‫ﺱ | ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﺮﻳﺔ؟ )‪ 2008‬ﺩ‪(1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬

‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﻴﺒﺘﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﻐﻠﻈﺔ ﺑﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺒﻴﻦ ﺍﻭ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﻴﺒﺘﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﻐﻠﻈﺔ ﺑﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺒﻴﻦ ﺍﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻜﻨﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻜﻨﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺼﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﻣﺪﺑﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﺰﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺜﺮﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺱ | ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻟﻨﻜﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻠﺮﻧﻜﻴﻤﻲ؟ )‪ 2011‬ﺩ‪(1‬‬

‫ﺍﻭ ﺱ | ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﻜﻴﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻟﻨﻜﻴﻤﻲ؟ )‪ 2003‬ﺩ‪ 2004) (1‬ﺩ‪ 2014) (2‬ﺩ‪ 2018) (1‬ﺕ(‬
‫)‪ 2021‬ﺩ‪ 2‬ﺗﻚ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻠﺮﻧﻜﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻟﻨﻜﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﻜﻴﻤﻲ‬

‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻩ ﺣﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻐﻠﻈﺔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻩ ﻣﻴﺘﺔ ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻐﻠﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻩ ﺣﻴﺔ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺭﺍﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻹﺣﺘﻮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺒﻴﻦ ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻜﻨﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻩ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ ,‬ﻓﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻩ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻩ ﻛﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻭ ﻣﻀﻠﻌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻭﻣﺪﺑﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻗﺼﻴﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺧﺰﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍء ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺧﻀﺮ ﻻ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻻ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﺪﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻧﻜﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺬﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻘﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﻻﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﻀﺎء ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺜﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪7‬‬
 ‫ﺱ | ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺱ ﻭﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ؟ )‪ 2014‬ﺩ‪ 2015) (3‬ﺩ‪ 2021) (2‬ﺩ‪(1‬‬

‫ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‬

‫ﻳﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺬﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻘﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻤﺜﻼ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺘﻞ ﻧﺴﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻠﺨﺺ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻔﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ )ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺯﻭﺍﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭﺳﺔ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺬﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻘﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﻭﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺨﺰﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻭ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻻﻭﺭﺍﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺳﻨﺎﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺍﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺬﻭﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺱ | ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﺘﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ؟ )ﺍﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﺘﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻹﻧﻘﺴﺎﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺇﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻗﻤﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﺬﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻘﺎﻥ‪ ,‬ﻭﻧﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻋﻢ ﻭﺗﺜﺨﻦ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻧﺴﻴﺠﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎء ﻭﺗﺘﻠﺨﺺ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺠﺬﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻘﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺰﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﻨﺎﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺱ | ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﺘﻴﻤﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ؟ )‪ 2017‬ﺩ‪ 1‬ﺥ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﺘﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‬

‫ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰﺓ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻳﻀﻢ ﻧﺴﻴﺠﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎء‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﻣﻦ )ﺍﻻﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺑﻘﺪﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﻭﺑﺮﻧﻜﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ(‪ ,‬ﻭﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎء ﻣﻦ )ﺍﻻﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎء ﻭﺑﺮﻧﻜﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎء(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻧﺴﻴﺠﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎء ﻭﺗﺘﻠﺨﺺ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺇﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻗﻤﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﺬﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻘﺎﻥ‪ ,‬ﻭﻧﻤﻮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻋﻢ ﻭﺗﺜﺨﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺠﺬﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻘﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﻨﺎﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺱ | ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﻭﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎء ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ؟‬
‫)‪ 2015‬ﺩ‪ 2 2017) (3‬ﺥ( )‪ 2019‬ﺕ( )‪ 2020‬ﺩ‪ 2022) (3‬ﺕ(‬
‫ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎء‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻳﺘﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﻧﻜﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎء‬
‫ﻭﺑﺮﻧﻜﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ‪ .1‬ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﻟﺨﺰﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻹﺳﻨﺎﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻻﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺱ | ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺑﻄﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺑﻄﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺎﻣﻲ؟ )‪ 2021‬ﺩ‪(2‬‬

‫ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺑﻄﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺎﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺑﻄﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺒﻄﻦ ﺍﻻﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﻇﻬﺎﺭﻱ ﺣﺮﺷﻔﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‪ .‬ﻳﺒﻄﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺎﻣﻲ ﺑﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﻇﻬﺎﺭﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻣﻄﺒﻖ ﻛﺎﺫﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻄﺤﺔ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺣﻲ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ‬
‫ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻩ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﻣﻀﻠﻌﺔ‪ ,‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎﻩ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺰﻭﺩ‪‬ﺍ ﺑﺄﻫﺪﺍﺏ ﻭﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺒﻖ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺫﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺪﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻊ ﺍﻻﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻩ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻧﻮﺍﺓ ﻣﺴﻄﺤﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﻇﻬﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﻇﻬﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‪.‬‬

‫ﺱ | ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺷﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺒﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻮﻝ؟ )‪ 2017‬ﺩ‪(2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺷﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺒﻖ‬

‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻈﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺷﻔﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﺍﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻮﺍﺗﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻘﺮﻧﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺮﻧﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﻄﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﻱء ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺮﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻄﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺐ ﻭﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻸﻋﻀﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎﺵ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﻥ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻠﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻤﺰﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻩ ﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺱ | ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ؟ )‪ 2016‬ﺩ‪ 1‬ﻧﺎﺯﺣﻴﻦ( )‪ 2018‬ﺩ‪ 2020) (3‬ﺩ‪ 2021) (3‬ﺩ‪ 2‬ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ(‬

‫ﺍﻻﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ‬

‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺑﻴﺾ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺍﻭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﺻﻔﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺍﻭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﺰﻡ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﻛﻞ ﻟﻴﻒ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻴﻴﻔﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﺰﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﻥ ﺳﻬﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﻭﺃﻗﻞ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻡ ﻛﻮﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻔﻲ ﺍﻻﺑﻴﺾ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻭﺗﺎﺭ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺫﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﻮﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺭﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻔﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺭﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻔﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺱ | ﻛﻴﻒ ﻧﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﻄﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻐﻠﻔﻬﺎ ؟ )‪ 2022‬ﺩ‪ 1‬ﻣﺘﻤﺰﻳﻦ(‬

‫ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﻏﻼﻑ ﺍﻻﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺑﻄﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺿﺎﻡ ﺧﻼﻟﻲ ﺍﻭ ﻫﻠﻠﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﻇﻬﺎﺭﻱ ﺣﺮﺷﻔﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺞ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻣﺔ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎﹰ ) ﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺧﻮﺓ( ﻭﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺑﻜﺜﺎﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻄﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﻣﻀﻠﻌﺔ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ‪ ,‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻭﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺍﺓ ﻣﺴﻄﺤﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﺱ | ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻠﻠﻲ )ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻟﻲ( ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺎﻧﻲ ؟ )‪ 2010‬ﺩ‪(1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻠﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺭﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻈﻬﺮ ﻧﺠﻤﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻪ ﺗﻐﻠﻴﻒ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺑﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻭﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺳﻨﺎﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺼﺎﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺿﺎﻡ ﺭﺧﻮ )ﻣﻔﻜﻚ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺿﺎﻡ ﺭﺧﻮ )ﻣﻔﻜﻚ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺱ | ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺎﻧﻲ ؟ )‪ 2019‬ﺩ‪(1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﺗﺴﻮﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺭﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻈﻬﺮ ﻧﺠﻤﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺗﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﺗﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﻴﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﻠﻤﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﻧﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺳﻨﺎﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺳﻨﺎﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺿﺎﻡ ﺭﺧﻮ )ﻣﻔﻜﻚ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺿﺎﻡ ﺭﺧﻮ )ﻣﻔﻜﻚ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻻﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻻﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ‪.‬‬
‫ﺱ | ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻣﺠﻬﺮﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻏﻀﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺎﻣﻲ( ﻭﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺫﻥ؟ )‪ 1995‬ﺩ‪(1‬‬

‫ﻏﻀﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻀﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺫﻥ‬

‫ﻳﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﺑﻠﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻻﺻﻔﺮ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺗﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻳﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﺑﻠﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻑ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﺗﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﻟﻘﻠﺔ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻧﺔ ﺍﻭ )ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻃﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺱ | ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻀﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻔﻲ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ؟ )‪ 1990‬ﺩ‪(1‬‬

‫ﺍﻭ ﺱ | ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻔﻲ ﺍﻻﺑﻴﺾ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻀﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻁ؟ )‪ 1993‬ﺩ‪(1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻁ‬

‫ﻟﻮﻧﻪ ﺷﻔﺎﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺑﻴﺾ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺻﻔﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﻮﺩ ﺍﻻﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻧﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺗﺴﻮﺩ ﺍﻻﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺗﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﺗﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﻟﻘﻠﺔ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻃﺔ( ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺗﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺎﻣﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺮﺍﺹ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺫﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺿﺎﻡ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺿﺎﻡ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺿﺎﻡ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺱ | ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻤﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﻔﻨﺠﻲ؟ )‪ 2003‬ﺩ‪) (2‬ﺍﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ( )ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﻔﻨﺠﻲ‬

‫ﻻ ﺗﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺻﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﺑﻞ ﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﻋﻈﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻴﺎﹰ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﻮﺍﺟﺰ ﺍﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻈﻬﺮ ﺗﺘﻔﺮﻉ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻈﻢ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺻﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻫﺎﻓﺮﺱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻠﺘﻘﻲ ﻓﺘﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻳﺸﻐﻠﻬﺎ ﻧﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻦ ﺻﻠﺪﺍﹰ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺎﹰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺠﻴﺎﹰ ﺗﺘﺨﻠﻠﻪ ﻓﺴﺢ )ﻓﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ( ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻫﺎﻓﺮﺱ ﻭﻓﻮﻟﻜﻤﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﺗﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻫﺎﻓﺮﺱ ﻭﻓﻮﻟﻜﻤﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺱ | ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻀﺮﻭﻑ؟ )‪ 2015‬ﺩ‪ 1‬ﺥ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺮﻭﻑ‬
‫ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺮﻭﻑ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺿﺎﻡ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ ﻭﻳﺤﻮﻱ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺿﺎﻡ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺮﻭﻑ ﻹﺣﺘﻮﺍءﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻻﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺑﻴﺾ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻣﻄﺎﻃﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻴﻔﻲ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻤﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﻔﻨﺠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺑﻴﺾ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻀﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺮﻭﻓﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺮﻭﻓﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺱ | ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﺜﺮﻳﺔ ؟ )‪ 2013‬ﺩ‪ 2017) (2‬ﺕ( )‪ 2020‬ﺩ‪(2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﺜﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻗﺮﺍﺹ ﻛﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺑﻴﻀﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﻐﺰﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ )‪ (4-2‬ﻣﺎﻳﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻛﺒﺮ ﺣﺠﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﺍﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻭﻃﺄ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺪﻳﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺪﻳﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻠﺨﺺ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺮﺭ ﺃﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﺛﺮﻣﺒﻮﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻠﻌﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻘﺘﺪ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺨﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺮﻭﺗﻮﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻠﺺ ﺍﻻﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺱ | ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﻼﺯﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻤﻒ؟ ﺍﻭ ﺱ | ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻤﻒ؟ )‪ 2015‬ﺩ‪ 2018) (1 2017) (1‬ﺩ‪ 2020) (1‬ﺕ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻤﻒ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻳﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻭﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺘﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻠﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺃﺻﻔﺮ ﻓﺎﺗﺢ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻔﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺿﺎﻡ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﻦ ‪ %90‬ﻣﺎء‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪ %10‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﻲ ﺃﻗﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﻻﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻛﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺜﺮ ﺍﺳﺮﻉ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺜﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﺑﻄﺄ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺜﺮﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺜﺮﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺱ | ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺴﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ ؟ )‪ 2016‬ﺕ( )‪ 2021‬ﺕ( )‪ 2021‬ﺩ‪(2‬‬

‫ﺍﻭ ﺱ | ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺒﻴﺔ ؟ )‪ 2015‬ﺕ( )‪ 2018‬ﺩ‪ 1‬ﺥ( )‪ 2022‬ﺕ(‬

‫ﺍﻭ ﺱ | ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺴﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ؟ )‪ 2022‬ﺩ‪ 2‬ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰﻳﻦ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺴﺎء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‬

‫ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻗﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻉ‪ .‬ﻣﻐﺰﻟﻲ ﻣﺪﺑﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻒ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻤﻴﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﺤﻴﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﻭﻗﺼﻴﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻭﻃﻮﻳﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻲ‬

‫ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻣﺒﻌﺜﺮﺓ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻴﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺍﺭﺍﺩﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺩﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﺍﺭﺍﺩﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬
‫ﺱ | ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺠﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ؟ )‪ 2014‬ﺩ‪ 2‬ﺥ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺠـﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺯﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﻗﺼﻴﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺯﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﺤﺎﻁ ﺑﻐﻼﻑ ﻧﺨﺎﻋﻴﻨﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺻﻞ ﺍﻻﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﻓﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺯﺍﺕ ﺗﻤﺘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤـﺤﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﺤﺎﻁ ﺑﻐﻼﻑ ﻧﺨﺎﻋﻴﻨﻲ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﺤﺎﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﻓﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻳﻤﺘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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