lJPS
3.7.2 Types of l R 3
3.7.3 Batteries
3.7.4 A Case Study
Emergency Power Supply Systems
Energy Conservation
3.9.1 Specific Energy
3.9.2 Energy Conservation
3.9.3 Energy Audit
3.9.4 Design Systems
3.9.5 Motor
3.9.6 Lighting
Maintenance of Electrical Installatioli
Safety in Electrical Installation
3.11.1 Electrical H a m d s
3.11.2 Definitiol~of Eloectric Shock
3.1 1.3 How Shock Occurs
3.1 1.4 Joule Burns
3.11.5 Flash Burns
3.11.6 Comparison between AC and IIC
3.1 1.7. High Voltage Hazards
3.1 1.8 Insulation Failure
3.11.9 Shock Protectio~~ Methods
3.11.10 Basic Electrical Safety Rules

3.1 INTRODUCTION
From the day Edison invented the bulb (filament lamp), a number of developments have taken
place in the field of Electrical Engineering and the present world can not survive without the
electricity.
 Building Services - I Electrical power is generated at far off places and is transmitted through overhead lines at a
very high voltage and distributed to the consumers. A number of generators will be working
in parallel to extend reliable power supply. If any single generator is overloaded the same will
be tripped and go out of the circuit. Also at the same time other generators (since one
generator has tripped) will also be overloaded and trip one by one. The same situation was
encountered in many of the Indian States. To overcome this problem a proper study is to be
made which is called Load Flow.Studies.
Since the supply is received by the consumer from a long distance transmission line, the
supply will be subjected to a number of disturbances caused naturally (due to overloading of
grid, switching of large loads etc.) or due to weather conditions (lightnings etc.) Hence the
supply will not be pure and totally reliable. For a critical installation, the reliable power
supply should be planned without much disturbances.
Electricity may give raise to accidents causing human and property loss if the system is not
designed, executed or maintained properly.
I
Due to the increa9e in fuel cost and scarcity of materials (such as coal) used for power
generation more emphasis is now given to energy con$ervation and non-conventional energy
systems.

Objectives
After studying this unit, you should be able to
know the basic requirements for the design of electriad power supply to buildings
including methods of wiring, illuminatio~land emergency power supply. and
a understand conservation of energy and safety in handling electricity.

3.2 ELECTRICAL POWER SUPPLY

3.2.1 Distribution of Electricity
Electrical power is generated, trausmitted and distributed to the consumers generally by the
Government Agencies.
"Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. Only the form of energy can be cllanged"
Electrical energy is obtained from potential energy (through steaun/water turbines), chemical
energy (battery) or nuclear energy (by fissiodfusion). Electrical energy can also be obtained
from non-conventional sources like wind, solar etc.
Electrical energy is usually either in the form of DC (direct current) or AC (alternate curretlt).
Most of the electrical equipment need A.C. power and it is eaxy Lo step up the A.C. voltage
for t r ~ ~ s m i s s i md
o ~ i step down for distribution purposes.
Generally, the power generated in generating stations will be of the order of 1lkV and if the
power is transmitted at the same voltage, the current will be high and hence the energy loss
in the conductors ( I R ) will be quite subs~v~tial.To reduce tlle losses the voltqe will be
stepped upto 132kVl or 220kV depending on the distance to be transmitted and stepped down
to the required voltage at the receiving end. The voltage will be in the shape of sine wave as
shown Figure 3.1 i.e. the magnitude of voltage will change from 0 b m~aximumaud then 0 to
minimum and come back to zero. TLiis is called rmc cycle.

Figu~e3.1: A.C. Voltage Shape

The unit of frequency i.e. number of such cycles per second is called Hertz.
In Indian system tlie standard frequency is 50 Hz. In UK the same is 25 Hz and in US the
same is 60 Hz.

3.2.2 Glossary of Terms Associated in Electrical Systems

Voltage: It is the potential difference that will cause a current of one ampere through a
resistance of oiie ohm.
Ampere: It is the currelit that flows through a circuit of one ollm when one volt is applied
across it.
Ohm: It is the unit of resistance.
Resistance: All materials offer resistance to tlie flow of current whicli is directly proportional
to length and inversely proportiotial to the cross-section area of the conductor, i.e.

where,
p = Resistivity of material
Ohm's Law: The current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage
applied across the terminals.
i.e. V = IR
where,
'R' is the resistiuice.
hi A.C. circuits, 'R' is replaced by 'Z'whicli is called the Impedance
The Impedaice is the sum of resistance and inductive reactancelcapacitive reactance.
Power : Power is the rate of doing work. It is expressed in watts.
For D.C. circuit? , power P = E x I = I x I x R = I R
since E = I x R as per Ohm's law
For A.C. single phase circuits, power
P=ExIxcos$
where cos $ IS called the power factor. The power factor is unity for a purely resistive circuit.
For A.C. three-phase circuits :

= 6x El2 x 1,- x cos Q,

where suffix'pb' iliclicates single phase values and 'L' indicates line - to - lilie values.
,4pparent Power: Tlie kVA flowing through a circuit is called apparent power.
i.e. tlie power ;ls defined above but without power factor.
Energy: It is tile total power consumed over a period 'and is measured as kWH.
i.e. Eiiergy = Power x hours of operation.
One unit of energy i.e. kWH is called 'one unit'
Electrical equipmait used in power distribution schemes are given unilcr :
Wires: A wire: used for distributioli i!f power, could be with copper conductor or aluminum
conductor aid insulated with PVC (pcjlyvitiyl chloride) or VRWIR (Vulciuiised rubber
iiisuli~ted/VulcaiizedIndia rubber).
Cable: A cable use for traismission or distribution of electricity could be with copper
conductdr or aluminum conductor and insulated with PVC of XLPE (cross linked poly
ethylene) and may be 'umoured (for mechanical protectir>n) with steel wirelstrip. For HT
cables (above 1.1 kV) PILC DSTA (paper insulated lead covered double steel tape annored)
wble or SLPB insulated cables are used.
 -
Building ~;?r,iees I Miniature Cii-cuit Breakers (MCB)
MCBs are replacing the rewirable fuses in final circuit protection. Tlie MCB has tlie
advantage of providing overload protection also as against only short clrcuit protection by
the fuse. The MCBs are available for various ratings upto 63A and w~tlirupturing capaclty of
9kA and above also and in single pole to four pole versions (1.e. tor s~nglcpliase and three
phase). .,
Molded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB): These breakers used tor the protection of motors
and also as group control breakers (in distributions panels). The MCCBs range start from
lOOA aid extend to nearly 3200A.
Switch Fuse Units (SFU): These are switches which has the facility to incorporate
rewirable1HRC fuse. The fuse protects the downstrean equipment from short c~rcuitsand the
switch is used for isolation.
Fuse: Fuse is used as a protection element against short circuits. The various types of fuses
available are t'ewirable, HRC, fast-acting HRC fuses etc. HRC (H~ghRupturing Capacity)
fuses are widkly used for the protection of circuits.

.
Air Circuit $reakers (ACB): These breakers are used as tlie main colitrol at tlie inception of
power supply and are available for current ratings from 6301800A at 415V.
The various protective devices like overload, short circuit, eautli fault, under voltage can be
built into the breaker control and also can be interlocked (mecliiu~icallyand electrically) witli
other breakers. This feature is required when two sources of supply are available and where
they are not parallelled.
Contactor: contactor is a device which is made 'ON' by energizing a co~l.The contactor in
conjunction with overload relay is used for the motor circuits. The conc~ctoris ideally suited
for remote ofleration of equipment also.
Transformet: Transformer is used to step down tlie voltage. Generally the level of supply
voltage is to he availed depending on the maximum contract demand witli electr~city
boardlsupply authority.
Generally above 75 kVA and upto 1500 kVA supply is to be availed at l lkV aid above that
at 33 kV upto 3000 kVA of contract demand.
Since the elqtrical equipment operates at 415V, tlie voltage is stepped down to 415V from
the level of voltage received and distributed to various equipments. Now-a-days dry type cast
resin filled Mansformers are available which are free from fire risk.
Diesel Genetator (DG)Sets: Diesel Generator sets are used for extending emergency supply,
in case of power failures.
Bulk oil Cirkuit Breakers (BOCBs): Tlie bulk oil circuit breakers are used for the protection
of transformer.
In these typas of breakers oil is used for insulation and quenching of arc (developed due to
breaking of cont~cts).
Minimum Oil Circuit Breakers (MOCBs): The minimum oil circuit breakers are also used
for the HT side control of traisformer. In these breakers, oil is used for arc quenching
purpose only.
Vacuum Circuit Breakers (VCBs): Vacuum circuit breakers are also used for HT side
control of transformer
SF6 Breakers: SF6 breakers employ tlle SF6 gas for arc quenching purposes which has got
very good qualities.
Air break (b) SwitchIGang Operated Switch:Air break switch (usually off-load) will be
provided at b e inception of power supply, if the connected load is less thari 1000 LVA.
Above 1000' LVA, breakers only must be used on HT side. On tlie structure where AB switch
is provided, generally HG fuse (horn gap fuse) set and lighm~ngarrestors also will be
provided. AS per Indian Electricity Rules, the lighming arrestors shall be provided at tlie
junction of overhead line and underground cable.
Lugs: These are used for the termination of cables or wires with tlie equipment. The lugs
could be mqde of aluminum or copper material.
 Only copper lugs shall be used with copper conductor wireslcables and aluminum lugs shall
be used lor aluminium conductor cableslwires to avoid any bi-metallic action. Now-a-days
bi-metallic lugs also are available.
Cable Gland: Brasslsteel glands are used for the termination of annoured cables with the
quipment/paiels/distributio~iboards. These glands hold the cable in position.

3.3 DESIGN OF POWER SUPPLY SCHEME

An Electrical Installation shall be designed for:
i) Proper functioning of the electrical installations,
ii) The protection of persons, live-stock and property
iii) Characteristics of available supply
iv) Nature of demand
v) Emergency supply
vi) Environmental conditions
vii) Size of wireslcables
viii) Type of wiring and methods of installations
c

I xi) Protective equipment

I xii) Emergency control

xiii) Disconnecting devices, for maintenailcelrepairs
xiv) Accessibility.
The above points are discussed in detail in this chapter.

3.3.1 Characteristics of Available Supply

Before finalising the scheme, the available supply with respect to the following parameters
shall be checked.
Nature of Current: A.C. or D.C.
For A.C.: Whether single pllase or three phase neutral conductor and protective earth
conductor. For example for single phase equipment, one phase conductor and cme neutral
conductor are sufficient, other than one protective earth conductor. For three phase equipment,
three pliase conductors aid one neutral conductor (except for motors which do not need
neutral conductor) along with two distinct protective earth conductors are required.
Voltage & Frequency
The stmdard voltage as per the Indian Electricity Rules for three system shall be as under :
240 V. between phase and neutral
between phase to phase
415 V 33 kV
3.3kV 66kV
6.6kV 1lC)kV
11.0 kV 132 kV
22.0 kV 220 kV (only for tra~ismissio~i
purpose)
440 kV (only for transmission purpose)
rt The allowed tolerances for the voltage as per hldiaIl ~ l ~ Rules
~ , (IE i ~ xe
- Rules) ~ as
~ plvell
~
below.
6% on higher side or 9 % on the lower side in case of high voltage 1.1 kv allti

upto 11 kv)
12.5%in fie case of exoa Ygh voltage (1.e-above kV) - 3%)
smdx frewel,Ci "I ~ i is 50
a ~ e r t za d
nu dYt
 3.3.2 Nature of Demand
The a m b e r and type of circuit$ required for lighting, heating, power, control etc., are to be
det-ed by:
a) Location of points of demand
b) Load expected on the various circuits,
c) Daily variation of demand
d) Any special conditions.

3.3.3 Cross-section of Conductors

The crass-section of conductors shall be determined by considering the
a) Admissible maximum temperature,
b) Admissible voltage drop
c) Electromechanical stresses likely to occur due to short circuits
d) Extent of mechanical stresses to which conductors are exposed
e) Maximum impedance with respect to the functioning of short circuit protection.

3.3.4 kype of Wiring and Methods of Installation

The of wiring and methods of installation depends on
a) The nature of location
b) Nature of walls or other parts of the building
C) Accessibility or wiring

For the residential and commercial buildings of concrete construction the concealed type of
r wiring with rigid non metallic conduits is the order of the day.
The va$ous methods of wiring are discussed in detail in a separate chapter.

3.3.5 Protective Equipment

The pmtective equipmelit shall be provided against overcurrent, earth fault etc.

3.3.6 Influence between Electrical & Non-Electrical Wiring

The non electrical wiring such as telephone/TV wiring shall be isolated from electrical wiring.
Otherwise the electro-magnetic forces will cause interference a d improper functioning of the
equipmknt.

3.3.7 Emergency Control

There aust be a main switch provided for the entire installation with =sy access to operate
in case bf emergency.

3.3.8 bisconnecting Devices for MaintenanceIRepairs

The t o y wiring of the installation shall be structured and grouped into various circuits for .
easy maintenancdrepairs. This is absolutely required to assure reliable power to the non
effected circuits.
As per is: 732, "Code of Practice for Wiring Installations" maximum 10 iightffan points with
maxim* 800 watts load can be grouped in a circuit and maximum 2 nos. 15A sockets with
3000 datts load shall be grouped in a circuit.
Each such circuit shall be provided with a suitable rating fuse/MCB for overload/short circuit
protectibn.

3.3.9 Design Considerations for Non-Hazardous Buildings

The fin;CIoutlets of the elecuical system in a building are lighting points, socket outlets and
fixed equipment like computers, motors, Xerox machines etc,
The following will be the step by step method of designing an electrical installation. Electrification

a) Finalise the lighting layout and arrangement of fans, exhaust fans and socket outlets .
etc. The location of equipment also shall be noted 011 the electrical layout drawing.
i) The lighting arrangement is to be made based on the illumination calculatio~~s
discussed elsewhere UI this course.
ii) The location of ceiling fans is to be finalised based on the seating arrangement
and also keeping aesthetics in mind. Usually one 1200 nnn sweep ceiling fa11
shall be provided for an area of 100-150 sft and at a minimum height of 9 ft.
iii) Exhaust fans are to be provided for exhaust of foul air (i.e toiletskitchen) or for
the ventilation purposes (i.e. for DG set room etc). The number of fans are to
be worked out based on the air cllanges required.
iv) The location of outlets for user specified equipmei~tshall also be marked.
b) The location of all control points shall be clearly marked in the drawing. Wherever
possible, every room shall be coiltrolled by a separate circuit tiom the sub-
distribution board for easy isolation of circuit.
c) For all lighting circuits, the size of wires shall be selected based on the current
carrying capacity (i.e. the conilected load) and voltage drop.
2 x K x L x l
Cross-sectional area of wire =
Voltage drop
where,
K = Resistancelsq.mm/mtr of the conductor
L = Length of,the-conductor (i.e. from DB to final load point)
I = Current
For any installation, the voltage drop from the inception of supply to the final load
point shall be within 3%. However, the drip of one or two per cent in the motor
clcuits shall be considered to reduce the power losses.
The value of 'K' for all practical purposes shall be taken as 0.03 for aluminium
conductors 'and 0.02 for copper conductors.
As a general rule, the minimum size of wires in the final sub circuit shall not be less
than 1.5 sq.mm for copper conductors/aluminium conductors.
d) All the circuits in a particular area are to be grouped and a distribution board is to be
planncd with fuselMCB for the protection of each circuit and with group controlling
hse/MCB as the incomer.
e) All the circuits could be distributed on single phase or three phases equally
depending on the number of outlets/load.
All such sub-distribution boards shall be fed from a mail] distribution board or panel
board which is at the load center.
f) All equipment shall be earthed with barelinsulated earth wire for the protection of
personnel/equipment. Minimum one earth connection shall be provided for all single
phasing appliances and two earth connections for all three phase equipment.
Design considerations for buildings handling hazardous materials
For buildings storingll~andlinghazardous materials, all the points a$ discussed for
non-hazardous buildings shall be followed. However care shall be taken in the selection of
electrical equipment for hazardous areas where all the electrical equipment shall also be flame
proof. The wiring shall be done using armoured cables and the termination shall be with
flame proof double compression type glands only.

3.4 TYPICAL ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

FOR A COMMERCIAL COMPLEX
The layout of the building is given in the Figure 3.2. The building has got 4 floors and each
floor consist5 of 12 shops.
 I
Legend : Enterance

1-1 - 4'- LOW Flourescent tubelight

@ - Ceilingfan 1200 rnm sweep

- 5 ~ m p s ,230V socket

- 15 Amps, 230V socket

Figure 3.2: Layout of the Bdlding
Solutlon
~ h t connected
! load of each shop: No x loadleach ~otd
I
~ i ~ b4t suigle
s 40 watt tubes 4 x 55W = 220 w
Ceiling fan 1 x 80W = 80 w
1

5A socket 1 x 100W = loo w

154 socket 4 x 100oW = 4CH)O w

Air I conditioner

Since d l tlib lights and sockets will ~lotbe used at a time, a diversity factor of 0.8 can be
assumed of11the total load.
Hence maximum demaid = 6900 x 0.8 = 5520 kW
Load current = 5520/( f i x 415 x 0.8 ($1) = 9.59A
Since otily lights/fans/5A sockets are there in a shop and the total load of which is within
800 W, onl$~one circuit is sufficient for lighting. a

Since 4 po4er (15A) points are there md only two points a n he connected in circuit, 2
circuits are required for the power points.
Tile air-conOitiorler is to be connected in a separate circuit.
Selection 04 wires (with copper cotiductor wires)
Voltage drol, nssumed to be 1% for a l l circuits aid wiring length of 10 mtrs is assumed.
 Feeder Load Load C u r r e ~ ~ t CI-oss-sectionalArea

i) Lighting Circuit 400 W (400f220) = 1.8 A 2 ~ k x l ~ I = 2 ~ 0x . l 0o x1 1.8

= 0.72 sq. mm
11) Power Circuit 2000 W 2000/(2.20 x 0.8) = 11.36 A 2 x 0.02 x 10 x 11.36
= 4.54 sq. mm
iii) A/C 2500 W 2500/(220 X 0.8) = 14.02 A 2 x 0.02 x 10 x 14.02 = 5.608 sq. mnl

a) circuit MCB of 6A and 1.5 s q . m wires art sufficient for lighting circuit;
b) circuit MCB of 20A and 4 sq.mm wire are sufficient for power circuit.
c) circuit MCB of 20A and 6 sq.mm wires are sufficie~~t for A/C circuit.
a l e single line diagram for power distribution in a shop will be as given in Figure 3.3.

30 AT P,
7 Incomlng MCB
I
20A

Spare
I

Figure 3.3: Power Distribution in a Shop I

Incoming Cable (for three phase application):

The load is equally balanced on all the three phases. The current in one phase ( i.e B.Phase )
of 2500 watts

Load C u m l t = 25* = 14.20 A

220 x 0.8
Cross-section of conductor (for 30 m m length) the cable assumed to be of alumillurn
conductor and voltage drop is restricted to 2%

Since 16 sq.mm is the size of conductor available and Ulree phase and neutral system is
selected, 4 core 16 sq.mm cable arid i~lcorni~lg
MCB of 30A is selected. Tlie total single line
diagrarn will be as shown in Figure 3.4.

1 I I 1 ' 1 I I
~ I I I I I I I
* I I I I I I I I

- Shop 1 --------.-----------..--.---
48 Common Lighting
Figure 3.4: Total Single Line 1)iagram
 -
Building Services I The total load of the installation:
Load of 48 shops = 5.52 x 48 = 264.96 kW
Load of common lighting DB = 2.64 kW
(660 watts i# each floor & 4 floors)
Total = 267.60 kW
Since all the! shops will not be operating at a time at full demand worked out, a further
diversity factor of 0.8 can be assumed.
Simultaneous maximum demand = 267.60 x 0.8 = 214.08 kW
Load in kVA at a power factor of 0.85

Hence the total load of the installation is 2-50 kVA.

A transformier of 250 kVA capacity is to be planned for the installation.
If the Uansformer is to be located at a distance of 50 mtrs from panel the cable size is to be
calculated for the same with a voltage drop of 3%, so that the total drop will be around 6%.

Load = 250 kVA

Load currerqt = 250 'Oo0 = 347.8 A

f i x 415
Size of Aluininum conductor cable for 3% drop

2 runs of 185 sq.mm cables are to be selected with incoming switch for the paiel of 400A.
Since the tr+msformer is away by more than 15 mtrs from secondary side isolation,(i.e panel),
mother isolption shall be provided within 15 mtrs. It is preferable to provide either MCCB or
ACB at Uiid place since ELR is to be provided as per IE Rule 61A. The single liiie diagram
will be as given in Figure 3.5.

Transformer

Repeat
'or
shops 21048

Figure 3.5: Single Line Dlagram

+

3.5 METHODS OF WIRING

3.5.1 Different Types of Wiring
Different types of wiring are followed for extetiditig the supply to various electrical equipment.
 i) Cleated Wiring System
In this type of wiring, PVC insulated of VIR insulated wires are run on porcelain cleats.
'Ihe cleats to be tixed at a distance of 600 mrn apart and are fixed to the wall by using
wood-plugs.
All cleated wiring shall be run as far as possible in such a manner so as to be visible
except in positions where hey would be liable to mechanical injury and run above 1.5 m
firom floor level.
This system shall not be adopted on damp walls or ceilings and is suitable for circuits
upto 250 V. The cleat shall be arranged in such a way that the distance between wires
shall be 25 mrn and in case of sub-mains the same shall be minimum 40 mm.
Where cleated conductors cross each other, they shall be separated by an iilsulating bridge
piece. The cleated wiring shall not be taken through floors. At the time of laying and
drawing of wires, care shall be taken to keep the wires spaight, tight%nd rigid without
any twist.
This type of wiring is outdated and is not in vogue.
ii) Wood Casing Wiring System
1

This system of wiring is suitable for low voltage installation where vulcanised rubber
insulated cables or plastic insulated cables are used in wiring work. All casing shall be
with seasoned teak wood or any other suitable hard wood, free from knots, shakes or
other defects. The casing shall have grooved body with beaded or plain moulded cover.
All casing shall be fixed by means of suitable wood screws to plugs at an interval not
exceeding 900 m m for sizes upto 64 mm casing and not exceeding 600 mm for sizes
above 64 mm. All casing shall be provided with porcelain insulators of not less than
6.5 mm thick from the wall. Casing shall be provided only on dry walls / ceiling and
shall not be fixed near gas / steam appliances. The casing shall never to buried in
flooring / plastering. Wherever the wires are to be take11 through walls / floors, only
heavy conduit properly bushed at both ends shall be used.
This type of wiring was extensively used till a decade back, but not done now-a-dsys.
iii) Tough Rubber Sheathed or PVC Sheathed Wiring System
This type of wiring is also suitable for low voltage installations and sh,d not be used in
places exposed to rain / sun or in damp places. This system of wiring is suitable for
places where acids or alkalis are likely to be present. All TRS wiring shall be run on
well seasoned and varnished straight teakwood battens of not less than 10 mm fiilishcd
thickness and width suitable to run all the wires. All the wiring shall be fixed using link
clips to minimize condensation or sweating inside the conduit. The outer surface of the
conduit and all conduit accessories in all cases, wherever exposed to weather sh'zll be
protected against rust. Link clips shall be so arranged that one single clip shall not hold
more than two twin core TRS or PVC sheathed cables upto 1.5 sq.mm above which
single clip shall hold single cable. The wiring shall not be bent in right angle and shall
be rounded off at the corners to a radius not less than six times the overall diameter of
the cable. The cables shall not be buried in floor 1 in plaster.
iv) Metal Sheathed Wiring System
This type of wiring system is suitable for low voltage -hlstallatioi~sand shall not be used
in plam where acids/alkalis present, but is used in places exposed to sun and brain
provided no joint is exposed. The wires shall be fixed on walls sunilar to TRS vxbles.
*
The link clips shall bk arranged similar to TRS cables fixing. However the cab: ' s laid ill
places exposed to weather, the link clips shall be made for outdoor use. The meQl
sheathing shall be properly earthed to ensure optimum safety.
V) Conduit Wiring System
a) Surface conduit wiring system with rigid steel c o d u i t ~
All conduit pipes must be finished with stove enameled surface. All conduit
accessories like junction boxes, couplings shall be of threaded type and in no c&se
clamp type accessories shall be used. The minimurn size of the conduit shall be ~f
Building Services - I 16 mm diameter aid of 16 SWG thickness. Threads ill conduit pipes dial1 be
belween 11 mm to 27 mm long sufficient to accommodate pipes.
~ d insulated
e conductors of A.C and D.C supplies sliall not be hunched in tlic same
copduit. The lighting and power outlets wires aid wires of different phases shall be
rub in different conduits. All conduits shall be properly drained and ventilated.
Tlje conduit pipes shall be fixed using heavy gauge (minimum 18 SWG ) saddles
secured to suitable wood plugs or any other screws at zui interval not more than lmtr.
Tlle bends in conduits including diversion:. shall be done by bending pipes or by
usjng solid or inspection type beiids, elbows etc. Radius of such bends in conduits
shiall not be less tliai 75 mm. All bendstjunctionti~ispectionboxes must be accessible
fol maintenancetrepairs.
The wires used in conduits shall be with stranded conductors. The conduit shall be
cdnnected permanently to earth by means of earthing clamp for a perfect continuity
bdtween earth and conduit. The conduit sliall be tested for mecliaiicd aid electrical
cantinuity after erection.
b) RBces,red conduit wiring system wit11 rigid steel conduits
The recessed steel conduits used shall comply with all the require~nentsof surface
co(nduit wiring system for fixing of conduit. A neat chase must be rnade in wall and
t o be filled up neatly after erection and brought to the original finish of the wall. The
cduduit in chase shall be fixed by staplesisaddles not more than 600 mm apart.
Fiking of standard bends or elbows shall be avoided as far as possible. Suitable
inkpection boxes of size 75 x 75 mm shall be provided at required places to enable
paiodical i~ispectionsand to facilitate removal of wires.
when tlie conduit is to run across the expaision joints, the conduit section across the
joint sliall be with tlexible conduits of sane size as the rigid conduit.
c) C ~ n d u i wiring
t system with rigd non-trzetullic conduits
~ { g i non
d metallic (PVC) conduits are used for surface, and concealed cor~duit
wiring. The conduit may be either threaded type or plain type zu~dshall be used with
cdrresponding accessories.
The other factors explained under metallic conduits sliall apply to no11 metallic
conduits also.
Non metallic conduit systems shall be used only where it is ensured that they are:
a) Suitable for extremes of ambient temperature
b) Resistanl to moisture aid chemical absorptions
c) Resistant to low temperature and sunlight effects.

3.5.2 wires through Conduits

l i e size arid number of wires that can be drawn tlirougli rigid steel conduits are given ill the
following Tablt; 3.1,
Table 3.1: Wire Carrying Steel Conduits
Size of wire Size of C o ~ ~ d u(in
i t nun)

Note: S Condu~tswh~chw ~ l lnot deflect beyclod 15 degrees f ~ o mstra~ght

B C'oudu~tsw h ~ c hw ~ l ldeflect beyond IS degrees from stra~ght.
Mdmimum number of wires tliat can be drawn '&rough Non metallic conduits are given in
Table 3.2.
Table 3.2: Wire-Carrying Non-matallic Conduits

Size of Wire in mm2 Size of Conduit in m m Dia

16 20 25 32 40 50
1.0 5 7 13 20 - -
1.5 4 6 10 14 - -
2.5 13 5 10 14 - -
4 2 3 6 10 14 -
6 - 2 5 9 11 -
10 - - 4 7 9 -
16 - - 2 4 5 12
25 - - - 2 2 6

3.5.3 Trunking Systems

Other than the methods explained above, the distribution is done by raising mains arid
trunki~gsystems also.
Tlie advantages claimed for Uunking are:
a) It is much lighter Ulan conduits of the same capacity;
b) Fewer fixings are required, since only one uunking length is to be fixed;
c) Wiring is easier and quicker as the cables are laid-in, instead of being drawn in:
d) Eection time is rcduced;
e) Easily adaptable wiring system.
t) Multiple compartment trunking systems are available where the segregation of wiring
is required.
Where the trunking is used to contain bus bars, it becomes
i) overhead bus bar trunking, and
ii) raising main tr~lliking.
The metal clad overhead bus bar is used to distribute power to niachines in industries. At
intervals along the Icngth of run a tapping off-point is provided with HRC fuses mounted in a
sheet steel m e . Connections to machines are then taken from the tap - off boxes by flexible
conduits, steel conduits or other wiring methods.
A raising main system is used in multi-storied complexes where the insulated bus bars will be
xun through ducts and the tap-off will be provided at every floor to facilitate the extension of
supply. A main switch or bre'aker will be provided at thc starting of the bus bar and also at
the tap-off points.
These types of distribution are very much economical since it does not need the extensive
cabling and also distribution panels.

3.6 ILLUMINATION
Almost until the end of the 19th century, people could not work after sunset due to lack of
adequate light. In the year 1900, the electric filament lamps came into field as a source of
light and replaced the gas mantles which were hi use for centuries together. A lot of
developments have been made since then aid different types of lamps and luminaries have
been developed for a variety of applications which have brought a revolutioti in the sphere of
Industrial aid scientific sectors by reducing difference between day and night.

3.6.1 Basics of Lighting

The basics of lighting are given below:
i) Light
Light is defqed as that part of electromagnetic radiation or energy that is capable of
exciting the metina of eye and produce visual sensation.
ii) Intensity of bight
This is the bhic measurement of light and is defined as "Luminous flux emitted from a
source per sacond per unit solid angle". It is measured in 'Candela' or Candle Power
(CP).
iii) Luminous Flux
It is defined as the energy radiated by a source per second and is measured in 'Llm~ens',
iv) Illumination
Illumination at a point is directly proportional to intensity of light and il~versely
proportional to square of distance from source.
Icos8
Illumination E = - 3
where,
I = Intensity, and
I
r = distance from source.
v) Laws of ~dflection
a) Incident ray, reffracted ray and the normal lie in the same plane.
b) Angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection.
vi) Laws of Refraction
a) Incidenlt ray reflected ray and n o d lie in the same plane.
b) The raqio of sin 'i' to sin 'r' is constent and is called refractive index of medium,
(i is a lconstant and is the angle of incidence and r-range or refraction).
These iaws of reflection and refraction are very much useful in designing of
luminaries.
vii) Colour
When a ray of white light (rather sun light) passes through a prism, it splits up into
different cblours due to the fact that refractive index of materials depends upon wave
length. Cohversely, if we reflect back the colours, we can get again white light.
In fact, any colour can be obtained by suitable mixing of primary colours i.e., 'red',
'blue' and 1 'green'.

A lot of development has been made in the lamps since the day Edison invented his
incandescent lamp. A brief description of various lamps is given below:
i) Incandescpnt Lamps
The incandesdnt lamps belong to the group of thennal radiators. The incandescent body is
heated to a high temperature through direct passage of current. The radiation evolved through
that hot body partly visible.
As kmperature increases, the wave length of intense radiations decreases and the band of
intense radiatibns comes more and more in the range of visible spectrum. The two laws that
relate temperature with wave length and intensity of radiation are Wein's law and Stefan
Boltzman's law.
a) W&'s Law
It st&s that the wave length of intense radiation is inversely proportional to the
I
absodute temperature of emitter, i. e. wave length a = -
Temp'
 b) Stefan Boltzman's Law
It states thai the total intensity o f emitted rdiution is proportional to the <fourth
power o f absolute tcnq)erature of emitter. i.e. E-fl.
As Wein's law suggests, the short wavc length radiations are produced at high temperatures.
The sun whose temperature is 6000°C emits 'Ultraviolet' radiations which cause the sun
bunls 'and which WI tar1 the exposed parts of human body.
The highest luminous efficiency for black body is obtained at a temperature of around
6500°K which amounts to 90 lum/W But with tungsten as radiator in incandescent lamp, the
hnit is determined by its melting point of 3655°K. The theoretical maximu~nefficiency is 50
lumlw. Unfortunately tungsten evaporates very fast at its melting point and so the life c~fI m p
is very short and also the tungsten deposited on the wall of bulb reduces its luminous
efficiency. Hence the temperature cannot be raised too high. In practice maximum efficiency
is about 32 lumlW.
The first incandescent lamp, introduced by Thomas Alva Edison in 1879, was with carbon
filament. But clle problem faced wit11 carbon filament I m p is its fast vapourisation beyond its
working temperature of 1800°C and hence a large electrical input is required to produce a
6
given candle power (CP) and so the efficiency was very low (i.e. 3 lumM'). The other
disadvantage with carbon filament is its negative resistance characteristic.
C
So, for material of filaments, tungsten is chosen which has a positive temperature co-efficient
'and operating temperature of 2500-3000°C depending on wattage. Its resistance at working
temperature varies from 12 to 15 times of its cold resistance. The other advantage is that it
radiates more in visible spectrum and less in infrared spectrum.
The efficiency of a lamp is further increased by using a11 inert gas instead of vacuurn inside
the bulb which has helped in reducing evaporation rate allowing high operating temperature.
The losses due to conduction and convection were lessened which have increased due to inert
gas, as the length of filament is responsible for heat loss according to Lmgmuir. In 1930,
coiled coil filament was introduced which has increased thc efficiency still further and
lessened the losses.
The colouring for the lamps can be achieved in two ways (a) by applying coating to inside of
lamps by the process of flushing and sistering or (b) by adding certain chemicals 20 the
ingredients of the bulb while manufacturing itself.
The size of filament used is as low as 10 microns which is 116th diameter of human hair.
However, this depends mainly on wattage and voltage of lamps. Higher the wattage tlle
current it takes for rated voltage is more and thicker should be the filament. Hence if filiune~lt
is thicker, the temperature at which it operates without excessive evaporation is more and SO
higher wattage lamp are more efficient than low wattage lamps for tlle rated voltage and in
corollary tl~elow voltage lamps are more efficient than higher voltage lamps for rated
wattage.
Even though Lhe life and efficiency of incandescent kmps is less, it is still popular because of
its less initial cost, convenience and simplicity to install and maintain and freedom from
strobboscc>piceffect.
ii) Halogen Incandescent Lamps
It is known that efficiency of inmdescent lamps is maximum as the temperature reaches
4 melting point of filament. But the rate of evaporation is more, as temperature reaches melting
point and also evaporated tungsten deposits on bulb wall causes excessive reduction in light
output.
When a halogen (genemlly iodine) is added, evaporated tungsten chemically mixes with
iodine and tungsten iodide is formed on the wall of bulbs where the temperature is low.
Tungsten iodide which is very much volatile in nature suffers thermal diffusion in the
direction of filament and on reaching the filament which is at a high temperdture, decomposes
into tungsten and iodine. The tungsten so decomposed deposits back on filanent. This is
called 'regenerative cycle'. This way, the blackening of lamp will be reduced and luminous
efficiency :uld life of latnp will be improved.
The drawback with iodine added lamps is Ulat they cannot run at angles greater than 4" from
the horizontal in which case, tile iodine vapour migrates to Uie lower end leaving upper end
 -
Building Services I starved aid llftllce regenerative cycle ceases. This cal be OVerCOlne by fillillg the IaunPs lo a
lligll pressure especially with Xellon. This increases the efficiency in addition to overcolni~lg
the problem o/t' migration of iodine. But tlle cost is very high
Halogen lmp; can be used in all Lield such ;ISflood ligl~tiog,T.V. Studios, over llcad
projectors, c q lighting, signalling etc.
iii) Blown ~ b l b
Lamps
These lamps $ r e also incandescent larnps hut a high quality inter~ialmirror will be used which
follows tl~ephrabolic shape of lamp. By precise variation of lilaunent proportions and
positio~lingof the same in relation to bulb fronts auld intenlal mirror, ;UI extalsive range of
luminous i~ltensitiescan be achieved.
lteuaice aid a high light output is maintained
s. In ordinary lamps, the separate outside reflector used soils
very soon xi8 llence light output decreases. These lamps are generally used for indoor
applications. ;

Fluorescent l'iamp in principle is a tubular low pressure mercury vapor Iaunp.

Fluorescent haterials when subjected to electro-magnetic radiatiorls of :I particular wave
length get elrcited and give out radiatio~lsat some other wave length.
ury vapour under low pressure Ilavc :Lwave length
n. Since most of tile fluorescenl materials have a
lengtli, we get secondary racliation fro111 fluorescenl
layer which happens to be in visible spectrum.
The power thctor of these lamps is ;round 0.5 due to the presence of a choke which car1 he
further improved to 0.95 by the use of suitable capacitor.
The light prbducing coatillgs are called phosphors. Depending o n tlle phosphor used, different
colours sucq as blue, greeu,bluisli white, yellow white and yellow pink czul be obtained.
I
The advantzzes of these lamps are their high lurninous efficiency, aid long life uilder ncmnal
conditions. The drawbacks of these lamps are high initial cost due to choke and starter arid
because of $troboscopic effect due to wllicll the rotating objects will be secn rurining in
opposite dirbction or ru~lningslow. This cannot be allowed in industry which may cause
accidents.
V) High pressure Mercury Vapour (HPMV) Lamps
!
When the ate length of a lamp is reduced, it becomes inevitable to increase tlie mercury
pressure to /naintain arc voltage drop. But this i n ~ ~ e a j etlle
s tnnperature of tile larnp wllicli
the ordinarj glass cari rlot withstand and hence quartz glass is used as arc' tube material. The
UV tr,2nsmission which can hc utilised by efficient
aracteristic. (b) reduced dimensions, and (c) aui be operated in

sen to 1mve the uniformity of phosphor coating. The ductile

lem suilrible for seading it.

eararice auld fairly good colour rendition.

urn rnagliesiuln pllospllate in till suspension W~LSused for
tlate phosphate borate activated witli Europium is used

Ianps use a ballast in series. However, tile larnps developed with tungsten
 ballat zuid the sane are called 'blended lamps'. Tlie filament acts as an incandescent light
source zuld at tlthe s ~ m eti~kleoperates as ballast for mercury discharge tube by limiti~lgtlie
lamp current.
The outer bulb of these lamps is coated with a corrosive layer to improve colour rendition.
Tlle filament is mounted around discharge tube to obtain good light mixing and promote rapid
running up of discliarge tube.
Out of die tolal power, 30-45% is dissipated ill discharge tube and 10-55% in filament. Thc
efficiency of these lamps, is around 20 1 0 depending on lamp rating. A table showing
sharing up between incandescent and discharge is shown in Table 3.3.
Table 3.3

G vii) Higlt Presure Sodium Vapour (HPSV) Lamps

These Imps use sodium, mercury ,and a rare gas (generally xenon) as discharge elements.
Like all discharge lamps, 'SON' lamps require a current limiting device and an ignitor.
Generally thyristor ignitor is used to ensure rapid reliable starting. The ignitor provides a
number of low energy, high frequency pulses super imposed on tl~emains voltage across
lamp electrodes. The initial discharge takes place in rare gas. Heat, thus dissipated causes
some of die sodium amalgam to evaporate. Thc mercury and sodium vapours with their lower
excitation potentials then take over the discharge and after a short m e the lamp bums st~bly,
emitting its cI1,mcteristic pleas;uit golden white light.
The luminous efficie~icyof these lamps is around 117 1umensWatt. The other advantages of
tl~eselanps are a long life, reliable and stable operation and their universal burning positions
aid very short restriking time i.e. around 1 minute. The mahi disadvantages with these l m p s
is tlleir monochromo~naticityand so not applicable where colour rendering is highly required.
Tithe losses in ballasts of these lamps is around 30% of lamp wattagc against 10% in HPMV
lamps. The losses in ballasts of LPSV lamps are still higher.
viii) Low Pressure Sodium Vapour (LPSV) Lamps
The vapor pressure in these lanps is very low i.e. 330 mps. I11 these lamps, the discharge
takes place tluoogh a rare gas on ignition, resulting in reddish coloured light. As temperature
gradually increases, sodium evaporates at~dtakes over discharge. The time required to reach
90% nominal out put b 10-15 minutes after which the ,yellowish orange colour will be
obtained.
The luminc>uscfficiency of these lamps is very liigll due to their efficiency in converting
electrical cncrgy into visible light and due to the lying of spectral energy distribution lines
lying very close to peak of eye sensitivity curve. The other advanQges of these l k p s are
excellent lumen maintenance (due to minimum attraction of moisture and dust), good visual
acuity, good glare control and immediate reignition.
Tlie lamps are available in the range of 18, 35, 55, 90, 135 and 180W. These lamps car1 be
used in motor ways, security and yards lighting, stores, shops and cold storages also upto
temperatures of around - 40°C. The illumination given by 180W SOX (LPSV) lamp is equal
to tllat of 250W SIN lamp and 400W HPMV lamp. By adopting these lamps energy c;ul be
saved and tlie size of incoming cables cal be reduced, which results i11 low initial cost.
ix) Metal Halide Lamps
These lamps are developed in an attempt lo improve the colour rendering properties of
HPMV lamps by adding metals like thallium, sodium And indium and by properly dosing
these metals in the form of iodides. The requirement is that these iodides should dissociate,
prevailing in center of discharge which the lamp ignites; the mercury discliarge start$ aid
discharge tube quickly heats up. The medlic iodides dissociate at arc discliarge temperature.
 -
Building Services 1 The metals takeover the function of light e~nissio~: from mercury owing to their lower
ionisation vbltage. Outside the arc, the relative cold elivelope the wall. tl?e metal atoms are
again combined by iodine into iodides so that quartz envelope is protected ag:u"llst attack
which may pduce the life of the lamp.
I11 the speckal energy distribution, blue peaks come from indium, preen and red from thallium
'and yellow from sodium. The lumi~iousefficiency of theye lamps is around 90 lum/W when
compared witli 50 lum/W of HPMV l'unps.
These l'unp6: are used in street and industrial lighting and for flood lighting purpose$, in
particular for sports stadia for the purpose for colour TV which guar;ulrec good colour
rendition or) screen.

3.6.3 Luminaries
A lurninarek by definition is a complete lighting unit, coilsistiiig of a laxlip or Imps together
with the parts designed to electrically operate aid control Ille lamp, to distribute aud co~ltrol
light to po9ition and pllysically protect the lamps and to connect lamps to power source.
The ba5ic physical principles used in designing lurnin'uies are retlection, trruismission and I

absorption.The type of materials used can direct the light in different ways. either diffuse,
reflect or refract it to a point. For example the specular reflection is obtained by polished and
processed hodised aluminium 'and spread reflection is by etched. brushed and processed
anodised aluminum and diffuse reflection by fine sand plaster surface.
i) ClassiAcation of Luminaires

It is based on the percentage of total liglit output in upper hemispliere (90-180") and
lower heinisphere (0-90").
b) Commercial
In case of commercial complexes, lighting should be evaluated in terms of its effect
ori people 'and their performance.
Galerally, decorative luminaries with diffusers which are made of tr;u~spauentor
translucent glass or pla5tics are used. The louvres which have p'uabolic contours tliat
reflects the light down arid out of gl'ue zone are also recommended. Recently.
mirrors in the form of highly polished and anodised retlectors are being used to
iqprove 'spacing to mounting-height ratio'.
c) Industrial
High bay luminaries with HID lamps, aluminum or vitreous enameled retlectors and
also dust proof fluorescent lumin,uies are used for industrial eilvirolunent where the
h$ad room is more (6 mtr or more) and where dust and vapour pollution is high.
d) Outdoor
Flood lights with special reflectors of parabolic cross-section and front glasses with
Weather proofing are generally used for outdcwr applications e.p. stadiums, yards,
sqcurity etc.
~ b street
r lighting, fluorescent fittings and luminaries with HID lamps are adopted.
ii) Photd Metric Data
The data of the lumens output of a luminary ;~sa function of angle is measured with tlie
help Of Gonio Photometer and plotted on polar charts. These are called Polar Curves of
luminhries.
iii) Polar Curves
The distribution of intensity in any aria1 plane as a functioli of angle shown in polar
coorclbnates graph is a polar curve of given source or lumi~i,ary.
The e/fficiency of luminaire is obtained from the ratio of total lumen with fitting to bare
lamp lumens.

3.6.4 fllurninance Calculations

The two iplethods which are in use for illuminance calculatioils are:
 i) Lumen method
ii) Point by point method.
The lumen method is a simple method used mostly for interior illumination calculations and
p i n t by point method is based on inverse square law which is a cumbersome method to do
manually.
i) Lumen Method
To obtain average illurninatiol~,we determine total luminous flux reaching workii~gplane.
This flux is composed of two components:
a) Flux which reaches directly from the source (direct component)
b) Flux which comes by reflection from room surfaces (indirect or reflected component).
The co-efficient of utilisation CU, is the ratio of the total lumens reaching a working plane
to the total lumens given out by the lamps i.e. sum'of direct and indirect compo~~ents
reaching
working plane and is a function of three factors; viz.,
i) room surface reflection
ii) room size and proportion
iii) luminaire
Qlculation of 'CU'
a) First the room index (k) shall be found out from
l x w
k -
H,n(l+w)
where,
1 = length of room
w = width of room
H,,,= mounting height
b) Depending on colour of walls and ceiling, reflection factor to be found.
c) Knowing room index and reflection factor, 'CU' to be found from photometric data
sheet supplied by manufacturer.
Thus the formula for illuminance (Illumination) is given by ,
Luminous flux x CU
Illuminance =
Area
This gives only initial illumination. But in practice there are a number of factors which
reduces the lumen efficiency of the luminaire such as recoverable and unrecoverable losses. It
is also important to note that lumens specified by manufacturers is after 100 hrs for
fluorescent l e p s and after 200 hrs for HID lamps.
Recoverable Losses
a) Lamp bunlouts
b) Lamp lumen depreciation
C) Luminaire dirt depreciation
d) Room surface dirt depreciation.
These losses can be reduced to a considerable extent by proper maintenance. So, a
maintenance factor is to be co~~sidered
in illumination calculations for good, normal or bad
maintenance conditions. In a clean room where the d im accumulations is almost nil, the
maintenance factor can be taken as 0.9.
Unrecoverable Losses
a) Luminaire Ambient Temperature
The fluorescent lamp and luminaire ratings are rated at 25' C in still air. But
generally the lamps may have to be used at a different temperature either low or
The hmen out put of lamp will be reduced by around 1 . 5 8 for eveq ryO
"Gati~nin ~ m p e ~ a'here
~ e ,will be no significant variation in lumen output ot
i~ade~~ent 01 lamps with temp.
Buildi~~g
Services -I b) Voltagir
The vbltage variation affects almost all the lamps. A 1% vauiatioli in voltage causes
3% cljange in lumen output of lamp.
c) Ballask Fuctor
Ballast factor is a ratio of lamp lumells when operated on it. own ballast to the rated
lamp lumens determined on a standard test ballast testing circuit. Cunqercial ballasts
do not work so efficient a. test ballasts.
~ e n c the
e illumination formula becomes:
Flux in had collditions
Illumijiation = x CU x MF
Area
~
where1 MF = Maintenance Factor
CU = Coefficient of utilization
ii) Point by Point Method
It uses the inverse square law which states that illumination (13 at a point 'D' 011 a surface
perpendicular 40 light ray is directly roprtional to intensity (I) of source aid inversely
l'
proportional to square of distance (d ) of- source from point.

If the ray of light is not perpendicular to surface. the formula will be ~riodifiedas under:
Iws$
E = : for horizontal illumination, and
ti2
IS$$ .
E = tor vertical illumination
?4
The intensity uf lamp at various angles is found from polar c w e s of tlle particular
luminaire. Thi! method .is generally used for outdoor installations where retlecmlces are not
considered. Foi this method, the area to be illuminated will he divided into small squares: the
side of which 1s generally selected as 0.2 times of mounting height of lurninaure and
illumination will be measured at the center of the square. As the illu~ninationis to be f c ~ n d
due to various sources at different places, it is very ,tedious and impossible for large areas to
do manually q d so requires a computer. The uniformity of illuminati011 is generally found
from the ratio of minimum illumination to average illumination. This value should be 0.8 to
1.0 for good qnifonnity.
I

3.6.5 ~ i ~ h ' kNeeds

in~
1) Illumination Levels
An illumination engineer basically should consider the following aspects while designing
lighting:
a_) To prpvide good visibility so that ~ a k can
s be performed with required degree of
speed and accuracy.
h) To p&vide lighting levels that will permit work to be done with least ettort.
c) To pqovide lighting conditions that will furnish maximum safety aud rn~nimum
disahllity and discomfort.
There are five important aspect. of any visual t u k to decide the illumin:~tiomlevel. They are
conlrast, size, time, illutni~iance(measured brightness) and colour as far as liurn;u~eye 1s
concenled. Tht effects of age shall also he considered, as with age there will be:
:I) Decrdax in ability to focus upon close objects,
b) Decrdase in ability to adopt black and white, .

c) ReduFtion of sensitivity at low luminances,

d) Loss of transmission of light due to increased clarity of le~is,
e) Narrdwing of spectral range of sensitivity due to yellowing of lens,
Anotiier i~rkportantfactor which decides the lighting level is psychological zttcct oi
cl~vironmzn t. I

The recommended illumiiration level for various areas is given in Table 3.4
Table 3.4: Illumination Levels
r Areas
I
IUumination Level (Lux)
Offices
I a) Reception area (Desks)
h) General Office
c) Drawing Office
d) Conidors and Lift Cars
e) Stairs
f) Lift Landings
School and Colleges
a) Assembly Halls
i) General
I I
ii) When used for examination
iii) Plat-fornis
b) Class and Lecture Rooms
C) Art Hcorns

I
d) Laboratories
21 L.ibrarizs
Ho111es
nl fitchens
h) Bath Room

3) Streat Lighting
Now we shall look luto Llkc exterior lighting installations. One of the Innst important rulenor
installatioil 1s 'street lightlug'.
Street ligllting should satisfy the requir-i-rncn~s
of vehicle rh-ivcrs v as to sce distinctly wiI11~1ut
the dippctl or ilrivilrp hcadli2his a11d loca~cwith cert:linty and in timc all c~l,stacleson c;miagr
way :u~cl illc rzquirenlellts oS pedesbians so :is to enable him to see the edge of kerh, vdriclcs
while ( ~ carriage
1 way a i d obstacles such as tree3 etc.
Quantity of m e t lighting is determilled hy the following four critcrm:
a) General Level of Luminance: The luminance plays an important role which is very
much essential for proper identification of objects. The luminaires should be selected
properly dependins on h e width of road.
b) Uniformity of 1,urninanc.e: The strwt ligll! should he unif-tlm~illuminated. 0ljrt~r.i;;~:
fl~c&uh P R I C ~ C Snk* h~ i'leat~~lwhich cause fatigue ntld i~1Xkc5dlc !!rivin:~
w~comiurrablca ~ r c i11 may cau.se irrit~tion10 dri\ cr. T l i ~11lrnil;s.ics ~ l i d Ix
l >i:!ck,!: :;
propcrly and nlountrd at :i height :md upac'i~rpJcprndi~rcOLI ~ x ~ d totb I'(>;L<!.
c) Limitation of (;lare: Glare due to lu~rn~iar~es bhould he controlled Lo L: ~ r i l u :'i~h~,.!l
would keep h e vlsual :l~scanlortof driver below the acccptnhl? Ic'vel The lu!r,:n:~ri~>\
o n ,:ppllcnti
shall he selected properly m c a g cut-ott/ccml (u~ciif~!cp~t!<lil~g
d, ()ptic.al Guidance: i iplltinp illudct make a rt.!iahlc. x~clu~~;~lnhipuoux ii#lii,::l 1;:

:ibour [he rull ot v.d.tic d l r ; ~ ~The

] . cnnlcrs iill:l rur.[lin~~
I : ; n,;d .>!lr):!;I $
. !!
111 so 2
, tto provide proper guidrincc to drivel$.
1
!i.c ~i\:fi:
n\f mounhng htittlt lo[ the 1umm:ire sIxdl be rclccted d t p t d i n p ;r t!le pecmdr)
ct8,1,1erlny g~,?: ;I\F'c~. Dt>p,?l~dt~~g
on Uie width ot the road d.;: lnountlns bclylll h'
Generally bingle sided arrangement is preferred. if the width of caniage way is equal to or
less than $e mounting height of luminaire. Staggered arrangement is to be followed if the
width of @age way exceeds 1.5 times the mounting height. The street lightillg luminares
are dividw into three groups depending on distribution of inte~~sity.
I

Non Cut off Type

The type bf distribution in which peak intensity is raised upto 85.5'.
The advwtage of this type of luminaries is that they give flexibility in placing and enable to
produce long bright surface areas.
Semi Cut-off Type
The type of distribution in which the intensity is limited to 75' from vertid and is suitable
for oppofite, single sided or central arrangement with shorter placing.
Cut-otT 'kype
In this &of distributio~~, --
peak intensity is l i t e d to 60° from vertical. The advantage of
this distrfbution is complete absence of glare.
C
A classification of lighting installation and levels of illmunation recommended by IS, are
given in Table 3.5. I

Table 3.5: Classification of Lighting Installations

Average Ratio Type of Liminaire
Traffiic Level MWAver.
Preferred Pemltted
I
Group '41' Impmnt traffic 30 lux 0.4 Cht off Semi-cut off
I
Group '42'Main roads l ~ k emain city stations etc. 15 lux 0.4 41- -do-
Group 481* Secondary mads with coasidernble -c 8 lux 0.3 C'ut off of semi Non cut off
cut off
I

Group '$2' Secondary r o d with light traffic 4 lux 0.3 4- -do-

3) Flqod Lighting
~ d o lighting
d is mainly done for two purposes:
(
a) Utility area Flood Lighting: For efficient and safe working conditions of personnel,
I easy and safe movement of vehicles, security of people 'and property and a pleasing
visual environment, and
b) Decorative Flood Lighting: For advertisements and attraction of sight-seers during
I nights and to have a pleasing environment.

a) Utility Area Flood Lighting

1 The flood lighting should create the correct conditions for good visual performance
which depends on:
I

I
I i) the luminance of visual task;
, ii) the luminance of background of visual task;
I

iii) limitation of direct and reflected glare;

iv) colour rendering properries of lighting.
( The uniformity of illumination is also to be considered. Otherwise, dark patches may
1 be observed. For safety and security purpose and for movement of traffic, the
I uniformity ratio (Em;,IE,3 should he 0.15 - 0.4&pending on whether the area is
risky or not.
Generally colour discrimination is not necessary for flood lighting, but as the colsur
I
appearance have some psychological effect, proper lmnps shall be selected.
, The mounting heights of luminaires depends on visual task, importance of
minimising obstructions, installation cost 'and any local site limitations and
requirements. Generally mounting heights above 18 q are considered as high and
used where the lighting of large areas is requued and to avoid obstacles in
operational area. The mounting heights between 12-18 rn\are considered medium and
suitable for medium and small installations and where there are a number of tall
 Electrification
obstructions. The mounting heights below 12 m are considered as low and used
generally where local high level lighting is required.
The recommended spacing between the towers is 3.5 to 7 times the mounting height
and the luminaires shall be fixed in such a way that they should not emit significant
light above 75O from down ward vertical when installed and aimed. Otherwise they
may produce excess glare.
b) Decorative Flood Lighting
Tbe decorative flood flighting is used for monuments and for historical important
structures. The factors to be considered while designing decorative floor lighting are
given below:
i) Direction of view,
ii) Distance of view,
iii) Surrounding and background (if surroundings are dark, then less level of
illuminatio~imay be sufficient to show the building prominently),
iv) Obstades,
v) Shape of building,
vi) ~ u i l & nfacade
~ materials (the illumination level depend on retlectance of facade
materials).
vii) Light sources and their location (to select whether to focus from inside or
outside), and
viii) Flood lighting in colour.
Motivational Lighting
Ti1 now we have seen the design considerations for interior as well as exterior
illumination. Some times, it may be required to provide some different kind of lighting
i.e. psychological and emotional lighting in stores, hotels, clubs, museums etc., which is
called motivulionul lighting. Here the lighting considerations vary very much from those
of officelindustrial applications and the same are discussed, in brief, below:
a) Stores
The prime considerations in stores lighting are:
i) To attract customers,
ii) Lighting to initiate i.e. enable to read labeling,
iii) Cordial atmosphere,
iv) Lighting to complete sale i.e. for billing etc.
The lights should be provided for the display boards/show cases to show the displayed articles
prominently and at mirror where sometimes customer may wear the garments and have a
look of their suitability.
b) Museums and Art Galleries
For museums and galleries, the chcteristic of light should be studied thoroughly and apply
the lamps, otherwise some antiques (for example organic matter) may be destroyed by radiation
of light. The requirement is that the show pieces should be illuminated so that they are seen
predominantly. Any type of lamps either incandescent or fluorescent (can be in colour) may
be applicable.
e) Restaurant Lighting
Generally the illumination provided in clubs/restaurants may vary from 30-100 lux. It is
generally desirable to provide more down lighting on tables which will highlight, or glitter
the table settings, flowers and jewellery. It would be noted that the down lighting should not
be provided on people which may some times cause unflattering shadows, reflections from
bald-heads etc., and cause embarrassment to customers. It is generally recommended to provide
vertical illumination on people's faces to rninimise harsh shadows.

LQ 1
1) What is Ohm's law ?
 2) , Write short riotes on following
I a) ACB
b) Gang operated switch
c) MCB
d) Transformer
y) DG set.
3) y h a t are the points to be cons~deredin designing :ui electrical power distribution
jystem ?

3.7 UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM (UPS)

t
As our relianc on computers and liiglily sophisticated equipment increnses, we grow more
and more dcp.e dent or1 clei~i'md rcliable A.C. Powcr. Tlie canrnercid supply which contains
many unavoidable disturhamces cannot be used for this purpose. These disturbances will affect
Ihe sali: operiltiim >nuidoptimum perform;uicc of the equipntent.
-_
'UnLterruptible: or Nci-brcak power supply system' (UPS) is an inltlrh~cchetwecn raw utility
supply :uld tlic sophistic;~tcdcquipmenr like computen, daui Ii;~ndlinpsyhtenrs, satclli~c
c011mlunic;itionsysterna, process moniton or critiud hopitid equipment like brain scxlners,
or t;)tr~iloas ol
electro cardiac ~*nnitors,Ihild pumps. ctc. \Vliich c;lmctt ~rrlerak!;uiy h;nrsitl~~ls
power supply. I
't!PS'. -:I:,the aajne suspests. provirlcs contir~uo~ls
power srrpply CVCII ~vhcillii< ~oinmercial
supply fiuls aid $upl,rcssix tha power line. u:?nsir.nts to provide ;I Ili~rrnoni~.
frtlc output
voltage wavefoxrri resembling d ~ esinusoidal wiI\le.

3.7.1 Need o'f UPS

The riIW utility which reaches the consumer after flnwuig a lolip route from tile
generating station IWIUsuffcr from n m y distlxbmces &?used natur:tlly or due to the switching
ot large loads iri ititlustries. The powsr line problems gcner:~ll) to be eocoitntered are given
helow : I

They are h e momenr:uy voltage pulscd \upc~.irnpo\etlon power hne voltage.

tlevelr,ped due to sudden hwltcl~lngol 1;lr.c~Io;lds. P.F nnprc)\.enleIit ~irparilr)rsor
rliotor L:OIIWOI centers.
ii) Blackouts
The total lobs of the power is called black out. This po\\er fulilre may be for a short
duration (fljck-out) o r for a prolon~aJperiod In mt~iutcsor h0tlrh (shutdown) whrch
tmiy bc accjclental arid ullprrd~ctnblcor due ti) .I Iozld \heddir~poperalion.
111) The \ustail@d. prolonged under vnlt,~ge\hcyoud tolcr'~hlc Ilnl~(\:uc termed :L\
.~row~iouth'l.
Tlicse low v01~1gcoccur Irecjuc~ltlv.lue t ~ ,rllcr~.,kbaigpap belwccn
power dem;~ndand power suppl! capauly
 power supply outputs wliich in tun1 can trigger logic circuitry. The sustained under voltages
cause malfunctioning of boiler control panels resulting in loss of flame control a i d sterun
pressure, eventually affecting the product quality. The black outs at earth st;~tionshill cause
harmful effect$ to satellite communication links and to the tracking of satellites. Thew power
outages shall totally be avoided in i~itensivecare units and operation theatres of hospitals. The
frequency disturbances affect the disk drives of computers ;ud introciucc erron in data
processing. We know what damage would be Qne if power supply tr:uisicnt?; i~itroduce
erroneous dara into computer system handling inventory of iadustries.
Hence from the problems discussed' it is obvious that a hundred per cent c1e;ui and reliable
power cannot be archieved from commercial supply. But some of the power line problems
like transients, brown outs and llarmo~iicscan he solved by adopting suitable voltage
regulators, isolation transformers, filter circuits or surge suppressors where continuity of
supply is not stringent. So, a11 interface, called UPS, has become inevitable for isolating chese
hnportait equipme~irsfrom colnrnercial supply to provide back up at the times of power
supply f&ure whch is having inherent qualities of suppressulg power line tralsiel~t$and
other problems.

3.7.2 Types of UPS

= There are basically two types of UPS systems.
i) R o w type, and
ii) Sratic type depending on the components used for achieving continuity of power s u p ~ l y .
i) Rotary Type
a Tile earliest Rotary type of UPS system consists of Diesel Engine, DC mc,roi. Hy
wheel 'and A.C. generator, all coupled on the same shaft. i7suJly, D.C. molor will be
driving the generator which is fed frum supply mains through a no11 pha\e con~rolled
\liode rectifier. If the mains suppi? fails: mor:ientntily, the C,\-wiicci wli1ci1 can store
energy will release it and keep the gencra~ilorin rotr~tion.During this time, thc clrgi~re
will be started imd mupled to the alternator tluougli the elcctromagndic clutch
nleclianism.
b) Tlie second type of Rotary 'UPS' has been developed, replacing the Diesel engine
and flywheel with a storage battery. Here also the principle is same. D.C. motor will
he driving a11 A.C. generator which is fed from A.C. supply mains through a
rectifier. On loss of A.C. input, the storage battery will be conliected to the D.C.
motor by elec~omechanicalcontactors. At the output side ot A.C. generator, a static
voltage regulator and a static excitor are provided to maintai11 the rat@ output
voltage within tolerances. The rated frequency is maintained by variation of excitation
current of D.C. motor. The disadvantages of this type of system are: the need of
regular maintenance and less efficiency due to its rotating parts.
iij Static Type
With the major innovations iu the field of semiconduclc~rde\lccs. a llllly sbdc UP!<
evolved repIaeing the D.C. motor tirid A.C. generator set. The saxnt: is discussed ht-low
Tllc bxqic concept for having a 'IJPS' is a?ntinl~ity1~11' power supply which car1 hr
~uiu:u~teedonly by having stored triecuiial anerg> ;mti whic.11is possible only in the fi-~nn
of D.C. Hawe :I. .vturuyr h u n m has ~ C O ~ ~;uiI i;bsca~~:d C part. For charging the hatteiy. a
ilrrtii. ,i,cri/irr- is being vsed. An ~ I I \ P I . I Pis~ ~isetlro convert D.C. [(.I A.C. for feerli~lpthe
b ; d . By employing various modcm tcchn~quesin inverters, a transient free volLqe wave
l-orm \ v i h lexs harmonic: content resembling a si~iusoidalwave can be :achieved. Tlie
block diagram of a typical static 'UPS' syxtem is given Figure 3.6.
?he UPS system operates in three modes.
- Normal mode,
- Emergency mode,
- Recovery mode.
The tluee modes are explained for different configuntio~~s
of the systeut.
Building Services - I

AVR
n

MCCB

Inverter Statlc
A.C input swtch

Battery

j Figure 3.6: Typical Stafic UPS system'(Block Diagram)

I

i) Contihuous Mode Configuration

AC
-
input 7
1
-
The block ldiagmm for this configuration is shown in Figure 3 7.

put
Rect i f ier

Battery
Figure 3.7: Continuous Mode Configuration of UPS I
Usually 4 this configuration, the rectifier will draw power from normal supply mains !or
feeding @e inverter to meet the load and to maintain the battery in float condition. As the
load is albays being fed by the inverter, the supply transients and harmonics will be
suppressefl. This is called normal mode of operation.
When mqns supply fails or there is any voltage dip (or micro interruption), the battery will
start supfilying the power to the inverter instantaneously and maintain the voltage across it
until battbry discharges fully or normal supply resumes. The time of supplying power to the
inverter will depend upon the AH capacity of the battery and the load demand. However the
battery *ill not feed the power back to the supply mains as the diodesltl~yristorsin the
rectifier &e reverse biased by battery voltage. This mode of operation is called Emergency
Mode. '
I

1
When th normal supply resumes, the rectifier will instantaneously start supplying not only
the load current to the inverter but the charging current to the battery also. As the charging
process oes on, the charging current will go on decreasing and finally battery will come to
floating bondition again. This mode of operation is called 'Recovery Mode'. The duration of
this mode depends on the charging period of the battery. Again the normal mode of operation
will be @ntinued.
The load will not get affected by changing fromone mode to other as the input voltage or
current to the inverter will not be affected in any way.
figuration is generally used when the load demands transient free and clean power
and mains supply failure does not last for a long time.
Transfer Configuration
The b l 4 k diagram for this configuration is shown in Figure 3.8
I

In this @ode, the UPS system will serve as a hot standby.

During lthe normal mode, the load will be fed by the normal supply mains d i i t l y . The
rectified will supply the no load driving current to the inverter and maintain the battery in a
floating/ condition.
Duringlemergency mode (either supply fails or there is any voltage dip), the sensing circuit
signals to the control circuit of static transfer switch and make the load to be
on to the inverter. The battery which will be floating until then will start supplying
to the inverter and maintain the voltage across it.
 A .C
su PP~Y'-
AVR
- I

Rectifier Inverter

output
switch
1_1
' Battery
Figure 3.8: Forward Transfer Configuration of UPS
During recovery mode i.e., after the supply resumes, again the static transfer switch will \
transfer the load on to the normal supply mains. The rectifier will draw power from mains to
supply the charging current to the battery and no load driving current to the invefter.
When the battery is fully charged, the normal mode of operation will be continued.
This configuration is suitable to only such loads which can tolerate the transients and
harmo~~ics in power supply and need only unintermptible supply.
iii) Reverse Transfer Configuration
The block diagram for this configuration is shown in Figure 3.9. This is similar to forward
transfer configuration.

Static.
switch

Battery

Figure 3.9: Reverse Transfer Configuration d UPS

The normal mode, emergency mode and recovery modes of operation are similar to those of
continuous mode configuration, if every thing is running smcmh. If there is any increase in
load which the inverter is not able to supply or any deteriomtion in the quality of inverter
output, the load will be transferred on to the normal supply mains automatically by means of
static transfer switch. If the power supply outage is for a long time, this is having the
advantage of transferring the load on to an alternative supply (generally DG set,) as the
battery can supply only for a stipulated period, i.e. 15-30 minutes.
This configuration has got all the advantages of continuous mode configuration. This is the
widely used mode of arrangement.

3.7.3 Batteries
Batteries are the most important units in UPS system as they have to provide back up to the
load when rectifier becomes inoperative due to mains supply failure.
The selectio~~ of size of the battery depends mainly on two factors:
i) The load for which it has to supply power.
ii) The back-up time.
The input voltage to the inverter and inverter efficiency are also to be taken into accoulrt for
the selection of battery.
The batteries will be in slightly overcharged condition for long periods as they have to supply
power instantaneously when mains supply fails. This overcharging will generate oxygen and
hydrogen and these gases will escape into the atmosphere through vent holes of the container
of the battery.
iiui!diilF '..;...' ., . . :'his ,\,ill;rt:huit ~~,iutr;rll!:in gradual loss (if water :uld c a ~ ~ prc~~iature
sc h:rfte~-yfailure. In
'?~i,lcdcc!ls,tl?r.se sini:S will raise the temperature of the cell wbicl~is detrimeatid to the
ba~tcrynpteriai .
When battery starts supplying the load. the voltage across tlie battery starts falling behind the
opcn circbit tcrmulil volrage (2V for lead acid cell) depending on. tllc load crxrerit and
internal resistance of battery. By the time this voltage reaches some 111ininlum specified lirnit
i1 85 lo 1.75 for lead acid cells) battery will be at Pully disclia~ryedconclition. Discharging
beyond Cllih lunlt will dam;rgc tlie battery. UPS systems gcrlcr:dly will h;lvr Uiz huill i ~ i
:rrr;uigemknt to disconnect the battery from thc inverter when fhc battery testninal voltage
rcachcs tlje minunun sprcil'ied limit.
Nickel - eadrnir~mseJc.d cells are ;llso used in UPS system. Tlicy do not 11ccJ m y
rnainlcnar?ce ant1 allow thc o~~erchnrge (uld raise 01' telnperature without dclcfcl.ious effects.
:-
The lead calcium batteries are also used due to their long life. less :unount of water reclulred t

:uid high kliarging rate. But this type of batteries ;!I-< not presenlly avai1:tblc in oar country. 111
the case cjf these cclls, it is enough to raise the renninal voltage upto flo:rt value to charge
them w h q e as in the n i ~ k e lantimony type. it has to be raised well above 11oi1t value
(equalising value! to ensure that all cells are fully charged.

3.7.4 A Case Study 1

Tile c;ipa+ties of the UPS systern and the h;ittcry hark have to he workctl out based on the
tjpu o C lok~dpower tactor ot the Ioild, the tralster time that a m hc lole~atcd:uuJ the tlme for
w h ~ c hthe battery has to supply the inverter.
An exanflle of arriving at the capacity of UPS :uid battery for onc of ilie lacil~tle\IS giwn
below.
i) Selection of UPS System
Details of Load
a) ~ o n l p u t eload
~ : 28,s kW
I?) dl;htiup load : 5 0 kW
c) *st cquip~nentload : 2.OkW
Tbtal 35.5 kW
35.5
a PF 01' 0.8 lap. the load m 'kVA'=
Assu~~ling -
08
= 44.4 kVA

Assum~ng(10%for future loads. the total load = 44.4 + 4.44 = 48.84. say 50 LVA.
" For compdtcr, the transl'er dme from inverter to backup source or vice-versa should be less
Ihan 5 ~nillisecs. Hence, a static 'UPS' system of 5OkVA capacity with sf:rtic transfer switch,
worlung i ~ reverse
i mode couliguratiou is selected.
ii) Selection of Battery
Generally for facilities provided with TjPS systcm a DG set is illso pro\:ideJ to ellsure re1i:ible
backup ?owe;. So 11battery bank having Ihe capacity to de11vt.r the loatl lor 30 minuter is
adeclunte. I
L0:rd to he supplied' 50 kVA at 0.8 PF (l:~y)
DC voltage
h't(~min:~l 300 V
~ d ) ,of ccl 1s c11c.wrl 180 cells
~ d cell
d voltage after 30 ~:linutesdisc11:lrge: 1.85 V
Efficiency of iuvertcr when delivering 50 k\'A 1o:id = approx. 00%
50000 x 0.8
. So. mnaxunw inverter input current = = 13q.46 A
I 0.9 x 1.85 x 180
For ,mivin$ at the AH capacity of the battery for a back up time of 30 minutes, a constant
whose valrje varies horn 1.3 to 1.7 depending on the type of battery (plarii type or tubular
type) is to pe applied. Assuming this value as 1.5 the 'AH' capacity of hattery at 27°C
But as pm the specification,the system has to operate at a temperature of minimum 5°C.
Suitable correctioli factor has to be taken as per IS :1652.
111 this case, for 30 minutes discharge. the pa correctio~lis approximately 1% per "C.
So, 'AH'capacity required at 5°C
=200.20 x 1.22 = 244.24
So, a baltery bank of capacity 250 AH with 180 cells is chosen.

3.8 EMERGENCY POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM

1112 emergency power supply system is an independent reserve source of electrical energy
wl1ich upon failure or outage of the normal source, provides reliable electric power within a
specified time lo critical devices to the acceptable quantity.
The emergency power supply is required for lighting, equipment or machinery.

3.8.1 Interruption of Light

Interruptiori of lighting may cause injury or loss of life. The illuminatioli must be sufticient
for carrying out the task. Mostly the exit Lights, signs,stair well lights aid security liglitinp
must bc provided with backup emergency supply.
.4 chart indicating tlie typical emergency and stand-by lighting recommendation is given in
Table 3.5 below.
Table 3.5: Emergency Power Supply Systems
Stand by through Engine Driven Immerliatc Short Term through Immediate Long Term through
Csnerator Unit Battery Central Battery Driven
Generator is on
Se~arityLighting Evacuation Lighting Hazardous Areas
Outdoor Peri111~:tsrs Exit Sings Warning lights
Closet1 circut 'A! Exit lights Health care facilities
Night Lights Stair wells
C;u.g.rd stations Open areas Elevators

Entrance gates
Production area lighting Stand-by generator areas, Boiler moms
Commercial areas lighting. Hazardous machines
For shorftime applications, the battery operated emergency lights, which shall give a backup
time of 1.5 hours is to be planned. A number of lights cai be grouped a1d backed up by a
ceiitralised battery (Which is now-a-days called as INVERTOR).

3.8.2 Backup Power

In most of the major continuous backup powei requirements engine drive11 penerntors are
used. 111 India, the more widely used engines run with Diesel only. In western countries.
psoline or LPG engines are available upto 600 kW.
The DG sets are available for single phase and three phase applications from lkVA o~~w:uds
to several thousand kVA. When properly maintained and kept 111 condition, they depaidably
come on line within 8 to 15 sec after main power failure. In addition to providing emergency
power. engine drive11 generators are also lased for meeting peak demand and some times used
as h e preferred source of pourer over Electricity Board's power.
The DG set power cai be extended to the total installation by connecting DG set immediately
after supply authorities, energy meter or to reduce the capacity. the set supply can be
extended only to the limited selective outlets. Both the arrangements are shown in Figure 3.10.
If required a bus coupler could be arranged in between utility supply and generator supply, if
generator is to be operated during power cut periods.
An emergency generator can be started either ma~iuallyor automatically. A manual start is
simple, but it ii~volvesa delay during which the building will be without power. This delay
 can be avoided by providing AMF (Automatic mains failure) panel which start the set in case
k
of normal pow r failure.
Normal supply

Figure 3.10: Power Beckup --

t i +
Critical Loads -.
The diesel engin$ is coupled directly to an alternator and the alternator will have an automatic
voltage regulator, The alternators available now are brushless self excited type. The unit will
be supplied with J acontrol panel with ammeter, voltmeter, battery charger and indications for
various faults. !
While selecting the DG set for supplying emergency power to motors, the inrush current
rating (or locked Jrotorstage) of motors must be taken into consideration. If the Alteniator is
unable to supply the inrush kVA of motor, the torque of motor (which is square to the
current) will redlice and the voltage will drop and DG set may trip duc to overload.

SAQ 2 1
I
1) Design an/
electrical system and develop a single line iliagram for a complex witb
100 shops/ distrihued over 5 floors and each sbop shall be provided with a rneter
separately1 Ex11 shop is provided with 4 number 40 watt fluo~resce~lt fitting, ,one
ceiling fa), 2 number of 5A single @lase socket ;u~d4 numher of 15A single' plmse
sockets.
2) What is light ?
3) What are me various type of lamps available ?

The usage of eleckcit, is incrhing everyday and people have came to a stage that the
civilisation cannotl survive without electricity.
The consumption of energy is a direct indicator of both the quality of existence and also its
standard. Howevey, the earth has limited resources of the fossil fuels and the resources are
depleting every y@. Due to this problem, the world has started looking into tapping the
energy from nat* sources like solar, wind, geothermal etc. In addition, it is absolutely
essential t c o n s q e the energy.

3.9.1 specifid Energy

Specific Energy Consumption is the energy consumed per unit of production and is used to
indicate how effedtively energy is being utilized for a particular operation or process. The
following data givkn in Table 3.4 the energy consumption for various industries indicate how
much energy is wasted due to the obsolete process technology in India
I
Table 3.4
 3.9.2 Energy Conservation
The increasing cost of energy coupled witb: the rapidly depleting fossil fuels have brought the
attention on to the problems of energy conservation which aims at most efficient and optimal
use of various forms of energy.

3.9.3 Energy Audit

Energy audit is the balance sheet of energy and provides the means of analysis by which
optimal use of energy is ensured. Energy measurements/studies are made for each activity or
process, which will be analysed for effecting possible econommy. It is an established fact that
nearly 10% energy can be saved by better housekeeping and maintenance methods like
switching off the unnecessary lights, heaters, pumps etc, arresting leakages of gas, air, water,
fuels etc.
Another 10-15% of energy can be saved by moderate investment with a payback period of
two to three years.
A major means of economy is to compare the energy consumption per unit of productioil
with the standards of consumption set by other manufacturers of machinery or similar other
industries. If such a data is not available, an industry can set its own bench mark.

3.9.4 Design Systems

The following few steps will give an idea about the importance of proper designing of
systems:
In most of the cases, the electrical equipment will be over-sized.
For example, the efficiency of the transformer is maximum at around 70-80% of its capacity
since the no load losses and copper losses will be optimum at that efficiency.
If the transformer is operated at around 70% it will be very much economical. Savings in
energy by changing the capacity of transformer is given by the following formula.
Savings = L x ( l / y l - l / y z ) x h x k w h / ~ e a r
where,
L = Load of the transformer (kW)
YI = Efficiency of existing transforiner
Y2 = Efficiency of changed transformer
h = workin4 hourslyear
Power factor plays an important role in improving the voltage, voltage regulatioil, reducing
distribution losses and lowering the maximum demand. Savings due to improved power factor
can be worked out by the following formula.
Savings = p x ( I - y ) x 0.8 X [ ( L Z / ~ ) ~ - ( L Z x/ ~h ) ~ ]
where,
p = Output capacity of transformer
y = Efficiency of transformer
0.8 = Copper loss factor
Ll & Lz = Loads after and before improving power factor.(kVA).
1)
The payback period for investment on improving the p i e r factor can be worked out based
on the following formula.
Additional investment
payback period =
Annual saving on energy

3.9.5 Motor
A major part of electric load in any industry consists of electric motors. Hence it is essential
to select them with care. Most of the motors used in industries are squirrel cage induction
motors which are basically constant speed motors. The efficiency and power factor of
Building Services -I induction motors are directly proportional to the load. At partial loads. thc eftk~sutyald PF
are low.
The savings ih losses by changing a motor can be worked out by the follow~ngtormula.
Savings = L x ( l/yl - l/yl j x h x k w h
where,
L = Load output of rnotor
yl = Efficier~cyof existing motor
yz = Efticierlcy of changed motor
h = working hourslyear
Size of Motob: Most of the places. the motors are oversized to reduce h11t-11outs which is a
very uneconohic proposxl. The under voltage or voltage tluctuaLions sh;ill be kken care of hy
AVRs.
A comparisolr of perfoimalce of motors at rated and partial loads ih given in Txblr ? 9
Table 3.9: Motor Performance
Casr 2

7.5 kW Motor 11 kW Motor :rt 7.5

Motor Load 7.5 7.5 !

- -

Motor Efficiendy (%)

Motor input
88

8.5
84

90
i
- --- I
units consumed (5000 42500 15(Hlt)
hrs./year) --

Now-a&ys etlcrgy efli~le!lt motors arc being ds~clnpcdwhicl~con~sthof tllc fnllowil~p

r
fea~urcs. ,
a) Specially processed low loss laminated core;
b) More copper;
c) More aluminium;
d) Longer stator & rotor;
e) Optimised air gap;
f) Specip winding design.
In most of thd pump c ~ t r o l s 50%
, energy can he saved by chaulginp the valve control.
required for q e process, to speed conuol.
Also solid staie controllers are developed whicl~i.:ontrol thc voltage to h c 1nt)lor in such a
way that the ~notnrsoperate at the oprilrlu~npoixi( u~lclcriilly load conditini~s.Thcse controllers
will ht: useful for duty cycle applicatioll ,,uch ti:. :iuv,rlc~ri: cnllveyors; m;rchini*tools etc.

3.9.6 Lighting
As a general $le, ( ~ I C folictwilig poilit:.>$ 4 : h2 I ? : : ! : ..,,: cllcr?y cc~:is~r\
1 7 , . i ~ t l ( . i l111 l1;:lllil1g :

a) use tlje mo\r efl'iaent light c o a x . s~~~l;ri+

b) use de
lamp light output sft~cierr\l>by r. .:: !::"; propel ~.c.ll~.~for>:
C) maln@ln l~ghti~lg
erluip~nz~~iin good i):dt 1 .
d) use dell designed energ) cftecti~e11gli1 bt3urczh.
e) conwl the switching operation a d usage ot the iilsUillatio~lby manual operation or
autoraatic operation:
f) reconbider the effect of surrounding decor
 3.10 MAINTENANCE OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
Proper deslgliing and execulion of a11 electrical system will clefinitely result in exteuding
reliable power. However, the unkeep aid ~nahte~iancc of tlie syste111 is most essential Ibr
proper ti:niLioninp of ;uiy electrical equipment. Modeni electrical equipments ;we becoming
complex day by day aid unless the operatio~isand maidtenaice engineers arc fully conversant
with the system, efficiency of the system minot be obtained.
The maintenance is to be carried out to
a) preserve the operating conditions of the equipment,
b) efficient use and reduction in losses,
c) prevent any untoward accidentslinjuries,
d) reducing the down time and thus improving the reliability.

3.10.1 Type of Maintenance

I Tbe Maintenance is two fold
i) Breakdown lnainteliance

i
i
1
z ii) Preventive maiiite~iarice
i) Breakdown Maintenance
The nk.unteli;uice carried OUL aVtc.1 tli; cquipmc~ithas broke11 down due to some pnjhlzrn I \
callcbJBre;Lkdown M:uiitai;~ncl: Tlii: rcp;nr!ov~rliaulii~pot the cquipmeni n1:1! hc: ~equiredto
he c;mcJ out in such a spa~cc.Then. u ill hc ;I 101 t)t down Llr~icxi(! i ~ ~ ~ lthe
he very less.
ii) Preventive blaintenanre
c c .reliat)illt! 1 ~ 1 1 1

t The mai~itcnancecarried oul PI w:lic~!uled ti~riirigh nvritl , 1 1 1 ~ xutlcli'u hr& dorm

equipiiic~il1s called P r c \ ~ n l ~~ ~vU~I ~ I U I U I L LTlils
'
((1

type ol' i ~ l ~ ~ i t t r l i1.4; ivcq

~ i ~ niucli
~ essential

I for unprovinp the reliabilily <)I' a system. This will also result 111 funclioning of the equipment
at a liipli ettichicy.

3.10.2 Maintenance of Equipment Used in Buildings

In a building ge~ierallytht following equipment will be used.
a) lampsltubes;
I) \~irin~lcables;

1) pai~>l
bo:~rcls (power contr~lcenterh);
t') trruixfonners;
0 ?Cr SttlS.

Brief dek111sof mainte~iruiceto be carried out on these equipments is given below:

i) Lamps
Due 10 tlie dust. the efficiency (LumensAVatt) of lamps will come down Uie levels of
illunii~iatic~nwill be very low. Hence all tlie Imps and lurninares in a) iiiscllatiori :ue to he
cle:~ned ;ir lei~stonce ui two montlis. Tlic sircet ligh~lurninnlres nr~dtlootl lig!it Iwninares
A
n~hicl,arc oscd i l l outdoor AS(>to he cleaned clllce i l l a ~nonth.
ii) \Viring/Citbles
The insu!:~tiono f nrlrc!cd)lc may detzriorate due to :~,oeiiigloverloadiiig.If llie sane are no:
" ti1Li.a c ~ ca't rlglil time. scrioub accidcnls may take place.
TI!: 1o;ttl current i:anrird h!- nil-c.sicables sinall hc clieckzd aid Ule insuli~~ion
resisl;~ncz\;,llrres
als to tlr c.llccketl with an inhulation tcsle~(11it3gger)al le&\t once in six monllis.
ill ) Distribution Boards/p:~nel Boa]-ds
I
:kiy loosc coiinectioii, improper coii~iectio~iat the temiinals of MCBsIfuses will 1.esul1in
1 sparking and failure of joints. If the neutral is broken, tlie p1i;~seto neutr:d voltage in case of
I
single phase equipinelit will rise to line voltage iu~dlience nisi) oC single phase equipnielil
 -
Building servic~s I will fail. Herhce at least once in two months, all the contacts shall be checked for proper
connection and if any heatinglsparking is found, the probable reasons for the same shall be
assessed and correcxive action is taken.
All indicating lampslmeters shall also be checked for proper functioning.
If any unne&ssary holeslopenings in the DBSIPanels are there, the same must be plugged
immediately since any lizardslrats entering inside can cause short circuit.
iv) ~ransfodmers
The transfomer yard shall be inspected at least once in a week and checked for any
vegetation gmwth. The transformer shall be checked for any oil leakages, colour of silica gel
in the breath@ (which changes colour due to absorption of moisture) and proper earthing
connections $.nd earth resistance values. This exercise shall be carried out by different levels
of maintenaqce team at times varying from 15 days to 3 months. The insulation strength of
transformer dil shall be checked once in a year.
v) DG Sets i
The Diesel denerator sets shall be maintained as per the instructions of supplier. The oil
filters are to be replaced after 250 hrs. of operation and engine oil is to be checked and
replaced if rhuired. The water in radiator shall be checked every day.

3.10.3 Records
The log boo+ $all be maintained with all the readings of indicating instruments and also the
fault noti4actions taken for various equipment. The log books will be helpful in diagnosing
the problem.
If required, d bus coupler could be arranged in between utility supply and generator supply, if
generator is b be operated during power cut periods.

3.11 SAFETY IN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS

"Electricity i$ a good Servant but a bad Master"

4
Unless prop precautions are taken in the design and execution and also in the maintenance,
many accide ts may happen causing loss of human life and property. Many electrical
accidents haqe taken place due to the neglect of precautions while handling electrical
equipment. /
/
This chapter high lights the hazards due to improper handling and also precautions to be
taken to avo$ untoward incidents.

3.11.1 Electrical Hazards

The following are the possible hazards with use of electricity:

a) ~lec'pcalshock
b) Bunls
i) Joule Burns
,
ii) Flash over Burns
c) Fire & Explosion
i) spark
ii) Static Electricity
2) Seonda* Hazards
(Involuntary reflex action)
a) Persons falling from height
b) Dro$ping of tools and object
3.11.2 Definition of Electric Shock
Electric shock is a sudden and accidental stimulation of the body's nervous system by electric
cvrrent caused to flow due to voltage difference. The effects of electric current on humans is
given Table 3.7.
Table 3.7: Effects of Electric Current on Humans
Current in Milliamperes
Direct 50 Hz Ac 10,000 Hz Ac
Men Women Men Women Men Women
Slight sensation on hand 1 0.6 0.4 0.3 7 5
Perception threshold 5.2 3.5 1.1 0.7 12 8
Shock not painful, muscular control not lost 9 6 1.8 1.2 17 I 1'
Shock-painful, muscular control not lost 62 41 9 6 55 7
Shock-painful, threshold let go 76 51 15 10.5 75 50
Shock-painful and severe musular 90 60 23 15 94 63
contractions, breathing difficult
Shcok-possible ventricular fibrillation effect 500 500 100 100
from 8 second shocks
Short shocks testing seconds 165 165
High voltage surges SO* 50* 18.6* 18.6*
*Energy in watt-seconds or joules.

Human Resistance to Electrical Current is given below:

Body Area Resistance (ohm)
Dty Skin 100,000 to 60
Wet Skin 1,m
Internal body-hand to foot 400 to 600
Ear to Ear (about) 100

3.11.3 How Shock Occurs

Shock occurs when the body becomes part of the electric circuit. The cwent due to the
application of Voltage enters the body at one point and leaves at another. Shock may occur in
me of the following three ways.
a) With both wires of the electric circuit
b) With one wire of an energised circuit and the ground
c) With a metallic part that become live by itself being in contact with an energised
wire.
'Ihe severity of the shock depends on the following facts:
i) m e rate of flow of current through the body (measured in ampheres)
ii) 'Ihe path of the current through the body
iii) 'Ihe length of time the body is in the circuit
Other factors which may affect the degree of shock are the frequency of the current, phase of
the heart cycle when shock occurs and the physical and psychological condition of the person.

3.11.4 Joule Burns

'Ihe passage of an electric current along any conductor is accompanied by the dissipation of
heat, According to Joule's law the heat dissipated is directly proportional to I x 1 x R x T
where 1 is current in amphere; R is the resistance in ohms and T is the time in seconds.
A the skin is the part of the highest resistance in the body the burning is most likely, to occur
in the skin when contact is made with a live conductor. Such burns may be deeper than may
first appear on clinical examination. Consequently healing is often SIOW and may be
by much scarring.
Building Services -1
3.11.5 F l s h Burns
1f iui earthed cpnductor is brought close to another live co~~ductor at :I biqh \.oll;ipc, ttlr
illsulation of tlie air between Ihem rnay breakdown giving rise to a spark. Thc spark ionisca
tlie air and thegap between flie conductors will become live which in tun1 allows Ulr current
to increase an4 electric arc is set up. If the earthed conductor is a human k i n g loo close to a
high voltage lide, he will be burnt by the arc without actually coming into contact with the
conductor. Duel to the reduced elecuical resistance of the air iuld the large area of thc skin
(which reduces ;the skin resistance) large currents may flow. Thus the victim is tlie subiect to
a flame bum fr@m the arc and ,an electric shock from the current which passes.
These bums often become worse if the clothing catches fire. Since flash bum accidents are
usually associatkd with high voltages, the current which flows will cause ventriculalar
fibrillation. Alsq, since the victim does not usually touch the conductor he ib practically never
"held on" but fqls away from the conductor, thus extinguishing the arc. The current therefore
usually passes through the victim for only a brief time.

3.1 1.6 Comqarison between AC and DC

Even though 18$ is fatal. some times DC of even more than 140 volts has not caused death. i
DC voltage of 3 (times the value is equal to AC in effwt. Currents betwceil fretluencies of
20-100 Hz are v$ry b g c r o u s . 50 Hz used in India is very dzulgerous since ventricular
fibrillation starts at this frequency. AC produces ventricular fibrillation every cycle where as
DC produces only once.

3.1 1.7 High Voltage Hazards

1
High voltage equibment sllould have secured e&losures auld thc.sc cnclosurcs 111usthe l o c k 4
Kcys for Ulese I d h s should be with scspolisiblz people c~nly;u~dwit!) rlir~s?:~utl~orixed
enter v i l . clcctrici\~~s.
Additional shielding bus bars and livc contict should hi:
provided. Warnind syn~bolsmust he placed in the access to tlle areas. Work or1 high voltage
lines should be di$courageri. Wlien nccessar); it should be drnr only by cpnlificd n ~ c nwho
knows artificial respiration techniques.

3.11.8 Insulation Failure

Insulation failure Ilps been the cause of many electrical ilccide~lt~.
The tollownlg arc the
reasons for 11:
a) Due to improper material and finish the insulation will be I I O I ~unil'on~~:
I

b) Moisture reduces insulaticun strength (erg. Nylon :ibs[#hs 8%: moisture). Hence in
damp locat!ious, electrical tools and extension cords slv~uld]lot ht: used:
r! In enclosed spaces (rotating electrical m;dlinerv) 111esp:uks will nive out ('kc~ue
which attaqks insulation;
d) Ultra violet, and nuclear radiation degrade insulation;
e) Photo chedical processes by solar radiation cause breakdown of polymers like
synthetic rubber. vinyl chloride;
f) Mechanical idanape results from abrasio~~.
cut ti:^_^, Hcsinp ;uld crimpilip. Vihr;~tic-~n
also rcduccq the insul:ition strength:
) High \?olt;ipt ca~usc\sparkil~gi)r corolla whi~lih r d : , i ~ ~ w l s ! ~ n ~ i :

i) Vacuum removes gases from organic i ~ ~ ~ u l a l oTl?u<

r s . rt.sist;unci: is r&duc.zd.

3.11.9 Shock Pdotection Methods

i) Isolation
Elec&ic:rl cquipmknt ( e g . f1V! sl~ouldI I ~ I L be ~lcccssihiert.1 unlrauur~la!ld u n a ~ ~ l l ~ o r i s a l
men. 1,auge transt'ormers wiUi exposect ta~~ili~l:i!s ciltl Rc Ioci~leclill ~ ~ M ) I I or
IS Ie~i~ed
enclosures to whip11 only pcrmil~edpersoils ciu~Ii:nrc acct.~a.'P;~rirl h(~;rrtls.gL'rlel.:lb)rs.
batteries? bus hius, sliould he euclosed and grounded properly.
 ii) Marking
I Access to dangerous electrical equipment should have warning signs. Inside may be
i painted with colours that will show when they are open.
1
The following general shock protection methods can be also employed.
I
a) Insulation of parts routinely or accidentally touched by men (knobs, handles etc.)
b) Rheostat and potentiometer control shafts can be cohpled to non-active rods and
knobs.
C) Rubber mats should be provided near switch boards.
d) Rubber gloves and non conductive shoes should be worn.
iii) Residual Current Circuit Breakers (RCCB)
RCCB interrupts the supply when current to ground exceeds some predetermined value
which is less than that required to operate the over current protective device of the
circuit. Circuit breaker and fuses will open under comp,mtively large cment whicli is
fatal to man.
. - -
_
1
RCCB is sensitive to the small leakage currents less than the injurious current. Within a
short rime RCCB opens the circuit before the, person is affected. As per IE ~ u i 61A,
e for
any Electrical installation of more than 5 kW the RCCB or ELCB (Earth Leakage Circuit
-* Breaker) shall be provided.
The RCCBs are available upto 63A for single phase and three phase applications. n e
sensitivity of RCCBs available are 30 mA (for human prctection), 100 mA & 300 mA
(for F i e protection). For applications of more than 63A generally ELR (Earth Leakage
Relays) are employed for sensing and. supply will be cutoff through a MCCB or ACB.

3.11.10 Basic Electrical Safety,Rules

'Ihe following are a set of basic rules which should be generally followed for general safety
in electrical systems:
1) Only qualified men should be permitted to carry out electrical work.
2) Don't work on live circuits. If it is necessary to work on live conductors, use protective
equipment
3) Don't touch a bare conductor.
4) Verify from terminal box or switch box that a circuit is open.
5) Inform concerned people that work is ON.
6) Do not meddle with interlocks.
7) Know the voltage and frequency of the circuit.
*

8) Check suitability of fuses and circuit breakers. Consult an electrical engineer.

9) Inspect the cords of portable tools.
10) Do not connect earthing to pipe lines.
11) Enclose uninsulated conductors.
- 12) When cranes pass near overhead lines, they should be de-energised.
i 13) Don't work with wet clothing or shoes or wet feet.
* 14) Use wooden board.
15) Discharge the capacitors of any residual charges before working on them.
16) Don't use metal scales or tapes near electrical circuit.
17) Use flame equipment wherever required.
18) Design grounding properly.

19) Use lightning arrestors.

3,12 SUMMARY
Electricity is an integral part of civilisation and it is impossible to live without electricity.
However, While, electricity is a good servant it is a bad master and hence it is essential to
understahd clearly the safety aspects and incorporate them in the design of electrical
installati~n.Maintenance is the most important factor to ensure reliable power supply to the
consumers. This chapter has given you an insight in to the design of electrical power supply
installatibn, different types of UPS, safety and maintenance aspects etc.

3.13 ANSWERS TO SAQs

SAQ 1
1) Ohm's Law states that the current flowing ill a circuit is directly proportional to the
voltage and inversely proportional to he resistance.

where,
I is Current in Amps.
V is Voltage is volts
R is Resistance in ohms.
2) ACB i@the Air circuit Breaker used as the main control clement in a power supply
distrib4tion. ACBs are available in various current ratings varying from 630 Amp to 4300
Amp at 415V A.C.
Gang Operated Switch also known as Air break switch (AB switch), is used for
isolatink the 1lkv power supply in the llkv power distribution network.
MCB i$ a miniature crucial breaker used for a circuit protection. MCB provides overload
as well as short circuit protection.
Transfwmer is an electrical equipment used for either stepping up or stepping down of
power sppply from one voltage to another.
DG Set is the Diesel Generator set used for supplying emergency power supply. It
consists of a Diesel engine as a prime mover and an alternator coupled to the Diesel
engine fgr generating electrical power.
3) The following points are to be taken into account while designing an electrical power
distribution system.
i) Characteristics of the available power supply; ,
ii) Maxbum demand for the installation;
iii) Eanergency power supply requirement.
iv) Type of wiring;
v) Proteution system;
vi) Easy accessibility of variouvcomponents for maintenance and repairs;
vii) Permissible voltage dmp;
 SAQ 2
1) i) Number of shops - 100
ii) Connected load in each shop :
Lights 4 x 55 - 220 watts
Ceiling fan 1 x 80 - 80 watts
5A Socket 2 x 100 - 200 watts
15A Socket 4 x 1000 - 4000 watts
4500 watts
iii) Diversity factor is assumed as 0.8.
iv) Hence Maximum Demand = 4500 x 0.8 = 3600 watts.
v) Selection of wires of MCB.
Voltage drop assumed is 1% for all circuit and lengths of the circuit wire is assumed
as 10 meters.
s

Feeder Load Load Current Cross Electrical Area of Wire

Llghtrng c ~ r c u ~(Light
t fan & 5 A socket) 500 W
-
500
220
= 2.27 2*k*laI
.
= 2* 01 * 10 * 2.27
= 0.454 q mm.
Power cucult 2000 W 2*002*10*11.36 .
2000
220 x 0.8
- 11.36A
= 4.54 sq, m n ~

Hence circuit MCB of 6 Amp. and wire of size 1.5 sq. mm is selected for lighting circuit
and circuit MCB of 20 Amp. and wire size of 4 sq. mm is selected for power circuit:
vi) Selection of transformer and main cable:
Total load of the installation with 100 shops
3.6kw/shop x 100 = 360kW
common lighting for 5 floors = 3.5
at 670 wattslfloor 363.5 kW
Since all the shops may not operate at a time a diversity factor of 0.8 is assumed. Hence
maximum demand = 363.5 x 0.8 = 290 kW
Mnximum demand in kVA at a power factor of 0.85 290 - 341
0.85
-
A transformer of 350 kVA is required for the installation:

Full load current - -341 x -

1000
= 474.41 Amp.
3 415
Assuming a maximum voltage drop of 3% and the length of cables as 50 meter, the size
of the incoming cable shall be :

1
Hence 2 rem of 3 - core, 240 sq mm cables are selected. The Incoming switch in the
Z 2
main panel sllall be 600 Amp. For single line diagram refer to Figure 3.5
2) Light is defined as that part of electromag~ieticradiion or energy that is capable of
exciting the retina of the eye and produce its visual sensation.
3) Various type of lamps available are :
i) Incandescent lamps,
ii) Fluorescent lamps,
iii) Halogen lamps,
 -
Bullding Services I iv) High Pressure Mercury Vapur Lamp (HPMV),
v) high Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamp (HPSV),
vi) Blended Lamps
vii) b w Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamp (LPSV)
viii) petal Halide Lamps
SAQ 3
1) Uni*temptible power supply (UPS) also known as No-break power supply is an interface
between raw utility supply and the sophisticated equipment like computers, data handling
system, satellite communication systems, which cannot tolerate any transients or
inteiruption in power supply.
2) The role of battery in UPS is to, provide back-up to the load when the rectifier becomes
inakve due to main supply failure. The battery will provide DC supply to the inverter so
that the continuity of power supply to the critical load is maintained.
3) The different configuration an4 modes of UPS are:
i) Continuous mode
ii) Emergency mode
iii) I Nonnal mode .
iv) I Forward transfer configuration
I
v) I Reverse transfer configuration