Lecture #6 The Intinili Square Well Polential

Schnidkinger's Egualon, even in i

To sotve
Aimpler sliady -stah forn, usually reguire6
elakora malhonaiit hbnigues.
is
.The smplesl quanlum -mechanical problem
in a ben vith
that e a pardell Trapjaud
untinitil hard ialls.

hi
ue ma speisy
parluele' mouon loy
hat it is
saying
restutud to rawelg
aris
aleng the
a

belwetn = 0 anda=l
lay anfinitly hard L

2alls.
Fig A. A sgnare
potenlal well witA
not
A pariele does inpinitiy high barmivrs
Lese e e r g y wShin
al each end to ttespondss
to lso with infnitely
Lollides wth sues a
t hard a l l s .
walls, ss that its

tolal enwrgz sla

tgnslard.

e w he polintial
From a fomal poimt of
is infiri on bot
enugy U
he paricle
Whik U is a tonsand-
idvs Of
he lson,
ownionce- n the imside Fig. A)
say 0 to
Becauss the parluele cannot hae an umfinili
 oulside
ameunloenuray, i t canmot erist
and s o ts w a v e funlon
p
the bo,
0e 0 and 2L.
whal Y wthin»
Ourr task is
To fird
beluNen =0 and = l ,
he bot, namoly,

Schrodinger S eauaton
the bon
20 ihn

aecomas

(
h

Ztalderuvatin aY
Sima V= 0 thor. ( The d
ihe sami as the partal d e n a l i m

ecause y is a fumilen rly *

in his pralom.)
solutin
.
Equalon (1) Aas he

y A Sin +B cos x (o)

whwu A and B ae conslanls to he evaluated

VERIFLCATION B BACK SUBSTITUTION INTO EA.(1)

d
A mE cos B 12nË s2m k

=- A(25sy 2n 2Cos t2m£

d
 cos 12nE
dr - Asinax B

-(2mE 2

dy
da2
mEYe0
Thos E(a) is a bulion of Ea.l1)
O

The solition ginen b Eg.l2) ubjzel to he

is

condibons that Y=0 for = 0ard

boumday hi walls amd

L.L h pariid cannot

jump oven suBd
box.
s =

e il t i
wAin he o , Sine palie
The w
n
n
refunbon eeisls s e s n d owm camnoT
COs 0 1, t h e
Sinc because i t dses not
d e s r i b e the partel
conelude Thad
= 0. Henee we
vanish a t
=

B 0.
sin 0 =
0, h e sine lorm absays yialds
Since
b e t y will b
as hezvred,
=0 at =0,
when
O at z= L ly

2mE L =nn n 4, 2, 3,
-

(3)
about becaust he sines
tomes
This n o s u l l
3 7t, ane a l o.
the angles 7T, 27t,
. . .

o
h a t Zhe enenay
From E. (3) i t is dear cvrtain
the partele can hare mly
o mentioned
which a u the eigenwalues.
values,
selom. Those eigenales,
in the Pruwous
 he systen,
m
tonstitlunrg the emegy ovels ef
(3) for En, wkuih
aru found by soting .
mes

2
Paricle in 1,2,3, 3, - (4)
E
-

2m
a ben
conelusOns
eneral
we Lan drauw hreu
afply
(4). The cneliusens
rom Ea. l o a certa2n
confined
lo any paricl he r a g i n does
Apace lenen if
gon boundarg), for
wll-depind
not ham a
eleebron held capl
analdmie
mlanu

attiauon o he posiine charyid

he
Lsg
nucleus.

canno hae
ar
partull
(1) A Lapped
aP aan,
enent:
aa a
frue p a r l k
arbilray lrads to
finsrent
The faet ef its wame unehon
at allos
restudhons on ti
carlatn specifi
thi parlicl
to h a e omly
and no Ars. Eracily what
enng
depinds naUi mas
Ihese enenge
ddails e how
and o n A
ot he artiek
Irappead.
canmsThave 3ero
Cit) A tapptd parlell
Simct he de 5togie waelee
ensrg.
h e parle 2 2= /mv, a speed of
9-0 msans am piniti
mf waelength. Bet
o LLOOle an i n i n t
hu s ne uny
 wh rapped parlilk, s o suc4
wavelrgth a

m u s hane at laas somt kinelie

baidiele
apa
a

eningy. The ecclusien of E =0 foa bappd

bartil, like the limitalion o E to a sd of
s a resu wth n o csunler
oisvrete valws, hore all nen-nega-
part i n dasival physies, are allevd,
t m enwgies, ineludvg 30ro,
bmall-
Cin) 03eeause Planck's onslant i s s e
6 63 1 0 5 T . S - auantzaion ef enargg
only when mand Lare alss
LOnsp gus nly
small2.

Ware unditns
o a parliel i n a bo
The wne unelons wh
DuEa art , Hm E . ( 2 )
whos ensrgis

B 0,
= A sin 2mEn
2mEn (5)
E.) for En ges
Substittirg
A sin n 2 (6)
L
lo the
orespordiirg
egenfumeiors
h
hor
enuryy En
eigenwalues Ea.

t h a t hess
eiginfume-
to erify
is easy agpuiremens ef
t well-
all he
meel
Tions
wave
funelions .
behaned
numbe n, Y n
a
auanlum
Ferr each
.
valud furniten of
finiti, singi-
are conlinnrous (encp
. amd n/3r
a e ends
of he bor). The wave fumelhans
parluls in a bon wdh infinili
bard walls ds ned have conlnueus
Y=0
deunalnes at the walls, sinet
oulside the b o .
ever
Fwrthwrmeru, he inligral Y
a l l space s tmd, as we lan se
by
=0 te x=L
Amlegralrg 1Y,)da frem
partil is corfertd w t h i
(since h e
These limits ).

w t h the help o the bugenonalbue iden

bat
tsin o =4 (1-<os 20) we
find
2
1,da =
-

LOS (2n ma d

2nTSin2T

= A( (F)
To nemalye we muusl a s g n a valut
2

to A buch a t 1Y,|dr á egualto he

probabil, Pd the pardk
fndi the pa
belween and X+da, rather Than merely
 is to egpal
propordonel to Pd. 4 11dr
i t muut he u that
Pdr, then

Yd = 1 (8)
h a t the
lomparg t8), we see
Eqs. (7)and
w a n e furclons f a
pa+lile i n a box a
netmaged if
(1)
A-
uvae fumlos of he parli
The nermalized
are thereforu
n:1, 2, 3,
Partucle in Ysin2
a lo (10)

-0
=L
0
Fig.C82) Frobability densikias
funilions of
Fag.(B1) Wane a partele esnfinsel
a paluilh cmfned
wth rigid
to a bo wilh rigid to a lon
walls.
walls,
The nermaligd wave funalins , 2 and
wth the probabilty densitss
togilher
in Fg(6y
, 1 Y , and |Y)'are plottud
nd Fg.lB2), respeetiuey

may be negalie welU AA

as
Athough
2
nagate and, stce,
poslw, 1 never

gien
ils valus a l a
a s nermalzsd, deniily o
to h i probabili
X eapual ther. In every
case

tendirg Zhe paruile boundars

amd =L, h e
1 4 = 0 a t z=o

in he bon Ae
t a partiiular place
ohe partele beiog prusent
prebabii,
diferent
be very dferumi for
may
numbers, Fst instanct, l1
9uanlum he
value o 2/L n
mainum
has t s 2
Lwhile | 4,|=o here.
midlle ef he dood,
lowest enegj level ef
A pardicle in the
is mett likly
to be in he middl
n 1
i n the nertt
bon, wkile a pardice
the
tat n 2 neer therr ! hssicl
ior proba-
sama
physics, cewrse, siggeMA he

ilil t r e pariile beig anytuhre

n he ln.
Enample1 Find the prababilty hata padik treped
in a ben L wide can be foumd between 045L and
0'55L for thi geund ard fivst eriilid sthts.

Sp Ths pat of he bo is ene-tinth of Ae

middle of
bon's width amd is cemlrud om the
the loorn (Fig. C). dasially we usould expeet

the parlicll to be in This negion of

10 paruand

thi tme. Quantum machanics gines quilh dvrunt

number
h a l depend o n hi quanlun
prrudidluons
From Eas. onan
of the pardile statu. w a e funelons
broballilg amd thi nørtmaluisd o
the prrobabil
o hi parlicle ima bn, wten
t h partili belwten and 2
ndir
im the nth stah

2
2sin nT
L
dn
L

2n77
in
Here , = 0* 45L and
, 0 ° 5 5 L . For h e

round statt, uhih X=L

LsvreAponds
o n 1,
e hae Fig.C The probability 1,2
i n he
finding aparlids
, , = 0°198 boz of Fiy.B2) betuween y==
s eaual
198 percen o45 L and 2 -055
umden the |yj2..

to h e a r e a
betiveen tee dmik,
This i abeut toiu the dassial pnobalby.
For the fiut exitid stati, which csrapons
to n= 2, we hae

0°0065 =0'65 pertamt

Pz,,2
,
is tomsistind wth
A
This loo fgure
1Y/=0 a t z =0'5l.
ef
prebabiL: dansily

Erample 2: Find e expeelaton value <a

in
h e pesition ef a partule rapped
a bonL wde.

Satutuen:
2 nTa d a
a= z/yldz = Sin L
D
-o

L
(cos 2n72
L
d

cos 2nT dr
L

dr da
J aes L

L2es 2 2nT

c o s T / )d
2n T
 Sin2n inaa

-4 [(-(
Since sin nn =0, coS2n7 1, and
= cos 0 =
1, for
all the values o n.

This reslt means hat the awerage pstitn

ot the partiele is the middle ef he len in
all auamtian tals. Thvu è no confli

2ith t h aet bat Iy|*=0 at 1/2 n the

w

STales bacause Lr> i an

n 2, 4, 6,-. . and it rahe
not a prababili,
oneuge,
y1abol he midll
the ngrmmaliy of