Unit 5: Lecture 2- Heat Transfer: Radiation

Dr. Vaibhav S. Kathavate

Assistant Professor (Adjunct),
Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering,
COEP Technological University,
(Formerly College of Engineering Pune),
Shivajinagar, Pune 411 005,
Maharashtra, India.
 From the Previous Pages….

Fluid
EARTH

Radiation

∞ • Heat transfer via long distance

• No direct touching/physical
Conduction and
Thermal Conductivity contact
Convection
• Medium (either in vacuum or at

Direct physical contact is necessary and hence the distance normal (pressure) conditions

through which heat is being transferred is limited.

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Opaque, White and Black Bodies in Radiation Heat Transfer….

Opaque Body White Body Black Body

Reflectivity equal to unity and If all the incident radiations are
Non transparent absorptivity and transmissivity completely absorbed with zero
equal to zero reflectivity and transmissivity
𝝉=𝟎 𝝆=𝟏 𝜶=𝟏
𝜶+𝝆=𝟏 𝝉=𝟎 𝜶=𝟎 𝝉=𝟎 𝝆=𝟎

The bodies which obeys geometric

Carbon black, platinum black,
Many solid bodies/objects law of optics (such as glasses and
and gold black
mirrors)

• Absolutely Transparent Body (diathermanous): Completely transparent with zero reflectivity

and absorptivity. i.e., 𝝉 = 𝟏 𝜶 = 𝟎 𝝆 = 𝟎
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Emissivity and Stefan-Boltzmann Law….

• A black does not exists in real.

• The radiation heat transfer in a body depends on the temperature (difference) and optical

property of a body.

• This optical property is known as “Emissivity (𝜺)”.

• Emissivity for black body is 𝜺 = 𝟏.

• Stefan-Boltzmann Law: In 1879, Stefan-Boltzmann found that the total emissive power (i.e.,

heat radiated/emitted) is directly proportional to the fourth power of temperature.

𝒒 = 𝝈𝑨(𝑻𝟒𝟏 − 𝑻𝟒𝟐 )

• 𝝈 - Stefan-Boltzmann’s constant (𝟓. 𝟔𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 ∙ 𝑲𝟒 )

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Wein’s Displacement Law….

• Statement: Wavelength corresponding to the

maximum value of monochromatic emissive power is

inversely proportional to the absolute temperature

𝟏
𝝀𝒎𝒂𝒙 ∝ or 𝝀𝒎𝒂𝒙 × 𝑻 = 𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟕. 𝟔 𝝁𝒎 ∙ 𝑲
𝑻

• The peak of the curve shifts towards shorter

wavelength with an increase in temperature (Fig. X).

• Provides basis for Planck’s spectral distribution of

Figure X
emissive power ( in 1900)

Ref- R. Karwa, Heat and Mass Transfer, Springer, Verlag (2020). 5

Wein’s Displacement Law….
• Determine an equivalent black body temperature if the solar radiations of wavelength about
0.2 𝜇𝑚 are falling on a body.

𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟕. 𝟔 𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟕. 𝟔
𝝀𝒎𝒂𝒙 × 𝑻 = 𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟕. 𝟔 𝝁𝒎 ∙ 𝑲 𝑻= 𝑻=
𝝀𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟎. 𝟐

𝑻 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟖𝟖 𝑲

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Fractional Emissive Power….

• Consider a tungsten filament in an incandescent lamp having a temperature 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑲. Determine

the amount of radiation emitted by the lamp in the visible range.

• Assume the wavelength of visible range in (𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 ≤ 𝝀𝒎𝒂𝒙 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟕).

𝝀𝒎𝒂𝒙 × 𝑻 = 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 But we have 𝝀𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 𝝁𝒎 and 𝝀𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎 𝝁𝒎

𝝀𝟏 × 𝑻 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 × 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟎 𝝁𝒎 ∙ 𝑲 𝝀𝟐 × 𝑻 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎 × 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝝁𝒎 ∙ 𝑲

We have to calculate the fraction of radiation emitted from the Table provided in the next slide

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Ref- R. Karwa, Heat and Mass
Transfer, Springer, Verlag
(2020).
Fractional Emissive Power….

For 𝝀𝟏 × 𝑻 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟎 𝝁𝒎 ∙ 𝑲 we can write 𝑭𝟎−𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟑𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑

For 𝝀𝟐 × 𝑻 = 𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝝁𝒎 ∙ 𝑲 we can write 𝑭𝟎−𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟑𝟖𝟐𝟓

Therefore, the amount (fraction) of radiation emitted by the bulb is

𝑭𝟎−𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝑭𝟎−𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟑𝟖𝟐𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟑𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟑𝟐

This implies that the ~ 𝟖. 𝟑𝟐% of fraction is radiated from an incandescent bulb in the visible light
range.

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Fractional Emissive Power….

• Determine the radiation transmitted through the glass at the wavelength band of 𝟎. 𝟕 𝝁𝒎 at a
temperature of 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑲.

• Assume the glass transmits 𝟕𝟓% of incident radiations.

𝝀𝒎𝒂𝒙 × 𝑻 = 𝟎. 𝟕 × 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝝁𝒎 ∙ 𝑲

Calculate the fraction of radiation emitted from the glass corresponding to the value of 𝝀𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑻 =
𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝝁𝒎 ∙ 𝑲

For 𝝀𝒎𝒂𝒙 × 𝑻 = 𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝝁𝒎 ∙ 𝑲 we can write 𝑭𝟎−𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟑𝟖𝟐𝟓

Therefore, the amount of radiations transmitted through the glass will be 𝝉 × 𝑭𝟎−𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 ×
𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟑𝟖𝟐𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟐𝟓 (i.e., 𝟔. 𝟐𝟓%)
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